path: root/lib/Unicode/UCD.pm

package Unicode::UCD;

use strict;
use warnings;
no warnings 'surrogate';    # surrogates can be inputs to this
use charnames ();
use Unicode::Normalize qw(getCombinClass NFKD);

our $VERSION = '0.34';

use Storable qw(dclone);

require Exporter;

our @ISA = qw(Exporter);

our @EXPORT_OK = qw(charinfo
		    charblock charscript
		    charblocks charscripts
		    charinrange
		    general_categories bidi_types
		    compexcl
		    casefold casespec
		    namedseq
                    num
                );

use Carp;

=head1 NAME

Unicode::UCD - Unicode character database

=head1 SYNOPSIS

    use Unicode::UCD 'charinfo';
    my $charinfo   = charinfo($codepoint);

    use Unicode::UCD 'casefold';
    my $casefold = casefold(0xFB00);

    use Unicode::UCD 'casespec';
    my $casespec = casespec(0xFB00);

    use Unicode::UCD 'charblock';
    my $charblock  = charblock($codepoint);

    use Unicode::UCD 'charscript';
    my $charscript = charscript($codepoint);

    use Unicode::UCD 'charblocks';
    my $charblocks = charblocks();

    use Unicode::UCD 'charscripts';
    my $charscripts = charscripts();

    use Unicode::UCD qw(charscript charinrange);
    my $range = charscript($script);
    print "looks like $script\n" if charinrange($range, $codepoint);

    use Unicode::UCD qw(general_categories bidi_types);
    my $categories = general_categories();
    my $types = bidi_types();

    use Unicode::UCD 'compexcl';
    my $compexcl = compexcl($codepoint);

    use Unicode::UCD 'namedseq';
    my $namedseq = namedseq($named_sequence_name);

    my $unicode_version = Unicode::UCD::UnicodeVersion();

    my $convert_to_numeric =
                Unicode::UCD::num("\N{RUMI DIGIT ONE}\N{RUMI DIGIT TWO}");

=head1 DESCRIPTION

The Unicode::UCD module offers a series of functions that
provide a simple interface to the Unicode
Character Database.

=head2 code point argument

Some of the functions are called with a I<code point argument>, which is either
a decimal or a hexadecimal scalar designating a Unicode code point, or C<U+>
followed by hexadecimals designating a Unicode code point.  In other words, if
you want a code point to be interpreted as a hexadecimal number, you must
prefix it with either C<0x> or C<U+>, because a string like e.g. C<123> will be
interpreted as a decimal code point.  Note that the largest code point in
Unicode is U+10FFFF.
=cut

my $BLOCKSFH;
my $VERSIONFH;
my $CASEFOLDFH;
my $CASESPECFH;
my $NAMEDSEQFH;

sub openunicode {
    my ($rfh, @path) = @_;
    my $f;
    unless (defined $$rfh) {
	for my $d (@INC) {
	    use File::Spec;
	    $f = File::Spec->catfile($d, "unicore", @path);
	    last if open($$rfh, $f);
	    undef $f;
	}
	croak __PACKAGE__, ": failed to find ",
              File::Spec->catfile(@path), " in @INC"
	    unless defined $f;
    }
    return $f;
}

=head2 B<charinfo()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'charinfo';

    my $charinfo = charinfo(0x41);

This returns information about the input L</code point argument>
as a reference to a hash of fields as defined by the Unicode
standard.  If the L</code point argument> is not assigned in the standard
(i.e., has the general category C<Cn> meaning C<Unassigned>)
or is a non-character (meaning it is guaranteed to never be assigned in
the standard),
B<undef> is returned.

Fields that aren't applicable to the particular code point argument exist in the
returned hash, and are empty. 

The keys in the hash with the meanings of their values are:

=over

=item B<code>

the input L</code point argument> expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros
added if necessary to make it contain at least four hexdigits

=item B<name>

name of I<code>, all IN UPPER CASE.
Some control-type code points do not have names.
This field will be empty for C<Surrogate> and C<Private Use> code points,
and for the others without a name,
it will contain a description enclosed in angle brackets, like
C<E<lt>controlE<gt>>.


=item B<category>

The short name of the general category of I<code>.
This will match one of the keys in the hash returned by L</general_categories()>.

=item B<combining>

the combining class number for I<code> used in the Canonical Ordering Algorithm.
For Unicode 5.1, this is described in Section 3.11 C<Canonical Ordering Behavior>
available at
L<http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/>

=item B<bidi>

bidirectional type of I<code>.
This will match one of the keys in the hash returned by L</bidi_types()>.

=item B<decomposition>

is empty if I<code> has no decomposition; or is one or more codes
(separated by spaces) that taken in order represent a decomposition for
I<code>.  Each has at least four hexdigits.
The codes may be preceded by a word enclosed in angle brackets then a space,
like C<E<lt>compatE<gt> >, giving the type of decomposition

This decomposition may be an intermediate one whose components are also
decomposable.  Use L<Unicode::Normalize> to get the final decomposition.

=item B<decimal>

if I<code> is a decimal digit this is its integer numeric value

=item B<digit>

if I<code> represents some other digit-like number, this is its integer
numeric value

=item B<numeric>

if I<code> represents a whole or rational number, this is its numeric value.
Rational values are expressed as a string like C<1/4>.

=item B<mirrored>

C<Y> or C<N> designating if I<code> is mirrored in bidirectional text

=item B<unicode10>

name of I<code> in the Unicode 1.0 standard if one
existed for this code point and is different from the current name

=item B<comment>

As of Unicode 6.0, this is always empty.

=item B<upper>

is empty if there is no single code point uppercase mapping for I<code>
(its uppercase mapping is itself);
otherwise it is that mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.
(L</casespec()> should be used in addition to B<charinfo()>
for case mappings when the calling program can cope with multiple code point
mappings.)

=item B<lower>

is empty if there is no single code point lowercase mapping for I<code>
(its lowercase mapping is itself);
otherwise it is that mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.
(L</casespec()> should be used in addition to B<charinfo()>
for case mappings when the calling program can cope with multiple code point
mappings.)

=item B<title>

is empty if there is no single code point titlecase mapping for I<code>
(its titlecase mapping is itself);
otherwise it is that mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.
(L</casespec()> should be used in addition to B<charinfo()>
for case mappings when the calling program can cope with multiple code point
mappings.)

=item B<block>

block I<code> belongs to (used in C<\p{Blk=...}>).
See L</Blocks versus Scripts>.


=item B<script>

script I<code> belongs to.
See L</Blocks versus Scripts>.

=back

Note that you cannot do (de)composition and casing based solely on the
I<decomposition>, I<combining>, I<lower>, I<upper>, and I<title> fields;
you will need also the L</compexcl()>, and L</casespec()> functions.

=cut

# NB: This function is nearly duplicated in charnames.pm
sub _getcode {
    my $arg = shift;

    if ($arg =~ /^[1-9]\d*$/) {
	return $arg;
    } elsif ($arg =~ /^(?:[Uu]\+|0[xX])?([[:xdigit:]]+)$/) {
	return hex($1);
    }

    return;
}

# Populated by _num.  Converts real number back to input rational
my %real_to_rational;

# To store the contents of files found on disk.
my @BIDIS;
my @CATEGORIES;
my @DECOMPOSITIONS;
my @NUMERIC_TYPES;
my @SIMPLE_LOWER;
my @SIMPLE_TITLE;
my @SIMPLE_UPPER;
my @UNICODE_1_NAMES;

sub _charinfo_case {

    # Returns the value to set into one of the case fields in the charinfo
    # structure.
    #   $char is the character,
    #   $cased is the case-changed character
    #   $file is the file in lib/unicore/To/$file that contains the data
    #       needed for this, in the form that _search() understands.
    #   $array_ref points to the array holding the contents of $file.  It will
    #       be populated if empty.
    # By using the 'uc', etc. functions, we avoid loading more files into
    # memory except for those rare cases where the simple casing (which has
    # been what charinfo() has always returned, is different than the full
    # casing.
    my ($char, $cased, $file, $array_ref) = @_;

    return "" if $cased eq $char;

    return sprintf("%04X", ord $cased) if length($cased) == 1;

    @$array_ref =_read_table("unicore/To/$file") unless @$array_ref;
    return _search($array_ref, 0, $#$array_ref, ord $char) // "";
}

sub charinfo {

    # This function has traditionally mimicked what is in UnicodeData.txt,
    # warts and all.  This is a re-write that avoids UnicodeData.txt so that
    # it can be removed to save disk space.  Instead, this assembles
    # information gotten by other methods that get data from various other
    # files.  It uses charnames to get the character name; and various
    # mktables tables.

    use feature 'unicode_strings';

    my $arg  = shift;
    my $code = _getcode($arg);
    croak __PACKAGE__, "::charinfo: unknown code '$arg'" unless defined $code;

    # Non-unicode implies undef.
    return if $code > 0x10FFFF;

    my %prop;
    my $char = chr($code);

    @CATEGORIES =_read_table("unicore/To/Gc.pl") unless @CATEGORIES;
    $prop{'category'} = _search(\@CATEGORIES, 0, $#CATEGORIES, $code)
                        // $utf8::SwashInfo{'ToGc'}{'missing'};

    return if $prop{'category'} eq 'Cn';    # Unassigned code points are undef

    $prop{'code'} = sprintf "%04X", $code;
    $prop{'name'} = ($char =~ /\p{Cntrl}/) ? '<control>'
                                           : (charnames::viacode($code) // "");

    $prop{'combining'} = getCombinClass($code);

    @BIDIS =_read_table("unicore/To/Bc.pl") unless @BIDIS;
    $prop{'bidi'} = _search(\@BIDIS, 0, $#BIDIS, $code)
                    // $utf8::SwashInfo{'ToBc'}{'missing'};

    # For most code points, we can just read in "unicore/Decomposition.pl", as
    # its contents are exactly what should be output.  But that file doesn't
    # contain the data for the Hangul syllable decompositions, which can be
    # algorithmically computed, and NFKD() does that, so we call NFKD() for
    # those.  We can't use NFKD() for everything, as it does a complete
    # recursive decomposition, and what this function has always done is to
    # return what's in UnicodeData.txt which doesn't have the recursivenss
    # specified in the decomposition types.  No decomposition implies an empty
    # field; otherwise, all but "Canonical" imply a compatible decomposition,
    # and the type is prefixed to that, as it is in UnicodeData.txt
    if ($char =~ /\p{Block=Hangul_Syllables}/) {
        # The code points of the decomposition are output in standard Unicode
        # hex format, separated by blanks.
        $prop{'decomposition'} = join " ", map { sprintf("%04X", $_)}
                                           unpack "U*", NFKD($char);
    }
    else {
        @DECOMPOSITIONS = _read_table("unicore/Decomposition.pl")
                          unless @DECOMPOSITIONS;
        $prop{'decomposition'} = _search(\@DECOMPOSITIONS, 0, $#DECOMPOSITIONS,
                                                                $code) // "";
    }

    # Can use num() to get the numeric values, if any.
    if (! defined (my $value = num($char))) {
        $prop{'decimal'} = $prop{'digit'} = $prop{'numeric'} = "";
    }
    else {
        if ($char =~ /\d/) {
            $prop{'decimal'} = $prop{'digit'} = $prop{'numeric'} = $value;
        }
        else {

            # For non-decimal-digits, we have to read in the Numeric type
            # to distinguish them.  It is not just a matter of integer vs.
            # rational, as some whole number values are not considered digits,
            # e.g., TAMIL NUMBER TEN.
            $prop{'decimal'} = "";

            @NUMERIC_TYPES =_read_table("unicore/To/Nt.pl")
                                unless @NUMERIC_TYPES;
            if ((_search(\@NUMERIC_TYPES, 0, $#NUMERIC_TYPES, $code) // "")
                eq 'Digit')
            {
                $prop{'digit'} = $prop{'numeric'} = $value;
            }
            else {
                $prop{'digit'} = "";
                $prop{'numeric'} = $real_to_rational{$value} // $value;
            }
        }
    }

    $prop{'mirrored'} = ($char =~ /\p{Bidi_Mirrored}/) ? 'Y' : 'N';

    @UNICODE_1_NAMES =_read_table("unicore/To/Na1.pl") unless @UNICODE_1_NAMES;
    $prop{'unicode10'} = _search(\@UNICODE_1_NAMES, 0, $#UNICODE_1_NAMES, $code)
                         // "";

    # This is true starting in 6.0, but, num() also requires 6.0, so
    # don't need to test for version again here.
    $prop{'comment'} = "";

    $prop{'upper'} = _charinfo_case($char, uc $char, '_suc.pl', \@SIMPLE_UPPER);
    $prop{'lower'} = _charinfo_case($char, lc $char, '_slc.pl', \@SIMPLE_LOWER);
    $prop{'title'} = _charinfo_case($char, ucfirst $char, '_stc.pl',
                                                                \@SIMPLE_TITLE);

    $prop{block}  = charblock($code);
    $prop{script} = charscript($code);
    return \%prop;
}

sub _search { # Binary search in a [[lo,hi,prop],[...],...] table.
    my ($table, $lo, $hi, $code) = @_;

    return if $lo > $hi;

    my $mid = int(($lo+$hi) / 2);

    if ($table->[$mid]->[0] < $code) {
	if ($table->[$mid]->[1] >= $code) {
	    return $table->[$mid]->[2];
	} else {
	    _search($table, $mid + 1, $hi, $code);
	}
    } elsif ($table->[$mid]->[0] > $code) {
	_search($table, $lo, $mid - 1, $code);
    } else {
	return $table->[$mid]->[2];
    }
}

sub _read_table {

    # Returns the contents of the mktables generated table file located at $1
    # in the form of an array of arrays.  Each outer array denotes a range
    # with [0] the start point of that range; [1] the end point; and [2] the
    # value that every code point in the range has.
    #
    # This has the side effect of setting
    # $utf8::SwashInfo{$property}{'format'} to be the mktables format of the
    #                                       table; and
    # $utf8::SwashInfo{$property}{'missing'} to be the value for all entries
    #                                        not listed in the table.
    # where $property is the Unicode property name, preceded by 'To' for map
    # properties., e.g., 'ToSc'.
    #
    # Table entries look like one of:
    # 0000	0040	Common	# [65]
    # 00AA		Latin

    my $table = shift;
    my @return;
    local $_;

    for (split /^/m, do $table) {
        my ($start, $end, $value) = / ^ (.+?) \t (.*?) \t (.+?)
                                        \s* ( \# .* )?  # Optional comment
                                        $ /x;
        $end = $start if $end eq "";
        push @return, [ hex $start, hex $end, $value ];
    }
    return @return;
}

sub charinrange {
    my ($range, $arg) = @_;
    my $code = _getcode($arg);
    croak __PACKAGE__, "::charinrange: unknown code '$arg'"
	unless defined $code;
    _search($range, 0, $#$range, $code);
}

=head2 B<charblock()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'charblock';

    my $charblock = charblock(0x41);
    my $charblock = charblock(1234);
    my $charblock = charblock(0x263a);
    my $charblock = charblock("U+263a");

    my $range     = charblock('Armenian');

With a L</code point argument> charblock() returns the I<block> the code point
belongs to, e.g.  C<Basic Latin>.
If the code point is unassigned, this returns the block it would belong to if
it were assigned (which it may in future versions of the Unicode Standard).

See also L</Blocks versus Scripts>.

If supplied with an argument that can't be a code point, charblock() tries
to do the opposite and interpret the argument as a code point block. The
return value is a I<range>: an anonymous list of lists that contain
I<start-of-range>, I<end-of-range> code point pairs. You can test whether
a code point is in a range using the L</charinrange()> function. If the
argument is not a known code point block, B<undef> is returned.

=cut

my @BLOCKS;
my %BLOCKS;

sub _charblocks {

    # Can't read from the mktables table because it loses the hyphens in the
    # original.
    unless (@BLOCKS) {
	if (openunicode(\$BLOCKSFH, "Blocks.txt")) {
	    local $_;
	    while (<$BLOCKSFH>) {
		if (/^([0-9A-F]+)\.\.([0-9A-F]+);\s+(.+)/) {
		    my ($lo, $hi) = (hex($1), hex($2));
		    my $subrange = [ $lo, $hi, $3 ];
		    push @BLOCKS, $subrange;
		    push @{$BLOCKS{$3}}, $subrange;
		}
	    }
	    close($BLOCKSFH);
	}
    }
}

sub charblock {
    my $arg = shift;

    _charblocks() unless @BLOCKS;

    my $code = _getcode($arg);

    if (defined $code) {
	my $result = _search(\@BLOCKS, 0, $#BLOCKS, $code);
        return $result if defined $result;
        return 'No_Block';
    }
    elsif (exists $BLOCKS{$arg}) {
        return dclone $BLOCKS{$arg};
    }
}

=head2 B<charscript()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'charscript';

    my $charscript = charscript(0x41);
    my $charscript = charscript(1234);
    my $charscript = charscript("U+263a");

    my $range      = charscript('Thai');

With a L</code point argument> charscript() returns the I<script> the
code point belongs to, e.g.  C<Latin>, C<Greek>, C<Han>.
If the code point is unassigned, it returns B<undef>

If supplied with an argument that can't be a code point, charscript() tries
to do the opposite and interpret the argument as a code point script. The
return value is a I<range>: an anonymous list of lists that contain
I<start-of-range>, I<end-of-range> code point pairs. You can test whether a
code point is in a range using the L</charinrange()> function. If the
argument is not a known code point script, B<undef> is returned.

See also L</Blocks versus Scripts>.

=cut

my @SCRIPTS;
my %SCRIPTS;

sub _charscripts {
    @SCRIPTS =_read_table("unicore/To/Sc.pl") unless @SCRIPTS;
    foreach my $entry (@SCRIPTS) {
        $entry->[2] =~ s/(_\w)/\L$1/g;  # Preserve old-style casing
        push @{$SCRIPTS{$entry->[2]}}, $entry;
    }
}

sub charscript {
    my $arg = shift;

    _charscripts() unless @SCRIPTS;

    my $code = _getcode($arg);

    if (defined $code) {
	my $result = _search(\@SCRIPTS, 0, $#SCRIPTS, $code);
        return $result if defined $result;
        return $utf8::SwashInfo{'ToSc'}{'missing'};
    } elsif (exists $SCRIPTS{$arg}) {
        return dclone $SCRIPTS{$arg};
    }

    return;
}

=head2 B<charblocks()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'charblocks';

    my $charblocks = charblocks();

charblocks() returns a reference to a hash with the known block names
as the keys, and the code point ranges (see L</charblock()>) as the values.

See also L</Blocks versus Scripts>.

=cut

sub charblocks {
    _charblocks() unless %BLOCKS;
    return dclone \%BLOCKS;
}

=head2 B<charscripts()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'charscripts';

    my $charscripts = charscripts();

charscripts() returns a reference to a hash with the known script
names as the keys, and the code point ranges (see L</charscript()>) as
the values.

See also L</Blocks versus Scripts>.

=cut

sub charscripts {
    _charscripts() unless %SCRIPTS;
    return dclone \%SCRIPTS;
}

=head2 B<charinrange()>

In addition to using the C<\p{Blk=...}> and C<\P{Blk=...}> constructs, you
can also test whether a code point is in the I<range> as returned by
L</charblock()> and L</charscript()> or as the values of the hash returned
by L</charblocks()> and L</charscripts()> by using charinrange():

    use Unicode::UCD qw(charscript charinrange);

    $range = charscript('Hiragana');
    print "looks like hiragana\n" if charinrange($range, $codepoint);

=cut

my %GENERAL_CATEGORIES =
 (
    'L'  =>         'Letter',
    'LC' =>         'CasedLetter',
    'Lu' =>         'UppercaseLetter',
    'Ll' =>         'LowercaseLetter',
    'Lt' =>         'TitlecaseLetter',
    'Lm' =>         'ModifierLetter',
    'Lo' =>         'OtherLetter',
    'M'  =>         'Mark',
    'Mn' =>         'NonspacingMark',
    'Mc' =>         'SpacingMark',
    'Me' =>         'EnclosingMark',
    'N'  =>         'Number',
    'Nd' =>         'DecimalNumber',
    'Nl' =>         'LetterNumber',
    'No' =>         'OtherNumber',
    'P'  =>         'Punctuation',
    'Pc' =>         'ConnectorPunctuation',
    'Pd' =>         'DashPunctuation',
    'Ps' =>         'OpenPunctuation',
    'Pe' =>         'ClosePunctuation',
    'Pi' =>         'InitialPunctuation',
    'Pf' =>         'FinalPunctuation',
    'Po' =>         'OtherPunctuation',
    'S'  =>         'Symbol',
    'Sm' =>         'MathSymbol',
    'Sc' =>         'CurrencySymbol',
    'Sk' =>         'ModifierSymbol',
    'So' =>         'OtherSymbol',
    'Z'  =>         'Separator',
    'Zs' =>         'SpaceSeparator',
    'Zl' =>         'LineSeparator',
    'Zp' =>         'ParagraphSeparator',
    'C'  =>         'Other',
    'Cc' =>         'Control',
    'Cf' =>         'Format',
    'Cs' =>         'Surrogate',
    'Co' =>         'PrivateUse',
    'Cn' =>         'Unassigned',
 );

sub general_categories {
    return dclone \%GENERAL_CATEGORIES;
}

=head2 B<general_categories()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'general_categories';

    my $categories = general_categories();

This returns a reference to a hash which has short
general category names (such as C<Lu>, C<Nd>, C<Zs>, C<S>) as keys and long
names (such as C<UppercaseLetter>, C<DecimalNumber>, C<SpaceSeparator>,
C<Symbol>) as values.  The hash is reversible in case you need to go
from the long names to the short names.  The general category is the
one returned from
L</charinfo()> under the C<category> key.

=cut

my %BIDI_TYPES =
 (
   'L'   => 'Left-to-Right',
   'LRE' => 'Left-to-Right Embedding',
   'LRO' => 'Left-to-Right Override',
   'R'   => 'Right-to-Left',
   'AL'  => 'Right-to-Left Arabic',
   'RLE' => 'Right-to-Left Embedding',
   'RLO' => 'Right-to-Left Override',
   'PDF' => 'Pop Directional Format',
   'EN'  => 'European Number',
   'ES'  => 'European Number Separator',
   'ET'  => 'European Number Terminator',
   'AN'  => 'Arabic Number',
   'CS'  => 'Common Number Separator',
   'NSM' => 'Non-Spacing Mark',
   'BN'  => 'Boundary Neutral',
   'B'   => 'Paragraph Separator',
   'S'   => 'Segment Separator',
   'WS'  => 'Whitespace',
   'ON'  => 'Other Neutrals',
 ); 

=head2 B<bidi_types()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'bidi_types';

    my $categories = bidi_types();

This returns a reference to a hash which has the short
bidi (bidirectional) type names (such as C<L>, C<R>) as keys and long
names (such as C<Left-to-Right>, C<Right-to-Left>) as values.  The
hash is reversible in case you need to go from the long names to the
short names.  The bidi type is the one returned from
L</charinfo()>
under the C<bidi> key.  For the exact meaning of the various bidi classes
the Unicode TR9 is recommended reading:
L<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/>
(as of Unicode 5.0.0)

=cut

sub bidi_types {
    return dclone \%BIDI_TYPES;
}

=head2 B<compexcl()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'compexcl';

    my $compexcl = compexcl(0x09dc);

This routine is included for backwards compatibility, but as of Perl 5.12, for
most purposes it is probably more convenient to use one of the following
instead:

    my $compexcl = chr(0x09dc) =~ /\p{Comp_Ex};
    my $compexcl = chr(0x09dc) =~ /\p{Full_Composition_Exclusion};

or even

    my $compexcl = chr(0x09dc) =~ /\p{CE};
    my $compexcl = chr(0x09dc) =~ /\p{Composition_Exclusion};

The first two forms return B<true> if the L</code point argument> should not
be produced by composition normalization.  For the final two forms to return
B<true>, it is additionally required that this fact not otherwise be
determinable from the Unicode data base.

This routine behaves identically to the final two forms.  That is,
it does not return B<true> if the code point has a decomposition
consisting of another single code point, nor if its decomposition starts
with a code point whose combining class is non-zero.  Code points that meet
either of these conditions should also not be produced by composition
normalization, which is probably why you should use the
C<Full_Composition_Exclusion> property instead, as shown above.

The routine returns B<false> otherwise.

=cut

sub compexcl {
    my $arg  = shift;
    my $code = _getcode($arg);
    croak __PACKAGE__, "::compexcl: unknown code '$arg'"
	unless defined $code;

    no warnings "non_unicode";     # So works on non-Unicode code points
    return chr($code) =~ /\p{Composition_Exclusion}/;
}

=head2 B<casefold()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'casefold';

    my $casefold = casefold(0xDF);
    if (defined $casefold) {
        my @full_fold_hex = split / /, $casefold->{'full'};
        my $full_fold_string =
                    join "", map {chr(hex($_))} @full_fold_hex;
        my @turkic_fold_hex =
                        split / /, ($casefold->{'turkic'} ne "")
                                        ? $casefold->{'turkic'}
                                        : $casefold->{'full'};
        my $turkic_fold_string =
                        join "", map {chr(hex($_))} @turkic_fold_hex;
    }
    if (defined $casefold && $casefold->{'simple'} ne "") {
        my $simple_fold_hex = $casefold->{'simple'};
        my $simple_fold_string = chr(hex($simple_fold_hex));
    }

This returns the (almost) locale-independent case folding of the
character specified by the L</code point argument>.

If there is no case folding for that code point, B<undef> is returned.

If there is a case folding for that code point, a reference to a hash
with the following fields is returned:

=over

=item B<code>

the input L</code point argument> expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros
added if necessary to make it contain at least four hexdigits

=item B<full>

one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the
code points for the case folding for I<code>.
Each has at least four hexdigits.

=item B<simple>

is empty, or is exactly one code with at least four hexdigits which can be used
as an alternative case folding when the calling program cannot cope with the
fold being a sequence of multiple code points.  If I<full> is just one code
point, then I<simple> equals I<full>.  If there is no single code point folding
defined for I<code>, then I<simple> is the empty string.  Otherwise, it is an
inferior, but still better-than-nothing alternative folding to I<full>.

=item B<mapping>

is the same as I<simple> if I<simple> is not empty, and it is the same as I<full>
otherwise.  It can be considered to be the simplest possible folding for
I<code>.  It is defined primarily for backwards compatibility.

=item B<status>

is C<C> (for C<common>) if the best possible fold is a single code point
(I<simple> equals I<full> equals I<mapping>).  It is C<S> if there are distinct
folds, I<simple> and I<full> (I<mapping> equals I<simple>).  And it is C<F> if
there only a I<full> fold (I<mapping> equals I<full>; I<simple> is empty).  Note
that this
describes the contents of I<mapping>.  It is defined primarily for backwards
compatibility.

On versions 3.1 and earlier of Unicode, I<status> can also be
C<I> which is the same as C<C> but is a special case for dotted uppercase I and
dotless lowercase i:

=over

=item B<*>

If you use this C<I> mapping, the result is case-insensitive,
but dotless and dotted I's are not distinguished

=item B<*>

If you exclude this C<I> mapping, the result is not fully case-insensitive, but
dotless and dotted I's are distinguished

=back

=item B<turkic>

contains any special folding for Turkic languages.  For versions of Unicode
starting with 3.2, this field is empty unless I<code> has a different folding
in Turkic languages, in which case it is one or more codes (separated by
spaces) that taken in order give the code points for the case folding for
I<code> in those languages.
Each code has at least four hexdigits.
Note that this folding does not maintain canonical equivalence without
additional processing.

For versions of Unicode 3.1 and earlier, this field is empty unless there is a
special folding for Turkic languages, in which case I<status> is C<I>, and
I<mapping>, I<full>, I<simple>, and I<turkic> are all equal.  

=back

Programs that want complete generality and the best folding results should use
the folding contained in the I<full> field.  But note that the fold for some
code points will be a sequence of multiple code points.

Programs that can't cope with the fold mapping being multiple code points can
use the folding contained in the I<simple> field, with the loss of some
generality.  In Unicode 5.1, about 7% of the defined foldings have no single
code point folding.

The I<mapping> and I<status> fields are provided for backwards compatibility for
existing programs.  They contain the same values as in previous versions of
this function.

Locale is not completely independent.  The I<turkic> field contains results to
use when the locale is a Turkic language.

For more information about case mappings see
L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21>

=cut

my %CASEFOLD;

sub _casefold {
    unless (%CASEFOLD) {
	if (openunicode(\$CASEFOLDFH, "CaseFolding.txt")) {
	    local $_;
	    while (<$CASEFOLDFH>) {
		if (/^([0-9A-F]+); ([CFIST]); ([0-9A-F]+(?: [0-9A-F]+)*);/) {
		    my $code = hex($1);
		    $CASEFOLD{$code}{'code'} = $1;
		    $CASEFOLD{$code}{'turkic'} = "" unless
					    defined $CASEFOLD{$code}{'turkic'};
		    if ($2 eq 'C' || $2 eq 'I') {	# 'I' is only on 3.1 and
							# earlier Unicodes
							# Both entries there (I
							# only checked 3.1) are
							# the same as C, and
							# there are no other
							# entries for those
							# codepoints, so treat
							# as if C, but override
							# the turkic one for
							# 'I'.
			$CASEFOLD{$code}{'status'} = $2;
			$CASEFOLD{$code}{'full'} = $CASEFOLD{$code}{'simple'} =
			$CASEFOLD{$code}{'mapping'} = $3;
			$CASEFOLD{$code}{'turkic'} = $3 if $2 eq 'I';
		    } elsif ($2 eq 'F') {
			$CASEFOLD{$code}{'full'} = $3;
			unless (defined $CASEFOLD{$code}{'simple'}) {
				$CASEFOLD{$code}{'simple'} = "";
				$CASEFOLD{$code}{'mapping'} = $3;
				$CASEFOLD{$code}{'status'} = $2;
			}
		    } elsif ($2 eq 'S') {


			# There can't be a simple without a full, and simple
			# overrides all but full

			$CASEFOLD{$code}{'simple'} = $3;
			$CASEFOLD{$code}{'mapping'} = $3;
			$CASEFOLD{$code}{'status'} = $2;
		    } elsif ($2 eq 'T') {
			$CASEFOLD{$code}{'turkic'} = $3;
		    } # else can't happen because only [CIFST] are possible
		}
	    }
	    close($CASEFOLDFH);
	}
    }
}

sub casefold {
    my $arg  = shift;
    my $code = _getcode($arg);
    croak __PACKAGE__, "::casefold: unknown code '$arg'"
	unless defined $code;

    _casefold() unless %CASEFOLD;

    return $CASEFOLD{$code};
}

=head2 B<casespec()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'casespec';

    my $casespec = casespec(0xFB00);

This returns the potentially locale-dependent case mappings of the L</code point
argument>.  The mappings may be longer than a single code point (which the basic
Unicode case mappings as returned by L</charinfo()> never are).

If there are no case mappings for the L</code point argument>, or if all three
possible mappings (I<lower>, I<title> and I<upper>) result in single code
points and are locale independent and unconditional, B<undef> is returned
(which means that the case mappings, if any, for the code point are those
returned by L</charinfo()>).

Otherwise, a reference to a hash giving the mappings (or a reference to a hash
of such hashes, explained below) is returned with the following keys and their
meanings:

The keys in the bottom layer hash with the meanings of their values are:

=over

=item B<code>

the input L</code point argument> expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros
added if necessary to make it contain at least four hexdigits

=item B<lower>

one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the
code points for the lower case of I<code>.
Each has at least four hexdigits.

=item B<title>

one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the
code points for the title case of I<code>.
Each has at least four hexdigits.

=item B<upper>

one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the
code points for the upper case of I<code>.
Each has at least four hexdigits.

=item B<condition>

the conditions for the mappings to be valid.
If B<undef>, the mappings are always valid.
When defined, this field is a list of conditions,
all of which must be true for the mappings to be valid.
The list consists of one or more
I<locales> (see below)
and/or I<contexts> (explained in the next paragraph),
separated by spaces.
(Other than as used to separate elements, spaces are to be ignored.)
Case distinctions in the condition list are not significant.
Conditions preceded by "NON_" represent the negation of the condition.

A I<context> is one of those defined in the Unicode standard.
For Unicode 5.1, they are defined in Section 3.13 C<Default Case Operations>
available at
L<http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/>.
These are for context-sensitive casing.

=back

The hash described above is returned for locale-independent casing, where
at least one of the mappings has length longer than one.  If B<undef> is 
returned, the code point may have mappings, but if so, all are length one,
and are returned by L</charinfo()>.
Note that when this function does return a value, it will be for the complete
set of mappings for a code point, even those whose length is one.

If there are additional casing rules that apply only in certain locales,
an additional key for each will be defined in the returned hash.  Each such key
will be its locale name, defined as a 2-letter ISO 3166 country code, possibly
followed by a "_" and a 2-letter ISO language code (possibly followed by a "_"
and a variant code).  You can find the lists of all possible locales, see
L<Locale::Country> and L<Locale::Language>.
(In Unicode 6.0, the only locales returned by this function
are C<lt>, C<tr>, and C<az>.)

Each locale key is a reference to a hash that has the form above, and gives
the casing rules for that particular locale, which take precedence over the
locale-independent ones when in that locale.

If the only casing for a code point is locale-dependent, then the returned
hash will not have any of the base keys, like C<code>, C<upper>, etc., but
will contain only locale keys.

For more information about case mappings see
L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/>

=cut

my %CASESPEC;

sub _casespec {
    unless (%CASESPEC) {
	if (openunicode(\$CASESPECFH, "SpecialCasing.txt")) {
	    local $_;
	    while (<$CASESPECFH>) {
		if (/^([0-9A-F]+); ([0-9A-F]+(?: [0-9A-F]+)*)?; ([0-9A-F]+(?: [0-9A-F]+)*)?; ([0-9A-F]+(?: [0-9A-F]+)*)?; (\w+(?: \w+)*)?/) {
		    my ($hexcode, $lower, $title, $upper, $condition) =
			($1, $2, $3, $4, $5);
		    my $code = hex($hexcode);
		    if (exists $CASESPEC{$code}) {
			if (exists $CASESPEC{$code}->{code}) {
			    my ($oldlower,
				$oldtitle,
				$oldupper,
				$oldcondition) =
				    @{$CASESPEC{$code}}{qw(lower
							   title
							   upper
							   condition)};
			    if (defined $oldcondition) {
				my ($oldlocale) =
				($oldcondition =~ /^([a-z][a-z](?:_\S+)?)/);
				delete $CASESPEC{$code};
				$CASESPEC{$code}->{$oldlocale} =
				{ code      => $hexcode,
				  lower     => $oldlower,
				  title     => $oldtitle,
				  upper     => $oldupper,
				  condition => $oldcondition };
			    }
			}
			my ($locale) =
			    ($condition =~ /^([a-z][a-z](?:_\S+)?)/);
			$CASESPEC{$code}->{$locale} =
			{ code      => $hexcode,
			  lower     => $lower,
			  title     => $title,
			  upper     => $upper,
			  condition => $condition };
		    } else {
			$CASESPEC{$code} =
			{ code      => $hexcode,
			  lower     => $lower,
			  title     => $title,
			  upper     => $upper,
			  condition => $condition };
		    }
		}
	    }
	    close($CASESPECFH);
	}
    }
}

sub casespec {
    my $arg  = shift;
    my $code = _getcode($arg);
    croak __PACKAGE__, "::casespec: unknown code '$arg'"
	unless defined $code;

    _casespec() unless %CASESPEC;

    return ref $CASESPEC{$code} ? dclone $CASESPEC{$code} : $CASESPEC{$code};
}

=head2 B<namedseq()>

    use Unicode::UCD 'namedseq';

    my $namedseq = namedseq("KATAKANA LETTER AINU P");
    my @namedseq = namedseq("KATAKANA LETTER AINU P");
    my %namedseq = namedseq();

If used with a single argument in a scalar context, returns the string
consisting of the code points of the named sequence, or B<undef> if no
named sequence by that name exists.  If used with a single argument in
a list context, it returns the list of the ordinals of the code points.  If used
with no
arguments in a list context, returns a hash with the names of the
named sequences as the keys and the named sequences as strings as
the values.  Otherwise, it returns B<undef> or an empty list depending
on the context.

This function only operates on officially approved (not provisional) named
sequences.

Note that as of Perl 5.14, C<\N{KATAKANA LETTER AINU P}> will insert the named
sequence into double-quoted strings, and C<charnames::string_vianame("KATAKANA
LETTER AINU P")> will return the same string this function does, but will also
operate on character names that aren't named sequences, without you having to
know which are which.  See L<charnames>.

=cut

my %NAMEDSEQ;

sub _namedseq {
    unless (%NAMEDSEQ) {
	if (openunicode(\$NAMEDSEQFH, "Name.pl")) {
	    local $_;
	    while (<$NAMEDSEQFH>) {
		if (/^ [0-9A-F]+ \  /x) {
                    chomp;
                    my ($sequence, $name) = split /\t/;
		    my @s = map { chr(hex($_)) } split(' ', $sequence);
		    $NAMEDSEQ{$name} = join("", @s);
		}
	    }
	    close($NAMEDSEQFH);
	}
    }
}

sub namedseq {

    # Use charnames::string_vianame() which now returns this information,
    # unless the caller wants the hash returned, in which case we read it in,
    # and thereafter use it instead of calling charnames, as it is faster.

    my $wantarray = wantarray();
    if (defined $wantarray) {
	if ($wantarray) {
	    if (@_ == 0) {
                _namedseq() unless %NAMEDSEQ;
		return %NAMEDSEQ;
	    } elsif (@_ == 1) {
		my $s;
                if (%NAMEDSEQ) {
                    $s = $NAMEDSEQ{ $_[0] };
                }
                else {
                    $s = charnames::string_vianame($_[0]);
                }
		return defined $s ? map { ord($_) } split('', $s) : ();
	    }
	} elsif (@_ == 1) {
            return $NAMEDSEQ{ $_[0] } if %NAMEDSEQ;
            return charnames::string_vianame($_[0]);
	}
    }
    return;
}

my %NUMERIC;

sub _numeric {

    # Unicode 6.0 instituted the rule that only digits in a consecutive
    # block of 10 would be considered decimal digits.  Before that, the only
    # problematic code point that I'm (khw) aware of is U+019DA, NEW TAI LUE
    # THAM DIGIT ONE, which is an alternate form of U+019D1, NEW TAI LUE DIGIT
    # ONE.  The code could be modified to handle that, but not bothering, as
    # in TUS 6.0, U+19DA was changed to Nt=Di.
    if ((pack "C*", split /\./, UnicodeVersion()) lt 6.0.0) {
	croak __PACKAGE__, "::num requires Unicode 6.0 or greater"
    }
    my @numbers = _read_table("unicore/To/Nv.pl");
    foreach my $entry (@numbers) {
        my ($start, $end, $value) = @$entry;

        # If value contains a slash, convert to decimal, add a reverse hash
        # used by charinfo.
        if ((my @rational = split /\//, $value) == 2) {
            my $real = $rational[0] / $rational[1];
            $real_to_rational{$real} = $value;
            $value = $real;
        }

        for my $i ($start .. $end) {
            $NUMERIC{$i} = $value;
        }
    }

    # Decided unsafe to use these that aren't officially part of the Unicode
    # standard.
    #use Math::Trig;
    #my $pi = acos(-1.0);
    #$NUMERIC{0x03C0} = $pi;

    # Euler's constant, not to be confused with Euler's number
    #$NUMERIC{0x2107} = 0.57721566490153286060651209008240243104215933593992;

    # Euler's number
    #$NUMERIC{0x212F} = 2.7182818284590452353602874713526624977572;

    return;
}

=pod

=head2 num

C<num> returns the numeric value of the input Unicode string; or C<undef> if it
doesn't think the entire string has a completely valid, safe numeric value.

If the string is just one character in length, the Unicode numeric value
is returned if it has one, or C<undef> otherwise.  Note that this need
not be a whole number.  C<num("\N{TIBETAN DIGIT HALF ZERO}")>, for
example returns -0.5.

=cut

#A few characters to which Unicode doesn't officially
#assign a numeric value are considered numeric by C<num>.
#These are:

# EULER CONSTANT             0.5772...  (this is NOT Euler's number)
# SCRIPT SMALL E             2.71828... (this IS Euler's number)
# GREEK SMALL LETTER PI      3.14159...

=pod

If the string is more than one character, C<undef> is returned unless
all its characters are decimal digits (that is, they would match C<\d+>),
from the same script.  For example if you have an ASCII '0' and a Bengali
'3', mixed together, they aren't considered a valid number, and C<undef>
is returned.  A further restriction is that the digits all have to be of
the same form.  A half-width digit mixed with a full-width one will
return C<undef>.  The Arabic script has two sets of digits;  C<num> will
return C<undef> unless all the digits in the string come from the same
set.

C<num> errs on the side of safety, and there may be valid strings of
decimal digits that it doesn't recognize.  Note that Unicode defines
a number of "digit" characters that aren't "decimal digit" characters.
"Decimal digits" have the property that they have a positional value, i.e.,
there is a units position, a 10's position, a 100's, etc, AND they are
arranged in Unicode in blocks of 10 contiguous code points.  The Chinese
digits, for example, are not in such a contiguous block, and so Unicode
doesn't view them as decimal digits, but merely digits, and so C<\d> will not
match them.  A single-character string containing one of these digits will
have its decimal value returned by C<num>, but any longer string containing
only these digits will return C<undef>.

Strings of multiple sub- and superscripts are not recognized as numbers.  You
can use either of the compatibility decompositions in Unicode::Normalize to
change these into digits, and then call C<num> on the result.

=cut

# To handle sub, superscripts, this could if called in list context,
# consider those, and return the <decomposition> type in the second
# array element.

sub num {
    my $string = $_[0];

    _numeric unless %NUMERIC;

    my $length = length($string);
    return $NUMERIC{ord($string)} if $length == 1;
    return if $string =~ /\D/;
    my $first_ord = ord(substr($string, 0, 1));
    my $value = $NUMERIC{$first_ord};
    my $zero_ord = $first_ord - $value;

    for my $i (1 .. $length -1) {
        my $ord = ord(substr($string, $i, 1));
        my $digit = $ord - $zero_ord;
        return unless $digit >= 0 && $digit <= 9;
        $value = $value * 10 + $digit;
    }
    return $value;
}



=head2 Unicode::UCD::UnicodeVersion

This returns the version of the Unicode Character Database, in other words, the
version of the Unicode standard the database implements.  The version is a
string of numbers delimited by dots (C<'.'>).

=cut

my $UNICODEVERSION;

sub UnicodeVersion {
    unless (defined $UNICODEVERSION) {
	openunicode(\$VERSIONFH, "version");
	chomp($UNICODEVERSION = <$VERSIONFH>);
	close($VERSIONFH);
	croak __PACKAGE__, "::VERSION: strange version '$UNICODEVERSION'"
	    unless $UNICODEVERSION =~ /^\d+(?:\.\d+)+$/;
    }
    return $UNICODEVERSION;
}

=head2 B<Blocks versus Scripts>

The difference between a block and a script is that scripts are closer
to the linguistic notion of a set of code points required to present
languages, while block is more of an artifact of the Unicode code point
numbering and separation into blocks of (mostly) 256 code points.

For example the Latin B<script> is spread over several B<blocks>, such
as C<Basic Latin>, C<Latin 1 Supplement>, C<Latin Extended-A>, and
C<Latin Extended-B>.  On the other hand, the Latin script does not
contain all the characters of the C<Basic Latin> block (also known as
ASCII): it includes only the letters, and not, for example, the digits
or the punctuation.

For blocks see L<http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Blocks.txt>

For scripts see UTR #24: L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr24/>

=head2 B<Matching Scripts and Blocks>

Scripts are matched with the regular-expression construct
C<\p{...}> (e.g. C<\p{Tibetan}> matches characters of the Tibetan script),
while C<\p{Blk=...}> is used for blocks (e.g. C<\p{Blk=Tibetan}> matches
any of the 256 code points in the Tibetan block).


=head2 Implementation Note

The first use of charinfo() opens a read-only filehandle to the Unicode
Character Database (the database is included in the Perl distribution).
The filehandle is then kept open for further queries.  In other words,
if you are wondering where one of your filehandles went, that's where.

=head1 BUGS

Does not yet support EBCDIC platforms.

=head1 AUTHOR

Jarkko Hietaniemi

=cut

1;