Moved bignum from lib/ to ext/

27 files changed, 2933 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ext/.gitignore b/ext/.gitignore
index 4e99370073..47543e17bd 100644
--- a/ext/.gitignore
+++ b/ext/.gitignore
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ ppport.h
 /autodie/Makefile.PL
 /autouse/Makefile.PL
 /base/Makefile.PL
+/bignum/Makefile.PL
 /B-Debug/Makefile.PL
 /B-Deparse/Makefile.PL
 /B-Lint/Makefile.PL
diff --git a/ext/bignum/lib/Math/BigFloat/Trace.pm b/ext/bignum/lib/Math/BigFloat/Trace.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..871b2a969e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/lib/Math/BigFloat/Trace.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+package Math::BigFloat::Trace;
+
+require 5.005_02;
+use strict;
+
+use Exporter;
+use Math::BigFloat;
+use vars qw($VERSION @ISA $PACKAGE @EXPORT_OK
+            $accuracy $precision $round_mode $div_scale);
+
+@ISA = qw(Exporter Math::BigFloat);
+
+$VERSION = 0.01;
+
+use overload;	# inherit overload from BigFloat
+
+# Globals
+$accuracy = $precision = undef;
+$round_mode = 'even';
+$div_scale = 40;
+
+sub new
+{
+        my $proto  = shift;
+        my $class  = ref($proto) || $proto;
+
+        my $value       = shift;
+	my $a = $accuracy; $a = $_[0] if defined $_[0];
+	my $p = $precision; $p = $_[1] if defined $_[1];
+        my $self = Math::BigFloat->new($value,$a,$p,$round_mode);
+
+#	remember, downgrading may return a BigInt, so don't meddle with class	
+#	bless $self,$class;
+
+	print "MBF new '$value' => '$self' (",ref($self),")";
+        return $self;
+}
+
+sub import
+  {
+  print "MBF import ",join(' ',@_);
+  my $self = shift;
+
+  # we catch the constants, the rest goes go BigFloat
+  my @a = ();
+  foreach (@_)
+    {
+    push @a, $_ if $_ ne ':constant';
+    }
+  overload::constant float => sub { $self->new(shift); }; 
+
+  Math::BigFloat->import(@a);		# need it for subclasses
+#  $self->export_to_level(1,$self,@_);		# need this ?
+  }
+
+1;
diff --git a/ext/bignum/lib/Math/BigInt/Trace.pm b/ext/bignum/lib/Math/BigInt/Trace.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4733d22634
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/lib/Math/BigInt/Trace.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+package Math::BigInt::Trace;
+
+require 5.005_02;
+use strict;
+
+use Exporter;
+use Math::BigInt;
+use vars qw($VERSION @ISA $PACKAGE @EXPORT_OK
+            $accuracy $precision $round_mode $div_scale);
+
+@ISA = qw(Exporter Math::BigInt);
+
+$VERSION = 0.01;
+
+use overload;	# inherit overload from BigInt
+
+# Globals
+$accuracy = $precision = undef;
+$round_mode = 'even';
+$div_scale = 40;
+
+sub new
+{
+        my $proto  = shift;
+        my $class  = ref($proto) || $proto;
+
+        my $value       = shift;
+	my $a = $accuracy; $a = $_[0] if defined $_[0];
+	my $p = $precision; $p = $_[1] if defined $_[1];
+        my $self = Math::BigInt->new($value,$a,$p,$round_mode);
+	bless $self,$class;
+	print "MBI new '$value' => '$self' (",ref($self),")";
+        return $self;
+}
+
+sub import
+  {
+  print "MBI import ",join(' ',@_);
+  my $self = shift;
+  Math::BigInt::import($self,@_);		# need it for subclasses
+#  $self->export_to_level(1,$self,@_);		# need this ?
+  @_ = ();
+  }
+
+1;
diff --git a/ext/bignum/lib/bigint.pm b/ext/bignum/lib/bigint.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e143af61d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/lib/bigint.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+package bigint;
+use 5.006;
+
+$VERSION = '0.23';
+use Exporter;
+@ISA		= qw( Exporter );
+@EXPORT_OK	= qw( PI e bpi bexp );
+@EXPORT		= qw( inf NaN );
+
+use strict;
+use overload;
+
+############################################################################## 
+
+# These are all alike, and thus faked by AUTOLOAD
+
+my @faked = qw/round_mode accuracy precision div_scale/;
+use vars qw/$VERSION $AUTOLOAD $_lite/;		# _lite for testsuite
+
+sub AUTOLOAD
+  {
+  my $name = $AUTOLOAD;
+
+  $name =~ s/.*:://;    # split package
+  no strict 'refs';
+  foreach my $n (@faked)
+    {
+    if ($n eq $name)
+      {
+      *{"bigint::$name"} = sub 
+        {
+        my $self = shift;
+        no strict 'refs';
+        if (defined $_[0])
+          {
+          return Math::BigInt->$name($_[0]);
+          }
+        return Math::BigInt->$name();
+        };
+      return &$name;
+      }
+    }
+ 
+  # delayed load of Carp and avoid recursion
+  require Carp;
+  Carp::croak ("Can't call bigint\-\>$name, not a valid method");
+  }
+
+sub upgrade
+  {
+  $Math::BigInt::upgrade;
+  }
+
+sub _binary_constant
+  {
+  # this takes a binary/hexadecimal/octal constant string and returns it
+  # as string suitable for new. Basically it converts octal to decimal, and
+  # passes every thing else unmodified back.
+  my $string = shift;
+
+  return Math::BigInt->new($string) if $string =~ /^0[bx]/;
+
+  # so it must be an octal constant
+  Math::BigInt->from_oct($string);
+  }
+
+sub _float_constant
+  {
+  # this takes a floating point constant string and returns it truncated to
+  # integer. For instance, '4.5' => '4', '1.234e2' => '123' etc
+  my $float = shift;
+
+  # some simple cases first
+  return $float if ($float =~ /^[+-]?[0-9]+$/);		# '+123','-1','0' etc
+  return $float 
+    if ($float =~ /^[+-]?[0-9]+\.?[eE]\+?[0-9]+$/);	# 123e2, 123.e+2
+  return '0' if ($float =~ /^[+-]?[0]*\.[0-9]+$/);	# .2, 0.2, -.1
+  if ($float =~ /^[+-]?[0-9]+\.[0-9]*$/)		# 1., 1.23, -1.2 etc
+    {
+    $float =~ s/\..*//;
+    return $float;
+    }
+  my ($mis,$miv,$mfv,$es,$ev) = Math::BigInt::_split($float);
+  return $float if !defined $mis; 	# doesn't look like a number to me
+  my $ec = int($$ev);
+  my $sign = $$mis; $sign = '' if $sign eq '+';
+  if ($$es eq '-')
+    {
+    # ignore fraction part entirely
+    if ($ec >= length($$miv))			# 123.23E-4
+      {
+      return '0';
+      }
+    return $sign . substr ($$miv,0,length($$miv)-$ec);	# 1234.45E-2 = 12
+    }
+  # xE+y
+  if ($ec >= length($$mfv))
+    {
+    $ec -= length($$mfv);			
+    return $sign.$$miv.$$mfv if $ec == 0;	# 123.45E+2 => 12345
+    return $sign.$$miv.$$mfv.'E'.$ec; 		# 123.45e+3 => 12345e1
+    }
+  $mfv = substr($$mfv,0,$ec);
+  $sign.$$miv.$mfv; 				# 123.45e+1 => 1234
+  }
+
+sub unimport
+  {
+  $^H{bigint} = undef;					# no longer in effect
+  overload::remove_constant('binary','','float','','integer');
+  }
+
+sub in_effect
+  {
+  my $level = shift || 0;
+  my $hinthash = (caller($level))[10];
+  $hinthash->{bigint};
+  }
+
+#############################################################################
+# the following two routines are for "use bigint qw/hex oct/;":
+
+sub _hex_global
+  {
+  my $i = $_[0];
+  $i = '0x'.$i unless $i =~ /^0x/;
+  Math::BigInt->new($i);
+  }
+
+sub _oct_global
+  {
+  my $i = $_[0];
+  return Math::BigInt->from_oct($i) if $i =~ /^0[0-7]/;
+  Math::BigInt->new($i);
+  }
+
+#############################################################################
+# the following two routines are for Perl 5.9.4 or later and are lexical
+
+sub _hex
+  {
+  return CORE::hex($_[0]) unless in_effect(1);
+  my $i = $_[0];
+  $i = '0x'.$i unless $i =~ /^0x/;
+  Math::BigInt->new($i);
+  }
+
+sub _oct
+  {
+  return CORE::oct($_[0]) unless in_effect(1);
+  my $i = $_[0];
+  return Math::BigInt->from_oct($i) if $i =~ /^0[0-7]/;
+  Math::BigInt->new($i);
+  }
+
+sub import 
+  {
+  my $self = shift;
+
+  $^H{bigint} = 1;					# we are in effect
+
+  my ($hex,$oct);
+  # for newer Perls always override hex() and oct() with a lexical version:
+  if ($] > 5.009004)
+    {
+    $oct = \&_oct;
+    $hex = \&_hex;
+    }
+  # some defaults
+  my $lib = ''; my $lib_kind = 'try';
+
+  my @import = ( ':constant' );				# drive it w/ constant
+  my @a = @_; my $l = scalar @_; my $j = 0;
+  my ($ver,$trace);					# version? trace?
+  my ($a,$p);						# accuracy, precision
+  for ( my $i = 0; $i < $l ; $i++,$j++ )
+    {
+    if ($_[$i] =~ /^(l|lib|try|only)$/)
+      {
+      # this causes a different low lib to take care...
+      $lib_kind = $1; $lib_kind = 'lib' if $lib_kind eq 'l';
+      $lib = $_[$i+1] || '';
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;	# avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(a|accuracy)$/)
+      {
+      $a = $_[$i+1];
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;	# avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(p|precision)$/)
+      {
+      $p = $_[$i+1];
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;	# avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(v|version)$/)
+      {
+      $ver = 1;
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(t|trace)$/)
+      {
+      $trace = 1;
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] eq 'hex')
+      {
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      $hex = \&_hex_global;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] eq 'oct')
+      {
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      $oct = \&_oct_global;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] !~ /^(PI|e|bpi|bexp)\z/)
+      {
+      die ("unknown option $_[$i]");
+      }
+    }
+  my $class;
+  $_lite = 0;					# using M::BI::L ?
+  if ($trace)
+    {
+    require Math::BigInt::Trace; $class = 'Math::BigInt::Trace';
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    # see if we can find Math::BigInt::Lite
+    if (!defined $a && !defined $p)		# rounding won't work to well
+      {
+      eval 'require Math::BigInt::Lite;';
+      if ($@ eq '')
+        {
+        @import = ( );				# :constant in Lite, not MBI
+        Math::BigInt::Lite->import( ':constant' );
+        $_lite= 1;				# signal okay
+        }
+      }
+    require Math::BigInt if $_lite == 0;	# not already loaded?
+    $class = 'Math::BigInt';			# regardless of MBIL or not
+    }
+  push @import, $lib_kind => $lib if $lib ne '';
+  # Math::BigInt::Trace or plain Math::BigInt
+  $class->import(@import);
+
+  bigint->accuracy($a) if defined $a;
+  bigint->precision($p) if defined $p;
+  if ($ver)
+    {
+    print "bigint\t\t\t v$VERSION\n";
+    print "Math::BigInt::Lite\t v$Math::BigInt::Lite::VERSION\n" if $_lite;
+    print "Math::BigInt\t\t v$Math::BigInt::VERSION";
+    my $config = Math::BigInt->config();
+    print " lib => $config->{lib} v$config->{lib_version}\n";
+    exit;
+    }
+  # we take care of floating point constants, since BigFloat isn't available
+  # and BigInt doesn't like them:
+  overload::constant float => sub { Math::BigInt->new( _float_constant(shift) ); };
+  # Take care of octal/hexadecimal constants
+  overload::constant binary => sub { _binary_constant(shift) };
+
+  # if another big* was already loaded:
+  my ($package) = caller();
+
+  no strict 'refs';
+  if (!defined *{"${package}::inf"})
+    {
+    $self->export_to_level(1,$self,@a);           # export inf and NaN, e and PI
+    }
+  {
+    no warnings 'redefine';
+    *CORE::GLOBAL::oct = $oct if $oct;
+    *CORE::GLOBAL::hex = $hex if $hex;
+  }
+  }
+
+sub inf () { Math::BigInt::binf(); }
+sub NaN () { Math::BigInt::bnan(); }
+
+sub PI () { Math::BigInt->new(3); }
+sub e () { Math::BigInt->new(2); }
+sub bpi ($) { Math::BigInt->new(3); }
+sub bexp ($$) { my $x = Math::BigInt->new($_[0]); $x->bexp($_[1]); }
+
+1;
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+bigint - Transparent BigInteger support for Perl
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+  use bigint;
+
+  $x = 2 + 4.5,"\n";			# BigInt 6
+  print 2 ** 512,"\n";			# really is what you think it is
+  print inf + 42,"\n";			# inf
+  print NaN * 7,"\n";			# NaN
+  print hex("0x1234567890123490"),"\n";	# Perl v5.9.4 or later
+
+  {
+    no bigint;
+    print 2 ** 256,"\n";		# a normal Perl scalar now
+  }
+
+  # Note that this will be global:
+  use bigint qw/hex oct/;
+  print hex("0x1234567890123490"),"\n";
+  print oct("01234567890123490"),"\n";
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+All operators (including basic math operations) are overloaded. Integer
+constants are created as proper BigInts.
+
+Floating point constants are truncated to integer. All parts and results of
+expressions are also truncated.
+
+Unlike L<integer>, this pragma creates integer constants that are only
+limited in their size by the available memory and CPU time.
+
+=head2 use integer vs. use bigint
+
+There is one small difference between C<use integer> and C<use bigint>: the
+former will not affect assignments to variables and the return value of
+some functions. C<bigint> truncates these results to integer too:
+
+	# perl -Minteger -wle 'print 3.2'
+	3.2
+	# perl -Minteger -wle 'print 3.2 + 0'
+	3
+	# perl -Mbigint -wle 'print 3.2'
+	3
+	# perl -Mbigint -wle 'print 3.2 + 0'
+	3
+
+	# perl -Mbigint -wle 'print exp(1) + 0'
+	2
+	# perl -Mbigint -wle 'print exp(1)'
+	2
+	# perl -Minteger -wle 'print exp(1)'
+	2.71828182845905
+	# perl -Minteger -wle 'print exp(1) + 0'
+	2
+
+In practice this makes seldom a difference as B<parts and results> of
+expressions will be truncated anyway, but this can, for instance, affect the
+return value of subroutines:
+
+	sub three_integer { use integer; return 3.2; } 
+	sub three_bigint { use bigint; return 3.2; }
+ 
+	print three_integer(), " ", three_bigint(),"\n";	# prints "3.2 3"
+
+=head2 Options
+
+bigint recognizes some options that can be passed while loading it via use.
+The options can (currently) be either a single letter form, or the long form.
+The following options exist:
+
+=over 2
+
+=item a or accuracy
+
+This sets the accuracy for all math operations. The argument must be greater
+than or equal to zero. See Math::BigInt's bround() function for details.
+
+	perl -Mbigint=a,2 -le 'print 12345+1'
+
+Note that setting precision and accurary at the same time is not possible.
+
+=item p or precision
+
+This sets the precision for all math operations. The argument can be any
+integer. Negative values mean a fixed number of digits after the dot, and
+are <B>ignored</B> since all operations happen in integer space.
+A positive value rounds to this digit left from the dot. 0 or 1 mean round to
+integer and are ignore like negative values.
+
+See Math::BigInt's bfround() function for details.
+
+	perl -Mbignum=p,5 -le 'print 123456789+123'
+
+Note that setting precision and accurary at the same time is not possible.
+
+=item t or trace
+
+This enables a trace mode and is primarily for debugging bigint or
+Math::BigInt.
+
+=item hex
+
+Override the built-in hex() method with a version that can handle big
+integers. Note that under Perl v5.9.4 or ealier, this will be global
+and cannot be disabled with "no bigint;".
+
+=item oct
+
+Override the built-in oct() method with a version that can handle big
+integers. Note that under Perl v5.9.4 or ealier, this will be global
+and cannot be disabled with "no bigint;".
+
+=item l, lib, try or only
+
+Load a different math lib, see L<Math Library>.
+
+	perl -Mbigint=lib,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
+	perl -Mbigint=try,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
+	perl -Mbigint=only,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
+
+Currently there is no way to specify more than one library on the command
+line. This means the following does not work:
+
+	perl -Mbignum=l,GMP,Pari -e 'print 2 ** 512'
+
+This will be hopefully fixed soon ;)
+
+=item v or version
+
+This prints out the name and version of all modules used and then exits.
+
+	perl -Mbigint=v
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Math Library
+
+Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
+Math::BigInt::Calc. This is equivalent to saying:
+
+	use bigint lib => 'Calc';
+
+You can change this by using:
+
+	use bignum lib => 'GMP';
+
+The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then
+Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc:
+
+	use bigint lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar';
+
+Using C<lib> warns if none of the specified libraries can be found and
+L<Math::BigInt> did fall back to one of the default libraries.
+To supress this warning, use C<try> instead:
+
+        use bignum try => 'GMP';
+
+If you want the code to die instead of falling back, use C<only> instead:
+
+        use bignum only => 'GMP';
+
+Please see respective module documentation for further details.
+
+=head2 Internal Format
+
+The numbers are stored as objects, and their internals might change at anytime,
+especially between math operations. The objects also might belong to different
+classes, like Math::BigInt, or Math::BigInt::Lite. Mixing them together, even
+with normal scalars is not extraordinary, but normal and expected.
+
+You should not depend on the internal format, all accesses must go through
+accessor methods. E.g. looking at $x->{sign} is not a good idea since there
+is no guaranty that the object in question has such a hash key, nor is a hash
+underneath at all.
+
+=head2 Sign
+
+The sign is either '+', '-', 'NaN', '+inf' or '-inf'.
+You can access it with the sign() method.
+
+A sign of 'NaN' is used to represent the result when input arguments are not
+numbers or as a result of 0/0. '+inf' and '-inf' represent plus respectively
+minus infinity. You will get '+inf' when dividing a positive number by 0, and
+'-inf' when dividing any negative number by 0.
+
+=head2 Methods
+
+Since all numbers are now objects, you can use all functions that are part of
+the BigInt API. You can only use the bxxx() notation, and not the fxxx()
+notation, though. 
+
+=over 2
+
+=item inf()
+
+A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->binf(). Useful because Perl does not always
+handle bareword C<inf> properly.
+
+=item NaN()
+
+A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->bnan(). Useful because Perl does not always
+handle bareword C<NaN> properly.
+
+=item e
+
+	# perl -Mbigint=e -wle 'print e'
+
+Returns Euler's number C<e>, aka exp(1). Note that under bigint, this is
+truncated to an integer, and hence simple '2'.
+
+=item PI
+
+	# perl -Mbigint=PI -wle 'print PI'
+
+Returns PI. Note that under bigint, this is truncated to an integer, and hence
+simple '3'.
+
+=item bexp()
+
+	bexp($power,$accuracy);
+
+Returns Euler's number C<e> raised to the appropriate power, to
+the wanted accuracy.
+
+Note that under bigint, the result is truncated to an integer.
+
+Example:
+
+	# perl -Mbigint=bexp -wle 'print bexp(1,80)'
+
+=item bpi()
+
+	bpi($accuracy);
+
+Returns PI to the wanted accuracy. Note that under bigint, this is truncated
+to an integer, and hence simple '3'.
+
+Example:
+
+	# perl -Mbigint=bpi -wle 'print bpi(80)'
+
+=item upgrade()
+
+Return the class that numbers are upgraded to, is in fact returning
+C<$Math::BigInt::upgrade>.
+
+=item in_effect()
+
+	use bigint;
+
+	print "in effect\n" if bigint::in_effect;	# true
+	{
+	  no bigint;
+	  print "in effect\n" if bigint::in_effect;	# false
+	}
+
+Returns true or false if C<bigint> is in effect in the current scope.
+
+This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 MATH LIBRARY
+
+Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
+
+=head2 Caveat
+
+But a warning is in order. When using the following to make a copy of a number,
+only a shallow copy will be made.
+
+	$x = 9; $y = $x;
+	$x = $y = 7;
+
+Using the copy or the original with overloaded math is okay, e.g. the
+following work:
+
+	$x = 9; $y = $x;
+	print $x + 1, " ", $y,"\n";	# prints 10 9
+
+but calling any method that modifies the number directly will result in
+B<both> the original and the copy being destroyed:
+	
+	$x = 9; $y = $x;
+	print $x->badd(1), " ", $y,"\n";	# prints 10 10
+	
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+	print $x->binc(1), " ", $y,"\n";	# prints 10 10
+        
+	$x = 9; $y = $x;
+	print $x->bmul(2), " ", $y,"\n";	# prints 18 18
+	
+Using methods that do not modify, but testthe contents works:
+
+	$x = 9; $y = $x;
+	$z = 9 if $x->is_zero();		# works fine
+
+See the documentation about the copy constructor and C<=> in overload, as
+well as the documentation in BigInt for further details.
+
+=head1 CAVAETS
+
+=over 2
+
+=item in_effect()
+
+This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
+
+=item hex()/oct()
+
+C<bigint> overrides these routines with versions that can also handle
+big integer values. Under Perl prior to version v5.9.4, however, this
+will not happen unless you specifically ask for it with the two
+import tags "hex" and "oct" - and then it will be global and cannot be
+disabled inside a scope with "no bigint":
+
+	use bigint qw/hex oct/;
+
+	print hex("0x1234567890123456");
+	{
+		no bigint;
+		print hex("0x1234567890123456");
+	}
+
+The second call to hex() will warn about a non-portable constant.
+
+Compare this to:
+
+	use bigint;
+
+	# will warn only under Perl older than v5.9.4
+	print hex("0x1234567890123456");
+
+=back
+
+=head1 MODULES USED
+
+C<bigint> is just a thin wrapper around various modules of the Math::BigInt
+family. Think of it as the head of the family, who runs the shop, and orders
+the others to do the work.
+
+The following modules are currently used by bigint:
+
+	Math::BigInt::Lite	(for speed, and only if it is loadable)
+	Math::BigInt
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+
+Some cool command line examples to impress the Python crowd ;) You might want
+to compare them to the results under -Mbignum or -Mbigrat:
+ 
+	perl -Mbigint -le 'print sqrt(33)'
+	perl -Mbigint -le 'print 2*255'
+	perl -Mbigint -le 'print 4.5+2*255'
+	perl -Mbigint -le 'print 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3'
+	perl -Mbigint -le 'print 123->is_odd()'
+	perl -Mbigint -le 'print log(2)'
+	perl -Mbigint -le 'print 2 ** 0.5'
+	perl -Mbigint=a,65 -le 'print 2 ** 0.2'
+	perl -Mbignum=a,65,l,GMP -le 'print 7 ** 7777'
+
+=head1 LICENSE
+
+This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+Especially L<bigrat> as in C<perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 1/3+1/4'> and
+L<bignum> as in C<perl -Mbignum -le 'print sqrt(2)'>.
+
+L<Math::BigInt>, L<Math::BigRat> and L<Math::Big> as well
+as L<Math::BigInt::BitVect>, L<Math::BigInt::Pari> and  L<Math::BigInt::GMP>.
+
+=head1 AUTHORS
+
+(C) by Tels L<http://bloodgate.com/> in early 2002 - 2007.
+
+=cut
diff --git a/ext/bignum/lib/bignum.pm b/ext/bignum/lib/bignum.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e075c8b5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/lib/bignum.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,681 @@
+package bignum;
+use 5.006;
+
+$VERSION = '0.23';
+use Exporter;
+@ISA 		= qw( bigint );
+@EXPORT_OK	= qw( PI e bexp bpi ); 
+@EXPORT 	= qw( inf NaN ); 
+
+use strict;
+use overload;
+require bigint;		# no "use" to avoid import being called
+
+############################################################################## 
+
+BEGIN 
+  {
+  *inf = \&bigint::inf;
+  *NaN = \&bigint::NaN;
+  }
+
+# These are all alike, and thus faked by AUTOLOAD
+
+my @faked = qw/round_mode accuracy precision div_scale/;
+use vars qw/$VERSION $AUTOLOAD $_lite/;		# _lite for testsuite
+
+sub AUTOLOAD
+  {
+  my $name = $AUTOLOAD;
+
+  $name =~ s/.*:://;    # split package
+  no strict 'refs';
+  foreach my $n (@faked)
+    {
+    if ($n eq $name)
+      {
+      *{"bignum::$name"} = sub 
+        {
+        my $self = shift;
+        no strict 'refs';
+        if (defined $_[0])
+          {
+          Math::BigInt->$name($_[0]);
+          return Math::BigFloat->$name($_[0]);
+          }
+        return Math::BigInt->$name();
+        };
+      return &$name;
+      }
+    }
+ 
+  # delayed load of Carp and avoid recursion
+  require Carp;
+  Carp::croak ("Can't call bignum\-\>$name, not a valid method");
+  }
+
+sub unimport
+  {
+  $^H{bignum} = undef;					# no longer in effect
+  overload::remove_constant('binary','','float','','integer');
+  }
+
+sub in_effect
+  {
+  my $level = shift || 0;
+  my $hinthash = (caller($level))[10];
+  $hinthash->{bignum};
+  }
+
+#############################################################################
+# the following two routines are for Perl 5.9.4 or later and are lexical
+
+sub _hex
+  {
+  return CORE::hex($_[0]) unless in_effect(1);
+  my $i = $_[0];
+  $i = '0x'.$i unless $i =~ /^0x/;
+  Math::BigInt->new($i);
+  }
+
+sub _oct
+  {
+  return CORE::oct($_[0]) unless in_effect(1);
+  my $i = $_[0];
+  return Math::BigInt->from_oct($i) if $i =~ /^0[0-7]/;
+  Math::BigInt->new($i);
+  }
+
+sub import 
+  {
+  my $self = shift;
+
+  $^H{bignum} = 1;					# we are in effect
+
+  my ($hex,$oct);
+
+  # for newer Perls override hex() and oct() with a lexical version:
+  if ($] > 5.009003)
+    {
+    $hex = \&_hex;
+    $oct = \&_oct;
+    }
+
+  # some defaults
+  my $lib = ''; my $lib_kind = 'try';
+  my $upgrade = 'Math::BigFloat';
+  my $downgrade = 'Math::BigInt';
+
+  my @import = ( ':constant' );				# drive it w/ constant
+  my @a = @_; my $l = scalar @_; my $j = 0;
+  my ($ver,$trace);					# version? trace?
+  my ($a,$p);						# accuracy, precision
+  for ( my $i = 0; $i < $l ; $i++,$j++ )
+    {
+    if ($_[$i] eq 'upgrade')
+      {
+      # this causes upgrading
+      $upgrade = $_[$i+1];		# or undef to disable
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;	# avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] eq 'downgrade')
+      {
+      # this causes downgrading
+      $downgrade = $_[$i+1];		# or undef to disable
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;	# avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(l|lib|try|only)$/)
+      {
+      # this causes a different low lib to take care...
+      $lib_kind = $1; $lib_kind = 'lib' if $lib_kind eq 'l';
+      $lib = $_[$i+1] || '';
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;	# avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(a|accuracy)$/)
+      {
+      $a = $_[$i+1];
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;	# avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(p|precision)$/)
+      {
+      $p = $_[$i+1];
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;	# avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(v|version)$/)
+      {
+      $ver = 1;
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(t|trace)$/)
+      {
+      $trace = 1;
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] eq 'hex')
+      {
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      $hex = \&bigint::_hex_global;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] eq 'oct')
+      {
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      $oct = \&bigint::_oct_global;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] !~ /^(PI|e|bexp|bpi)\z/)
+      {
+      die ("unknown option $_[$i]");
+      }
+    }
+  my $class;
+  $_lite = 0;					# using M::BI::L ?
+  if ($trace)
+    {
+    require Math::BigInt::Trace; $class = 'Math::BigInt::Trace';
+    $upgrade = 'Math::BigFloat::Trace';	
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    # see if we can find Math::BigInt::Lite
+    if (!defined $a && !defined $p)		# rounding won't work to well
+      {
+      eval 'require Math::BigInt::Lite;';
+      if ($@ eq '')
+        {
+        @import = ( );				# :constant in Lite, not MBI
+        Math::BigInt::Lite->import( ':constant' );
+        $_lite= 1;				# signal okay
+        }
+      }
+    require Math::BigInt if $_lite == 0;	# not already loaded?
+    $class = 'Math::BigInt';			# regardless of MBIL or not
+    }
+  push @import, $lib_kind => $lib if $lib ne ''; 
+  # Math::BigInt::Trace or plain Math::BigInt
+  $class->import(@import, upgrade => $upgrade);
+
+  if ($trace)
+    {
+    require Math::BigFloat::Trace; $class = 'Math::BigFloat::Trace';
+    $downgrade = 'Math::BigInt::Trace';	
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    require Math::BigFloat; $class = 'Math::BigFloat';
+    }
+  $class->import(':constant','downgrade',$downgrade);
+
+  bignum->accuracy($a) if defined $a;
+  bignum->precision($p) if defined $p;
+  if ($ver)
+    {
+    print "bignum\t\t\t v$VERSION\n";
+    print "Math::BigInt::Lite\t v$Math::BigInt::Lite::VERSION\n" if $_lite;
+    print "Math::BigInt\t\t v$Math::BigInt::VERSION";
+    my $config = Math::BigInt->config();
+    print " lib => $config->{lib} v$config->{lib_version}\n";
+    print "Math::BigFloat\t\t v$Math::BigFloat::VERSION\n";
+    exit;
+    }
+
+  # Take care of octal/hexadecimal constants
+  overload::constant binary => sub { bigint::_binary_constant(shift) };
+
+  # if another big* was already loaded:
+  my ($package) = caller();
+
+  no strict 'refs';
+  if (!defined *{"${package}::inf"})
+    {
+    $self->export_to_level(1,$self,@a);           # export inf and NaN
+    }
+  {
+    no warnings 'redefine';
+    *CORE::GLOBAL::oct = $oct if $oct;
+    *CORE::GLOBAL::hex = $hex if $hex;
+  }
+  }
+
+sub PI () { Math::BigFloat->new('3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197'); }
+sub e () { Math::BigFloat->new('2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757'); }
+sub bpi ($) { Math::BigFloat::bpi(@_); }
+sub bexp ($$) { my $x = Math::BigFloat->new($_[0]); $x->bexp($_[1]); }
+
+1;
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+bignum - Transparent BigNumber support for Perl
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+  use bignum;
+
+  $x = 2 + 4.5,"\n";			# BigFloat 6.5
+  print 2 ** 512 * 0.1,"\n";		# really is what you think it is
+  print inf * inf,"\n";			# prints inf
+  print NaN * 3,"\n";			# prints NaN
+
+  {
+    no bignum;
+    print 2 ** 256,"\n";		# a normal Perl scalar now
+  }
+
+  # for older Perls, note that this will be global:
+  use bignum qw/hex oct/;
+  print hex("0x1234567890123490"),"\n";
+  print oct("01234567890123490"),"\n";
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+All operators (including basic math operations) are overloaded. Integer and
+floating-point constants are created as proper BigInts or BigFloats,
+respectively.
+
+If you do 
+
+        use bignum;
+
+at the top of your script, Math::BigFloat and Math::BigInt will be loaded
+and any constant number will be converted to an object (Math::BigFloat for
+floats like 3.1415 and Math::BigInt for integers like 1234).
+
+So, the following line:
+
+        $x = 1234;
+
+creates actually a Math::BigInt and stores a reference to in $x.
+This happens transparently and behind your back, so to speak.
+
+You can see this with the following:
+
+        perl -Mbignum -le 'print ref(1234)'
+
+Don't worry if it says Math::BigInt::Lite, bignum and friends will use Lite
+if it is installed since it is faster for some operations. It will be
+automatically upgraded to BigInt whenever necessary:
+
+        perl -Mbignum -le 'print ref(2**255)'
+
+This also means it is a bad idea to check for some specific package, since
+the actual contents of $x might be something unexpected. Due to the
+transparent way of bignum C<ref()> should not be necessary, anyway.
+
+Since Math::BigInt and BigFloat also overload the normal math operations,
+the following line will still work:
+
+        perl -Mbignum -le 'print ref(1234+1234)'
+
+Since numbers are actually objects, you can call all the usual methods from
+BigInt/BigFloat on them. This even works to some extent on expressions:
+
+        perl -Mbignum -le '$x = 1234; print $x->bdec()'
+        perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234->copy()->binc();'
+        perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234->copy()->binc->badd(6);'
+        perl -Mbignum -le 'print +(1234)->copy()->binc()'
+
+(Note that print doesn't do what you expect if the expression starts with
+'(' hence the C<+>)
+
+You can even chain the operations together as usual:
+
+        perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234->copy()->binc->badd(6);'
+        1241
+
+Under bignum (or bigint or bigrat), Perl will "upgrade" the numbers
+appropriately. This means that:
+
+        perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234+4.5'
+        1238.5
+
+will work correctly. These mixed cases don't do always work when using
+Math::BigInt or Math::BigFloat alone, or at least not in the way normal Perl
+scalars work. 
+
+If you do want to work with large integers like under C<use integer;>, try
+C<use bigint;>:
+
+        perl -Mbigint -le 'print 1234.5+4.5'
+        1238
+
+There is also C<use bigrat;> which gives you big rationals:
+
+        perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 1234+4.1'
+        12381/10
+
+The entire upgrading/downgrading is still experimental and might not work
+as you expect or may even have bugs. You might get errors like this:
+
+        Can't use an undefined value as an ARRAY reference at
+        /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.8.0/Math/BigInt/Calc.pm line 864
+
+This means somewhere a routine got a BigFloat/Lite but expected a BigInt (or
+vice versa) and the upgrade/downgrad path was missing. This is a bug, please
+report it so that we can fix it.
+
+You might consider using just Math::BigInt or Math::BigFloat, since they
+allow you finer control over what get's done in which module/space. For
+instance, simple loop counters will be Math::BigInts under C<use bignum;> and
+this is slower than keeping them as Perl scalars:
+
+        perl -Mbignum -le 'for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) { print ref($i); }'
+
+Please note the following does not work as expected (prints nothing), since
+overloading of '..' is not yet possible in Perl (as of v5.8.0):
+
+        perl -Mbignum -le 'for (1..2) { print ref($_); }'
+
+=head2 Options
+
+bignum recognizes some options that can be passed while loading it via use.
+The options can (currently) be either a single letter form, or the long form.
+The following options exist:
+
+=over 2
+
+=item a or accuracy
+
+This sets the accuracy for all math operations. The argument must be greater
+than or equal to zero. See Math::BigInt's bround() function for details.
+
+	perl -Mbignum=a,50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
+
+Note that setting precision and accurary at the same time is not possible.
+
+=item p or precision
+
+This sets the precision for all math operations. The argument can be any
+integer. Negative values mean a fixed number of digits after the dot, while
+a positive value rounds to this digit left from the dot. 0 or 1 mean round to
+integer. See Math::BigInt's bfround() function for details.
+
+	perl -Mbignum=p,-50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
+
+Note that setting precision and accurary at the same time is not possible.
+
+=item t or trace
+
+This enables a trace mode and is primarily for debugging bignum or
+Math::BigInt/Math::BigFloat.
+
+=item l or lib
+
+Load a different math lib, see L<MATH LIBRARY>.
+
+	perl -Mbignum=l,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
+
+Currently there is no way to specify more than one library on the command
+line. This means the following does not work:
+
+	perl -Mbignum=l,GMP,Pari -e 'print 2 ** 512'
+
+This will be hopefully fixed soon ;)
+
+=item hex
+
+Override the built-in hex() method with a version that can handle big
+integers. Note that under Perl older than v5.9.4, this will be global
+and cannot be disabled with "no bigint;".
+
+=item oct
+
+Override the built-in oct() method with a version that can handle big
+integers. Note that under Perl older than v5.9.4, this will be global
+and cannot be disabled with "no bigint;".
+
+=item v or version
+
+This prints out the name and version of all modules used and then exits.
+
+	perl -Mbignum=v
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Methods
+
+Beside import() and AUTOLOAD() there are only a few other methods.
+
+Since all numbers are now objects, you can use all functions that are part of
+the BigInt or BigFloat API. It is wise to use only the bxxx() notation, and not
+the fxxx() notation, though. This makes it possible that the underlying object
+might morph into a different class than BigFloat.
+
+=head2 Caveats
+
+But a warning is in order. When using the following to make a copy of a number,
+only a shallow copy will be made.
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        $x = $y = 7;
+
+If you want to make a real copy, use the following:
+
+        $y = $x->copy();
+
+Using the copy or the original with overloaded math is okay, e.g. the
+following work:
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        print $x + 1, " ", $y,"\n";     # prints 10 9
+
+but calling any method that modifies the number directly will result in
+B<both> the original and the copy being destroyed:
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        print $x->badd(1), " ", $y,"\n";        # prints 10 10
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        print $x->binc(1), " ", $y,"\n";        # prints 10 10
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        print $x->bmul(2), " ", $y,"\n";        # prints 18 18
+
+Using methods that do not modify, but test the contents works:
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        $z = 9 if $x->is_zero();                # works fine
+
+See the documentation about the copy constructor and C<=> in overload, as
+well as the documentation in BigInt for further details.
+
+=over 2
+
+=item inf()
+
+A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->binf(). Useful because Perl does not always
+handle bareword C<inf> properly.
+
+=item NaN()
+
+A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->bnan(). Useful because Perl does not always
+handle bareword C<NaN> properly.
+
+=item e
+
+	# perl -Mbignum=e -wle 'print e'
+
+Returns Euler's number C<e>, aka exp(1).
+
+=item PI()
+
+	# perl -Mbignum=PI -wle 'print PI'
+
+Returns PI.
+
+=item bexp()
+
+	bexp($power,$accuracy);
+
+Returns Euler's number C<e> raised to the appropriate power, to
+the wanted accuracy.
+
+Example:
+
+	# perl -Mbignum=bexp -wle 'print bexp(1,80)'
+
+=item bpi()
+
+	bpi($accuracy);
+
+Returns PI to the wanted accuracy.
+
+Example:
+
+	# perl -Mbignum=bpi -wle 'print bpi(80)'
+
+=item upgrade()
+
+Return the class that numbers are upgraded to, is in fact returning
+C<$Math::BigInt::upgrade>.
+
+=item in_effect()
+
+	use bignum;
+
+	print "in effect\n" if bignum::in_effect;	# true
+	{
+	  no bignum;
+	  print "in effect\n" if bignum::in_effect;	# false
+	}
+
+Returns true or false if C<bignum> is in effect in the current scope.
+
+This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Math Library
+
+Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
+Math::BigInt::Calc. This is equivalent to saying:
+
+	use bignum lib => 'Calc';
+
+You can change this by using:
+
+	use bignum lib => 'GMP';
+
+The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then
+Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc:
+
+	use bignum lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar';
+
+Please see respective module documentation for further details.
+
+Using C<lib> warns if none of the specified libraries can be found and
+L<Math::BigInt> did fall back to one of the default libraries.
+To supress this warning, use C<try> instead:
+
+	use bignum try => 'GMP';
+
+If you want the code to die instead of falling back, use C<only> instead:
+
+	use bignum only => 'GMP';
+
+=head2 INTERNAL FORMAT
+
+The numbers are stored as objects, and their internals might change at anytime,
+especially between math operations. The objects also might belong to different
+classes, like Math::BigInt, or Math::BigFLoat. Mixing them together, even
+with normal scalars is not extraordinary, but normal and expected.
+
+You should not depend on the internal format, all accesses must go through
+accessor methods. E.g. looking at $x->{sign} is not a bright idea since there
+is no guaranty that the object in question has such a hashkey, nor is a hash
+underneath at all.
+
+=head2 SIGN
+
+The sign is either '+', '-', 'NaN', '+inf' or '-inf' and stored seperately.
+You can access it with the sign() method.
+
+A sign of 'NaN' is used to represent the result when input arguments are not
+numbers or as a result of 0/0. '+inf' and '-inf' represent plus respectively
+minus infinity. You will get '+inf' when dividing a positive number by 0, and
+'-inf' when dividing any negative number by 0.
+
+=head1 CAVAETS
+
+=over 2
+
+=item in_effect()
+
+This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
+
+=item hex()/oct()
+
+C<bigint> overrides these routines with versions that can also handle
+big integer values. Under Perl prior to version v5.9.4, however, this
+will not happen unless you specifically ask for it with the two
+import tags "hex" and "oct" - and then it will be global and cannot be
+disabled inside a scope with "no bigint":
+
+	use bigint qw/hex oct/;
+
+	print hex("0x1234567890123456");
+	{
+		no bigint;
+		print hex("0x1234567890123456");
+	}
+
+The second call to hex() will warn about a non-portable constant.
+
+Compare this to:
+
+	use bigint;
+
+	# will warn only under older than v5.9.4
+	print hex("0x1234567890123456");
+
+=back
+
+=head1 MODULES USED
+
+C<bignum> is just a thin wrapper around various modules of the Math::BigInt
+family. Think of it as the head of the family, who runs the shop, and orders
+the others to do the work.
+
+The following modules are currently used by bignum:
+
+	Math::BigInt::Lite	(for speed, and only if it is loadable)
+	Math::BigInt
+	Math::BigFloat
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+
+Some cool command line examples to impress the Python crowd ;)
+ 
+	perl -Mbignum -le 'print sqrt(33)'
+	perl -Mbignum -le 'print 2*255'
+	perl -Mbignum -le 'print 4.5+2*255'
+	perl -Mbignum -le 'print 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3'
+	perl -Mbignum -le 'print 123->is_odd()'
+	perl -Mbignum -le 'print log(2)'
+	perl -Mbignum -le 'print exp(1)'
+	perl -Mbignum -le 'print 2 ** 0.5'
+	perl -Mbignum=a,65 -le 'print 2 ** 0.2'
+	perl -Mbignum=a,65,l,GMP -le 'print 7 ** 7777'
+
+=head1 LICENSE
+
+This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+Especially L<bigrat> as in C<perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 1/3+1/4'>.
+
+L<Math::BigFloat>, L<Math::BigInt>, L<Math::BigRat> and L<Math::Big> as well
+as L<Math::BigInt::BitVect>, L<Math::BigInt::Pari> and  L<Math::BigInt::GMP>.
+
+=head1 AUTHORS
+
+(C) by Tels L<http://bloodgate.com/> in early 2002 - 2007.
+
+=cut
diff --git a/ext/bignum/lib/bigrat.pm b/ext/bignum/lib/bigrat.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..10e8057abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/lib/bigrat.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+package bigrat;
+use 5.006;
+
+$VERSION = '0.23';
+require Exporter;
+@ISA		= qw( bigint );
+@EXPORT_OK 	= qw( PI e bpi bexp );
+@EXPORT		= qw( inf NaN );
+
+use strict;
+use overload;
+require bigint;		# no "use" to avoid callind import
+
+############################################################################## 
+
+BEGIN 
+  {
+  *inf = \&bigint::inf;
+  *NaN = \&bigint::NaN;
+  }
+
+# These are all alike, and thus faked by AUTOLOAD
+
+my @faked = qw/round_mode accuracy precision div_scale/;
+use vars qw/$VERSION $AUTOLOAD $_lite/;		# _lite for testsuite
+
+sub AUTOLOAD
+  {
+  my $name = $AUTOLOAD;
+
+  $name =~ s/.*:://;    # split package
+  no strict 'refs';
+  foreach my $n (@faked)
+    {
+    if ($n eq $name)
+      {
+      *{"bigrat::$name"} = sub 
+        {
+        my $self = shift;
+        no strict 'refs';
+        if (defined $_[0])
+          {
+          Math::BigInt->$name($_[0]);
+          Math::BigFloat->$name($_[0]);
+          return Math::BigRat->$name($_[0]);
+          }
+        return Math::BigInt->$name();
+        };
+      return &$name;
+      }
+    }
+ 
+  # delayed load of Carp and avoid recursion
+  require Carp;
+  Carp::croak ("Can't call bigrat\-\>$name, not a valid method");
+  }
+
+sub unimport
+  {
+  $^H{bigrat} = undef;					# no longer in effect
+  overload::remove_constant('binary','','float','','integer');
+  }
+
+sub in_effect
+  {
+  my $level = shift || 0;
+  my $hinthash = (caller($level))[10];
+  $hinthash->{bigrat};
+  }
+
+#############################################################################
+# the following two routines are for Perl 5.9.4 or later and are lexical
+
+sub _hex
+  {
+  return CORE::hex($_[0]) unless in_effect(1);
+  my $i = $_[0];
+  $i = '0x'.$i unless $i =~ /^0x/;
+  Math::BigInt->new($i);
+  }
+
+sub _oct
+  {
+  return CORE::oct($_[0]) unless in_effect(1);
+  my $i = $_[0];
+  return Math::BigInt->from_oct($i) if $i =~ /^0[0-7]/;
+  Math::BigInt->new($i);
+  }
+
+sub import 
+  {
+  my $self = shift;
+
+  # see also bignum->import() for additional comments
+
+  $^H{bigrat} = 1;					# we are in effect
+
+  my ($hex,$oct);
+  # for newer Perls always override hex() and oct() with a lexical version:
+  if ($] > 5.009004)
+    {
+    $oct = \&_oct;
+    $hex = \&_hex;
+    }
+  # some defaults
+  my $lib = ''; my $lib_kind = 'try'; my $upgrade = 'Math::BigFloat';
+
+  my @import = ( ':constant' );				# drive it w/ constant
+  my @a = @_; my $l = scalar @_; my $j = 0;
+  my ($a,$p);
+  my ($ver,$trace);					# version? trace?
+  for ( my $i = 0; $i < $l ; $i++,$j++ )
+    {
+    if ($_[$i] eq 'upgrade')
+      {
+      # this causes upgrading
+      $upgrade = $_[$i+1];		# or undef to disable
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;	# avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(l|lib|try|only)$/)
+      {
+      # this causes a different low lib to take care...
+      $lib_kind = $1; $lib_kind = 'lib' if $lib_kind eq 'l';
+      $lib = $_[$i+1] || '';
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;	# avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(a|accuracy)$/)
+      {
+      $a = $_[$i+1];
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;   # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(p|precision)$/)
+      {
+      $p = $_[$i+1];
+      my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2;   # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
+      splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(v|version)$/)
+      {
+      $ver = 1;
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(t|trace)$/)
+      {
+      $trace = 1;
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] eq 'hex')
+      {
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      $hex = \&bigint::_hex_global;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] eq 'oct')
+      {
+      splice @a, $j, 1; $j --;
+      $oct = \&bigint::_oct_global;
+      }
+    elsif ($_[$i] !~ /^(PI|e|bpi|bexp)\z/)
+      {
+      die ("unknown option $_[$i]");
+      }
+    }
+  my $class;
+  $_lite = 0;                                   # using M::BI::L ?
+  if ($trace)
+    {
+    require Math::BigInt::Trace; $class = 'Math::BigInt::Trace';
+    $upgrade = 'Math::BigFloat::Trace';
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    # see if we can find Math::BigInt::Lite
+    if (!defined $a && !defined $p)             # rounding won't work to well
+      {
+      eval 'require Math::BigInt::Lite;';
+      if ($@ eq '')
+        {
+        @import = ( );                          # :constant in Lite, not MBI
+        Math::BigInt::Lite->import( ':constant' );
+        $_lite= 1;                              # signal okay
+        }
+      }
+    require Math::BigInt if $_lite == 0;        # not already loaded?
+    $class = 'Math::BigInt';                    # regardless of MBIL or not
+    }
+  push @import, $lib_kind => $lib if $lib ne ''; 
+  # Math::BigInt::Trace or plain Math::BigInt
+  $class->import(@import, upgrade => $upgrade);
+
+  require Math::BigFloat;
+  Math::BigFloat->import( upgrade => 'Math::BigRat', ':constant' );
+  require Math::BigRat;
+
+  bigrat->accuracy($a) if defined $a;
+  bigrat->precision($p) if defined $p;
+  if ($ver)
+    {
+    print "bigrat\t\t\t v$VERSION\n";
+    print "Math::BigInt::Lite\t v$Math::BigInt::Lite::VERSION\n" if $_lite;  
+    print "Math::BigInt\t\t v$Math::BigInt::VERSION";
+    my $config = Math::BigInt->config();
+    print " lib => $config->{lib} v$config->{lib_version}\n";
+    print "Math::BigFloat\t\t v$Math::BigFloat::VERSION\n";
+    print "Math::BigRat\t\t v$Math::BigRat::VERSION\n";
+    exit;
+    }
+
+  # Take care of octal/hexadecimal constants
+  overload::constant binary => sub { bigint::_binary_constant(shift) };
+
+  # if another big* was already loaded:
+  my ($package) = caller();
+
+  no strict 'refs';
+  if (!defined *{"${package}::inf"})
+    {
+    $self->export_to_level(1,$self,@a);           # export inf and NaN
+    }
+  {
+    no warnings 'redefine';
+    *CORE::GLOBAL::oct = $oct if $oct;
+    *CORE::GLOBAL::hex = $hex if $hex;
+  }
+  }
+
+sub PI () { Math::BigFloat->new('3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197'); }
+sub e () { Math::BigFloat->new('2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757'); }
+
+sub bpi ($) { local $Math::BigFloat::upgrade; Math::BigFloat::bpi(@_); }
+
+sub bexp ($$)
+  {
+  local $Math::BigFloat::upgrade;
+  my $x = Math::BigFloat->new($_[0]); $x->bexp($_[1]);
+  }
+
+1;
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+bigrat - Transparent BigNumber/BigRational support for Perl
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+  use bigrat;
+
+  print 2 + 4.5,"\n";			# BigFloat 6.5
+  print 1/3 + 1/4,"\n";			# produces 7/12
+
+  {
+    no bigrat;
+    print 1/3,"\n";			# 0.33333...
+  }
+
+  # Note that this will make hex() and oct() be globally overriden:
+  use bigrat qw/hex oct/;
+  print hex("0x1234567890123490"),"\n";
+  print oct("01234567890123490"),"\n";
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+All operators (including basic math operations) are overloaded. Integer and
+floating-point constants are created as proper BigInts or BigFloats,
+respectively.
+
+Other than L<bignum>, this module upgrades to Math::BigRat, meaning that
+instead of 2.5 you will get 2+1/2 as output.
+
+=head2 Modules Used
+
+C<bigrat> is just a thin wrapper around various modules of the Math::BigInt
+family. Think of it as the head of the family, who runs the shop, and orders
+the others to do the work.
+
+The following modules are currently used by bignum:
+
+        Math::BigInt::Lite      (for speed, and only if it is loadable)
+        Math::BigInt
+        Math::BigFloat
+        Math::BigRat
+
+=head2 Math Library
+
+Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
+Math::BigInt::Calc. This is equivalent to saying:
+
+	use bigrat lib => 'Calc';
+
+You can change this by using:
+
+        use bignum lib => 'GMP';
+
+The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then
+Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc:
+
+	use bigrat lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar';
+
+Using C<lib> warns if none of the specified libraries can be found and
+L<Math::BigInt> did fall back to one of the default libraries.
+To supress this warning, use C<try> instead:
+
+        use bignum try => 'GMP';
+
+If you want the code to die instead of falling back, use C<only> instead:
+
+        use bignum only => 'GMP';
+
+Please see respective module documentation for further details.
+
+=head2 Sign
+
+The sign is either '+', '-', 'NaN', '+inf' or '-inf'.
+
+A sign of 'NaN' is used to represent the result when input arguments are not
+numbers or as a result of 0/0. '+inf' and '-inf' represent plus respectively
+minus infinity. You will get '+inf' when dividing a positive number by 0, and
+'-inf' when dividing any negative number by 0.
+
+=head2 Methods
+
+Since all numbers are not objects, you can use all functions that are part of
+the BigInt or BigFloat API. It is wise to use only the bxxx() notation, and not
+the fxxx() notation, though. This makes you independed on the fact that the
+underlying object might morph into a different class than BigFloat.
+
+=over 2
+
+=item inf()
+
+A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->binf(). Useful because Perl does not always
+handle bareword C<inf> properly.
+
+=item NaN()
+
+A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->bnan(). Useful because Perl does not always
+handle bareword C<NaN> properly.
+
+=item e
+
+	# perl -Mbigrat=e -wle 'print e'
+
+Returns Euler's number C<e>, aka exp(1).
+
+=item PI
+
+	# perl -Mbigrat=PI -wle 'print PI'
+
+Returns PI.
+
+=item bexp()
+
+	bexp($power,$accuracy);
+
+
+Returns Euler's number C<e> raised to the appropriate power, to
+the wanted accuracy.
+
+Example:
+
+	# perl -Mbigrat=bexp -wle 'print bexp(1,80)'
+
+=item bpi()
+
+	bpi($accuracy);
+
+Returns PI to the wanted accuracy.
+
+Example:
+
+	# perl -Mbigrat=bpi -wle 'print bpi(80)'
+
+=item upgrade()
+
+Return the class that numbers are upgraded to, is in fact returning
+C<$Math::BigInt::upgrade>.
+
+=item in_effect()
+
+	use bigrat;
+
+	print "in effect\n" if bigrat::in_effect;	# true
+	{
+	  no bigrat;
+	  print "in effect\n" if bigrat::in_effect;	# false
+	}
+
+Returns true or false if C<bigrat> is in effect in the current scope.
+
+This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 MATH LIBRARY
+
+Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
+
+=head2 Cavaet
+
+But a warning is in order. When using the following to make a copy of a number,
+only a shallow copy will be made.
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        $x = $y = 7;
+
+If you want to make a real copy, use the following:
+
+	$y = $x->copy();
+
+Using the copy or the original with overloaded math is okay, e.g. the
+following work:
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        print $x + 1, " ", $y,"\n";     # prints 10 9
+
+but calling any method that modifies the number directly will result in
+B<both> the original and the copy being destroyed:
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        print $x->badd(1), " ", $y,"\n";        # prints 10 10
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        print $x->binc(1), " ", $y,"\n";        # prints 10 10
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        print $x->bmul(2), " ", $y,"\n";        # prints 18 18
+
+Using methods that do not modify, but testthe contents works:
+
+        $x = 9; $y = $x;
+        $z = 9 if $x->is_zero();                # works fine
+
+See the documentation about the copy constructor and C<=> in overload, as
+well as the documentation in BigInt for further details.
+
+=head2 Options
+
+bignum recognizes some options that can be passed while loading it via use.
+The options can (currently) be either a single letter form, or the long form.
+The following options exist:
+
+=over 2
+
+=item a or accuracy
+
+This sets the accuracy for all math operations. The argument must be greater
+than or equal to zero. See Math::BigInt's bround() function for details.
+
+	perl -Mbigrat=a,50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
+
+Note that setting precision and accurary at the same time is not possible.
+
+=item p or precision
+
+This sets the precision for all math operations. The argument can be any
+integer. Negative values mean a fixed number of digits after the dot, while
+a positive value rounds to this digit left from the dot. 0 or 1 mean round to
+integer. See Math::BigInt's bfround() function for details.
+
+	perl -Mbigrat=p,-50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
+
+Note that setting precision and accurary at the same time is not possible.
+
+=item t or trace
+
+This enables a trace mode and is primarily for debugging bignum or
+Math::BigInt/Math::BigFloat.
+
+=item l or lib
+
+Load a different math lib, see L<MATH LIBRARY>.
+
+	perl -Mbigrat=l,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
+
+Currently there is no way to specify more than one library on the command
+line. This means the following does not work:
+
+	perl -Mbignum=l,GMP,Pari -e 'print 2 ** 512'
+
+This will be hopefully fixed soon ;)
+
+=item hex
+
+Override the built-in hex() method with a version that can handle big
+integers. Note that under Perl v5.9.4 or ealier, this will be global
+and cannot be disabled with "no bigint;".
+
+=item oct
+
+Override the built-in oct() method with a version that can handle big
+integers. Note that under Perl v5.9.4 or ealier, this will be global
+and cannot be disabled with "no bigint;".
+
+=item v or version
+
+This prints out the name and version of all modules used and then exits.
+
+	perl -Mbigrat=v
+
+=back
+
+=head1 CAVAETS
+
+=over 2
+
+=item in_effect()
+
+This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
+
+=item hex()/oct()
+
+C<bigint> overrides these routines with versions that can also handle
+big integer values. Under Perl prior to version v5.9.4, however, this
+will not happen unless you specifically ask for it with the two
+import tags "hex" and "oct" - and then it will be global and cannot be
+disabled inside a scope with "no bigint":
+
+	use bigint qw/hex oct/;
+
+	print hex("0x1234567890123456");
+	{
+		no bigint;
+		print hex("0x1234567890123456");
+	}
+
+The second call to hex() will warn about a non-portable constant.
+
+Compare this to:
+
+	use bigint;
+
+	# will warn only under Perl older than v5.9.4
+	print hex("0x1234567890123456");
+
+=back
+
+=head1 EXAMPLES
+ 
+	perl -Mbigrat -le 'print sqrt(33)'
+	perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 2*255'
+	perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 4.5+2*255'
+	perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3'	
+	perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 12->is_odd()';
+	perl -Mbignum=l,GMP -le 'print 7 ** 7777'
+
+=head1 LICENSE
+
+This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+Especially L<bignum>.
+
+L<Math::BigFloat>, L<Math::BigInt>, L<Math::BigRat> and L<Math::Big> as well
+as L<Math::BigInt::BitVect>, L<Math::BigInt::Pari> and  L<Math::BigInt::GMP>.
+
+=head1 AUTHORS
+
+(C) by Tels L<http://bloodgate.com/> in early 2002 - 2007.
+
+=cut
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/big_e_pi.t b/ext/bignum/t/big_e_pi.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..819e22528a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/big_e_pi.t
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+# test for e() and PI() exports
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 4;
+  }
+
+use bignum qw/e PI bexp bpi/;
+
+is (e, "2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757", 'e');
+is (PI, "3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197", 'PI');
+
+is (bexp(1,10), "2.718281828", 'e');
+is (bpi(10), "3.141592654", 'PI');
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/bigexp.t b/ext/bignum/t/bigexp.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2fc631fff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/bigexp.t
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+# test for bug #18025: bignum/bigrat can lead to a number that is both 1 and 0
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 4;
+  }
+
+use bignum;
+
+my $lnev = -7 / (10**17);
+my $ev=exp($lnev);
+
+is( sprintf('%0.5f',$ev) , '1.00000', '($ev) is approx. 1' );
+is( sprintf('%0.5f',1-$ev) , '0.00000', '(1-$ev) is approx. 0' );
+is( sprintf('%0.5f',1-"$ev") , '0.00000', '(1-"$ev") is approx. 0' );
+
+cmp_ok( $ev, '!=', 0, '$ev should not equal 0');
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/bigint.t b/ext/bignum/t/bigint.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..baf76a3005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/bigint.t
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+
+use Test;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 51;
+  }
+
+use bigint qw/hex oct/;
+
+###############################################################################
+# _constant tests
+
+foreach (qw/ 
+  123:123
+  123.4:123
+  1.4:1
+  0.1:0
+  -0.1:0
+  -1.1:-1
+  -123.4:-123
+  -123:-123
+  123e2:123e2
+  123e-1:12
+  123e-4:0
+  123e-3:0
+  123.345e-1:12
+  123.456e+2:12345
+  1234.567e+3:1234567
+  1234.567e+4:1234567E1
+  1234.567e+6:1234567E3
+  /)
+  {
+  my ($x,$y) = split /:/;
+  print "# Try $x\n";
+  ok (bigint::_float_constant("$x"),"$y");
+  }
+
+foreach (qw/ 
+  0100:64
+  0200:128
+  0x100:256
+  0b1001:9
+  /)
+  {
+  my ($x,$y) = split /:/;
+  print "# Try $x\n";
+  ok (bigint::_binary_constant("$x"),"$y");
+  }
+
+###############################################################################
+# general tests
+
+my $x = 5; ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/);		# :constant
+
+# todo:  ok (2 + 2.5,4.5);				# should still work
+# todo: $x = 2 + 3.5; ok (ref($x),'Math::BigFloat');
+
+$x = 2 ** 255; ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/);
+
+ok (12->bfac(),479001600);
+ok (9/4,2);
+
+ok (4.5+4.5,8);					# truncate
+ok (ref(4.5+4.5) =~ /^Math::BigInt/);
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# accurarcy and precision
+
+ok_undef (bigint->accuracy());
+ok (bigint->accuracy(12),12);
+ok (bigint->accuracy(),12);
+
+ok_undef (bigint->precision());
+ok (bigint->precision(12),12);
+ok (bigint->precision(),12);
+
+ok (bigint->round_mode(),'even');
+ok (bigint->round_mode('odd'),'odd');
+ok (bigint->round_mode(),'odd');
+
+###############################################################################
+# hex() and oct()
+
+my $c = 'Math::BigInt';
+
+ok (ref(hex(1)), $c);
+ok (ref(hex(0x1)), $c);
+ok (ref(hex("af")), $c);
+ok (hex("af"), Math::BigInt->new(0xaf));
+ok (ref(hex("0x1")), $c);
+
+ok (ref(oct("0x1")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct("01")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct("0b01")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct("1")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(" 1")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(" 0x1")), $c);
+
+ok (ref(oct(0x1)), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(01)), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(0b01)), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(1)), $c);
+
+###############################################################################
+###############################################################################
+# Perl 5.005 does not like ok ($x,undef)
+
+sub ok_undef
+  {
+  my $x = shift;
+
+  ok (1,1) and return if !defined $x;
+  ok ($x,'undef');
+  }
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/bignum.t b/ext/bignum/t/bignum.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe299a2e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/bignum.t
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+
+use Test;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 35;
+  }
+
+use bignum qw/oct hex/;
+
+###############################################################################
+# general tests
+
+my $x = 5; ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/);		# :constant
+
+ok (2 + 2.5,4.5);
+$x = 2 + 3.5; ok (ref($x),'Math::BigFloat');
+ok (2 * 2.1,4.2);
+$x = 2 + 2.1; ok (ref($x),'Math::BigFloat');
+
+$x = 2 ** 255; ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/);
+
+# see if Math::BigInt constant and upgrading works
+ok (Math::BigInt::bsqrt('12'),'3.464101615137754587054892683011744733886');
+ok (sqrt(12),'3.464101615137754587054892683011744733886');
+
+ok (2/3,"0.6666666666666666666666666666666666666667");
+
+#ok (2 ** 0.5, 'NaN');	# should be sqrt(2);
+
+ok (12->bfac(),479001600);
+
+# see if Math::BigFloat constant works
+
+#                     0123456789          0123456789	<- default 40
+#           0123456789          0123456789
+ok (1/3, '0.3333333333333333333333333333333333333333');
+
+###############################################################################
+# accurarcy and precision
+
+ok_undef (bignum->accuracy());
+ok (bignum->accuracy(12),12);
+ok (bignum->accuracy(),12);
+
+ok_undef (bignum->precision());
+ok (bignum->precision(12),12);
+ok (bignum->precision(),12);
+
+ok (bignum->round_mode(),'even');
+ok (bignum->round_mode('odd'),'odd');
+ok (bignum->round_mode(),'odd');
+
+###############################################################################
+# hex() and oct()
+
+my $c = 'Math::BigInt';
+
+ok (ref(hex(1)), $c);
+ok (ref(hex(0x1)), $c);
+ok (ref(hex("af")), $c);
+ok (hex("af"), Math::BigInt->new(0xaf));
+ok (ref(hex("0x1")), $c);
+
+ok (ref(oct("0x1")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct("01")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct("0b01")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct("1")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(" 1")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(" 0x1")), $c);
+
+ok (ref(oct(0x1)), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(01)), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(0b01)), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(1)), $c);
+
+###############################################################################
+###############################################################################
+# Perl 5.005 does not like ok ($x,undef)
+
+sub ok_undef
+  {
+  my $x = shift;
+
+  ok (1,1) and return if !defined $x;
+  ok ($x,'undef');
+  }
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/bigrat.t b/ext/bignum/t/bigrat.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..972b83cde2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/bigrat.t
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+
+use Test;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 40;
+  }
+
+use bigrat qw/oct hex/;
+
+###############################################################################
+# general tests
+
+my $x = 5; ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/);		# :constant
+
+# todo:  ok (2 + 2.5,4.5);				# should still work
+# todo: $x = 2 + 3.5; ok (ref($x),'Math::BigFloat');
+
+$x = 2 ** 255; ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/);
+
+# see if Math::BigRat constant works
+ok (1/3, '1/3');
+ok (1/4+1/3,'7/12');
+ok (5/7+3/7,'8/7');
+
+ok (3/7+1,'10/7');
+ok (3/7+1.1,'107/70');
+ok (3/7+3/7,'6/7');
+
+ok (3/7-1,'-4/7');
+ok (3/7-1.1,'-47/70');
+ok (3/7-2/7,'1/7');
+
+# fails ?
+# ok (1+3/7,'10/7');
+
+ok (1.1+3/7,'107/70');
+ok (3/7*5/7,'15/49');
+ok (3/7 / (5/7),'3/5');
+ok (3/7 / 1,'3/7');
+ok (3/7 / 1.5,'2/7');
+
+###############################################################################
+# accurarcy and precision
+
+ok_undef (bigrat->accuracy());
+ok (bigrat->accuracy(12),12);
+ok (bigrat->accuracy(),12);
+
+ok_undef (bigrat->precision());
+ok (bigrat->precision(12),12);
+ok (bigrat->precision(),12);
+
+ok (bigrat->round_mode(),'even');
+ok (bigrat->round_mode('odd'),'odd');
+ok (bigrat->round_mode(),'odd');
+
+###############################################################################
+# hex() and oct()
+
+my $c = 'Math::BigInt';
+
+ok (ref(hex(1)), $c);
+ok (ref(hex(0x1)), $c);
+ok (ref(hex("af")), $c);
+ok (hex("af"), Math::BigInt->new(0xaf));
+ok (ref(hex("0x1")), $c);
+
+ok (ref(oct("0x1")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct("01")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct("0b01")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct("1")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(" 1")), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(" 0x1")), $c);
+
+ok (ref(oct(0x1)), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(01)), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(0b01)), $c);
+ok (ref(oct(1)), $c);
+
+###############################################################################
+###############################################################################
+# Perl 5.005 does not like ok ($x,undef)
+
+sub ok_undef
+  {
+  my $x = shift;
+
+  ok (1,1) and return if !defined $x;
+  ok ($x,'undef');
+  }
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/bii_e_pi.t b/ext/bignum/t/bii_e_pi.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76ee07ae29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/bii_e_pi.t
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+# test for e() and PI() exports
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 5;
+  }
+
+use bigint qw/e PI bpi bexp/;
+
+is (e, "2", 'e');
+is (PI, "3", 'PI');
+
+is (bexp(1,10), "2", 'e');
+is (bexp(3,10), "20", 'e');
+is (bpi(10), "3", 'PI');
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/biinfnan.t b/ext/bignum/t/biinfnan.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f136c1e66e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/biinfnan.t
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+
+use Test;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib/bignum/t' if $ENV{PERL_CORE};
+  plan tests => 26;
+  }
+
+use bigint;
+
+my ($x);
+
+require "infnan.inc";
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/bir_e_pi.t b/ext/bignum/t/bir_e_pi.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88342b05bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/bir_e_pi.t
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+# test for e() and PI() exports
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 4;
+  }
+
+use bigrat qw/e PI bexp bpi/;
+
+is (e, "2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757", 'e');
+is (PI, "3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197", 'PI');
+
+# these tests should actually produce big rationals, but this is not yet
+# implemented:
+is (bexp(1,10), "2.718281828", 'e');
+is (bpi(10), "3.141592654", 'PI');
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/bn_lite.t b/ext/bignum/t/bn_lite.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21247c1ee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/bn_lite.t
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+
+use Test;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 1;
+  }
+
+eval 'require Math::BigInt::Lite;';
+if ($@ eq '')
+  {
+  # can use Lite, so let bignum try it
+  require bignum; bignum->import();
+  # can't get to work a ref(1+1) here, presumable because :constant phase
+  # already done
+  ok ($bignum::_lite,1);
+  }
+else
+  {
+  print "ok 1 # skipped, no Math::BigInt::Lite\n";
+  }
+  
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/bninfnan.t b/ext/bignum/t/bninfnan.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fbadb068b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/bninfnan.t
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+
+use Test;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  my $location = $0; $location =~ s/bninfnan.t//i;
+  if ($ENV{PERL_CORE})
+    {
+    #@INC = qw(../lib ../lib/bignum/t); # testing with the core distribution
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    unshift @INC, '../lib';     # for testing manually
+    }
+  if (-d 't')
+    {
+    chdir 't';
+    require File::Spec;
+    unshift @INC, File::Spec->catdir(File::Spec->updir, $location);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    unshift @INC, $location;
+    }
+  print "# INC = @INC\n";
+  plan tests => 26;
+  }
+
+use bignum;
+
+my ($x);
+
+require "infnan.inc";
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/br_lite.t b/ext/bignum/t/br_lite.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bf77d4037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/br_lite.t
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+
+use Test;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 1;
+  }
+
+eval 'require Math::BigInt::Lite;';
+if ($@ eq '')
+  {
+  # can use Lite, so let bignum try it
+  require bigrat; bigrat->import();
+  # can't get to work a ref(1+1) here, presumable because :constant phase
+  # already done
+  ok ($bigrat::_lite,1);
+  }
+else
+  {
+  print "ok 1 # skipped, no Math::BigInt::Lite\n";
+  }
+  
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/brinfnan.t b/ext/bignum/t/brinfnan.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..286adbc0ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/brinfnan.t
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+
+use Test;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib/bignum/t' if $ENV{PERL_CORE};
+  plan tests => 26;
+  }
+
+use bigrat;
+
+my ($x);
+
+require "infnan.inc";
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/in_effect.t b/ext/bignum/t/in_effect.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b163f12b8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/in_effect.t
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+# Test in_effect()
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 9;
+  }
+
+use bigint;
+use bignum;
+use bigrat;
+
+can_ok ('bigint', qw/in_effect/);
+can_ok ('bignum', qw/in_effect/);
+can_ok ('bigrat', qw/in_effect/);
+
+SKIP: {
+  skip ('Need at least Perl v5.9.4', 3) if $] < "5.009005";
+
+  is (bigint::in_effect(), 1, 'bigint in effect');
+  is (bignum::in_effect(), 1, 'bignum in effect');
+  is (bigrat::in_effect(), 1, 'bigrat in effect');
+  }
+
+{
+  no bigint;
+  no bignum;
+  no bigrat;
+
+  is (bigint::in_effect(), undef, 'bigint not in effect');
+  is (bignum::in_effect(), undef, 'bignum not in effect');
+  is (bigrat::in_effect(), undef, 'bigrat not in effect');
+}
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/infnan.inc b/ext/bignum/t/infnan.inc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..771b94e748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/infnan.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+
+use strict;
+
+my ($x);
+
+###############################################################################
+# inf tests
+
+$x = 1+inf;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'inf');
+$x = 1*inf;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'inf');
+
+# these don't work without exporting inf()
+$x = inf;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'inf');
+$x = inf+inf;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'inf');
+$x = inf*inf;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'inf');
+
+###############################################################################
+# NaN tests
+
+$x = 1+NaN;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'NaN');
+$x = 1*NaN;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'NaN');
+
+# these don't work without exporting NaN()
+$x = NaN;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'NaN');
+$x = NaN+NaN;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'NaN');
+$x = NaN*NaN;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'NaN');
+
+###############################################################################
+# mixed tests
+
+# these don't work without exporting NaN() or inf()
+$x = NaN+inf;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'NaN');
+$x = NaN*inf;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'NaN');
+$x = inf*NaN;	ok (ref($x) =~ /^Math::BigInt/); ok ($x->bstr(),'NaN');
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/option_a.t b/ext/bignum/t/option_a.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2086f9a8d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/option_a.t
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 4;
+  }
+
+use bignum a => '12';
+
+my @C = qw/Math::BigInt Math::BigFloat/;
+
+foreach my $c (@C)
+  {
+  is ($c->accuracy(),12, "$c accuracy = 12");
+  }
+
+bignum->import( accuracy => '23');
+
+foreach my $c (@C)
+  {
+  is ($c->accuracy(), 23, "$c accuracy = 23");
+  }
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/option_l.t b/ext/bignum/t/option_l.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cfa8033f22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/option_l.t
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+# test the "l", "lib", "try" and "only" options:
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 19;
+  }
+
+use bignum;
+
+my @W;
+{
+# catch warnings:
+require Carp;
+no warnings 'redefine';
+*Carp::carp = sub { push @W, $_[0]; };
+}
+
+my $rc = eval ('bignum->import( "l" => "foo" );');
+is ($@,'');						# shouldn't die
+is (scalar @W, 1, 'one warning');
+like ($W[0], qr/fallback to Math::/, 'got fallback');
+
+$rc = eval ('bignum->import( "lib" => "foo" );');
+is ($@,'');						# ditto
+is (scalar @W, 2, 'two warnings');
+like ($W[1], qr/fallback to Math::/, 'got fallback');
+
+$rc = eval ('bignum->import( "try" => "foo" );');
+is ($@,'');						# shouldn't die
+$rc = eval ('bignum->import( "try" => "foo" );');
+is ($@,'');						# ditto
+
+$rc = eval ('bignum->import( "foo" => "bar" );');
+like ($@, qr/^Unknown option foo/i, 'died');			# should die
+
+$rc = eval ('bignum->import( "only" => "bar" );');
+like ($@, qr/fallback disallowed/i, 'died');			# should die
+
+# test that options are only lowercase (don't see a reason why allow UPPER)
+
+foreach (qw/L LIB Lib T Trace TRACE V Version VERSION/)
+  {
+  $rc = eval ('bignum->import( "$_" => "bar" );');
+  like ($@, qr/^Unknown option $_/i, 'died');			# should die
+  }
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/option_p.t b/ext/bignum/t/option_p.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b84883be4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/option_p.t
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 4;
+  }
+
+my @C = qw/Math::BigInt Math::BigFloat/;
+
+use bignum p => '12';
+
+foreach my $c (@C)
+  {
+  is ($c->precision(),12, "$c precision = 12");
+  }
+
+bignum->import( p => '42' );
+
+foreach my $c (@C)
+  {
+  is ($c->precision(),42, "$c precision = 42");
+  }
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/ratopt_a.t b/ext/bignum/t/ratopt_a.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f004afe428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/ratopt_a.t
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 7;
+  }
+
+my @C = qw/Math::BigInt Math::BigFloat Math::BigRat/;
+
+# bigrat (bug until v0.15)
+use bigrat a => 2;
+
+foreach my $c (@C)
+  {
+  is ($c->accuracy(), 2, "$c accuracy = 2");
+  }
+
+eval { bigrat->import( accuracy => '42') };
+
+is ($@, '', 'no error');
+
+foreach my $c (@C)
+  {
+  is ($c->accuracy(), 42, "$c accuracy = 42");
+  }
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/scope_f.t b/ext/bignum/t/scope_f.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd748e11c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/scope_f.t
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+# Test "no bignum;" and overloading of hex()/oct() for newer Perls
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 10;
+  }
+
+# no :hex and :oct means these do not get overloaded for older Perls:
+use bignum;
+
+isnt (ref(1), '', 'is in effect');
+isnt (ref(2.0), '', 'is in effect');
+isnt (ref(0x20), '', 'is in effect');
+
+SKIP: {
+  skip ('Need at least Perl v5.9.4', 2) if $] < 5.009004;
+
+  is (ref(hex(9)), 'Math::BigInt', 'hex is overloaded');
+  is (ref(oct(07)), 'Math::BigInt', 'oct is overloaded');
+  }
+
+{
+  no bignum;
+
+  is (ref(1), '', 'is not in effect');
+  is (ref(2.0), '', 'is not in effect');
+  is (ref(0x20), '', 'is not in effect');
+
+  isnt (ref(hex(9)), 'Math::BigInt', 'hex is not overloaded');
+  isnt (ref(oct(07)), 'Math::BigInt', 'oct is not overloaded');
+}
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/scope_i.t b/ext/bignum/t/scope_i.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e2f1e6e7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/scope_i.t
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+# Test "no bigint;" and overloading of hex()/oct() for newer Perls
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 10;
+  }
+
+# no :hex and :oct means these do not get overloaded for older Perls:
+use bigint;
+
+isnt (ref(1), '', 'is in effect');
+isnt (ref(2.0), '', 'is in effect');
+isnt (ref(0x20), '', 'is in effect');
+
+SKIP: {
+  skip ('Need at least Perl v5.9.4', 2) if $] < "5.009004";	# quote due to "use bigint;"
+
+  is (ref(hex(9)), 'Math::BigInt', 'hex is overloaded');
+  is (ref(oct(07)), 'Math::BigInt', 'oct is overloaded');
+  }
+
+{
+  no bigint;
+
+  is (ref(1), '', 'is not in effect');
+  is (ref(2.0), '', 'is not in effect');
+  is (ref(0x20), '', 'is not in effect');
+
+  isnt (ref(hex(9)), 'Math::BigInt', 'hex is not overloaded');
+  isnt (ref(oct(07)), 'Math::BigInt', 'oct is not overloaded');
+
+}
+
diff --git a/ext/bignum/t/scope_r.t b/ext/bignum/t/scope_r.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..784fe0e6b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/bignum/t/scope_r.t
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+###############################################################################
+# Test "no bigrat;" and overloading of hex()/oct() for newer Perls
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';
+  plan tests => 10;
+  }
+
+# no :hex and :oct means these do not get overloaded for older Perls:
+use bigrat;
+
+isnt (ref(1), '', 'is in effect');
+isnt (ref(2.0), '', 'is in effect');
+isnt (ref(0x20), '', 'is in effect');
+
+SKIP: {
+  skip ('Need at least Perl v5.9.4', 2) if $] < 5.009004;
+
+  is (ref(hex(9)), 'Math::BigInt', 'hex is overloaded');
+  is (ref(oct(07)), 'Math::BigInt', 'oct is overloaded');
+  }
+
+{
+  no bigrat;
+
+  is (ref(1), '', 'is not in effect');
+  is (ref(2.0), '', 'is not in effect');
+  is (ref(0x20), '', 'is not in effect');
+
+  isnt (ref(hex(9)), 'Math::BigInt', 'hex is not overloaded');
+  isnt (ref(oct(07)), 'Math::BigInt', 'oct is not overloaded');
+}
+