=head1 NAME

perldebug - Perl debugging

=head1 DESCRIPTION

First of all, have you tried using the B<-w> switch?

=head1 The Perl Debugger

If you invoke Perl with the B<-d> switch, your script runs under the
Perl source debugger.  This works like an interactive Perl
environment, prompting for debugger commands that let you examine
source code, set breakpoints, get stack backtraces, change the values of
variables, etc.  This is so convenient that you often fire up
the debugger all by itself just to test out Perl constructs 
interactively to see what they do.  For example:

    perl -d -e 42

In Perl, the debugger is not a separate program as it usually is in the
typical compiled environment.  Instead, the B<-d> flag tells the compiler
to insert source information into the parse trees it's about to hand off
to the interpreter.  That means your code must first compile correctly
for the debugger to work on it.  Then when the interpreter starts up, it
pre-loads a Perl library file containing the debugger itself.  

The program will halt I<right before> the first run-time executable
statement (but see below regarding compile-time statements) and ask you
to enter a debugger command.  Contrary to popular expectations, whenever
the debugger halts and shows you a line of code, it always displays the
line it's I<about> to execute, rather than the one it has just executed.

Any command not recognized by the debugger is directly executed
(C<eval>'d) as Perl code in the current package.  (The debugger uses the
DB package for its own state information.)

Leading white space before a command would cause the debugger to think
it's I<NOT> a debugger command but for Perl, so be careful not to do
that.

=head2 Debugger Commands

The debugger understands the following commands:

=over 12

=item h [command]

Prints out a help message.  

If you supply another debugger command as an argument to the C<h> command,
it prints out the description for just that command.  The special
argument of C<h h> produces a more compact help listing, designed to fit
together on one screen.

If the output the C<h> command (or any command, for that matter) scrolls
past your screen, either precede the command with a leading pipe symbol so
it's run through your pager, as in

    DB> |h

=item p expr

Same as C<print {$DB::OUT} expr> in the current package.  In particular,
since this is just Perl's own B<print> function, this means that nested
data structures and objects are not dumped, unlike with the C<x> command.

=item x expr

Evals its expression in list context and dumps out the result 
in a pretty-printed fashion.  Nested data structures are printed out
recursively, unlike the C<print> function.

The details of printout are governed by multiple C<O>ptions.

=item V [pkg [vars]]

Display all (or some) variables in package (defaulting to the C<main>
package) using a data pretty-printer (hashes show their keys and values so
you see what's what, control characters are made printable, etc.).  Make
sure you don't put the type specifier (like C<$>) there, just the symbol
names, like this:

    V DB filename line

Use C<~pattern> and C<!pattern> for positive and negative regexps.

Nested data structures are printed out in a legible fashion, unlike
the C<print> function.

The details of printout are governed by multiple C<O>ptions.

=item X [vars]

Same as C<V currentpackage [vars]>.

=item T

Produce a stack backtrace.  See below for details on its output.

=item s [expr]

Single step.  Executes until it reaches the beginning of another
statement, descending into subroutine calls.  If an expression is
supplied that includes function calls, it too will be single-stepped.

=item n

Next.  Executes over subroutine calls, until it reaches the beginning
of the next statement.

=item E<lt>CRE<gt>

Repeat last C<n> or C<s> command.

=item c [line|sub]

Continue, optionally inserting a one-time-only breakpoint
at the specified line or subroutine.

=item l

List next window of lines.

=item l min+incr

List C<incr+1> lines starting at C<min>.

=item l min-max

List lines C<min> through C<max>.

=item l line

List a single line.

=item l subname

List first window of lines from subroutine.

=item -

List previous window of lines.

=item w [line]

List window (a few lines) around the current line.

=item .

Return debugger pointer to the last-executed line and
print it out.

=item f filename

Switch to viewing a different file.

=item /pattern/

Search forwards for pattern; final / is optional.

=item ?pattern?

Search backwards for pattern; final ? is optional.

=item L

List all breakpoints and actions.

=item S [[!]pattern]

List subroutine names [not] matching pattern.

=item t

Toggle trace mode (see also C<AutoTrace> C<O>ption).

=item t expr

Trace through execution of expr.  For example:

 $ perl -de 42
 Stack dump during die enabled outside of evals.

 Loading DB routines from perl5db.pl patch level 0.94
 Emacs support available.

 Enter h or `h h' for help.

 main::(-e:1):   0
   DB<1> sub foo { 14 }

   DB<2> sub bar { 3 }

   DB<3> t print foo() * bar()
 main::((eval 172):3):   print foo() + bar();
 main::foo((eval 168):2):
 main::bar((eval 170):2):
 42

or, with the C<O>ption C<frame=2> set,

   DB<4> O f=2
                frame = '2'
   DB<5> t print foo() * bar()
 3:      foo() * bar()
 entering main::foo
  2:     sub foo { 14 };
 exited main::foo
 entering main::bar
  2:     sub bar { 3 };
 exited main::bar
 42

=item b [line] [condition]

Set a breakpoint.  If line is omitted, sets a breakpoint on the line
that is about to be executed.  If a condition is specified, it's
evaluated each time the statement is reached and a breakpoint is taken
only if the condition is true.  Breakpoints may only be set on lines
that begin an executable statement.  Conditions don't use B<if>:

    b 237 $x > 30
    b 237 ++$count237 < 11
    b 33 /pattern/i

=item b subname [condition]

Set a breakpoint at the first line of the named subroutine.

=item b postpone subname [condition]

Set breakpoint at first line of subroutine after it is compiled.

=item b load filename

Set breakpoint at the first executed line of the file.

=item d [line]

Delete a breakpoint at the specified line.  If line is omitted, deletes
the breakpoint on the line that is about to be executed.

=item D

Delete all installed breakpoints.

=item a [line] command

Set an action to be done before the line is executed.
The sequence of steps taken by the debugger is

=over 3

=item 1

check for a breakpoint at this line

=item 2

print the line if necessary (tracing)

=item 3

do any actions associated with that line

=item 4

prompt user if at a breakpoint or in single-step

=item 5

evaluate line

=back

For example, this will print out C<$foo> every time line
53 is passed:

    a 53 print "DB FOUND $foo\n"

=item A

Delete all installed actions.

=item O [opt[=val]] [opt"val"] [opt?]...

Set or query values of options.  val defaults to 1.  opt can
be abbreviated.  Several options can be listed.

=over 12

=item recallCommand, ShellBang

The characters used to recall command or spawn shell.  By
default, these are both set to C<!>.

=item pager

Program to use for output of pager-piped commands (those
beginning with a C<|> character.)  By default,
C<$ENV{PAGER}> will be used.

=item tkRunning

Run Tk while prompting (with ReadLine).

=item signalLevel, warnLevel, dieLevel

Level of verbosity.

=item AutoTrace

Where to print all the breakable points in the executed program
(similar to C<t> command, but can be put into C<PERLDB_OPTS>).

=item LineInfo

File or pipe to print line number info to.  If it is a
pipe, then a short, "emacs like" message is used.

=item C<inhibit_exit>

If 0, allows I<stepping off> the end of the script.

=item C<PrintRet> 

affects printing of return value after C<r> command.

=item C<frame> 

affects printing messages on entry and exit from subroutines.  If
C<frame & 2> is false, messages are printed on entry only. (Printing
on exit may be useful if interdispersed with other messages.)

If C<frame & 4>, arguments to functions are printed as well as the
context and caller info.

=back

The following options affect what happens with C<V>, C<X>, and C<x>
commands:

=over 12

=item arrayDepth, hashDepth

Print only first N elements ('' for all).

=item compactDump, veryCompact

Change style of array and hash dump.

=item globPrint

Whether to print contents of globs.

=item DumpDBFiles

Dump arrays holding debugged files.

=item DumpPackages

Dump symbol tables of packages.

=item quote, HighBit, undefPrint

Change style of string dump.

=back

During startup options are initialized from C<$ENV{PERLDB_OPTS}>.
You can put additional initialization options C<TTY>, C<noTTY>,
C<ReadLine>, and C<NonStop> there.

Example rc file:

    &parse_options("NonStop=1 LineInfo=db.out AutoTrace");

The script will run without human intervention, putting trace information
into the file I<db.out>.  (If you interrupt it, you would better reset
C<LineInfo> to something "interactive"!)

=over 12

=item C<TTY>

The TTY to use for debugging I/O.

=item noTTY

If set, goes in C<NonStop> mode.  On interrupt if TTY is not set uses the
value of C<noTTY> or "/tmp/perldbtty$$" to find TTY using
C<Term::Rendezvous>.  Current variant is to have the name of TTY in this
file.

=item C<noTTY>

If set, goes in C<NonStop> mode, and would not connect to a TTY. If
interrupt (or if control goes to debugger via explicit setting of
$DB::signal or $DB::single from the Perl script), connects to a TTY
specified by the C<TTY> option at startup, or to a TTY found at
runtime using C<Term::Rendezvous> module of your choice.

This module should implement a method C<new> which returns an object
with two methods: C<IN> and C<OUT>, returning two filehandles to use
for debugging input and output correspondingly. Method C<new> may
inspect an argument which is a value of C<$ENV{PERLDB_NOTTY}> at
startup, or is C<"/tmp/perldbtty$$"> otherwise.

=item C<ReadLine>

If false, readline support in debugger is disabled, so you can debug
ReadLine applications.

=item C<NonStop>

If set, debugger goes into non-interactive mode until interrupted, or
programmatically by setting $DB::signal or $DB::single.

=back

Here's an example of using the C<$ENV{PERLDB_OPTS}> variable:

        $ PERLDB_OPTS="N f=2" perl -d myprogram

will run the script C<myprogram> without human intervention, printing
out the call tree with entry and exit points.  Note that C<N f=2> is
equivalent to C<NonStop=1 frame=2>. Note also that at the moment when
this documentation was written all the options to the debugger could
be uniquely abbreviated by the first letter (with exception of
C<Dump*> options).

Other examples may include

        $ PERLDB_OPTS="N f A L=listing" perl -d myprogram

- runs script non-interactively, printing info on each entry into a
subroutine and each executed line into the file F<listing>. (If you
interrupt it, you would better reset C<LineInfo> to something
"interactive"!)


        $ env "PERLDB_OPTS=R=0 TTY=/dev/ttyc" perl -d myprogram

may be useful for debugging a program which uses C<Term::ReadLine>
itself. Do not forget detach shell from the TTY in the window which
corresponds to F</dev/ttyc>, say, by issuing a command like

	$ sleep 1000000

See L<"Debugger Internals"> below for more details.

=item E<lt> [ command ]

Set an action (Perl command) to happen before every debugger prompt.
A multiline command may be entered by backslashing the newlines.  If
C<command> is missing, resets the list of actions.

=item E<lt>E<lt> command

Add an action (Perl command) to happen before every debugger prompt.
A multiline command may be entered by backslashing the newlines.

=item E<gt> command

Set an action (Perl command) to happen after the prompt when you've
just given a command to return to executing the script.  A multiline
command may be entered by backslashing the newlines.  If C<command> is
missing, resets the list of actions.

=item E<gt>E<gt> command

Adds an action (Perl command) to happen after the prompt when you've
just given a command to return to executing the script.  A multiline
command may be entered by backslashing the newlines.

=item { [ command ]

Set an action (debugger command) to happen before every debugger prompt.
A multiline command may be entered by backslashing the newlines.  If
C<command> is missing, resets the list of actions.

=item {{ command

Add an action (debugger command) to happen before every debugger prompt.
A multiline command may be entered by backslashing the newlines.

=item ! number

Redo a previous command (default previous command).

=item ! -number

Redo number'th-to-last command.

=item ! pattern

Redo last command that started with pattern.
See C<O recallCommand>, too.

=item !! cmd

Run cmd in a subprocess (reads from DB::IN, writes to DB::OUT)
See C<O shellBang> too.

=item H -number

Display last n commands.  Only commands longer than one character are
listed.  If number is omitted, lists them all.

=item q or ^D

Quit.  ("quit" doesn't work for this.)  This is the only supported way
to exit the debugger, though typing C<exit> twice may do it too.

Set an C<O>ption C<inhibit_exit> to 0 if you want to be able to I<step
off> the end the script. You may also need to set C<$finished> to 0 at
some moment if you want to step through global destruction.

=item R

Restart the debugger by B<exec>ing a new session.  It tries to maintain
your history across this, but internal settings and command line options
may be lost.

Currently the following setting are preserved: history, breakpoints
and actions, debugger C<O>ptions and the following command-line
options: B<-w>, B<-I>, B<-e>.

=item |dbcmd

Run debugger command, piping DB::OUT to current pager.

=item ||dbcmd

Same as C<|dbcmd> but DB::OUT is temporarily B<select>ed as well.
Often used with commands that would otherwise produce long
output, such as

    |V main

=item = [alias value]

Define a command alias, or list current aliases.

=item command

Execute command as a Perl statement.  A missing semicolon will be
supplied.

=item p expr

Same as C<print DB::OUT expr>.  The DB::OUT filehandle is opened to
/dev/tty, regardless of where STDOUT may be redirected to.

=back

The debugger prompt is something like

    DB<8>

or even

    DB<<17>>

where that number is the command number, which you'd use to access with
the built-in B<csh>-like history mechanism, e.g. C<!17> would repeat
command number 17.  The number of angle brackets indicates the depth of
the debugger.  You could get more than one set of brackets, for example, if
you'd already at a breakpoint and then printed out the result of a
function call that itself also has a breakpoint, or you step into an
expression via C<s/n/t expression> command.

If you want to enter a multi-line command, such as a subroutine
definition with several statements, you may escape the newline that would
normally end the debugger command with a backslash.  Here's an example:

      DB<1> for (1..4) {         \
      cont:     print "ok\n";   \
      cont: }
      ok
      ok
      ok
      ok

Note that this business of escaping a newline is specific to interactive
commands typed into the debugger.

Here's an example of what a stack backtrace might look like:

    $ = main::infested called from file `Ambulation.pm' line 10
    @ = Ambulation::legs(1, 2, 3, 4) called from file `camel_flea' line 7
    $ = main::pests('bactrian', 4) called from file `camel_flea' line 4

The left-hand character up there tells whether the function was called
in a scalar or list context (we bet you can tell which is which).  What
that says is that you were in the function C<main::infested> when you ran
the stack dump, and that it was called in a scalar context from line 10
of the file I<Ambulation.pm>, but without any arguments at all, meaning
it was called as C<&infested>.  The next stack frame shows that the
function C<Ambulation::legs> was called in a list context from the
I<camel_flea> file with four arguments.  The last stack frame shows that
C<main::pests> was called in a scalar context, also from I<camel_flea>,
but from line 4.

If you have any compile-time executable statements (code within a BEGIN
block or a C<use> statement), these will C<NOT> be stopped by debugger,
although C<require>s will (and compile-time statements can be traced
with C<AutoTrace> option set in C<PERLDB_OPTS>).  From your own Perl 
code, however, you can
transfer control back to the debugger using the following statement,
which is harmless if the debugger is not running:

    $DB::single = 1;

If you set C<$DB::single> to the value 2, it's equivalent to having
just typed the C<n> command, whereas a value of 1 means the C<s>
command.  The C<$DB::trace>  variable should be set to 1 to simulate
having typed the C<t> command.

=head2 Debugger Customization

Most probably you not want to modify the debugger, it contains enough
hooks to satisfy most needs. You may change the behaviour of debugger
from the debugger itself, using C<O>ptions, from the command line via
C<PERLDB_OPTS> environment variable, and from I<customization files>.

You can do some customization by setting up a F<.perldb> file which
contains initialization code.  For instance, you could make aliases
like these (the last one is one people expect to be there):

    $DB::alias{'len'}  = 's/^len(.*)/p length($1)/';
    $DB::alias{'stop'} = 's/^stop (at|in)/b/';
    $DB::alias{'ps'}   = 's/^ps\b/p scalar /';
    $DB::alias{'quit'} = 's/^quit(\s*)/exit\$/';

One changes options from F<.perldb> file via calls like this one;

    parse_options("NonStop=1 LineInfo=db.out AutoTrace=1 frame=2");

(the code is executed in the package C<DB>). Note that F<.perldb> is
processed before processing C<PERLDB_OPTS>. If F<.perldb> defines the
subroutine C<afterinit>, it is called after all the debugger
initialization ends. F<.perldb> may be contained in the current
directory, or in the C<LOGDIR>/C<HOME> directory.

If you want to modify the debugger, copy F<perl5db.pl> from the Perl
library to another name and modify it as necessary.  You'll also want
to set your C<PERL5DB> environment variable to say something like this:

    BEGIN { require "myperl5db.pl" }

As the last resort, one can use C<PERL5DB> to customize debugger by
directly setting internal variables or calling debugger functions.

=head2 Readline Support

As shipped, the only command line history supplied is a simplistic one
that checks for leading exclamation points.  However, if you install
the Term::ReadKey and Term::ReadLine modules from CPAN, you will
have full editing capabilities much like GNU I<readline>(3) provides.
Look for these in the F<modules/by-module/Term> directory on CPAN.

=head2 Editor Support for Debugging

If you have GNU B<emacs> installed on your system, it can interact with
the Perl debugger to provide an integrated software development
environment reminiscent of its interactions with C debuggers.

Perl is also delivered with a start file for making B<emacs> act like a
syntax-directed editor that understands (some of) Perl's syntax.  Look in
the I<emacs> directory of the Perl source distribution.

(Historically, a similar setup for interacting with B<vi> and the
X11 window system had also been available, but at the time of this
writing, no debugger support for B<vi> currently exists.)

=head2 The Perl Profiler

If you wish to supply an alternative debugger for Perl to run, just
invoke your script with a colon and a package argument given to the B<-d>
flag.  One of the most popular alternative debuggers for Perl is
B<DProf>, the Perl profiler.   As of this writing, B<DProf> is not
included with the standard Perl distribution, but it is expected to
be included soon, for certain values of "soon".

Meanwhile, you can fetch the Devel::Dprof module from CPAN.  Assuming
it's properly installed on your system, to profile your Perl program in
the file F<mycode.pl>, just type:

    perl -d:DProf mycode.pl

When the script terminates the profiler will dump the profile information
to a file called F<tmon.out>.  A tool like B<dprofpp> (also supplied with
the Devel::DProf package) can be used to interpret the information which is
in that profile.

=head2 Debugger support in perl

When you call the B<caller> function from package DB, Perl sets the
C<@DB::args> array to contain the arguments that stack frame was called
with.  

If perl is run with B<-d> option, the following additional features
are enabled:

=over

=item *

Perl inserts the contents of C<$ENV{PERL5DB}> (or C<BEGIN {require
'perl5db.pl'}> if not present) before the first line of the
application.

=item *

The array C<@{"_<$filename"}> is the line-by-line contents of
$filename for all the compiled files. Same for C<eval>ed strings which
contain subroutines, or which are currently executed. The C<$filename>
for C<eval>ed strings looks like C<(eval 34)>.

=item *

The hash C<%{"_<$filename"}> contains breakpoints and action (it is
keyed by line number), and individual entries are settable (as opposed
to the whole hash). Only true/false is important to Perl, though the
values used by F<perl5db.pl> have the form
C<"$break_condition\0$action">. Values are magical in numeric context:
they are zeros if the line is not breakable.

Same for evaluated strings which contain subroutines, or which are
currently executed. The C<$filename> for C<eval>ed strings looks like
C<(eval 34)>.

=item *

The scalar C<${"_<$filename"}> contains C<"_<$filename">. Same for
evaluated strings which contain subroutines, or which are currently
executed. The C<$filename> for C<eval>ed strings looks like C<(eval
34)>.

=item *

After each C<require>d file is compiled, but before it is executed,
C<DB::postponed(*{"_<$filename"})> is called (if subroutine
C<DB::postponed> exists). Here the $filename is the expanded name of
the C<require>d file (as found in values of C<%INC>).

=item *

After each subroutine C<subname> is compiled existence of
C<$DB::postponed{subname}> is checked. If this key exists,
C<DB::postponed(subname)> is called (if subroutine C<DB::postponed>
exists).

=item *

A hash C<%DB::sub> is maintained, with keys being subroutine names,
values having the form C<filename:startline-endline>. C<filename> has
the form C<(eval 31)> for subroutines defined inside C<eval>s.

=item *

When an exection of the application reaches a place that can have a
breakpoint, a call to C<DB::DB()> is performed if any one of
variables $DB::trace, $DB::single, $DB::signal is true. (Note that
these variables are not C<local>izable.) This feature is disabled when
the control is inside C<DB::DB()> or functions called from it (unless
C<$^D & 1 E<lt>E<lt> 30>).

=item *

When an exection of the application reaches a subroutine call, a call
to C<&DB::sub>(I<args>) is performed instead, with C<$DB::sub> being
the name of the called subroutine. (Unless the subroutine is compiled
in the package C<DB>.)

=back

Note that no subroutine call is possible until C<&DB::sub> is defined
(for subroutines outside of package C<DB>).  (In fact, for the
standard debugger the same is true if C<$DB::deep> (how many levels of
recursion deep into the debugger you can go before a mandatory break)
is not defined.)

=head2 Debugger Internals

At the start, the debugger reads your rc file (F<./.perldb> or
F<~/.perldb> under UNIX), which can set important options.  This file may
define a subroutine C<&afterinit> to be executed after the debugger is
initialized.

After the  rc file is read, the debugger reads environment variable
PERLDB_OPTS and parses it as a rest of C<O ...> line in debugger prompt.

It also maintains magical internal variables, such as C<@DB::dbline>,
C<%DB::dbline>, which are aliases for C<@{"::_<current_file"}>
C<%{"::_<current_file"}>. Here C<current_file> is the currently
selected (with the debugger's C<f> command, or by flow of execution)
file.

Some functions are provided to simplify customization. See L<"Debugger
Customization"> for description of C<DB::parse_options(string)>. The
function C<DB::dump_trace(skip[, count])> skips the specified number
of frames, and returns an array containing info about the caller
frames (all if C<count> is missing). Each entry is a hash with keys
C<context> (C<$> or C<@>), C<sub> (subroutine name, or info about
eval), C<args> (C<undef> or a reference to an array), C<file> and
C<line>.

The function C<DB::print_trace(FH, skip[, count[, short]])> prints 
formatted info about caller frames. The last two functions may be
convenient as arguments to C<E<lt>>, C<E<lt>E<lt>> commands.

=head2 Other resources

You did try the B<-w> switch, didn't you?

=head1 BUGS

You cannot get the stack frame information or otherwise debug functions
that were not compiled by Perl, such as C or C++ extensions.

If you alter your @_ arguments in a subroutine (such as with B<shift>
or B<pop>, the stack backtrace will not show the original values.

Some subroutines are called without creating a call frame. This may
confuse backtrace C<T> and output of C<fE<gt>=4>.