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|
Revision 4.3.0, work in progress
--------------------------------
- Critical error fixed in key localization procedure for AES192/AES256/3DES
cyphers. Previous versions might never worked properly in this respect.
- Initial PySMI integration. Original ASN.1 MIBs could now be parsed, stored
at a local pysnmp MIBs repository and loaded into SNMP Engine. Relevant
example scripts added. Obsolete libsmi-based scripts removed.
- Major rewrite of native SNMPv3 CommandGenerator and NotificationOriginator
applications towards the following goals:
* avoid binding to specific SNMP engine instance to promote single
SNMP app instance using many SNMP engine instances
* support two APIs for working with request data: one operates on the
whole PDU object while the other on PDU contents
* keep callback context data in stack rather than in stateful application
cache
* newly introduced sendVarBinds() method offers a more functional and
logical signatures.
* Promote the use of dedicated classes for dealing with OID-value pairs.
Instances of those classes resemble OBJECT-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE and
NOTIFICATION-TYPE MIB structures.
* Oneliner API reworked to become more generic: its LCD configuration
shortcuts and and var-bindings processing code split off SNMP apps
classes to stand-alone objects. The whole API also moved up in package
naming hierarchy and becomes 'pysnmp.hlapi.asyncore' (hlapi is
apparently an African fish). Old oneliner API remains fully operational
at its original location.
* Synchronous oneliner apps redesigned to offer Python generator-based
API along with a more comprehensive set of accepted parameters.
* Asyncore-based asynchronous apps reworked to become functions.
* Twisted API moved entirely into high-level domain to be aligned with
other high-level APIs. This WILL BREAK backward compatibility for
those apps that use Twisted API.
* Keep backward compatibility for all existing major/documented interfaces
- Sphinx documentation added to source code and example scripts. Library
documentation converted from .html into RsT markup.
- Execution Observer facility implemented to give app an inside view
of SNMP engine inner workings. This is thought to be a generic
framework for viewing (and modifying) various internal states
of pysnmp engine. Previously introduced non-standard APIs (like
getting peer's transport endpoint which is not suggested in RFCs)
will be gradually migrated to this new framework.
- Initial support for the asyncio & Trollius frameworks and
coroutines-based SNMP Applications interfaces added. Both IPv4 and IPv6
datagram transports are currently supported.
- Original asynsock transport and AsyncsockDispatcher renamed into
asyncore and AsyncoreDispatcher respectively to provide better hint
to fellow devs on the underlying transport being used. Backward
compatibility preserved.
- The asyncore-based transport subsystem extended to support POSIX
sendmsg()/recvmsg() based socket communication what could be used,
among other things, in the context of a transparent SNMP proxy
application. Technically, the following features were brought
into pysnmp with this update:
* Sending SNMP packets from a non-local IP address
* Receiving IP packets for non-local IP addresses
* Responding to SNMP requests from exactly the same IP address
the query was sent to. This proves to be useful when listening
on both primary and secondary IP interfaces.
- Internal oneliner apps configuration cache moved from respective
apps objects to [a singular] snmpEngine "user context" object.
That would allow for better cache reuse and allow for a single app
working with many snmpEngine instances.
- Oneliner GETBULK Command Generator now strips possible excessive OIDs
off the bottom of returned var-binds table.
- Constraints assignment shortcut added to some base rfc1902 types (Integer,
Integer32, OctetString, Bits). That formally constitutes ASN.1 sub-typing.
- Built-in debugging is now based on Python logging module.
- Examples on a single Transport Dispatcher use with multiple SnmpEngine
instances applicatons added.
- Example script on transport timeout & retries manipulation added.
- Example script explaining incoming message's communityName re-mapping added.
- Broadcast socket option can now be enabled with the .enableBroadcast()
call for any datagram-based transport (namely, UDP and UDP6).
- AbstractTransportDispatcher's jobStarted() and jobFinished() methods
now accept optional 'count' parameter which is a way for an app to indicate
how many responses are expected or have been processed in bulk.
- Example script on SNMP Agents UDP broadcast-based discovery added.
- Oneliner transport object now supports setLocalAddress() method to
force socket binding to specified local interface.
- New public DgramSocketTransport.getLocalAddress() returns local endpoint
address underlying BSD socket is currently bound to.
- Passing request details to access control callback at CommandResponder
reworked towards more robust and simple design with the execution observer
facility.
- All MIBs rebuilt with pysmi.
- MIB instrumentation example improved to cover table index building facility.
- Handle the case of null writer at Debug printer.
- Do not cache snmpEngineId & snmpAdminString at CommandGenerator to let it
be reused with many different snmpEngines.
- TRAP PDU agent address evaluation at proto.api made lazy to improve
startup time.
- Multiple fixes to verify pyasn1 decoder.decode() return to withstand
broken SNMP messages or its components.
- First attempt made to make some of SNMP Engine settings persistent
across reboots.
- Make config.delTransport() returning detached transport object. Asyncio
examples now use this facility to explicitly shutdown transport object.
- Parts of SMIv1 remnant MIBs (RFC1213-MIB, RFC1158-MIB) added to provide
complete compatibility with SMIv1. Symbols defined in these MIBs only
present in SMIv1 so they can't be substituted with their SMIv2 analogues.
- MibBuilder.addMibSources() convenience method added.
- The smi.MibBuilder() will now raise more specific exceptions (MibLoadError,
MibNotFoundError) on MIB loading problems rather than more generic
SmiError.
- The oneliner's MibVariable MIB lookup subsystem redesigned for more
generality to mimic OBJECT-TYPE macro capabilities related to SNMP
PDU handling. The two new classed are ObjectIdentity and ObjectType.
The ObjectIdentity class additionally supports just a MIB module name
initializer in which case if resolves into either first or last symbol
in given MIB. Another option is just a MIB symbol initializer without
specifying MIB module.
This new subsystem is moved from the scope of oneliner to more common
pysnmp.smi.rfc1903 scope to more naturally invoke it from whatever
part of pysnmp requires MIB services.
- MibBuilder now prepends the contents of environment variables it
recognizes (PYSNMP_MIB_DIR, PYSNMP_MIB_DIRS, PYSNMP_MIB_PKGS) rather
than using them instead of its default core MIBs.
- Removed RowStatus default value as it may collide with possible subclass
constraints.
- A few additional MIB tree management methods added to MibViewController
to better address ordered nature of MIB tree nodes (namely, getFirst*,
getLast* family of methods).
- Wheel distribution format now supported.
- Fix to authoritative engine side snmpEngineID discovery procedure:
respond with notInTimeWindows rather then with unsupportedSecurityLevel
at time synchronization phase.
- Fix to rfc1902.Bits type to make it accepting hex and binary initializers,
cope with missing bits identifieirs at prettyPrint().
- Memory leak fixed in CommandForwarder examples.
- Fix to BULK CommandGenerator to use the same nonRepeaters OIDs across
multiple GETBULK iterations so returned table for nonRepeaters columns
would hold the same var-bind.
- Fix to CommandGenerator to make sendRequestHandle persistent across
multiple iterations of GETNEXT/GETBULK queries.
- Fix to sendNotification() error handling at NotificationOriginator.
- Fix to preserve possible 'fixed length' setting atrfc1902.OctetString
on clone()'ing and subtype()'ing.
- Fix to rfc1902.OctetString & Bits to base them on OctetString class to
make the 'fixed length' property working.
- Fix to .clone() method of rfc1902.Bits class to make its signature
matching the rest of classes. This may broke code which used to pass
namedValue parameter positionally rather than binding it by name.
- Fix to PDU translation service (proto.proxy.rfc2576) to make it
initializing errorIndex & errorStatus components of the resulting PDU.
- Fix to MsgAndPduDispatcher.sendPdu() to clean up request queue on
pysnmp-level processing failure.
- Fix to SNMPv1/v2c message processing subsystem to make it serving
unique PDU request-id's in both outgoing and incoming confirmed
and response PDU types. Duplicate request-id's in unrelated PDUs may
cause cache errors otherwise.
- Fix to licensing terms of multiple twisted backend modules to make
the whole pysnmp package licensed under BSD 2-Clause license. This
change has been explicitly permitted by the original modules authors.
- Fix to asyncore-based transport not to use asyncore's cheap inheritance
from socket object what caused warnings.
- Fix at NotificationOriginator to make is using MibInstrumentationController
when expanding Notification OBJECTS into Managed Objects Instances.
- Missing wrongLength and wrongEncoding SMI errors added.
- Fix to file descriptor leak at MibBuilder.
- Fix to rfc2576.v2ToV1() to ignore impossible errorStatus.
- Fix to rfc2576.v1ToV2() to reset ErrorStatus==noSuchName on proxying.
- Fix to smi.builder to explicitly fail on any MIB file access error
(but ENOENT) and raise IOError uniformly on any directory/egg access
failure.
Revision 4.2.5, released 2013-10-02
-----------------------------------
- License updated to vanilla BSD 2-Clause to ease package use
(http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause).
- A dozen of lightweight Twisted-based example scripts replaced more
complex example implementations used previously.
- SNMP Proxy example apps separated into a larger set of more specialized
ones.
- Most of Command Generator examples re-pointed to a live SNMP Agent
at demo.snmplabs.com to ease experimentation and adoption.
- Multithreaded oneliner CommandGenerator example added.
- Packet-level SNMP API (pysnmp.proto.api) getErrorIndex() method can now
be instructed to ignore portentially malformed errorIndex SNMP packet
value what sometimes happens with buggy SNMP implementations.
- Standard SNMP Apps and built-in proxy now ignores malformed errorIndex
value.
- Built-in logging now includes timestamps.
- Multi-lingual capabilities of all CommandGenerator & NotificationOriginator
apps re-worked and improved. For instance it is now it's possible to run
getBulk() against a SNMPv1 Agent invoking built-in SNMP Proxy behind the
scene.
- The $PYSNMP_MIB_DIR & $PYSNMP_MIB_DIRS & $PYSNMP_MIB_PKGS path separator
made platform-specific.
- Change to rfc2576.v1tov2() logic: errorStatus = noSuchName is now
translated into rfc1905.noSuchObject exception value for *all* var-bindings
at once. Although RFC2576 does not suggest error-status -> v2c exception
translation, historically pysnmp used to perform it for a long time so we
can't easily stop doing that.
- Exception re-raising improved at MibInstrumController.flipFlopFsm() and
asynsock/twisted dispatchers so that original traceback is preserved.
- A single instance of transport dispatcher can now serve multiple
receivers (identified by IDs) chosen by a public data routing method.
- SnmpEngine.[un]registerTransportDispatcher() methods now accept optional
receiver ID token to be used by transport dispatcher's data router. This
allows for multiple SNMP engines registration with a single transport
dispatcher.
- Distribute is gone, switched to setuptools completely.
- The snmpCommunityTable row selection improved to follow RFC2576, clause
5.2.1.
- Asyncore-based dispatcher attempts to use poll() whenever available
on the platform. It would help handling a really large number (>1024)
of file descriptors.
- AsynCommandGenerator.makeReadVarBinds() generalized into a new
makeVarBinds() method which replaces somewhat redundant code at setCmd()
and AsynNotificationOriginator.sendNotification().
- AsynCommandGenerator.uncfgCmdGen() & AsynNotificationOriginator.uncfgCmdGen()
methods now accept optional authData parameter to remove specific entries
from LCD. This can be useful for modifying security parameters for
specific securityName.
- SNMP credentials management reworked to separate userName from securityName
in snmpCommunityEntry and usmUserEntry tables. Changes made to addV1System(),
addV3User() functions as well as to their oneliner's wrappers.
- The contextEngineId parameter of config.addV3User() and auth.UsmUserData()
renamed into securityEngineId as it's semantically correct
- Oneliner UsmUserData() and CommunityData() classes now support clone()'ing
to facilitate authentication data management in user applications.
- Oneliner transport target classes now support the getTransportInfo()
method that returns network addresses used on protocol level.
- Oneliner CommandGenerator.getNext() & .getBulk() methods now support the
maxCalls kwarg to limit the maximum number of iterations to perform.
- The config.addSocketTransport() helper renamed into config.addTransport()
and improved by automatically instantiating compatible TransportDispatcher
making it dispatcher-agnostic. As an additional bonus, application may not
call registerTransportDispatcher() as it would be called by addTransport().
- The SnmpV3MessageProcessingModel.getPeerEngineInfo() method is implemented
to communicate discovered peer SNMP engine information to SNMP apps what
can be used for fine usmUserTable configuration.
- AsynNotificationOriginator.cfgCmdGen() does not take into account
securityModel & securityLevel when reducing LCD access via addTrapUser().
This improves LCD consistency on sparse add/del operatons but also
does not let you to configure different securityModels per securityname
at VACM though the cfgCmdGen() wrapper.
- MIB builder traceback formatting and reporting improved.
- SNMP Engine object now has a snmpEngineID attribute exposed.
- Fix to inet_ntop()/inet_pton() support on Windows at TRANSPORT-ADDRESS-MIB.
- Fix to usmUserSecurityName table column implementation -- automatic value
generation from index value removed.
- Fix and significant logic rework of snmpCommunityTable to make it working
in both Generator and Responder modes and better follow RFC2576
requirements on sequential entries lookup and selection. As a side effect,
untagged snmpCommunityTable entries will *not* match tagged
snmpTargetAddrTable entries and vice versa.
- Fix to Twisted-based NotificationOriginator to make it serving INFORMs again.
- Fix to rfc2576.v1tov2() logic: errorStatus = noSuchName is now translated
into rfc1905.noSuchObject exception value for *all* var-bindings. Although
this is not mentioned in RFC, it looks as a more consistent approach.
- Fix of rounding error to base I/O dispatcher's next timer call calculation.
- Explicit twisted dispatcher's timer resolution (of 1 sec) removed to make
use of global default of 0.5 sec.
- Fix to twisted/udp non-default local endpoint binding features. Common
socket ('host', port) notation is now supported.
- Fix to Twisted-based transport to make it closing UDP port / UNIX pipe
on shutdown.
- Fix to Twisted-based dispatcher not to close transport on unregistration
at dispatcher as transports can potentially be reused elsewhere.
- Fix to asyncore-based transport to work only with AsynsockDispatcher's
socket map and not to touch default asyncore's one. The latter have caused
dispatcher/transport restarting issues.
- The delV3User() function improved to drop all rows from USM table that
were cloned from the target one.
- Fix to exceptions handling at MsgAndPduDispatcher.sendPdu() to avoid
sendPduHandle miss (followed by system crash) on cache expiration run.
- Break cyclic references at CommandResponder and NotificationReceiver apps
through close() method.
- Fix to octet string typing at 3DES codec (used to throw an exception).
- Fix to SnmpAdminString, SnmpTagList, SnmpTagValue types to make them
supporting UTF-8 initializers.
- Fix to v1/v2c message processing module which used to refer to a
bogus stateReference in some cases what causes SNMP engine crashes.
- Fix to IPv6 transport to zero ZoneID, FlowID and ScopeID components
sometimes coming along with incoming packet.
- Fix to SNMPv1 MP module to pass stateReference to registered app on
unconfirmed notifications reception (to let NotificationReceiver
Apps browsing request details).
(transport information at the moment) at SNMP engine.
- Asyncsock sockets now configured with SO_REUSEADDR option to fix possible
Windows error 10048.
- Gracefully handle malformed SnmpEngineID at USM coming from SNMPv3 header.
- Typos fixed in error-status constants at CommandResponder
- Missing import added to oneliner auth module.
- Cosmetic changes to v3arch example scripts.
Revision 4.2.4, released 2013-01-30
-----------------------------------
- SNMPv3 high-level and native API examples reworked and extended to cover
many use cases.
- The missing functionality of NOTIFICATION-TYPE objects being looked up
at local Management Instrumentation and attached to TRAP/INFORM message
by Notification Originator is now fully implemented.
- The missing functionality of passing Response PDU contents of INFORM
request is now implemented at Notification Originator app. The return
value of NotificationOriginator.sendNotification is now a composite object
that includes errorStatus, errorIndex and varBinds.
- The missing functionality of passing lookupNames & lookupValues params
to Notification Originator is now implemented. It may make sense for
INFORMs.
- The missing functionality of passing contextName to oneliner
version of NotificationOriginator.sendNotification is now implemented.
- Oneliner example apps now include cases where non-default SNMP
ContextEngineId/ContextName/SecurityEngineId is used.
- The contextName parameter of SnmpContext.getMibInstrum made optional.
- AbstractMibInstrumController class added as a base class for all possible
kinds of Management Instrumentation controllers.
- Report package version on debugging code initialization.
- MibInstrumController.getMibBuilder() added.
- I/O sockets buffer sizes made configurable, minimum default is now
forced to be no less than 2**17 (to fit two huge datagrams).
- Catch possible exceptions on pyasn1 encoder invocation.
- VACM modules converted from a function into an object to let it keep
state (caches) in the future.
- Unnecessary MibSource explicit initialization calls removed at MibBuilder.
- Example configuration for Net-SNMP's snmptrapd added.
- Cast additionalVarBinds into ObjectIdentifier type at
NotificationOriginator.sendNotification()
- Standard SNMPv3 Apps hardened to catch protocol-related exceptions and
report them as errorIndication's.
- Catch and mute possible failure of getsockname(), that seems to happen
on Windows only so far.
- Memory leak fixed at oneliner cache of already configured targets.
- Fixes to at AsynNotificationOriginator.sendNotification() to make
a) the notificationType param mandatory b)t e varBinds param really
optional
- Fixes to ContextEngineId/ContextName support at the oneliner API: now
both items should be passed to request PDU through Cmd() request
initiation method, the items of authData object should be used only for
LCD configuration.
- Fix to MibVariable handling of the MIB, <empty-symbol> initializers.
- Fix to outgoing queue processing order at socket transport. Now
it's a FIFO discipline rather than LIFO.
- Fix to NotificationOriginator's additionalVarBinds parameter - it is
not mandatory anymore with the oneliner API. Also additionalVarBinds
defaulted value changed from None to () meaning no var-binds.
- Attempt to convert Windows style EOL into UNIX ones in MIB source
modules appeared to be unnecessary and even destructive to modules
data in some cases. So the convertion code removed altogether.
- Fix to isAccessAllowed() error handling at NotificationOriginator. System
used to crash on access denied condition.
- Fix to NotificationOriginator to make it use system uptime and trap OID
values from SNMP engine's instrumentation rather then from SNMP context.
- Fix a couple of bugs at MibTable* logic involved for table instances
creation.
- Fix to Management Instrumentation code to handle cases of non-initialized
or not-compliant-to-constraints Managed Objects Instances.
- Fix to Management Instrumentation code to make table row removal through
SNMP working again. Wrong method (instumClone) was probed at terminal
MIB nodes values instead of the right one (setValue).
Revision 4.2.3, released 2012-09-06
-----------------------------------
- SECURITY FIX: USM subsystem did not verify securityLevel of a request
to an authoritative SNMP engine against auth/priv protocols
configured for the user in question. That allowed unauthenticated/unciphered
access to pysnmp-based Agent even if USM user is configured to provide one.
- Oneliner [Asyn]CommandGenerator now supports optional keyword args
lookupNames, lookupValues that enable response OID / value looked up at
MIB and reported as a MibVariable container object carrying relevant
MIB info.
- Oneliner [Asyn]CommandGenerator now supports symbolic MIB object names to be
passed within a MibVariable container object which would do a deferred
MIB lookup for name resolution. This is a new and preferred API which
obsoletes the tuple-based one (it is still suppored though).
- Oneliner CommandGenerator's class attributes lexicographicMode, maxRows
and ignoreNonIncreasingOid moved to optional keyword args of nextGen()
and bulkGen() methods.
- IPv6/UDP and Local Domain Socket transport interfaces added to the
oneliner API.
- Mib Instrumentation subsystem re-worked to replace excessive
MibNode's smiCreate()/smiWrite()/smiDestroy() methods with
MibScalarInstance's getValue()/setValue()
- MibTree.readTest[Get]Next() reworked to be called uniformely so
user could tap on these methods at any level of the MIB tree.
- MibTableColumn.getNextNodeWithValue() unpublished API method obsoleted
and removed for clarity.
- Hex dumps of binary parts of the protocol added to ease system
operations analysis.
- SnmpEngineId autogeneration does not call DNS resolver but uses
local hostname not to depend upon local IP availability and performance.
- Example apps reworked, additional SNMPv3 auth/priv protocols and transports
added.
- Package version is now available as __init__.__version__ and it is
in-sync with distutils.
- Package meta-information updated.
- The __init__.py's made non-empty (rumors are that they may be optimized
out by package managers).
- Multiple fixes to UNIX domain socket transport to make it fully
operational again.
- Use sysUpTime value whenever it is included in Notification PDU, otheriwese
resort to SNMP engine uptime reading.
- SNMPv2c Message is now defined in rfc1901.py what matches standard
definition.
- Types defined within SNMPv1/v2c data structures (rfc1157.py/rfc1905.py)
moved to module scope to become accessible by wrapper routines
(v1.py/v2c.py). This is used for setting strictly typed default values
to corresponding SNMP data structures.
- The obsolete and unpublished MibInstrumController.readVarsFast() method
removed for API clarity.
- MibBuilder now distinguishes case of MIB modules filenames even if
underlying OS does not.
- LCD configuration caching is implemented at pysnmp.entity.rfc3413.config
that improves performance of repetitive calls by 10% and might hugely
improve NotificationOriginator's performance when working on a large
number of targets.
- A caching maps implemented at rfc2576 subsystem to speed-up communityName
to/from securityName resolution. The also makes transport tags processing
better compliant to the standard.
- Community and Transport tags processing changed at the oneliner interface
to make the whole mechanism more compliant with the standard. Most
importantly, it is now possible to tag authentication and transport
information separately.
- The NoSuchInstanceError exception class is no more inherits from
NoSuchObjectError to make class hierarchy closer to SNMP specification
which states that these errors are separate and independent.
- The Next & BulkCommandGenerator's split onto single-run and iterative
impementations. The former just process a single interaction and complete
while the latter run as many interactions as user callback function
indicates to.
- The pysnmp.entity.rfc3413.mibvar module is now obsolete by
pysnmp.entity.rfc3413.oneliner.mibvar featuring basically the same
features but within a stateful, dedicated object.
- Auth & target configuration container classes moved to their separate
modules at oneliner API.
- The notificationType parameter of AsynNotificationOriginator.sendNotification
made defaulted to reflect its optional nature.
- Oneliner UsmUserData, UdpTransportTarget, Udp6TransportTarget instances
are not hashable anymore as they are intended to act more like a data
structure than object.
- Built-in debugger now supports negating debugging categories.
- An async/getgen.py example script added.
- Fix to MIB data reading routine to make it working with possible
Windows end-of-line's.
- Fix to CommandGenerator's SNMPv3 engine autodiscovery algorithm
when retryCount is administratively set to 0.
- Fix to Notification Originator to make it communicating a single
sendPduHandle to an application even when multiple INFORMs are triggered
and processed by a single call by way of transport tagging feature.
- Fix to rfc2576:processIncomingMessage() to take SecurityModel into account
when lookup up SecurityName by CommunityName. This allows mixed SNMPv1/v2c
communication with the same target.
- Fix to internal MessageProcessing and SecurityModel timers so they become
dependant on system timer resolution.
- Fix to v1.PDUAPI.setDefaults() method that used to set wrongly typed
time-stamp component.
- Fix to IPv6 address handling to prevent system from crashing whilst
running Python3.
- Fix to SNMPv2 exception objects translation into SNMPv1 PDU and NEXT
OIDs calculation.
- Fix to MibTree class to properly report noSuchObject & noSuchInstance
SNMP special values.
- Fix to libsmi2pysnmp tool to make it working again in Python < 2.7
- Fix to exception handling at decodeMessageVersion() caller to prevent
ASN.1 parsing errors crashing the whole app.
- Fix to GenericTrap type processing at rfc2576:v1Tov2c() which used to
crash the whole SNMP engine.
- Fix to [possibly uninizilaized] pyasn1 objects printouts at
MibInstrumController.__indexMib()
- Fix to maxSizeResponseScopedPDU calculation at rfc3414/service.py.
- Dedicated 'withmib' example set is obsolete and removed.
- Another SNMP proxy example app added (1to3.py).
- Fix to MIB modules loading code to make it using __import__() properly.
This also makes pysnmp working again with Python 3.3rc0.
- Typo fix to snmpInASNParseErrs MIB instance object.
- Typo fix to errind.EngineIdMismatch class and its instance.
Revision 4.2.2, released 2012-04-21
-----------------------------------
- Oneliner CommandGenerator can now limit the number of SNMP table
rows returned by nextCmd()/bulkCmd() methods.
- Oneliner CommunityData configuration object can now be initialized
with community name only, security name will be chosen automatically.
- Oneliner LCD configuration routines reworked towards clarity. The
side-effect of this change is that repetitive oneliner call with the same
securityName and different configuration options will only honor
the first settings. Previous implementation would override older settings.
- Transport dispatcher now provides its own time expressed in
fractions of second. SNMP engine uses this notion of time for
handling requests timeout to make packet flow time bound
to async I/O core operations rather than to real time.
- The libsmi2pysnmp tool improved to handle incomplete SMI v1->v2
conversion performed by smidump. The remaining core SMIv1 modules
excluded from the core MIB set.
- The pyasn1 constraint and enumeration objects put into ASN1-*
MIB modules what appears to be more in-line with SMI. Existing
MIB modules as well as libsmi2pysnmp tool corrected accordingly.
- SMIv1 MIB modules (including RFC1155 and RFC1213) were moved to
pysnmp-mibs as pysnmp is SMIv2-based.
- The MibBuilder.importSymbols() now takes optional kwargs and
push them into MIB modules globals(). This is to facilitate
passing user infomation, such as DB connection handler, to MIB
module namespace so it could be used by ManagedObjects implementations.
- When running on Python3, SMI will re-raise exceptions with the original
traceback for easier diagnostics.
- Out of PYTHONPATH MIB paths now supported.
- Added pyasn1 decoder failures diagnistics in debug mode.
- Fix to non-MT-safe class attributes at SNMPv3 MP & SEC modules.
- Fix to ContextName handling in bytes form whilst running Python3. Data
mismatch error would return otherwise.
- Fix to SNMPv3 MP peer engine ID discovery not to learn and use
user-specified ContextEngineId.
- Fix to socket.error processing at Py3 on Windows.
- Fix to oneliner GETNEXT/GETBULK implementation to properly support
ignoreNonIncreasingOIDs option.
- Fix to setEndOfMibError()/setNoSuchInstanceError() at v1 PDU not to
loose errorIndex.
- Fix to api.v2c.getVarBindTable() to ignore possible non-rectangular GETBULK
response tables.
- Fix to oneliner getnext/getbulk response table rectangulation procedure
to gracefully handle an empty column condition.
- Fix to legacy MibBuilder.getMibPath() to prevent it from missing
.egg-based components in path.
- Fix to oneliner configuration routine that used to implicitly
tag SNMPv1/v2c auth and transport LCD rows what resulted in
huge delays when processing incoming messages with large number
of peers configured.
- Fix to UDP6 transport handling at rfc2576 security module.
- Fix to SnmpEngineID value autogeneration (used to fail on Mac).
- SNMPv2-SMI.ObjectType.__repr__() fixed to do a repr() on its components.
- All SNMPv2-SMI.MibNode-based objects, once exported to a mibBuilder, will
carry an embedded label symbol.
- Exlicit repr() calls replaced with '%r'
- Fix to error processing at GETNEXT & GETBULK apps response handlers.
- Fix to libsmi2pysnmp to make it supporting long (256+) list of function
params.
- Fix to libsmi2pysnmp to support inheritance of MIB types.
Revision 4.2.1, released 2011-11-07
-----------------------------------
- Support string OIDs at one-liner API.
- Code quality of libsmi2pysnmp tool improved, MIBs re-built.
- SNMP-PROXY-MIB & SNMP-USER-BASED-SM-3DES-MIB added
- v1arch bulkgen.py example added
- Major overhawl for Python 2.4 -- 3.2 compatibility:
+ get rid of old-style types
+ drop string module usage
+ switch to rich comparation
+ drop explicit long integer type use
+ map()/filter() replaced with list comprehension
+ apply() replaced with var-args
+ dictionary operations made 2K/3K compatible
+ division operator made 2K/3K compatible
+ sorting function now operates on key
+ iterators returned by some funcs in py3k converted to lists
+ exception syntax made 2K/3K compatible
+ tuple function arguments resolved to scalars to become py3k compatible
+ BER octetstream is now of type bytes (Py3k) or still string (Py2k)
Revision 4.1.16d, released 2011-09-22
-------------------------------------
- Fix to SNMPv1 Trap PDU agentAddress setter shortcut method.
Revision 4.1.16c, released 2011-08-14
-------------------------------------
- Missing module import fixed in privacy subsystem
Revision 4.1.16b, released 2011-08-13
-------------------------------------
- Oneliner CommandGenerator can now optionally ignore non-increasing OIDs.
- Default CommandResponder now skips non-compliant (Counter64) values
when responding to a v1 Manager.
- Fix to state information handling at CommandResponder app.
- Fix to Twisted reactor shutdown condition.
- Fix to distutils dependencies syntax.
Revision 4.1.16a, released 2011-03-17
-------------------------------------
- Extended Security Options (3DESEDE, AES192, AES256) privacy
protocols implemented.
- The error-indication codes moved from literals to objects for reliability
and clarity
- Fix to v1.TrapPDUAPI.getVarBinds() to address PDU component at the right
position.
- Fix to rfc1902.Bits initialization from named bits sequence.
- Fix to MIB builder by-extension module filtering code to cope with .pyw
files.
- Internal caches structure improved.
- Sync versions of oneliner apps split off async implementation for clarity.
- Randomize initial in various numeric sequences.
- MsgAndPduDsp expectResponse parameters passing reworked.
- GetNext/GetBulk response processing logic moved to getNextVarBinds()
- Changes towards performance improvement:
+ all dict.has_key() & dict.get() invocations replaced with modern syntax
(this breaks compatibility with Python 2.1 and older).
+ introduce the MibInstrumControlle.readVarsFast() method (which skips
the "testing" phase of MIB value readin) for dealing with internal
configuration (LCD).
+ default debug.logger is now just a zero value instead of an object
what saves big on frequent calls
+ SNMPv2-SMI columnar indices <-> index values convertion code optimized.
+ pre-compute and re-use some of ASN.1 structures.
+ avoid setting PDU defaults to save on unnecessary initialization.
+ skip ASN.1 types verification where possible.
+ at oneliner Command Generator, avoid looking up pure OID arguments
at MIB as it's pointless but takes time.
+ cache MIB columnar objects instance ID <-> symbolic index representation
mapping
Revision 4.1.15a, released 2010-12-13
-------------------------------------
- SNMP Proxy example added.
- End-of-MIB condition detection reworked what caused backward
incompatibility at v1arch GETNEXT API. Previous pysnmp versions
used value = None in var-binds as returned by getVarBindTable()
API method. This version uses rfc1905 exception values (v2c/v3)
or pyasn1 Null (v1).
Built-in GETNEXT/GETBULK apps now do not require user to track
end-of-mib conditions anymore -- this is now done automatically.
- CommandResponder API now supports async mode of operation.
- SNMP exception values now exported from rfc1905 module, and made
pretty printable.
- Lexicographic walking mode is now supported at oneliner CommandGenerator.
- ContextEngineId&ContextName parameters passing implemented at
v3arch oneliner API.
- Multiple instances of the same transport domain now supported.
- Initial snmpEngineId value generation improved not to accidentally
collide within an administrative domain.
- MibTableColumn instances now build value-to-column-instance map
to speedup by-value search.
- SNMPv2-CONF::AgentCapabilities macro implemented.
- The libsmi2pysnmp tool handles some more MACROs.
- Void access control module implemented to let apps disabling [default] VACM.
- Allow standard SNMP apps to choose access control method to use.
- Twisted-based CommandResponder example added.
- Fix/rework of Twisted GETNEXT/BULK CommandGenerator callback API to
make it simpler and uniform with other CommandGenerators
- Fix to SNMPv3 security module to store peer SNMP engine timeline
only if taken from an authenticated message. Prior to this fix
SNMP engine was not been protected from spoofing.
- Fix to $SMIPATH initialization at build-pysnmp-mib.
- Fix to maxSizeResponseScopedPDU calculation.
- Fix to Next/Bulk CommandGenerators to catch a non-increasing OID
error condition (what prevents looping).
- Fix to Opaque value tagging at rfc1155.Opaque type.
- Fix to handle (fail gracefully) zero-length user password.
- Fix to SNMP error propagation at Twisted driver (SF tracker ID #3054505).
- Fix to Agent-role snmpEngineId discovery procedure that allows
authenticated ReportPDU generation.
- Fix to SNMPv1 PDU handling at CommandResponder & NotificationReceiver
apps.
- Fix to CommandResponder app to skip Counter64 SMI values when responding
to SNMPv1 Manager.
- Fix to protocol translator code (rfc2576) to handle Counter64 type
in v2c-to-v1 PDU translation.
- Fix to non-response var-binds translation in rfc2576.v2ToV1().
- Fix to wrong exceptions used in pysnmp/entity modules.
- Fix to noauth/nopriv security module so that it would not crash SNMP
engine if called accidentally.
- Fix to CommandResponder not to return out-of-range errorIndex along
with genErr
- Fix to GETBULK CommandResponder to do a by-column MIB walk, not by-raw.
- Fix to getVarBindTable() API function logic.
- Fix to example Manager scripts to use errorIndex when available.
- Fix to dummy encryptData()/decryptData() API
- Fix to oneliner GETBULK table collection code to make it stripping
uneven rows off table tail.
Revision 4.1.14a, released 2010-07-15
-------------------------------------
- Fix to maxSizeResponseScopedPDU calculation at USM security module: now
more precise and robust against screwed values on input.
- Fix to MIB loading logic that used to load same-name modules at
disticts search paths on each loadModules() call.
- Fix to AsynsockDispatcher.runDispatcher() to make use of optional
non-default select() timeout value.
- AbstractTransportDispatcher now allows user application registering
multiple timer callbacks each with dedicated call period.
- Asynsock mainloop default idle period reduced to 0.5 sec for better
timer resolution.
- Fix to SNMPv1->SNMPv2c error status handling at proxy module. This
defect may have caused an infinite loop on a multiple var-bind
SNMPv1 GetNext operation.
- Fix to contextName processing at config.addV1System -- typo rendered
passed contextName not committed into LCD.
- Fix to unknown ContextName exception handling at CommandResponder App.
- config.addVacmUser() now accepts an optional contextName what makes
it usable for configuring multiple contextName-bound bases of Managed
Objects to SnmpEngine.
- MP pending states cache management re-worked so that SNMP engine will
now handle an unlimited number of pending request/responses.
- Fix to SNMP discovery procedure: include ContentName in SNMP discovery
messaging.
- Many fixes to AES crypto code that makes it actually working.
- Fix to SNMPv2-SMI createUndo operations.
- Fix to INFORM sending error handling at oneliner.
- Fix to mismatched response PDU handling at CommandGenerator application.
- Debug category 'app' (for Application) added to facilitate
Standard SNMP Applications debugging.
- The retryCount semantic of CommandGenerator application changed to include
sole retries and do not include initial request. Thus, retryCount=1 will
now send up to two packets, not just one as it used to be.
- Debugging printout now escapes non-printable characters.
Revision 4.1.13a, released 2010-02-09
-------------------------------------
- UDP over IPv6 transport implemented.
- Fix to MIB tree walking code that used to fail on table columns where
indices have identical leading parts.
- SNMPv1/v2c snmpCommunityTransportTag-based imcoming message filtering
implemented (rfc2576).
Revision 4.1.12a, released 2009-12-03
-------------------------------------
- API versioning retired (pysnmp.v4 -> pysnmp).
- MIB loading mechanics re-designed to allow ZIP import.
- MIB loader supports code objects (py[co])
- Installer now uses setuptools for package management whenever available.
- The libsmi2pysnmp tool improved to build constraints of more than
256 items (Python has a limit on the number of function params).
- Missing SNMPTrap PDU API implemented at proto.api.v2c, RFC2576 proxy
code reworked.
- Fix to sysUpTime OID at SNMPv2 TRAP PDU.
Revision 4.1.11a, released 2009-08-21
-------------------------------------
- Twisted integration implemented.
- Attempt to use hashlib whenever available.
- Fix to oneliner Manager code on < Python 2.4.
- Let NotificationReceiver and CommandResponder Apps browsing request details
(transport information at the moment) at SNMP engine.
- Fix to config.addV1System() to allow multiple systems to co-exist in LCD.
- Fix to wrongly succeeding user-parameters-by-community-name searching code
in rfc2576 processIncomingMsg() method.
- Do sanity checking on PYSNMP_MODULE_ID, Groups and Notifications in
libsmi2pysnmp (SF bug #2122489).
- Fix to oneliner Notification Originator that sometimes used to send multiple
requests at once.
- Oneliners LCD names generation code reworked to avoid accidental clashes.
- Fix and re-work of sysUpTime value management in LCD.
- Fix to pending inform request data caching in mpmod/rfc2576.py -- previous
code led to cache data corruption on multple outstanding requests.
- In SMI configuration wrapper functions, catch access to non-configured
entries and raise an exception.
- Allow multuple callback timer functions in all transport dispatchers.
- Fix to libsmi2pysnmp code to preserve more underscored object names and
to guess the right type between indistinguishable ObjectGroup &
NotificationGroup
- Fix to MibScalarInstance value setting logic - previous code failed
when modifying the same OID multiple times within a single SET operation.
- Minor usability improvements to tools/build-pysnmp-mib.
- Made MIB objects unexport feature operational.
Revision 4.1.10a, released 2008-05-25
-------------------------------------
- Internal MIB indexing method __indexMib() unmangled to facilitate
setting up mutex there for sharing MIB stuff between threads.
- Fixed broken IpAddress value handling in SET operation.
- Broken MibBuilder.unloadModules() method now works.
- Use getLabel() SMI object method when building MIB tree (in builder.py)
in addition to direct attribute access for clearer object protocol.
- The MIB building tools updated to match significantly improved
smidump tool (libsmi version > 0.4.5).
- Made libsmi2pysnmp tool optionally building MIB text fields into pysnmp
MIB code (enabled by default) and MibBuilder conditionally loading them
up (disabled by default).
- SnmpEngine and MsgAndPduDispatcher constructors now optionally
take msgAndPduDspr and mibInstrumController class instances
respectively to facilitate these objects sharing within a process.
- Unique integers, for various parts of the system, are now generated
by a nextid.py module. This fixes possible issues with duplicate
request IDs and handlers.
- Built-in MIBs re-generated to include text fields.
Revision 4.1.9a, released 2007-11-28
------------------------------------
- UNSTABLE ALPHA RELEASE.
- At onliner CommandGenerator, close transport on destruction to
prevent socket leak. Implicit async transports registration at
default asyncore's socket map has been disabled to avoid side
effects.
- Fix to rfc2576.v1ToV2c() PDU converter to perform noSuchName error code
translation.
- Fixes to Notification PDU convertion code at rfc2576 in part of
snmpTrapOID handling.
- Fix to nonRepeaters object use as sequence slicer (must be int) at
cmdrsp.CommandResponderApplication
- Make AsynsockDispatcher using its own socket map by default for
threading safety. This will break asyncore apps that rely on pysnmp
sharing the same socket map with them. A solution would be to either
set asyncore map to pysnmp (AsynsockDispatcher.setSocketMap()) or pass
pysnmp map (AsynsockDispatcher.getSocketMap()) to asyncore.
- Fix to response timeout roundup bug at CommandGenerator and
NotificationOriginator code.
- Oneline configuration classes made hashable to prevent memory leaks
when committing them into CommandGenerator/NotificationOriginator
internal repository.
- Security information is now released properly in all MP modules.
This might fix a significant memory leak.
- Typo fix to rfc3411 confirmed class PDU members.
Revision 4.1.8a, released 2007-08-14
------------------------------------
- UNSTABLE ALPHA RELEASE.
- SMI/dispatcher timeout convertion multiplier is actually 100 (1/100 sec)
rather than 1/1000. This fix affects timeouts specified through SMI.
- __repr__() implemented for UdpTransportTarget, CommunityData, UsmUserData
in oneliner module.
- Automatically initialize table index values on table management
operations (SF bug ID #1671989).
- Fix to carrier code: ignore BADFD socket error as it may happen upon
FD closure on n-1 select() event.
- Fix to MibBuilder.setMibPath() to preserve previously loaded modules
intact. Otherwise loadModules() called after setMibPath() might fail
with 'MIB file not found in search path' exception.
- Fix to oneliner classes that now invoke unconfiguration methods on
destruction. This might have caused memory leaks.
- Automatically initialize SNMP-USER-BASED-SM-MIB::UsmUserSecurityName
columnar object instance on creation, as stated in DESCRIPTION (SF
tracker ID #1620392).
- Fix to USM timeframe arithmetics (SF bug #1649032).
- VACM shortcuts merged into universal add/delVacmUser() to let notifications
and requests to co-exist for the same user.
- At oneliners, build LCD tables keys from a hashed mix of input parameters
to make sure these automatic entries won't interfere or exceed constraints
on keys values.
- Made use of notificationType parameter of the sendNotification method
in NotificationOriginator applications. This parameter used to be
ignored in the past. Note, that previously used (and ignored) syntax
has been changed in an incompatible way.
- Allow plain Python values in setCmd() and sendNotification()
methods in CommandGenerator and NotificationOriginator applications
respectively.
- Multi-target oneliner API-based example script added.
- Ignore more socket errors in datagram-type async socket code.
- AES cipher now supported (rfc3826).
- Fix to messed up tagIDs of noSuchInstance and noSuchObject types.
- SET Command Responder fixed to obscure access to non-existing variables
by returning notWritable error (SF bug #1764839).
- AsynsockDispatcher.setSocketMap() method added to facilitate pysnmp
transport integration into third-party asyncore-based applications.
- Fix to errorIndex generation at CommandResponder application, the value
should be a one-based.
Revision 4.1.7a, released 2007-02-19
------------------------------------
- UNSTABLE ALPHA RELEASE.
- Low-level debugging facility implemented.
- Support UdpTransportTarget timeout and retries parameters in oneliner API.
- Fix to snmpTrapOID construction at ...proxy.rfc2576.v1ToV2()
function.
- Fix to MibViewController.getNodeName() to take MIB module name
into account (SF bug #1505847).
- Do explicit check for Counter32,Unsigned32,TimeTicks,Counter64 value types
in MibTableRow index convertion and in TextualConvention.prettyPrint()
methods (SF bug #1506341). Handle Bits in indices as RFC2578 suggests.
- Apply read-create column status to libsmi2pysnmp-generated code
whenever MIB text specifies that (SF bug #1508955).
- Honor and apply DISPLAY-HINT specification when building TextualConvention
class at libsmi2pysnmp.
- Managed Objects Instances files (smi/mibs/instances/) are now
double-underscore prefixed to make them imported explicitly by these
prefixed names. They used to be imported as a side-effect of
Managed Objects files import what is way too hackerish.
- The libsmi2pysnmp now supports future libsmi bugfix that would generate
"ranges" subtree along with the legacy and ambiguous "range" one.
- SMI support for fixed-length string indices implemented (SF bug #1584799,
#1653908).
- Managed Object Instances may now have smiRead, smiWrite, smiCreate methods
to support specific value mangling. These methods, if present, would be
invoked from SNMP [Agent] core instead of conventional clone() method.
The reason is to separate trivial value duplication from specific
Instance value mangling that may have Agent-specific side effects
(such as RowStatus).
- MIB table row destruction now works (SF bug #1555010).
- LCD unconfiguration functions for oneliners implemented (SF bug #1635270).
- unloadModules() and unexportSymbols() implemented at MibBuilder
- Notification type PDU proxy code fixed to produce symmetrical
convertion.
- Various SNMP engine-internal caches expiration implemented.
- SMI-level access control now takes effect only if AC object is
passed to MIB instrumentation API.
- LCD management code now uses generic MIB instrumentation features.
- Fix to oneliner manager code to have individual UdpSocketTransport
instance per each SnmpEngine. Multithreaded apps might fail otherwise.
(SF bug ID #1586420).
- Exclude the PYSNMP_MODULE_ID symbol from MIB view index, as it may get
resolved into OID label instead of actual MIB object name.
- Memory leak fixed in indices.OidOrderedDict implementation.
- Fix to VACM shortcuts to let notifications and requests to co-exist
for the same user otherwise.
- Fix to ...oneliner.cmdgen.UsmUserData to support non-default ciphers.
- USM now uses local notion of snmpEngineBoots/Time when authoritative
and cached estimate otherwise. Also, a security fix applied to to USM
time-window verification (SF bug #1649032).
- Fix to notification objects resolution code at
NotificationOriginator.sendNotification()
- Do not raise securityLevel for USM error reports that lacks user
information, as these reports could never be ciphered (SF bug #1624720).
- Non-default BULK PDU params now actually applied.
- SnmpEngineID default value generation algorithmic function changed
to allow multiple SNMP engines running on the same host.
- Documentation updated.
- A handful of minor fixes applied (SourceForge tracker IDs #1537592,
#1537600, #1537659, #1548208, #1560939, #1563715, #1575697, #1599220,
#1615077, #1615365, #1616579).
Revision 4.1.6a, released 2006-05-25
------------------------------------
- UNSTABLE ALPHA RELEASE.
- pysnmpUsmSecretAuthKey and pysnmpUsmSecretPrivKey length increased
up to 256 octets. There seems no limit on this in RFC, though.
- A workaround for probably broken Agents: SNMPv3 Manager code defaults
ContextEngineId to SecurityEngineId whenever ContextEngineId is not
reported by authoritative SNMP engine on discovery.
- Use empty PDU in engine-discovery report at mpmod/rfc3412.py.
- MibBuilder.loadModules() now fails on missing MIB files.
- MibBuilder.exportSymbols() now accepts unnamed objects (likely Managed
Objects Instances)
- SNMPv2-SMI.MibScalarInstance objects now support create*/destroy*
Management Instrumentation methods to pass Columnar Object creation and
removal events. MibTableColumn class invoke these methods accordingly.
- Fix to AsynNotificationOriginator.asyncSendNotification() callback
formal parameters
- Initial VACM configuration implemented according to rfc3415 Appendix 1
- tools/buildmibs.sh split-up and re-implemented as tools/build-pysnmp-mib
and pysnmp-mibs/tools/rebuild-pysnmp-mibs for better usability. These
and libsmi2pysnmp scripts made installable.
- Types/Notifications/Groups exportSymbols() call chunking implemented
in tools/libsmi2pysnmp
- Initial values specified to pyasn1 types to comply with latest pyasn1 API.
- Documentation improved
- Minor fixes towards Python 1.5 compatibility
Revision 4.1.5a, released 2005-11-04
------------------------------------
- UNSTABLE ALPHA RELEASE.
- Multi-lingual SNMP Trap/Inform Applications completed; examples added
- SMI model re-designed to make a clear separation between
Managed Objects and their specification (AKA Agent and Manager side)
- SNMP SET Application support completed
- Minor, though backward incompatible, changes to one-liner API
- Many bugfixes
Revision 4.1.4a, released 2005-08-16
------------------------------------
- UNSTABLE ALPHA RELEASE.
- SHA-based authentication fixed and privacy implemented
- ...oneliner.cmdgen.UsmUserData constructor now takes
authProtocol and privProtocol parameters in a backward incompatible
manner.
Revision 4.1.3a, released 2005-07-28
------------------------------------
- UNSTABLE ALPHA RELEASE.
- rfc3413 applications API changes (related to callback function
behaviour).
- TransportDispatcher now provides "jobs" interface to clients
for better control of dispatcher's execution.
- Many minor fixes.
Revision 4.1.2a, released 2005-07-12
------------------------------------
- UNSTABLE ALPHA RELEASE.
- Top-level application classes renamed into longer, self descripting names
for clarity.
- CommandResponder & NotificationOriginator applications now uses
stand-alone SnmpContext for application registration.
- Many minor fixes (inspired by testing on WinXP)
Revision 4.1.1a, released 2005-06-29
------------------------------------
- UNSTABLE ALPHA RELEASE.
- SNMPv3 code first published
- SNMP engine and applications implemented on library level
- Major re-design towards SNMPv3-style API.
Revision 4.0.2a, released 2005-03-01
------------------------------------
- Adopted to slightly changed asyncore API (as shipped with python 2,4)
Revision 4.0.1a, released 2004-11-18
------------------------------------
- Minor bug/typo fixes, mostly in example/ scripts.
Revision 4.0.0a, released 2004-11-15
------------------------------------
- UNSTABLE EARLY ALPHA RELEASE.
- Major re-design and re-implementation.
- Rudimental API versioning implemented to let incompatible package
branches to co-exist within the same Python installation.
- SMI framework designed and implemented. This framework provides
1) various access to MIB data 2) a way to implement custom MIB
instrumentation objects. There's also a tool for building SMI classes
from libsmi(3) output (smidump -f python).
- ASN.1 subtyping machinery implemented. Now dynamic ASN.1 instances
subtyping and quering becomes available. Previously, this has been done
through Python classes inheritance what proved to be a wrong concept.
- ASN.1 codecs framework re-designed and re-implemented aimed at a more
consistent design and better performance. Highlights include abstract
codec interface and serialized data caching (at encoder).
- Asn1Item constraints machinery re-implemented based on Mike C. Fletcher's
design and code. Now various constrains are implemented as stand-alone
objects serving interested Asn1Object derivatives through some abstract
protocol (that's probably the Decorator design pattern).
- ASN.1 tagging facility re-implemented along the client-server design
pattern. Besides this seems to be a more appropriate design, it allows
an easier way for dynamic subtyping.
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