New core module, Math::BigInt::FastCalc

Subject: [PATCH] integrate Math::BigInt::FastCalc
Message-Id: <200504031112.55179@bloodgate.com>

p4raw-id: //depot/perl@24158

6 files changed, 1112 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/FastCalc.pm b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/FastCalc.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e904e04033
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/FastCalc.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package Math::BigInt::FastCalc;
+
+use 5.005;
+use strict;
+# use warnings;	# dont use warnings for older Perls
+
+use DynaLoader;
+use Math::BigInt::Calc;
+
+use vars qw/@ISA $VERSION $BASE $BASE_LEN/;
+
+@ISA = qw(DynaLoader);
+
+$VERSION = '0.10';
+
+bootstrap Math::BigInt::FastCalc $VERSION;
+
+##############################################################################
+# global constants, flags and accessory
+
+# announce that we are compatible with MBI v1.70 and up
+sub api_version () { 1; }
+ 
+BEGIN
+  {
+  # use Calc to override the methods that we do not provide in XS
+
+  for my $method (qw/
+    new str
+    add sub mul div
+    rsft lsft
+    mod modpow modinv
+    gcd
+    pow root sqrt log_int fac
+    digit check
+    from_hex from_bin as_hex as_bin
+    zeros length base_len
+    xor or and
+    /)
+    {
+    no strict 'refs';
+    *{'Math::BigInt::FastCalc::_' . $method} = \&{'Math::BigInt::Calc::_' . $method};
+    }
+  my ($AND_BITS, $XOR_BITS, $OR_BITS, $BASE_LEN_SMALL, $MAX_VAL);
+ 
+  # store BASE_LEN and BASE to later pass it to XS code 
+  ($BASE_LEN, $AND_BITS, $XOR_BITS, $OR_BITS, $BASE_LEN_SMALL, $MAX_VAL, $BASE) =
+    Math::BigInt::Calc::_base_len();
+
+  }
+
+sub import
+  {
+  _set_XS_BASE($BASE, $BASE_LEN);
+  }
+
+##############################################################################
+##############################################################################
+
+1;
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+Math::BigInt::FastCalc - Math::BigInt::Calc with some XS for more speed
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+Provides support for big integer calculations. Not intended to be used by
+other modules. Other modules which sport the same functions can also be used
+to support Math::BigInt, like L<Math::BigInt::GMP> or L<Math::BigInt::Pari>.
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+In order to allow for multiple big integer libraries, Math::BigInt was
+rewritten to use library modules for core math routines. Any module which
+follows the same API as this can be used instead by using the following:
+
+	use Math::BigInt lib => 'libname';
+
+'libname' is either the long name ('Math::BigInt::Pari'), or only the short
+version like 'Pari'. To use this library:
+
+	use Math::BigInt lib => 'FastCalc';
+
+Note that from L<Math::BigInt> v1.76 onwards, FastCalc will be loaded
+automatically, if possible.
+
+=head1 STORAGE
+
+FastCalc works exactly like Calc, in stores the numbers in decimal form,
+chopped into parts.
+
+=head1 METHODS
+
+The following functions are now implemented in FastCalc.xs:
+
+	_is_odd		_is_even	_is_one		_is_zero
+	_is_two		_is_ten
+	_zero		_one		_two		_ten
+	_acmp		_len		_num
+	_inc		_dec
+	__strip_zeros	_copy
+
+=head1 LICENSE
+ 
+This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the same terms as Perl itself. 
+
+=head1 AUTHORS
+
+Original math code by Mark Biggar, rewritten by Tels L<http://bloodgate.com/>
+in late 2000.
+Seperated from BigInt and shaped API with the help of John Peacock.
+Fixed, sped-up and enhanced by Tels http://bloodgate.com 2001-2003.
+Further streamlining (api_version 1 etc) by Tels 2004-2005.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<Math::BigInt>, L<Math::BigFloat>, L<Math::BigInt::BitVect>,
+L<Math::BigInt::GMP>, L<Math::BigInt::FastCalc> and L<Math::BigInt::Pari>.
+
+=cut
diff --git a/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/FastCalc.xs b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/FastCalc.xs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..658996279a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/FastCalc.xs
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+#include "EXTERN.h"
+#include "perl.h"
+#include "XSUB.h"
+
+double XS_BASE = 0;
+double XS_BASE_LEN = 0;
+
+MODULE = Math::BigInt::FastCalc		PACKAGE = Math::BigInt::FastCalc
+
+ #############################################################################
+ # 2002-08-12 0.03 Tels unreleased
+ #  * is_zero/is_one/is_odd/is_even/len work now (pass v1.61 tests)
+ # 2002-08-13 0.04 Tels unreleased
+ #  * returns no/yes for is_foo() methods to be faster
+ # 2002-08-18 0.06alpha
+ #  * added _num(), _inc() and _dec()
+ # 2002-08-25 0.06 Tels
+ #  * added __strip_zeros(), _copy()
+ # 2004-08-13 0.07 Tels
+ #  * added _is_two(), _is_ten(), _ten()
+
+void 
+_set_XS_BASE(BASE, BASE_LEN)
+  SV* BASE
+  SV* BASE_LEN
+
+  CODE:
+    XS_BASE = SvNV(BASE); 
+    XS_BASE_LEN = SvIV(BASE_LEN); 
+
+##############################################################################
+# _copy
+
+void
+_copy(class, x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    AV*	a2;
+    I32	elems;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);			/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    elems = av_len(a);			/* number of elems in array */
+    a2 = (AV*)sv_2mortal((SV*)newAV());
+    av_extend (a2, elems);		/* prepadd */
+    while (elems >= 0)
+      {
+      /* av_store( a2,  elems, newSVsv( (SV*)*av_fetch(a, elems, 0) ) ); */
+
+      /* looking and trying to preserve IV is actually slower when copying */
+      /* temp = (SV*)*av_fetch(a, elems, 0);
+      if (SvIOK(temp))
+        {
+        av_store( a2,  elems, newSViv( SvIV( (SV*)*av_fetch(a, elems, 0) )));
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        av_store( a2,  elems, newSVnv( SvNV( (SV*)*av_fetch(a, elems, 0) )));
+        }
+      */
+      av_store( a2,  elems, newSVnv( SvNV( (SV*)*av_fetch(a, elems, 0) )));
+      elems--;
+      }
+    ST(0) = sv_2mortal( newRV_inc((SV*) a2) );
+
+##############################################################################
+# __strip_zeros (also check for empty arrays from div)
+
+void
+__strip_zeros(x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    SV*	temp;
+    I32	elems;
+    I32	index;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);			/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    elems = av_len(a);			/* number of elems in array */
+    ST(0) = x;				/* we return x */
+    if (elems == -1)
+      { 
+      av_push (a, newSViv(0));		/* correct empty arrays */
+      XSRETURN(1);
+      }
+    if (elems == 0)
+      {
+      XSRETURN(1);			/* nothing to do since only one elem */
+      }
+    index = elems;
+    while (index > 0)
+      {
+      temp = *av_fetch(a, index, 0);	/* fetch ptr to current element */
+      if (SvNV(temp) != 0)
+        {
+        break;
+        }
+      index--;
+      }
+    if (index < elems)
+      {
+      index = elems - index;
+      while (index-- > 0)
+        {
+        av_pop (a);
+        }
+      }
+    XSRETURN(1);
+
+##############################################################################
+# decrement (subtract one)
+
+void
+_dec(class,x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    SV*	temp;
+    I32	elems;
+    I32	index;
+    NV	MAX;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);			/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    elems = av_len(a);			/* number of elems in array */
+    ST(0) = x;				/* we return x */
+
+    MAX = XS_BASE - 1;
+    index = 0;
+    while (index <= elems)
+      {
+      temp = *av_fetch(a, index, 0);	/* fetch ptr to current element */
+      sv_setnv (temp, SvNV(temp)-1);
+      if (SvNV(temp) >= 0)
+        {
+        break;				/* early out */
+        }
+      sv_setnv (temp, MAX);		/* overflow, so set this to $MAX */
+      index++;
+      } 
+    /* do have more than one element? */
+    /* (more than one because [0] should be kept as single-element) */
+    if (elems > 0)
+      {
+      temp = *av_fetch(a, elems, 0);	/* fetch last element */
+      if (SvIV(temp) == 0)		/* did last elem overflow? */ 
+        {
+        av_pop(a);			/* yes, so shrink array */
+        				/* aka remove leading zeros */
+        }
+      }
+    XSRETURN(1);			/* return x */
+
+##############################################################################
+# increment (add one)
+
+void
+_inc(class,x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    SV*	temp;
+    I32	elems;
+    I32	index;
+    NV	BASE;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);			/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    elems = av_len(a);			/* number of elems in array */
+    ST(0) = x;				/* we return x */
+
+    BASE = XS_BASE;
+    index = 0;
+    while (index <= elems)
+      {
+      temp = *av_fetch(a, index, 0);	/* fetch ptr to current element */
+      sv_setnv (temp, SvNV(temp)+1);
+      if (SvNV(temp) < BASE)
+        {
+        XSRETURN(1);			/* return (early out) */
+        }
+      sv_setiv (temp, 0);		/* overflow, so set this elem to 0 */
+      index++;
+      } 
+    temp = *av_fetch(a, elems, 0);	/* fetch last element */
+    if (SvIV(temp) == 0)		/* did last elem overflow? */
+      {
+      av_push(a, newSViv(1));		/* yes, so extend array by 1 */
+      }
+    XSRETURN(1);			/* return x */
+
+##############################################################################
+# Make a number (scalar int/float) from a BigInt object
+
+void
+_num(class,x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    NV	fac;
+    SV*	temp;
+    NV	num;
+    I32	elems;
+    I32	index;
+    NV	BASE;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);			/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    elems = av_len(a);			/* number of elems in array */
+
+    if (elems == 0)			/* only one element? */
+      {
+      ST(0) = *av_fetch(a, 0, 0);	/* fetch first (only) element */
+      XSRETURN(1);			/* return it */
+      }
+    fac = 1.0;				/* factor */
+    index = 0;
+    num = 0.0;
+    BASE = XS_BASE;
+    while (index <= elems)
+      {
+      temp = *av_fetch(a, index, 0);	/* fetch current element */
+      num += fac * SvNV(temp);
+      fac *= BASE;
+      index++;
+      }
+    ST(0) = newSVnv(num);
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_zero(class)
+  INIT:
+    AV* a;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = newAV();
+    av_push (a, newSViv( 0 ));		/* zero */
+    ST(0) = newRV_noinc((SV*) a);
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_one(class)
+  INIT:
+    AV* a;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = newAV();
+    av_push (a, newSViv( 1 ));		/* one */
+    ST(0) = newRV_noinc((SV*) a);
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_two(class)
+  INIT:
+    AV* a;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = newAV();
+    av_push (a, newSViv( 2 ));		/* two */
+    ST(0) = newRV_noinc((SV*) a);
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_ten(class)
+  INIT:
+    AV* a;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = newAV();
+    av_push (a, newSViv( 10 ));		/* ten */
+    ST(0) = newRV_noinc((SV*) a);
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_is_even(class, x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    SV*	temp;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);		/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    temp = *av_fetch(a, 0, 0);	/* fetch first element */
+    ST(0) = boolSV((SvIV(temp) & 1) == 0);
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_is_odd(class, x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    SV*	temp;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);		/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    temp = *av_fetch(a, 0, 0);	/* fetch first element */
+    ST(0) = boolSV((SvIV(temp) & 1) != 0);
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_is_one(class, x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    SV*	temp;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);			/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    if ( av_len(a) != 0)
+      {
+      ST(0) = &PL_sv_no;
+      XSRETURN(1);			/* len != 1, can't be '1' */
+      }
+    temp = *av_fetch(a, 0, 0);		/* fetch first element */
+    ST(0) = boolSV((SvIV(temp) == 1));
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_is_two(class, x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    SV*	temp;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);			/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    if ( av_len(a) != 0)
+      {
+      ST(0) = &PL_sv_no;
+      XSRETURN(1);			/* len != 1, can't be '2' */
+      }
+    temp = *av_fetch(a, 0, 0);		/* fetch first element */
+    ST(0) = boolSV((SvIV(temp) == 2));
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_is_ten(class, x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    SV*	temp;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);			/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    if ( av_len(a) != 0)
+      {
+      ST(0) = &PL_sv_no;
+      XSRETURN(1);			/* len != 1, can't be '10' */
+      }
+    temp = *av_fetch(a, 0, 0);		/* fetch first element */
+    ST(0) = boolSV((SvIV(temp) == 10));
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_is_zero(class, x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    SV*	temp;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);			/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    if ( av_len(a) != 0)
+      {
+      ST(0) = &PL_sv_no;
+      XSRETURN(1);			/* len != 1, can't be '0' */
+      }
+    temp = *av_fetch(a, 0, 0);		/* fetch first element */
+    ST(0) = boolSV((SvIV(temp) == 0));
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_len(class,x)
+  SV*	x
+  INIT:
+    AV*	a;
+    SV*	temp;
+    NV	elems;
+    STRLEN len;
+
+  CODE:
+    a = (AV*)SvRV(x);			/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    elems = (NV) av_len(a);		/* number of elems in array */
+    temp = *av_fetch(a, elems, 0);	/* fetch last element */
+    SvPV(temp, len);			/* convert to string & store length */
+    len += XS_BASE_LEN * elems;
+    ST(0) = newSViv(len);
+
+##############################################################################
+
+void
+_acmp(class, cx, cy);
+  SV*  cx
+  SV*  cy
+  INIT:
+    AV* array_x;
+    AV* array_y;
+    I32 elemsx, elemsy, diff;
+    SV* tempx;
+    SV* tempy;
+    STRLEN lenx;
+    STRLEN leny;
+    NV diff_nv;
+    I32 diff_str;
+
+  CODE:
+    array_x = (AV*)SvRV(cx);		/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    array_y = (AV*)SvRV(cy);		/* ref to aray, don't check ref */
+    elemsx =  av_len(array_x);
+    elemsy =  av_len(array_y);
+    diff = elemsx - elemsy;		/* difference */
+
+    if (diff > 0)
+      {
+      ST(0) = newSViv(1);		/* len differs: X > Y */
+      XSRETURN(1);
+      }
+    if (diff < 0)
+      {
+      ST(0) = newSViv(-1);		/* len differs: X < Y */
+      XSRETURN(1);
+      }
+    /* both have same number of elements, so check length of last element
+       and see if it differes */
+    tempx = *av_fetch(array_x, elemsx, 0);	/* fetch last element */
+    tempy = *av_fetch(array_y, elemsx, 0);	/* fetch last element */
+    SvPV(tempx, lenx);			/* convert to string & store length */
+    SvPV(tempy, leny);			/* convert to string & store length */
+    diff_str = (I32)lenx - (I32)leny;
+    if (diff_str > 0)
+      {
+      ST(0) = newSViv(1);		/* same len, but first elems differs in len */
+      XSRETURN(1);
+      }
+    if (diff_str < 0)
+      {
+      ST(0) = newSViv(-1);		/* same len, but first elems differs in len */
+      XSRETURN(1);
+      }
+    /* same number of digits, so need to make a full compare */
+    diff_nv = 0;
+    while (elemsx >= 0)
+      {
+      tempx = *av_fetch(array_x, elemsx, 0);	/* fetch curr x element */
+      tempy = *av_fetch(array_y, elemsx, 0);	/* fetch curr y element */
+      diff_nv = SvNV(tempx) - SvNV(tempy);
+      if (diff_nv != 0)
+        {
+        break; 
+        }
+      elemsx--;
+      } 
+    if (diff_nv > 0)
+      {
+      ST(0) = newSViv(1);
+      XSRETURN(1);
+      }
+    if (diff_nv < 0)
+      {
+      ST(0) = newSViv(-1);
+      XSRETURN(1);
+      }
+    ST(0) = newSViv(0);		/* equal */
+
diff --git a/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/Makefile.PL b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/Makefile.PL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa7e1731be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/Makefile.PL
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use ExtUtils::MakeMaker;
+
+WriteMakefile(
+    'NAME'		=> 'Math::BigInt::FastCalc',
+    'VERSION_FROM'	=> 'FastCalc.pm',	# finds $VERSION
+    'PREREQ_PM'		=> {
+	Math::BigInt => 1.76,
+      },
+    'LIBS'		=> [''], 	# e.g., '-lm'
+    'DEFINE'		=> '', 		# e.g., '-DHAVE_SOMETHING'
+	# Insert -I. if you add *.h files later:
+    'INC'		=> '', 		# e.g., '-I/usr/include/other'
+	# Un-comment this if you add C files to link with later:
+    # 'OBJECT'		=> '$(O_FILES)', # link all the C files too
+);
diff --git a/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/t/bigintfc.t b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/t/bigintfc.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43ec195c17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/t/bigintfc.t
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+use strict;
+use Test;
+
+BEGIN 
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  unshift @INC, '../lib';		# for running manually
+  unshift @INC, '../blib/arch';		# for running manually
+  plan tests => 308;
+  }
+
+use Math::BigInt::FastCalc;
+
+my ($BASE_LEN, $AND_BITS, $XOR_BITS, $OR_BITS, $BASE_LEN_SMALL, $MAX_VAL) =
+  Math::BigInt::FastCalc->_base_len();
+
+print "# BASE_LEN = $BASE_LEN\n";
+print "# MAX_VAL = $MAX_VAL\n";
+print "# AND_BITS = $AND_BITS\n";
+print "# XOR_BITS = $XOR_BITS\n";
+print "# IOR_BITS = $OR_BITS\n";
+
+# testing of Math::BigInt::FastCalc
+
+my $C = 'Math::BigInt::FastCalc';		# pass classname to sub's
+
+# _new and _str
+my $x = $C->_new("123"); my $y = $C->_new("321");
+ok (ref($x),'ARRAY'); ok ($C->_str($x),123); ok ($C->_str($y),321);
+
+###############################################################################
+# _add, _sub, _mul, _div
+ok ($C->_str($C->_add($x,$y)),444);
+ok ($C->_str($C->_sub($x,$y)),123);
+ok ($C->_str($C->_mul($x,$y)),39483);
+ok ($C->_str($C->_div($x,$y)),123);
+
+###############################################################################
+# check that mul/div doesn't change $y
+# and returns the same reference, not something new
+ok ($C->_str($C->_mul($x,$y)),39483);
+ok ($C->_str($x),39483); ok ($C->_str($y),321);
+
+ok ($C->_str($C->_div($x,$y)),123);
+ok ($C->_str($x),123); ok ($C->_str($y),321);
+
+$x = $C->_new("39483");
+my ($x1,$r1) = $C->_div($x,$y);
+ok ("$x1","$x");
+$C->_inc($x1);
+ok ("$x1","$x");
+ok ($C->_str($r1),'0');
+
+$x = $C->_new("39483");	# reset
+
+###############################################################################
+my $z = $C->_new("2");
+ok ($C->_str($C->_add($x,$z)),39485);
+my ($re,$rr) = $C->_div($x,$y);
+
+ok ($C->_str($re),123); ok ($C->_str($rr),2);
+
+# is_zero, _is_one, _one, _zero
+ok ($C->_is_zero($x)||0,0);
+ok ($C->_is_one($x)||0,0);
+
+ok ($C->_str($C->_zero()),"0");
+ok ($C->_str($C->_one()),"1");
+
+# _two() and _ten()
+ok ($C->_str($C->_two()),"2");
+ok ($C->_str($C->_ten()),"10");
+ok ($C->_is_ten($C->_two())||0,0);
+ok ($C->_is_two($C->_two()),1);
+ok ($C->_is_ten($C->_ten()),1);
+ok ($C->_is_two($C->_ten())||0,0);
+
+ok ($C->_is_one($C->_one()),1);
+ok ($C->_is_one($C->_two()) || 0,0);
+ok ($C->_is_one($C->_ten()) || 0,0);
+
+ok ($C->_is_one($C->_zero()) || 0,0);
+
+ok ($C->_is_zero($C->_zero()),1);
+
+ok ($C->_is_zero($C->_one()) || 0,0);
+
+# is_odd, is_even
+ok ($C->_is_odd($C->_one()),1); ok ($C->_is_odd($C->_zero())||0,0);
+ok ($C->_is_even($C->_one()) || 0,0); ok ($C->_is_even($C->_zero()),1);
+
+# _len
+$x = $C->_new("1"); ok ($C->_len($x),1);
+$x = $C->_new("12"); ok ($C->_len($x),2);
+$x = $C->_new("123"); ok ($C->_len($x),3);
+$x = $C->_new("1234"); ok ($C->_len($x),4);
+$x = $C->_new("12345"); ok ($C->_len($x),5);
+$x = $C->_new("123456"); ok ($C->_len($x),6);
+$x = $C->_new("1234567"); ok ($C->_len($x),7);
+$x = $C->_new("12345678"); ok ($C->_len($x),8);
+$x = $C->_new("123456789"); ok ($C->_len($x),9);
+
+$x = $C->_new("8"); ok ($C->_len($x),1);
+$x = $C->_new("21"); ok ($C->_len($x),2);
+$x = $C->_new("321"); ok ($C->_len($x),3);
+$x = $C->_new("4321"); ok ($C->_len($x),4);
+$x = $C->_new("54321"); ok ($C->_len($x),5);
+$x = $C->_new("654321"); ok ($C->_len($x),6);
+$x = $C->_new("7654321"); ok ($C->_len($x),7);
+$x = $C->_new("87654321"); ok ($C->_len($x),8);
+$x = $C->_new("987654321"); ok ($C->_len($x),9);
+
+for (my $i = 1; $i < 9; $i++)
+  {
+  my $a = "$i" . '0' x ($i-1);
+  $x = $C->_new($a); 
+  print "# Tried len '$a'\n" unless ok ($C->_len($x),$i);
+  }
+
+# _digit
+$x = $C->_new("123456789");
+ok ($C->_digit($x,0),9);
+ok ($C->_digit($x,1),8);
+ok ($C->_digit($x,2),7);
+ok ($C->_digit($x,-1),1);
+ok ($C->_digit($x,-2),2);
+ok ($C->_digit($x,-3),3);
+
+# _copy
+foreach (qw/ 1 12 123 1234 12345 123456 1234567 12345678 123456789/)
+  {
+  $x = $C->_new("$_");
+  ok ($C->_str($C->_copy($x)),"$_");
+  ok ($C->_str($x),"$_");		# did _copy destroy original x?
+  }
+
+# _zeros
+$x = $C->_new("1256000000"); ok ($C->_zeros($x),6);
+$x = $C->_new("152"); ok ($C->_zeros($x),0);
+$x = $C->_new("123000"); ok ($C->_zeros($x),3); 
+$x = $C->_new("0"); ok ($C->_zeros($x),0); 
+
+# _lsft, _rsft
+$x = $C->_new("10"); $y = $C->_new("3"); 
+ok ($C->_str($C->_lsft($x,$y,10)),10000);
+$x = $C->_new("20"); $y = $C->_new("3"); 
+ok ($C->_str($C->_lsft($x,$y,10)),20000);
+
+$x = $C->_new("128"); $y = $C->_new("4");
+ok ($C->_str($C->_lsft($x,$y,2)), 128 << 4);
+
+$x = $C->_new("1000"); $y = $C->_new("3"); 
+ok ($C->_str($C->_rsft($x,$y,10)),1);
+$x = $C->_new("20000"); $y = $C->_new("3"); 
+ok ($C->_str($C->_rsft($x,$y,10)),20);
+$x = $C->_new("256"); $y = $C->_new("4");
+ok ($C->_str($C->_rsft($x,$y,2)),256 >> 4);
+
+$x = $C->_new("6411906467305339182857313397200584952398");
+$y = $C->_new("45");
+ok ($C->_str($C->_rsft($x,$y,10)),0);
+
+# _acmp
+$x = $C->_new("123456789");
+$y = $C->_new("987654321");
+ok ($C->_acmp($x,$y),-1);
+ok ($C->_acmp($y,$x),1);
+ok ($C->_acmp($x,$x),0);
+ok ($C->_acmp($y,$y),0);
+$x = $C->_new("12");
+$y = $C->_new("12");
+ok ($C->_acmp($x,$y),0);
+$x = $C->_new("21");
+ok ($C->_acmp($x,$y),1);
+ok ($C->_acmp($y,$x),-1);
+$x = $C->_new("123456789");
+$y = $C->_new("1987654321");
+ok ($C->_acmp($x,$y),-1);
+ok ($C->_acmp($y,$x),+1);
+
+$x = $C->_new("1234567890123456789");
+$y = $C->_new("987654321012345678");
+ok ($C->_acmp($x,$y),1);
+ok ($C->_acmp($y,$x),-1);
+ok ($C->_acmp($x,$x),0);
+ok ($C->_acmp($y,$y),0);
+
+$x = $C->_new("1234");
+$y = $C->_new("987654321012345678");
+ok ($C->_acmp($x,$y),-1);
+ok ($C->_acmp($y,$x),1);
+ok ($C->_acmp($x,$x),0);
+ok ($C->_acmp($y,$y),0);
+
+# _modinv
+$x = $C->_new("8");
+$y = $C->_new("5033");
+my ($xmod,$sign) = $C->_modinv($x,$y);
+ok ($C->_str($xmod),'629');		# -629 % 5033 == 4404
+ok ($sign, '-');
+
+# _div
+$x = $C->_new("3333"); $y = $C->_new("1111");
+ok ($C->_str(scalar $C->_div($x,$y)),3);
+$x = $C->_new("33333"); $y = $C->_new("1111"); ($x,$y) = $C->_div($x,$y);
+ok ($C->_str($x),30); ok ($C->_str($y),3);
+$x = $C->_new("123"); $y = $C->_new("1111"); 
+($x,$y) = $C->_div($x,$y); ok ($C->_str($x),0); ok ($C->_str($y),123);
+
+# _num
+foreach (qw/1 12 123 1234 12345 1234567 12345678 123456789 1234567890/)
+  {
+  $x = $C->_new("$_"); 
+  ok (ref($x)||'','ARRAY'); ok ($C->_str($x),"$_");
+  $x = $C->_num($x); ok (ref($x)||'',''); ok ($x,$_);
+  }
+
+# _sqrt
+$x = $C->_new("144"); ok ($C->_str($C->_sqrt($x)),'12');
+$x = $C->_new("144000000000000"); ok ($C->_str($C->_sqrt($x)),'12000000');
+
+# _root
+$x = $C->_new("81"); my $n = $C->_new("3"); 	# 4*4*4 = 64, 5*5*5 = 125
+ok ($C->_str($C->_root($x,$n)),'4');	# 4.xx => 4.0
+$x = $C->_new("81"); $n = $C->_new("4"); 	# 3*3*3*3 == 81
+ok ($C->_str($C->_root($x,$n)),'3');
+
+# _pow (and _root)
+$x = $C->_new("0"); $n = $C->_new("3"); 	# 0 ** y => 0
+ok ($C->_str($C->_pow($x,$n)), 0);
+$x = $C->_new("3"); $n = $C->_new("0"); 	# x ** 0 => 1
+ok ($C->_str($C->_pow($x,$n)), 1);
+$x = $C->_new("1"); $n = $C->_new("3"); 	# 1 ** y => 1
+ok ($C->_str($C->_pow($x,$n)), 1);
+$x = $C->_new("5"); $n = $C->_new("1"); 	# x ** 1 => x
+ok ($C->_str($C->_pow($x,$n)), 5);
+
+$x = $C->_new("81"); $n = $C->_new("3"); 	# 81 ** 3 == 531441 
+ok ($C->_str($C->_pow($x,$n)),81 ** 3);
+
+ok ($C->_str($C->_root($x,$n)),81);
+
+$x = $C->_new("81");
+ok ($C->_str($C->_pow($x,$n)),81 ** 3);
+ok ($C->_str($C->_pow($x,$n)),'150094635296999121'); # 531441 ** 3 ==
+
+ok ($C->_str($C->_root($x,$n)),'531441');
+ok ($C->_str($C->_root($x,$n)),'81');
+
+$x = $C->_new("81"); $n = $C->_new("14"); 	
+ok ($C->_str($C->_pow($x,$n)),'523347633027360537213511521');
+ok ($C->_str($C->_root($x,$n)),'81');
+
+$x = $C->_new("523347633027360537213511520");
+ok ($C->_str($C->_root($x,$n)),'80');
+
+$x = $C->_new("523347633027360537213511522");
+ok ($C->_str($C->_root($x,$n)),'81');
+
+my $res = [ qw/ 9 31 99 316 999 3162 9999/ ];
+
+# 99 ** 2 = 9801, 999 ** 2 = 998001 etc
+for my $i (2 .. 9)
+  {
+  $x = '9' x $i; $x = $C->_new($x);
+  $n = $C->_new("2");
+  my $rc = '9' x ($i-1). '8' . '0' x ($i-1) . '1';
+  print "# _pow( ", '9' x $i, ", 2) \n" unless
+   ok ($C->_str($C->_pow($x,$n)),$rc);
+ 
+  if ($i <= 7)
+    {
+    $x = '9' x $i; $x = $C->_new($x);
+    $n = '9' x $i; $n = $C->_new($n);
+    print "# _root( ", '9' x $i, ", ", 9 x $i, ") \n" unless
+     ok ($C->_str($C->_root($x,$n)),'1');
+
+    $x = '9' x $i; $x = $C->_new($x);
+    $n = $C->_new("2");
+    print "# _root( ", '9' x $i, ", ", 9 x $i, ") \n" unless
+     ok ($C->_str($C->_root($x,$n)), $res->[$i-2]);
+    }
+  }
+
+##############################################################################
+# _fac
+$x = $C->_new("0"); ok ($C->_str($C->_fac($x)),'1');
+$x = $C->_new("1"); ok ($C->_str($C->_fac($x)),'1');
+$x = $C->_new("2"); ok ($C->_str($C->_fac($x)),'2');
+$x = $C->_new("3"); ok ($C->_str($C->_fac($x)),'6');
+$x = $C->_new("4"); ok ($C->_str($C->_fac($x)),'24');
+$x = $C->_new("5"); ok ($C->_str($C->_fac($x)),'120');
+$x = $C->_new("10"); ok ($C->_str($C->_fac($x)),'3628800');
+$x = $C->_new("11"); ok ($C->_str($C->_fac($x)),'39916800');
+$x = $C->_new("12"); ok ($C->_str($C->_fac($x)),'479001600');
+$x = $C->_new("13"); ok ($C->_str($C->_fac($x)),'6227020800');
+
+# test that _fac modifes $x in place for small arguments
+$x = $C->_new("3"); $C->_fac($x); ok ($C->_str($x),'6');
+$x = $C->_new("13"); $C->_fac($x); ok ($C->_str($x),'6227020800');
+
+##############################################################################
+# _inc and _dec
+foreach (qw/1 11 121 1231 12341 1234561 12345671 123456781 1234567891/)
+  {
+  $x = $C->_new("$_"); $C->_inc($x);
+  print "# \$x = ",$C->_str($x),"\n"
+   unless ok ($C->_str($x),substr($_,0,length($_)-1) . '2');
+  $C->_dec($x); ok ($C->_str($x),$_);
+  }
+foreach (qw/19 119 1219 12319 1234519 12345619 123456719 1234567819/)
+  {
+  $x = $C->_new("$_"); $C->_inc($x);
+  print "# \$x = ",$C->_str($x),"\n"
+   unless ok ($C->_str($x),substr($_,0,length($_)-2) . '20');
+  $C->_dec($x); ok ($C->_str($x),$_);
+  }
+foreach (qw/999 9999 99999 9999999 99999999 999999999 9999999999 99999999999/)
+  {
+  $x = $C->_new("$_"); $C->_inc($x);
+  print "# \$x = ",$C->_str($x),"\n"
+   unless ok ($C->_str($x), '1' . '0' x (length($_)));
+  $C->_dec($x); ok ($C->_str($x),$_);
+  }
+
+$x = $C->_new("1000"); $C->_inc($x); ok ($C->_str($x),'1001');
+$C->_dec($x); ok ($C->_str($x),'1000');
+
+my $BL;
+{
+  no strict 'refs';
+  $BL = &{"$C"."::_base_len"}();
+}
+
+$x = '1' . '0' x $BL;
+$z = '1' . '0' x ($BL-1); $z .= '1';
+$x = $C->_new($x); $C->_inc($x); ok ($C->_str($x),$z);
+
+$x = '1' . '0' x $BL; $z = '9' x $BL;
+$x = $C->_new($x); $C->_dec($x); ok ($C->_str($x),$z);
+
+# should not happen:
+# $x = $C->_new("-2"); $y = $C->_new("4"); ok ($C->_acmp($x,$y),-1);
+
+###############################################################################
+# _mod
+$x = $C->_new("1000"); $y = $C->_new("3");
+ok ($C->_str(scalar $C->_mod($x,$y)),1);
+$x = $C->_new("1000"); $y = $C->_new("2");
+ok ($C->_str(scalar $C->_mod($x,$y)),0);
+
+# _and, _or, _xor
+$x = $C->_new("5"); $y = $C->_new("2");
+ok ($C->_str(scalar $C->_xor($x,$y)),7);
+$x = $C->_new("5"); $y = $C->_new("2");
+ok ($C->_str(scalar $C->_or($x,$y)),7);
+$x = $C->_new("5"); $y = $C->_new("3");
+ok ($C->_str(scalar $C->_and($x,$y)),1);
+
+# _from_hex, _from_bin
+ok ($C->_str( $C->_from_hex("0xFf")),255);
+ok ($C->_str( $C->_from_bin("0b10101011")),160+11);
+
+# _as_hex, _as_bin
+ok ($C->_str( $C->_from_hex( $C->_as_hex( $C->_new("128")))), 128);
+ok ($C->_str( $C->_from_bin( $C->_as_bin( $C->_new("128")))), 128);
+ok ($C->_str( $C->_from_hex( $C->_as_hex( $C->_new("0")))), 0);
+ok ($C->_str( $C->_from_bin( $C->_as_bin( $C->_new("0")))), 0);
+ok ($C->_as_hex( $C->_new("0")), '0x0');
+ok ($C->_as_bin( $C->_new("0")), '0b0');
+ok ($C->_as_hex( $C->_new("12")), '0xc');
+ok ($C->_as_bin( $C->_new("12")), '0b1100');
+
+# _check
+$x = $C->_new("123456789");
+ok ($C->_check($x),0);
+ok ($C->_check(123),'123 is not a reference');
+
+###############################################################################
+# __strip_zeros
+
+{
+  no strict 'refs';
+  # correct empty arrays
+  $x = &{$C."::__strip_zeros"}([]); ok (@$x,1); ok ($x->[0],0);
+  # don't strip single elements
+  $x = &{$C."::__strip_zeros"}([0]); ok (@$x,1); ok ($x->[0],0);
+  $x = &{$C."::__strip_zeros"}([1]); ok (@$x,1); ok ($x->[0],1);
+  # don't strip non-zero elements
+  $x = &{$C."::__strip_zeros"}([0,1]);
+  ok (@$x,2); ok ($x->[0],0); ok ($x->[1],1);
+  $x = &{$C."::__strip_zeros"}([0,1,2]);
+  ok (@$x,3); ok ($x->[0],0); ok ($x->[1],1); ok ($x->[2],2);
+
+  # but strip leading zeros
+  $x = &{$C."::__strip_zeros"}([0,1,2,0]);
+  ok (@$x,3); ok ($x->[0],0); ok ($x->[1],1); ok ($x->[2],2);
+
+  $x = &{$C."::__strip_zeros"}([0,1,2,0,0]);
+  ok (@$x,3); ok ($x->[0],0); ok ($x->[1],1); ok ($x->[2],2);
+
+  $x = &{$C."::__strip_zeros"}([0,1,2,0,0,0]);
+  ok (@$x,3); ok ($x->[0],0); ok ($x->[1],1); ok ($x->[2],2);
+
+  # collapse multiple zeros
+  $x = &{$C."::__strip_zeros"}([0,0,0,0]);
+  ok (@$x,1); ok ($x->[0],0);
+}
+
+# done
+
+1;
+
diff --git a/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/t/bootstrap.t b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/t/bootstrap.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0dd429ce18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/t/bootstrap.t
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+use Test;
+BEGIN 
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  unshift @INC, '../blib/lib';
+  unshift @INC, '../blib/arch';
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  plan tests => 1;
+  };
+
+use Math::BigInt::FastCalc;
+
+ok(1); 		# could load it?
+
diff --git a/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/t/mbi_rand.t b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/t/mbi_rand.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0172b25fec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/Math/BigInt/FastCalc/t/mbi_rand.t
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+my $count;
+  
+BEGIN
+  {
+  $| = 1;
+  if ($^O eq 'os390') { print "1..0\n"; exit(0) } # test takes too long there
+  unshift @INC, '../lib'; # for running manually
+  unshift @INC, '../blib/arch';
+  my $location = $0; $location =~ s/mbi_rand.t//;
+  unshift @INC, $location; # to locate the testing files
+  chdir 't' if -d 't';
+  $count = 128;
+  plan tests => $count*2;
+  }
+
+use Math::BigInt lib => 'FastCalc';
+my $c = 'Math::BigInt';
+
+my $length = 128;
+
+# If you get a failure here, please re-run the test with the printed seed
+# value as input: perl t/mbi_rand.t seed
+
+my $seed = ($#ARGV == 0) ? $ARGV[0] : int(rand(65537));
+print "# seed: $seed\n"; srand($seed);
+
+my ($A,$B,$As,$Bs,$ADB,$AMB,$la,$lb);
+my $two = Math::BigInt->new(2);
+for (my $i = 0; $i < $count; $i++)
+  {
+  # length of A and B
+  $la = int(rand($length)+1); $lb = int(rand($length)+1);
+  $As = ''; $Bs = '';
+  # we create the numbers from "patterns", e.g. get a random number and a
+  # random count and string them together. This means things like
+  # "100000999999999999911122222222" are much more likely. If we just strung
+  # together digits, we would end up with "1272398823211223" etc.
+  while (length($As) < $la) { $As .= int(rand(100)) x int(rand(16)); }
+  while (length($Bs) < $lb) { $Bs .= int(rand(100)) x int(rand(16)); }
+  $As =~ s/^0+//; $Bs =~ s/^0+//; 
+  $As = $As || '0'; $Bs = $Bs || '0';
+  # print "# As $As\n# Bs $Bs\n";
+  $A = $c->new($As); $B = $c->new($Bs);
+  # print "# A $A\n# B $B\n";
+  if ($A->is_zero() || $B->is_zero())
+    {
+    is (1,1); is (1,1); next;
+    }
+  # check that int(A/B)*B + A % B == A holds for all inputs
+  # $X = ($A/$B)*$B + 2 * ($A % $B) - ($A % $B);
+  ($ADB,$AMB) = $A->copy()->bdiv($B);
+  print "# ". join(' ',Math::BigInt::Calc->_base_len()),"\n"
+   unless is ($ADB*$B+$two*$AMB-$AMB,$As);
+  # swap 'em and try this, too
+  # $X = ($B/$A)*$A + $B % $A;
+  ($ADB,$AMB) = $B->copy()->bdiv($A);
+  print "# ". join(' ',Math::BigInt::Calc->_base_len()),"\n"
+   unless is ($ADB*$A+$two*$AMB-$AMB,$Bs);
+  }
+