1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
|
package utf8;
$utf8::hint_bits = 0x00800000;
our $VERSION = '1.02';
sub import {
$^H |= $utf8::hint_bits;
$enc{caller()} = $_[1] if $_[1];
}
sub unimport {
$^H &= ~$utf8::hint_bits;
}
sub AUTOLOAD {
require "utf8_heavy.pl";
goto &$AUTOLOAD if defined &$AUTOLOAD;
Carp::croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD called");
}
1;
__END__
=head1 NAME
utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use utf8;
no utf8;
$num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string);
$success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK]);
utf8::encode($string);
utf8::decode($string);
$flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING); # since Perl 5.8.1
$flag = utf8::valid(STRING);
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The C<use utf8> pragma tells the Perl parser to allow UTF-8 in the
program text in the current lexical scope (allow UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based
platforms). The C<no utf8> pragma tells Perl to switch back to treating
the source text as literal bytes in the current lexical scope.
This pragma is primarily a compatibility device. Perl versions
earlier than 5.6 allowed arbitrary bytes in source code, whereas
in future we would like to standardize on the UTF-8 encoding for
source text.
Until UTF-8 becomes the default format for source text, either this
pragma or the L</encoding> pragma should be used to recognize UTF-8
in the source. When UTF-8 becomes the standard source format, this
pragma will effectively become a no-op. For convenience in what
follows the term I<UTF-X> is used to refer to UTF-8 on ASCII and ISO
Latin based platforms and UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based platforms.
Enabling the C<utf8> pragma has the following effect:
=over 4
=item *
Bytes in the source text that have their high-bit set will be treated
as being part of a literal UTF-8 character. This includes most
literals such as identifier names, string constants, and constant
regular expression patterns.
On EBCDIC platforms characters in the Latin 1 character set are
treated as being part of a literal UTF-EBCDIC character.
=back
Note that if you have bytes with the eighth bit on in your script
(for example embedded Latin-1 in your string literals), C<use utf8>
will be unhappy since the bytes are most probably not well-formed
UTF-8. If you want to have such bytes and use utf8, you can disable
utf8 until the end the block (or file, if at top level) by C<no utf8;>.
If you want to automatically upgrade your 8-bit legacy bytes to UTF-8,
use the L</encoding> pragma instead of this pragma. For example, if
you want to implicitly upgrade your ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) bytes to UTF-8
as used in e.g. C<chr()> and C<\x{...}>, try this:
use encoding "latin-1";
my $c = chr(0xc4);
my $x = "\x{c5}";
In case you are wondering: yes, C<use encoding 'utf8';> works much
the same as C<use utf8;>.
=head2 Utility functions
The following functions are defined in the C<utf8::> package by the
Perl core. You do not need to say C<use utf8> to use these and in fact
you should not unless you really want to have UTF-8 source code.
=over 4
=item * $num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string)
Converts (in-place) internal representation of string to Perl's
internal I<UTF-X> form. Returns the number of octets necessary to
represent the string as I<UTF-X>. Can be used to make sure that the
UTF-8 flag is on, so that C<\w> or C<lc()> work as expected on strings
containing characters in the range 0x80-0xFF (oon ASCII and
derivatives). Note that this should not be used to convert a legacy
byte encoding to Unicode: use Encode for that. Affected by the
encoding pragma.
=item * $success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK])
Converts (in-place) internal representation of string to be un-encoded
bytes. Returns true on success. On failure dies or, if the value of
FAIL_OK is true, returns false. Can be used to make sure that the
UTF-8 flag is off, e.g. when you want to make sure that the substr()
or length() function works with the usually faster byte algorithm.
Note that this should not be used to convert Unicode back to a legacy
byte encoding: use Encode for that. B<Not> affected by the encoding
pragma.
=item * utf8::encode($string)
Converts (in-place) I<$string> from logical characters to octet
sequence representing it in Perl's I<UTF-X> encoding. Returns
nothing. Same as Encode::encode_utf8(). Note that this should not be
used to convert a legacy byte encoding to Unicode: use Encode for
that.
=item * utf8::decode($string)
Attempts to convert I<$string> in-place from Perl's I<UTF-X> encoding
into logical characters. Returns nothing. Same as Encode::decode_utf8().
Note that this should not be used to convert Unicode back to a legacy
byte encoding: use Encode for that.
=item * $flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING)
(Since Perl 5.8.1) Test whether STRING is in UTF-8. Functionally
the same as Encode::is_utf8().
=item * $flag = utf8::valid(STRING)
[INTERNAL] Test whether STRING is in a consistent state regarding
UTF-8. Will return true is well-formed UTF-8 and has the UTF-8 flag
on B<or> if string is held as bytes (both these states are 'consistent').
Main reason for this routine is to allow Perl's testsuite to check
that operations have left strings in a consistent state. You most
probably want to use utf8::is_utf8() instead.
=back
C<utf8::encode> is like C<utf8::upgrade>, but the UTF8 flag is
cleared. See L<perlunicode> for more on the UTF8 flag and the C API
functions C<sv_utf8_upgrade>, C<sv_utf8_downgrade>, C<sv_utf8_encode>,
and C<sv_utf8_decode>, which are wrapped by the Perl functions
C<utf8::upgrade>, C<utf8::downgrade>, C<utf8::encode> and
C<utf8::decode>. Note that in the Perl 5.8.0 and 5.8.1 implementation
the functions utf8::is_utf8, utf8::valid, utf8::encode, utf8::decode,
utf8::upgrade, and utf8::downgrade are always available, without a
C<require utf8> statement-- this may change in future releases.
=head1 BUGS
One can have Unicode in identifier names, but not in package/class or
subroutine names. While some limited functionality towards this does
exist as of Perl 5.8.0, that is more accidental than designed; use of
Unicode for the said purposes is unsupported.
One reason of this unfinishedness is its (currently) inherent
unportability: since both package names and subroutine names may need
to be mapped to file and directory names, the Unicode capability of
the filesystem becomes important-- and there unfortunately aren't
portable answers.
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<perluniintro>, L<encoding>, L<perlunicode>, L<bytes>
=cut
|
