=head1 NAME perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.10 $) =head1 DESCRIPTION This section of the FAQ answers very general, high-level questions about Perl. =head2 What is Perl? Perl is a high-level programming language with an eclectic heritage written by Larry Wall and a cast of thousands. It derives from the ubiquitous C programming language and to a lesser extent from sed, awk, the Unix shell, and at least a dozen other tools and languages. Perl's process, file, and text manipulation facilities make it particularly well-suited for tasks involving quick prototyping, system utilities, software tools, system management tasks, database access, graphical programming, networking, and world wide web programming. These strengths make it especially popular with system administrators and CGI script authors, but mathematicians, geneticists, journalists, and even managers also use Perl. Maybe you should, too. =head2 Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free? The original culture of the pre-populist Internet and the deeply-held beliefs of Perl's author, Larry Wall, gave rise to the free and open distribution policy of perl. Perl is supported by its users. The core, the standard Perl library, the optional modules, and the documentation you're reading now were all written by volunteers. See the personal note at the end of the README file in the perl source distribution for more details. In particular, the core development team (known as the Perl Porters) are a rag-tag band of highly altruistic individuals committed to producing better software for free than you could hope to purchase for money. You may snoop on pending developments via news://genetics.upenn.edu/perl.porters-gw/ and http://www.frii.com/~gnat/perl/porters/summary.html. While the GNU project includes Perl in its distributions, there's no such thing as "GNU Perl". Perl is not produced nor maintained by the Free Software Foundation. Perl's licensing terms are also more open than GNU software's tend to be. You can get commercial support of Perl if you wish, although for most users the informal support will more than suffice. See the answer to "Where can I buy a commercial version of perl?" for more information. =head2 Which version of Perl should I use? You should definitely use version 5. Version 4 is old, limited, and no longer maintained. Its last patch (4.036) was in 1992. The last production release was 5.003, and the current experimental release for those at the bleeding edge (as of 27/03/97) is 5.003_92, considered a beta for production release 5.004, which will probably be out by the time you read this. Further references to the Perl language in this document refer to the current production release unless otherwise specified. =head2 What are perl4 and perl5? Perl4 and perl5 are informal names for different versions of the Perl programming language. It's easier to say "perl5" than it is to say "the 5(.004) release of Perl", but some people have interpreted this to mean there's a language called "perl5", which isn't the case. Perl5 is merely the popular name for the fifth major release (October 1994), while perl4 was the fourth major release (March 1991). There was also a perl1 (in January 1988), a perl2 (June 1988), and a perl3 (October 1989). The 5.0 release is, essentially, a complete rewrite of the perl source code from the ground up. It has been modularized, object-oriented, tweaked, trimmed, and optimized until it almost doesn't look like the old code. However, the interface is mostly the same, and compatibility with previous releases is very high. To avoid the "what language is perl5?" confusion, some people prefer to simply use "perl" to refer to the latest version of perl and avoid using "perl5" altogether. It's not really that big a deal, though. =head2 How stable is Perl? Production releases, which incorporate bug fixes and new functionality, are widely tested before release. Since the 5.000 release, we have averaged only about one production release per year. Larry and the Perl development team occasionally make changes to the internal core of the language, but all possible efforts are made toward backward compatibility. While not quite all perl4 scripts run flawlessly under perl5, an update to perl should nearly never invalidate a program written for an earlier version of perl (barring accidental bug fixes and the rare new keyword). =head2 Is Perl difficult to learn? Perl is easy to start learning -- and easy to keep learning. It looks like most programming languages you're likely to have had experience with, so if you've ever written an C program, an awk script, a shell script, or even an Excel macro, you're already part way there. Most tasks only require a small subset of the Perl language. One of the guiding mottos for Perl development is "there's more than one way to do it" (TMTOWTDI, sometimes pronounced "tim toady"). Perl's learning curve is therefore shallow (easy to learn) and long (there's a whole lot you can do if you really want). Finally, Perl is (frequently) an interpreted language. This means that you can write your programs and test them without an intermediate compilation step, allowing you to experiment and test/debug quickly and easily. This ease of experimentation flattens the learning curve even more. Things that make Perl easier to learn: Unix experience, almost any kind of programming experience, an understanding of regular expressions, and the ability to understand other people's code. If there's something you need to do, then it's probably already been done, and a working example is usually available for free. Don't forget the new perl modules, either. They're discussed in Part 3 of this FAQ, along with the CPAN, which is discussed in Part 2. =head2 How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl? Favorably in some areas, unfavorably in others. Precisely which areas are good and bad is often a personal choice, so asking this question on Usenet runs a strong risk of starting an unproductive Holy War. Probably the best thing to do is try to write equivalent code to do a set of tasks. These languages have their own newsgroups in which you can learn about (but hopefully not argue about) them. =head2 Can I do [task] in Perl? Perl is flexible and extensible enough for you to use on almost any task, from one-line file-processing tasks to complex systems. For many people, Perl serves as a great replacement for shell scripting. For others, it serves as a convenient, high-level replacement for most of what they'd program in low-level languages like C or C++. It's ultimately up to you (and possibly your management ...) which tasks you'll use Perl for and which you won't. If you have a library that provides an API, you can make any component of it available as just another Perl function or variable using a Perl extension written in C or C++ and dynamically linked into your main perl interpreter. You can also go the other direction, and write your main program in C or C++, and then link in some Perl code on the fly, to create a powerful application. That said, there will always be small, focused, special-purpose languages dedicated to a specific problem domain that are simply more convenient for certain kinds of problems. Perl tries to be all things to all people, but nothing special to anyone. Examples of specialized languages that come to mind include prolog and matlab. =head2 When shouldn't I program in Perl? When your manager forbids it -- but do consider replacing them :-). Actually, one good reason is when you already have an existing application written in another language that's all done (and done well), or you have an application language specifically designed for a certain task (e.g. prolog, make). For various reasons, Perl is probably not well-suited for real-time embedded systems, low-level operating systems development work like device drivers or context-switching code, complex multithreaded shared-memory applications, or extremely large applications. You'll notice that perl is not itself written in Perl. The new native-code compiler for Perl may reduce the limitations given in the previous statement to some degree, but understand that Perl remains fundamentally a dynamically typed language, and not a statically typed one. You certainly won't be chastized if you don't trust nuclear-plant or brain-surgery monitoring code to it. And Larry will sleep easier, too -- Wall Street programs not withstanding. :-) =head2 What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"? One bit. Oh, you weren't talking ASCII? :-) Larry now uses "Perl" to signify the language proper and "perl" the implementation of it, i.e. the current interpreter. Hence Tom's quip that "Nothing but perl can parse Perl." You may or may not choose to follow this usage. For example, parallelism means "awk and perl" and "Python and Perl" look ok, while "awk and Perl" and "Python and perl" do not. =head2 Is it a Perl program or a Perl script? It doesn't matter. In "standard terminology" a I has been compiled to physical machine code once, and can then be be run multiple times, whereas a I