Previously, md.c and checkpointer.c were tightly integrated so that
fsync calls could be handed off and processed in the background.
Introduce a system of callbacks and file tags, so that other modules
can hand off fsync work in the same way.

For now only md.c uses the new interface, but other users are being
proposed.  Since there may be use cases that are not strictly SMGR
implementations, use a new function table for sync handlers rather
than extending the traditional SMGR one.

Instead of using a bitmapset of segment numbers for each RelFileNode
in the checkpointer's hash table, make the segment number part of the
key.  This requires sending explicit "forget" requests for every
segment individually when relations are dropped, but suits the file
layout schemes of proposed future users better (ie sparse or high
segment numbers).

Author: Shawn Debnath and Thomas Munro
Reviewed-by: Thomas Munro, Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEepm=2gTANm=e3ARnJT=n0h8hf88wqmaZxk0JYkxw+b21fNrw@mail.gmail.com

single source file a few directories deep in the backend tree has changed.

do anything yet, but it has the necessary connections to initialization
and so forth.  Make some gestures towards allowing number of blocks in
a relation to be BlockNumber, ie, unsigned int, rather than signed int.
(I doubt I got all the places that are sloppy about it, yet.)  On the
way, replace the hardwired NLOCKS_PER_XACT fudge factor with a GUC
variable.

to one another. Sort out builddir vs srcdir variable namings. Remove some
now obsoleted make variables.

Make Gen_fmgrtab.sh reasonably robust against concurrent invocation.