Some fixes to the documentation and the CSS

author: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> 2016-02-11 05:44:09 +0100
committer: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> 2016-02-11 05:44:09 +0100
commit: 245eb3cfb319a090dc577d6ad0c09b9d8a419faf (patch)
tree: 4f7f9975a2aa31c6ed73aba3075597656b713703
parent: 0c35342bbc9965f4b35359de2d68075e72bdd370 (diff)
download: python-decorator-git-245eb3cfb319a090dc577d6ad0c09b9d8a419faf.tar.gz
5 files changed, 2018 insertions, 1463 deletions
diff --git a/CHANGES.md b/CHANGES.md
index f21e096..d64e3c4 100644
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 HISTORY
 --------
 
+## Unreleased
+
+Improved the documentation thanks to Tony Goodchild (zearin) who also
+provided a much better CSS than the one I was using (2016-02-11)
+
 ## 4.0.9 (2016-02-08)
 
 Same as 4.0.7 and 4.0.8, re-uploaded due to issues on PyPI
diff --git a/docs/README.rst b/docs/README.rst
index 343b5a3..f17110b 100644
--- a/docs/README.rst
+++ b/docs/README.rst
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ There are various versions of the documentation:
 -  `PDF version`_ 
 
 .. _HTML version: http://pythonhosted.org/decorator/documentation.html
-.. _PDF version: https://github.com/micheles/decorator/blob/4.0.9/documentation.pdf
+.. _PDF version: https://github.com/micheles/decorator/blob/4.0.10/documentation.pdf
 
 Repository
 ---------------
diff --git a/documentation.pdf b/documentation.pdf
index 49cf57b..3cb6096 100644
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.926342 Tw 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Signature-changing ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorators have their use: for instance, the builtin classes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (staticmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.051412 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (are in this group. They take functions and return descriptor objects which are neither) Tj T* 0 Tw (functions, nor callables.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm .351235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A very common use case for decorators is the memoization of functions. A ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator works by) Tj T* 0 Tw .871988 Tw (caching the result of the function call in a dictionary, so that the next time the function is called with the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.350651 Tw (same input parameters the result is retrieved from the cache and not recomputed. There are many) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.92247 Tw (implementations of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, but they do not) Tj T* 0 Tw .692126 Tw (preserve the signature. In recent versions of Python you can find a sophisticated ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (lru_cache ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw (in the standard library \(in ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\). Here I am just interested in giving an example.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (items) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (functools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (update_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (items) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (functools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (update_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 141.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 133.8236 cm
 q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 2.515697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I used the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (utility, which has been added in Python 2.5 expressly to) Tj T* 0 Tw .91686 Tw (simplify the definition of decorators \(in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes) Tj T* 0 Tw .580814 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__module__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__dict__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (from the original function to the decorated function) Tj T* 0 Tw (by hand\). Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .50061 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I used the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (utility, which was added in Python 2.5 to simplify the writing of) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.954524 Tw (decorators. \(Previously, you needed to manually copy the function attributes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__module__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__dict__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to the decorated function by hand.\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 84.62362 cm
-q
-q
-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
-q
-1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
-q
-.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
-.5 w
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
-Q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 115.8236 cm
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-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 0 24 66 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 0 12 18 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 24 12 12 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 36 12 6 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 42 12 6 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 48 12 12 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 24 0 192 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Simulate some long computation") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* ET
-Q
-Q
-Q
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 691.8236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -1286,10 +1346,24 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B*
 Q
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 0 48 66 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 0 36 18 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 24 36 12 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 36 36 6 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 42 36 6 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 48 36 12 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 24 24 192 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 24 12 24 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 48 12 6 12 re f*
@@ -1305,27 +1379,27 @@ n 96 12 6 12 re f*
 n 24 0 36 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 66 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Simulate some long computation") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 647.8236 cm
 q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The implementation above works in the sense that the decorator can accept functions with generic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.233615 Tw (signatures; unfortunately this implementation does ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (define a signature-preserving decorator, since in) Tj T* 0 Tw (general ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (returns a function with a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (different signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This works insofar as the decorator accepts functions with generic signatures. Unfortunately, it is ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (a) Tj T* 0 Tw .33816 Tw (signature-preserving decorator, since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (generally returns a function with a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (different signature) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (from the original.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 665.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 629.8236 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider for instance the following case:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 584.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 548.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -1368,20 +1442,20 @@ n 96 12 6 12 re f*
 n 24 0 36 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 66 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Simulate some long computation") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Simulate some long computation") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 552.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 516.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .08936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here, the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 495.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 459.4236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -1462,20 +1536,20 @@ n 318 0 6 12 re f*
 n 324 0 24 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 348 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (getargspec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# akin to inspect.getargspec) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (getargspec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (ArgSpec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('args') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varkw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (getargspec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# akin to inspect.getargspec) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (getargspec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (ArgSpec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('args') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varkw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 439.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 415.4236 cm
 q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .002485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw .047356 Tw (unless you are using Python 3.5. This is pretty bad: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will tell you that the function accepts a generic) Tj T* 0 Tw .416303 Tw (signature ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but when you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an) Tj T* 0 Tw (error:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.781984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools \(like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (pydoc) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) will give false information about the signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.192765 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(unless you are using Python 3.5\)! This is pretty bad: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will tell you that the function accepts the) Tj T* 0 Tw (generic signature ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but calling the function with more than one argument raises an error:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 370.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 346.2236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -1548,32 +1622,32 @@ n 318 0 6 12 re f*
 n 330 0 30 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 360 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Traceback) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (most) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recent) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (last) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (   ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (takes) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (exactly) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (positional) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argument) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (given) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Traceback) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (most) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recent) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (last) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (   ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (takes) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (exactly) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (positional) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argument) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (given) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 3.953307 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice even in Python 3.5 ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getargspec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getfullargspec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(which are) Tj T* 0 Tw (deprecated in that release\) will give the wrong signature.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.163307 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getargspec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getfullargspec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will give the wrong signature.) Tj T* 0 Tw (This even occurs in Python 3.5 \(although both functions were deprecated in that release\).) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.962976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -1600,20 +1674,46 @@ n 54 0 54 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorate) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorate) Tj T* ET
+Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (takes two arguments:) Tj T* ET
+Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 168.0236 cm
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+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (1. a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator, and 1. a function to be decorated) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Then, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (returns the decorated function.) Tj T* ET
+Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 174.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 120.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 2.144983 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.594983 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature) Tj T* 0 Tw .19311 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(f,) Tj ( ) Tj (*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, implementing) Tj T* 0 Tw (the wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .134692 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The caller function must have signature ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(f,) Tj ( ) Tj (*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kw\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and it must call the original function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with) Tj T* 0 Tw (arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, implementing the wanted capability \(in this case, memoization\):) Tj T* ET
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@@ -1623,108 +1723,81 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
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-n 24 0 30 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (items) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# attribute added by memoize) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* ET
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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@@ -1773,21 +1846,21 @@ n 96 0 6 12 re f*
 n 102 0 18 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 120 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (items) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# attribute added by memoize) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 623.8236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Now, you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 506.6236 cm
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@@ -1844,27 +1917,27 @@ n 126 0 6 12 re f*
 n 138 0 48 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 186 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (""") Tj T* (    A simple memoize implementation. It works by adding a .cache dictionary) Tj T* (    to the decorated function. The cache will grow indefinitely, so it is) Tj T* (    your responsability to clear it, if needed.) Tj T* (    """) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorate) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (""") Tj T* (    A simple memoize implementation. It works by adding a .cache dictionary) Tj T* (    to the decorated function. The cache will grow indefinitely, so it is) Tj T* (    your responsability to clear it, if needed.) Tj T* (    """) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorate) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 462.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .12561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference with respect to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (approach, which is based on nested functions, is that the) Tj T* 0 Tw .598876 Tw (decorator module forces you to lift the inner function at the outer level. Moreover, you are forced to pass) Tj T* 0 Tw (explicitly the function you want to decorate, there are no closures.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.255697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference from the nested function approach of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is that the decorator module forces) Tj T* 0 Tw .391567 Tw (you to lift the inner function to the outer level. Moreover, you are forced to explicitly pass the function you) Tj T* 0 Tw (want to decorate; there are no closures.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 444.6236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a test of usage:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 303.4236 cm
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@@ -1949,20 +2022,20 @@ n 162 12 18 12 re f*
 n 186 12 252 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 0 0 24 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("done") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the first time it will take 2 seconds) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (done) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the second time it will be instantaneous) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (done) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("done") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the first time it will take 2 seconds) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (done) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the second time it will be instantaneous) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (done) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 355.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 283.4236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (heavy_computation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is the one you would expect:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 238.2236 cm
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@@ -2027,26 +2100,26 @@ n 306 0 6 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (getargspec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (ArgSpec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varkw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (getargspec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (ArgSpec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varkw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 277.2236 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 247.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 175.2236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .479398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator, which prints a message) Tj T* 0 Tw (everytime the traced function is called:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.65561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here an example of how to define a simple ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator, which prints a message whenever the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traced function is called:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 106.0236 cm
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@@ -2189,14 +2262,21 @@ n 120 0 12 12 re f*
 n 132 0 12 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwstr) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (', ') Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (join) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (: ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (for) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (sorted) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, {) Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (}") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwstr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwstr) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (', ') Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (join) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (: ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (for) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (sorted) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, {) Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (}") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwstr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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@@ -2233,28 +2313,21 @@ n 126 0 6 12 re f*
 n 138 0 36 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorate) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorate) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 112.8236 cm
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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@@ -2291,20 +2364,20 @@ n 72 12 12 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 695.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 630.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is immediate to verify that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f1 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (works) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is immediate to verify that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f1 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (works...) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 585.4236 cm
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@@ -2347,21 +2420,21 @@ n 132 0 6 12 re f*
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 162 0 12 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (calling) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (calling) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 565.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and it that it has the correct signature:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (...and it that it has the correct signature:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2430,21 +2503,21 @@ n 324 0 6 12 re f*
 n 330 0 24 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 354 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (getargspec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (ArgSpec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('x') Tj 0 0 0 rg (],) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varkw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (getargspec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (ArgSpec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('x') Tj 0 0 0 rg (],) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varkw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The same decorator works with functions of any signature:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The decorator works with functions of any signature:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2621,26 +2694,33 @@ n 414 0 6 12 re f*
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@@ -2910,20 +2990,20 @@ n 24 0 42 12 re f*
 n 66 0 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 72 0 84 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ([]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argspec) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwonlydefaults) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argspec) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varkw) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argspec) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argspec) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwonlyargs) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg ([]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argspec) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwonlydefaults) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 707.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 647.8236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__annotations__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dictionary is preserved:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 602.6236 cm
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@@ -2962,32 +3042,44 @@ n 228 12 6 12 re f*
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 n 0 0 24 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__annotations__) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (is) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__annotations__) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__annotations__) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (is) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__annotations__) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj T* ET
+Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .61152 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f.__wrapped__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is the original undecorated function. This attribute exists for consistency with the) Tj T* 0 Tw (behavior of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.update_wrapper) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .84284 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f.__wrapped__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is the original undecorated function. Such an attribute is added to be consistent) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.36998 Tw (with the way ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (work. Another attribute which is copied from the original) Tj T* 0 Tw .588651 Tw (function is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__qualname__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, the qualified name. This is an attribute which is present starting from Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (3.3.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.233828 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Another attribute copied from the original function is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__qualname__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, the qualified name. This attribute) Tj T* 0 Tw (was introduced in Python 3.3.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 573.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 507.6236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator.decorator) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 519.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 453.6236 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 2.022339 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It can become tedious to write a caller function \(like the above ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (example\) and then a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw 4.834524 Tw (wrapper \() Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (def) Tj ( ) Tj (trace\(f\):) Tj ( ) Tj (return) Tj ( ) Tj (decorate\(f,) Tj ( ) Tj (_trace\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) every time. Not to worry! The) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.123059 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module provides an easy shortcut to convert the caller function into a signature-preserving) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorator.) Tj T* ET
+Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .643876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It may be annoying to write a caller function \(like the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function above\) and then a trivial wrapper) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.056342 Tw (\() Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (def) Tj ( ) Tj (trace\(f\):) Tj ( ) Tj (return) Tj ( ) Tj (decorate\(f,) Tj ( ) Tj (_trace\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) every time. For this reason, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw .49284 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module provides an easy shortcut to convert the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator: the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 378.4236 cm
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@@ -3054,20 +3146,27 @@ n 270 0 24 12 re f*
 n 300 0 6 12 re f*
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 n 312 0 54 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__doc__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (caller) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (converts) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (caller) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (function) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (into) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__doc__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (caller) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (converts) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (caller) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (function) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (into) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .978443 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function can be used as a signature-changing decorator, just like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and) Tj T* 0 Tw .656342 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (staticmethod) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. But ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (staticmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (return generic objects which are not callable.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Instead, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (returns signature-preserving decorators \(i.e. functions with a single argument\).) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 406.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 316.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.319982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function can be used as a signature-changing decorator, just as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.945976 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (staticmethod) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. However, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (staticmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (return generic objects which are not) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.086342 Tw (callable, while ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (returns signature-preserving decorators, i.e. functions of a single argument.) Tj T* 0 Tw (For instance, you can write directly) Tj T* ET
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (For instance, you can write:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 235.2236 cm
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@@ -3226,20 +3325,20 @@ n 144 0 12 12 re f*
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 168 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwstr) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (', ') Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (join) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (: ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (for) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (sorted) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, {) Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (}") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwstr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwstr) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (', ') Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (join) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (: ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (for) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (sorted) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, {) Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (}") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwstr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 215.2236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and now ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will be a decorator.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (And ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is now a decorator!) Tj T* ET
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 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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+n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (calling) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (calling) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.224692 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes one has to deal with blocking resources, such as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (stdin) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and sometimes it is best to have) Tj T* 0 Tw .266235 Tw (back a "busy" message than to block everything. This behavior can be implemented with a suitable family) Tj T* 0 Tw (of decorators, where the parameter is the busy message:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .767633 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes one has to deal with blocking resources, such as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (stdin) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. Sometimes it is better to receive a) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.004269 Tw ("busy" message than just blocking everything. This can be accomplished with a suitable family of) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorators, where the parameter is the busy message:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 158 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (hasattr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("thread") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# no thread running) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (set_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (set_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (elif) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (isAlive) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the thread is ended, return the stored result) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (del) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (_blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 158 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (hasattr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("thread") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# no thread running) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (set_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (set_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (elif) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (isAlive) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the thread is ended, return the stored result) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (del) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (_blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 218 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Please wait ...") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# simulate a blocking resource) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("some data") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# data is not available yet) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Please) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (wait) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# data is not available yet) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Please) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (wait) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# data is not available yet) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Please) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (wait) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1.1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# after 3.1 seconds, data is available) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (some) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (data) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 218 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Please wait ...") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# simulate a blocking resource) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("some data") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# data is not available yet) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Please) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (wait) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# data is not available yet) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Please) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (wait) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# data is not available yet) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Please) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (wait) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1.1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# after 3.1 seconds, data is available) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (some) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (data) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .441163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (facility can also produce a decorator starting from a class with the signature of a caller.) Tj T* 0 Tw (In such a case the produced generator is able to convert functions into factories of instances of that class.) Tj T* ET
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .499985 Tw (As an example, here is a decorator which can convert a blocking function into an asynchronous function.) Tj T* 0 Tw (When the function is called, it is executed in a separate thread.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 2.853876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an example, here will I show a decorator which is able to convert a blocking function into an) Tj T* 0 Tw .25811 Tw (asynchronous function. The function, when called, is executed in a separate thread. This is very similar to) Tj T* 0 Tw .453984 Tw (the approach used in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (concurrent.futures ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (package. Of course the code here is just an example,) Tj T* 0 Tw (it is not a recommended way of implementing futures. The implementation is the following:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .143318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(This is similar to the approach used in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (concurrent.futures ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (package. But I don't recommend that) Tj T* 0 Tw (you implement futures this way; this is just an example.\)) Tj T* ET
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+n -6 -6 468.6898 252 re B*
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-n 132 72 6 12 re f*
+n 132 228 6 12 re f*
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-n 138 72 36 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (AttributeError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# instantiate the counter at the first call) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (itertools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (count) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (name) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (-) Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (next) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (super) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Future) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (target) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (name) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (name) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (join) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_result) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 230 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (Future) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (""") Tj T* (    A class converting blocking functions into asynchronous) Tj T* (    functions by using threads.) Tj T* (    """) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (AttributeError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# instantiate the counter at the first call) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (itertools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (count) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (name) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (-) Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (next) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (super) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Future) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (target) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (name) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (name) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (join) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_result) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .143984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The decorated function returns a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Future ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object, which has a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.result\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method which blocks until the) Tj T* 0 Tw (underlying thread finishes and returns the final result. Here is a minimalistic example of usage:) Tj T* ET
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the minimalistic usage:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (futurefactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Future) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@futurefactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (long_running) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (5) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (long_running) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (long_running) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut1) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (+) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut2) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (futurefactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Future) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@futurefactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (long_running) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (5) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (long_running) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (long_running) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut1) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (+) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut2) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (contextmanager) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.685984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For a long time Python had in its standard library a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (contextmanager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator, able to convert) Tj T* 0 Tw (generator functions into ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (factories. For instance if you write) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .604147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Python's standard library has the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (contextmanager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator, which converts a generator function into) Tj T* 0 Tw (a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (factory. For instance, if you write this...) Tj T* ET
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@@ -4295,20 +4408,27 @@ n 78 0 6 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .150888 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (then ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (before_after ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a factory function returning ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (objects which can be) Tj T* 0 Tw (used with the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (statement:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.221976 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (...then ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (before_after ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a factory function that returns ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (objects, which) Tj T* 0 Tw (provide the use of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (statement:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .462488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Basically, it is as if the content of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (block was executed in the place of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (yield ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (expression in) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.691797 Tw (the generator function. In Python 3.2 ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (objects were enhanced with a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__call__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method, so that they can be used as decorators as in this example:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 3.311797 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For these reasons, decorator module \(as of release 3.4\) offers a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator.contextmanager) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.127318 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator that solves both problems, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works in all supported Python versions. Its usage is identical,) Tj T* 0 Tw .39664 Tw (and factories decorated with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator.contextmanager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will return instances of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ContextManager) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.802196 Tw (a subclass of the standard library's ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (contextlib.GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class. The subclass) Tj T* 0 Tw (includes an improved ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__call__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method, which acts as a signature-preserving decorator.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .865814 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (provides the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod, which accepts the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (name) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (signature) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (body ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of) Tj T* 0 Tw .637485 Tw (the function you want to generate, as well as the execution environment where the function is generated) Tj T* 0 Tw (by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm .870651 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (can take as first argument a string, as in the examples before, or a function.) Tj T* 0 Tw .224985 Tw (This is the most common usage, since typically you want to decorate a pre-existing function. A framework) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.606136 Tw (author may want to use directly ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, since it gives you) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.36686 Tw (direct access to the body of the generated function. For instance, suppose you want to instrument the) Tj T* 0 Tw .372209 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__init__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (methods of a set of classes, by preserving their signature \(such use case is not made up; this) Tj T* 0 Tw .673828 Tw (is done in SQAlchemy and in other frameworks\). When the first argument of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.405814 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a function, a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object is instantiated internally, with attributes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (varargs) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 5.509982 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (keywords ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (defaults ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (which are the the return values of the standard library function) Tj T* 0 Tw .561318 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getargspec) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. For each argument in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(which is a list of strings containing the names) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.599985 Tw (of the mandatory arguments\) an attribute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (arg0) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (arg1) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ..., ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (argN ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is also generated. Finally, there is a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (attribute, a string with the signature of the original function.) Tj T* ET
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
+Q
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally, there is a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (attribute, which is a string with the signature of the original function.) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+q
+Q
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+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 336.6236 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 557.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 306.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 6.828314 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice: you should not pass signature strings with default arguments, i.e. something like) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ('f1\(a,) Tj ( ) Tj (b=None\)') Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. Just pass ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ('f1\(a,) Tj ( ) Tj (b\)' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and then a tuple of defaults:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 6.134147 Tw 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (NOTE: ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (You should not pass signature strings with default arguments \(e.g., something like) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ('f1\(a,) Tj ( ) Tj (b=None\)') Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\). Just pass ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ('f1\(a,) Tj ( ) Tj (b\)') Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, followed by a tuple of defaults:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 488.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 237.4236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -4901,26 +5185,39 @@ n 360 0 6 12 re f*
 n 366 0 24 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 390 0 18 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (create) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f1\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (dict) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (addsource) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (getargspec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (ArgSpec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('a') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('b') Tj 0 0 0 rg (],) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varkw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,\)\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (create) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f1\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (dict) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (addsource) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (getargspec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (ArgSpec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('a') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('b') Tj 0 0 0 rg (],) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (varkw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,\)\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 455.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 204.4236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Getting the source code) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 377.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 150.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 5.045529 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to generate the decorated function. Therefore) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.522126 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will not work for decorated functions. That means that the usual ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (?? ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trick in) Tj T* 0 Tw 26.45775 Tw (IPython will give you the \(right on the spot\) message) Tj T* 0 Tw .261647 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dynamically) Tj ( ) Tj (generated) Tj ( ) Tj (function.) Tj ( ) Tj (No) Tj ( ) Tj (source) Tj ( ) Tj (code available) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. In the past I have considered) Tj T* 0 Tw .945366 Tw (this acceptable, since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (does not really work even with regular decorators. In that) Tj T* 0 Tw (case ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gives you the wrapper source code which is probably not what you want:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 4.73664 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to generate the decorated function. Therefore) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.488555 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will not work for decorated functions. In IPython, this means that the usual ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (??) Tj T* 0 Tw 11.06361 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trick will give you the \(right on the spot\) message ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dynamically) Tj ( ) Tj (generated) Tj T* 0 Tw (function.) Tj ( ) Tj (No) Tj ( ) Tj (source) Tj ( ) Tj (code) Tj ( ) Tj (available) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 308.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 108.4236 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.43284 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the past, I have considered this acceptable, since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (does not really work with) Tj T* 0 Tw .143059 Tw ("regular" decorators. In those cases, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gives you the wrapper source code, which is) Tj T* 0 Tw (probably not what you want:) Tj T* ET
+Q
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+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm
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@@ -4983,14 +5280,14 @@ n 186 12 6 12 re f*
 n 24 0 36 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 66 0 42 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (identity_dec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (wrapper) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (identity_dec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (wrapper) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 658.6236 cm
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@@ -5039,14 +5336,14 @@ n 138 0 12 12 re f*
 n 150 0 12 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 162 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 182.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 577.4236 cm
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@@ -5133,20 +5430,26 @@ n 0 0 6 12 re f*
 n 6 0 54 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 60 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (inspect) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (inspect) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (getsource) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (example) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (BLANKLINE) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (inspect) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (inspect) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (getsource) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (example) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (BLANKLINE) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
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+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 545.4236 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .502339 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(See bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug still exists in all) Tj T* 0 Tw (versions of Python, except Python 3.5.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 126.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 503.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .011098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(see bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug is still there, in all) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.33436 Tw (versions of Python except Python 3.5, which is not yet released. There is however a workaround. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .725984 Tw (decorated function has an attribute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, pointing to the original function. The easy way to get) Tj T* 0 Tw (the source code is to call ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (on the undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .429983 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, there is a workaround. The decorated function has the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (attribute, pointing to the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.523318 Tw (original function. The simplest way to get the source code is to call ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (on the) Tj T* 0 Tw (undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 80.82362 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 386.2236 cm
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@@ -5156,64 +5459,37 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B*
 Q
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 0 12 6 12 re f*
+n 0 84 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 6 12 6 12 re f*
+n 6 84 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 12 12 6 12 re f*
+n 12 84 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 24 12 30 12 re f*
+n 24 84 30 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 54 12 6 12 re f*
+n 54 84 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 60 12 42 12 re f*
+n 60 84 42 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 102 12 6 12 re f*
+n 102 84 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 108 12 54 12 re f*
+n 108 84 54 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 162 12 6 12 re f*
+n 162 84 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 168 12 54 12 re f*
+n 168 84 54 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 222 12 6 12 re f*
+n 222 84 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 228 12 66 12 re f*
+n 228 84 66 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 294 12 12 12 re f*
+n 294 84 12 12 re f*
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-n 0 0 90 12 re f*
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can use a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to implement that functionality as follows:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 218 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (TailRecursive) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (""") Tj T* (    tail_recursive decorator based on Kay Schluehr's recipe) Tj T* (    http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/496691) Tj T* (    with improvements by me and George Sakkis.) Tj T* (    """) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (firstcall) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (CONTINUE) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# sentinel) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__call__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (CONTINUE) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (CONTINUE) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (firstcall) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (firstcall) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (False) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (while) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* ET
-Q
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-.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
-.5 w
+n 132 120 24 12 re f*
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B*
-Q
-q
+n 156 120 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 120 108 36 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
@@ -5675,21 +5937,21 @@ n 198 12 18 12 re f*
 n 72 0 36 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 114 0 48 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (                    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (is) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (CONTINUE) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# update arguments) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (                        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argskwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# last call) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (                        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (finally) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (firstcall) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# return the arguments of the tail call) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argskwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (CONTINUE) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 338 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (TailRecursive) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (""") Tj T* (    tail_recursive decorator based on Kay Schluehr's recipe) Tj T* (    http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/496691) Tj T* (    with improvements by me and George Sakkis.) Tj T* (    """) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (firstcall) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (CONTINUE) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# sentinel) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__call__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (CONTINUE) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (CONTINUE) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (firstcall) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (firstcall) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (False) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (while) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (is) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (CONTINUE) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# update arguments) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (                        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argskwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# last call) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (                        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (finally) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (firstcall) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# return the arguments of the tail call) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argskwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwd) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (CONTINUE) Tj T* ET
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 611.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 327.8236 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here the decorator is implemented as a class returning callable objects.) Tj T* ET
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 566.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 282.6236 cm
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@@ -5726,21 +5988,21 @@ n 240 0 6 12 re f*
 n 252 0 24 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 276 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (tail_recursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (TailRecursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (tail_recursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (TailRecursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 546.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 262.6236 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you apply the upgraded decorator to the good old factorial:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 453.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 169.4236 cm
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@@ -5811,14 +6073,14 @@ n 162 0 6 12 re f*
 n 168 0 18 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 186 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@tail_recursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("The good old factorial") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@tail_recursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("The good old factorial") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 408.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 124.2236 cm
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@@ -5851,20 +6113,40 @@ n 120 12 6 12 re f*
 n 126 12 12 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 0 0 12 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (24) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (24) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
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+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 104.2236 cm
+q
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for thought! ;\)) Tj T* ET
+Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.452126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that there is no recursion limit now; you can easily compute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(or larger\)) Tj T* 0 Tw (without filling the stack frame.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 352.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .188935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for your mind ;\) Notice that there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.339983 Tw (recursion limit now, and you can easily compute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or larger without filling the stack) Tj T* 0 Tw .909431 Tw (frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice also that the decorator will ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the following:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -5921,46 +6203,111 @@ n 126 0 6 12 re f*
 n 132 0 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (fact) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# this is not tail-recursive) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fact) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Reminder: ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (A function is ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (tail recursive ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if it does either of the following:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.494983 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There has been talk of implementing multiple dispatch functions \(i.e. "generic functions"\) in Python for) Tj T* 0 Tw .475542 Tw (over ten years. Last year, something concrete was done for the first time--and as of Python 3.4, we have) Tj T* 0 Tw (the decorator ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to implement generic functions!) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.022765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I will give a very concrete example \(taken from a real-life use case\) where it is desiderable to) Tj T* 0 Tw .089984 Tw (dispatch on the second argument. Suppose you have an XMLWriter class, which is instantiated with some) Tj T* 0 Tw (configuration parameters and has a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method which is able to serialize objects to XML:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.013988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As its name implies, it is limited to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (single dispatch) Tj /F1 10 Tf (; in other words, it is able to dispatch on the first) Tj T* 0 Tw (argument of the function only.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .373059 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module provides the decorator factory ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, which can be used to implement) Tj T* 0 Tw .888555 Tw (generic functions dispatching on ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (any ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (argument. Moreover, it can manage dispatching on more than one) Tj T* 0 Tw (argument. \(And, of course, it is signature-preserving.\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .703828 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Suppose you have an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (XMLWriter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class, which is instantiated with some configuration parameters, and) Tj T* 0 Tw (has the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method which serializes objects to XML:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (XMLWriter) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (config) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cfg) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (config) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('obj') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (write) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (raise) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 3.34936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here you want to dispatch on the second argument since the first, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (self ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is already taken. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .544269 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator factory allows you to specify the dispatch argument by simply passing its name) Tj T* 0 Tw .261988 Tw (as a string \(notice that if you mispell the name you will get an error\). The function decorated is turned into) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.747045 Tw (a generic function and it is the one which is called if there are no more specialized implementations.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.959147 Tw (Usually such default function should raise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, thus forcing people to register) Tj T* 0 Tw (some implementation. The registration can be done with a decorator:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 4.17561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here, you want to dispatch on the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (second ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (argument; the first is already taken by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (self) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .147126 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator factory allows you to specify the dispatch argument simplpy by passing its name) Tj T* 0 Tw (as a string. \(Note that if you mispell the name you will get an error.\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.092209 Tw (The decorated function decorated is turned into a generic function, and it is called if there are no more) Tj T* 0 Tw (specialized implementations.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.033314 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Usually, default functions should raise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, thus forcing people to register some) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementation. You can perform the registration with a decorator:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@XMLWriter.write.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (float) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (writefloat) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj (<) Tj (float) Tj (>) Tj /F6 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (<) Tj (/float) Tj (>) Tj (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Now the XMLWriter is able to serialize floats:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Now XMLWriter can serialize floats:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .352209 Tw (I could give a down-to-earth example of situations in which it is desiderable to dispatch on more than one) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.67998 Tw (argument \(for instance once I implemented a database-access library where the first dispatching) Tj T* 0 Tw .442765 Tw (argument was the the database driver and the second one was the database record\), but here I prefer to) Tj T* 0 Tw (follow the tradition and show the time-honored Rock-Paper-Scissors example:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (Rock) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (Rock) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (Paper) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (Paper) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .293735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I have added an ordinal to the Rock-Paper-Scissors classes to simplify the implementation. The idea is to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.606235 Tw (define a generic function \() Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (win\(a, b\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) of two arguments corresponding to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (moves ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of the first and) Tj T* 0 Tw (second players. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (moves ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are instances of the classes Rock, Paper, and Scissors.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.304488 Tw (The function will return +1 for a win, -1 for a loss, and 0 for parity. There are 9 combinations, but) Tj T* 0 Tw .779985 Tw (combinations with the same ordinal \(i.e. the same class\) return 0. Moreover, by exchanging the order of) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.071235 Tw (the arguments, the sign of the result changes. Therefore, it is sufficient to directly specify only 3) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementations:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('a') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('b') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (win) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (elif) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* ET
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@@ -6466,14 +6820,14 @@ n 264 0 6 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj 0 0 0 rg (win) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (raise) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('a') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('b') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (win) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (elif) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj 0 0 0 rg (win) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (raise) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@win.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Rock) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Paper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (winRockPaper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@win.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Rock) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Paper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (winRockPaper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6570,14 +6924,14 @@ n 24 0 36 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@win.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Paper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Scissors) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (winPaperScissors) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@win.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Paper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Scissors) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (winPaperScissors) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6620,21 +6974,28 @@ n 144 12 12 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@win.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Rock) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Scissors) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (winRockScissors) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@win.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Rock) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Scissors) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (winRockScissors) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the result:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .76528 Tw (The point of generic functions is that they play well with subclassing. For instance, suppose we define a) Tj T* 0 Tw (StrongRock which does not lose against Paper:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .76528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The point of generic functions is that they play well with subclassing. For instance, suppose we define a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (StrongRock) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, which does not lose against Paper:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (StrongRock) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Rock) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (StrongRock) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Rock) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6922,21 +7282,21 @@ n 162 12 12 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@win.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (StrongRock) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Paper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (winStrongRockPaper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@win.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (StrongRock) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Paper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (winStrongRockPaper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Then we do not need to define other implementations, since they are inherited from the parent:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Then you do not need to define other implementations; they are inherited from the parent:) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12.49998 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can introspect the precedence used by the dispath algorithm by calling) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.dispatch_info\(*types\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 3.354269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since there is no direct implementation for \(StrongRock, Scissors\) the dispatcher will look at the) Tj T* 0 Tw .352651 Tw (implementation for \(Rock, Scissors\) which is available. Internally the algorithm is doing a cross product of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.64784 Tw (the class precedence lists \(or Method Resolution Orders, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (MRO ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for short\) of StrongRock and Scissors) Tj T* 0 Tw (respectively.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.871412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since there is no direct implementation for \() Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (StrongRock) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scissors) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\), the dispatcher will look at the) Tj T* 0 Tw .156412 Tw (implementation for \() Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Rock) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scissors) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) which is available. Internally, the algorithm is doing a cross product) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.966412 Tw (of the class precedence lists \(or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Method Resolution Orders) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (MRO ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for short\) of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (StrongRock ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scissors) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, respectively.) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Generic functions and virtual ancestors) Tj T* ET
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+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .926136 Tw (In Python, generic functions are complicated by the existence of "virtual ancestors": superclasses which) Tj T* 0 Tw (are not in the class hierarchy.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.225366 Tw (Generic function implementations in Python are complicated by the existence of "virtual ancestors", i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw (superclasses which are not in the class hierarchy. Consider for instance this class:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider this class:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (WithLength) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__len__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (WithLength) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__len__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .772765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This class defines a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__len__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method and as such is considered to be a subclass of the abstract base) Tj T* 0 Tw (class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .327633 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This class defines a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__len__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method, and is therefore considered to be a subclass of the abstract base) Tj T* 0 Tw (class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.414651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (MRO ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, it is not a true ancestor. Any) Tj T* 0 Tw .651412 Tw (implementation of generic functions, even with single dispatch, must go through some contorsion to take) Tj T* 0 Tw (into account the virtual ancestors.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.414651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (MRO ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (; it is not a true ancestor. Any) Tj T* 0 Tw .57284 Tw (implementation of generic functions \(even with single dispatch\) must go through some contorsion to take) Tj T* 0 Tw (into account the virtual ancestors.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In particular if we define a generic function) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In particular, if we define a generic function...) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7222,21 +7589,21 @@ n 204 0 6 12 re f*
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('obj') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (get_length) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (raise) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('obj') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (get_length) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (raise) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj T* ET
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (implemented on all classes with a length) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (...implemented on all classes with a length...) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7281,20 +7648,20 @@ n 84 0 6 12 re f*
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@get_length.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (collections) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (get_length_sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (len) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@get_length.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (collections) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (get_length_sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (len) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 226.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (then ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_length ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (must be defined on ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instances) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (...then ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_length ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (must be defined on ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instances...) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7330,33 +7697,32 @@ Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (...even if ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not a true ancestor of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.228651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (even if ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not a true ancestor of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. Of course this is a contrived) Tj T* 0 Tw (example since you could just use the builtin ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (len) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but you should get the idea.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course, this is a contrived example--you could just use the builtin ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (len) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (--but you should get the idea.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 106.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .129461 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since in Python it is possible to consider any instance of ABCMeta as a virtual ancestor of any other class) Tj T* 0 Tw .21152 Tw (\(it is enough to register it as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ancestor.register\(cls\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\), any implementation of generic functions must) Tj T* 0 Tw (take virtual ancestors into account. Let me give an example.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .001567 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since in Python it is possible to consider any instance of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ABCMeta ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as a virtual ancestor of any other class) Tj T* 0 Tw .21152 Tw (\(it is enough to register it as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ancestor.register\(cls\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\), any implementation of generic functions must) Tj T* 0 Tw (take virtual ancestors into account.) Tj T* ET
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Suppose you are using a third party set-like class like the following:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (For example, suppose you are using a third-party set-like class, like the following:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7401,26 +7767,26 @@ n 120 12 12 12 re f*
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (SomeSet) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (collections) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# methods that make SomeSet set-like) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# not shown ...) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__len__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (SomeSet) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (collections) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# methods that make SomeSet set-like) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# not shown ...) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__len__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 659.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.042651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the author of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (made a mistake by not inheriting from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Set) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but only from) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.169982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here, the author of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (made a mistake by inheriting from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(instead of) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Set) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\).) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.588735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is not a problem since you can register ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (a posteriori) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as a virtual ancestor of) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 3.139318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is not a problem. You can register ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (a posteriori) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as a virtual ancestor of) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 552.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now, let us define an implementation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_length ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (specific to set:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now, let's define an implementation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_length ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (specific to set:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7535,20 +7908,20 @@ n 132 12 12 12 re f*
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 66 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@get_length.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (collections) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Set) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (get_length_set) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@get_length.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (collections) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Set) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (get_length_set) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 463.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .210697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The current implementation, as the one used by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, is able to discern that a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object, so the more specific implementation for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is taken:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .530697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The current implementation \(and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (too\) is able to discern that a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object, so it uses the more specific implementation for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7579,20 +7952,26 @@ n 132 12 18 12 re f*
 n 162 12 282 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 0 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (get_length) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# NB: the implementation for Sized would give 0) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (get_length) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# NB: the implementation for Sized would give 0) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.687765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes it is not clear how to dispatch. For instance, consider the class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (C) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (: it is registered both as) Tj T* 0 Tw 5.08664 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and defines the generic function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (g ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementations for both ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (and) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 3.503735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes it is not clear how to dispatch. For instance, consider a class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (C ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (registered both as) Tj T* 0 Tw 6.519974 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and define a generic function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (g ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.101085 Tw (implementations both for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. It is impossible to) Tj T* 0 Tw .690697 Tw (decide which implementation to use, since the ancestors are independent, and the following function will) Tj T* 0 Tw (raise a RuntimeError when called:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .052651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is impossible to decide which implementation to use, since the ancestors are independent. The following) Tj T* 0 Tw (function will raise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (RuntimeError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (when called:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7711,40 +8090,107 @@ n 36 0 6 12 re f*
 n 42 0 18 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 182 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (singledispatch_example1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('obj') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (raise) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (collections) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("sized") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (collections) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Iterable) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_iterable) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("iterable") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (C) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# RuntimeError: Ambiguous dispatch: Iterable or Sized?) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 182 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (singledispatch_example1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('obj') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (obj) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (raise) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (collections) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("sized") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (collections) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Iterable) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_iterable) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("iterable") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (C) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# RuntimeError: Ambiguous dispatch: Iterable or Sized?) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .745433 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is consistent with the "refuse the temptation to guess" philosophy. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (would raise a similar error.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .01104 Tw (It would be easy to rely on the order of registration to decide the precedence order. This is reasonable, but) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.788555 Tw (also fragile: if during some refactoring you change the registration order by mistake, a different) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.585814 Tw (implementation could be taken. If implementations of the generic functions are distributed across) Tj T* 0 Tw .939984 Tw (modules, and you change the import order, a different implementation could be taken. So the decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw .128935 Tw (module prefers to raise an error in the face of ambiguity. This is the same approach taken by the standard) Tj T* 0 Tw (library.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .01104 Tw (It would be easy to rely on the order of registration to decide the precedence order. This is reasonable, but) Tj T* 0 Tw (also fragile:) Tj T* ET
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+BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .743735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, it should be noticed that the dispatch algorithm used by the decorator module is different from) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.269398 Tw (the one used by the standard library, so there are cases where you will get different answers. The) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.830814 Tw (difference is that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (tries to insert the virtual ancestors ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (before ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the base) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.149983 Tw (classes, whereas ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator.dispatch_on ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (tries to insert them ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (after ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the base classes. I will give an) Tj T* 0 Tw (example showing the difference:) Tj T* ET
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
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+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .600751 Tw (if, during some refactoring, you change the registration order by mistake, a different implementation) Tj T* 0 Tw (could be taken;) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 233.4236 cm
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+0 0 0 rg
+BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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+1 0 0 1 6 9 cm
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+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
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+1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
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+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.138443 Tw (if implementations of the generic functions are distributed across modules, and you change the) Tj T* 0 Tw (import order, a different implementation could be taken.) Tj T* ET
+Q
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+Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 209.4236 cm
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 179.4236 cm
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .539431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (So the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module prefers to raise an error in the face of ambiguity. This is the same approach) Tj T* 0 Tw (taken by the standard library.) Tj T* ET
+Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .143516 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, it should be noted that the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (dispatch algorithm ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (used by the decorator module is different from the) Tj T* 0 Tw .476098 Tw (one used by the standard library, so in certain cases you will get different answers. The difference is that) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.98816 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (tries to insert the virtual ancestors ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (before ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the base classes, whereas) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator.dispatch_on ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (tries to insert them ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (after ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the base classes.) Tj T* ET
+Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 107.4236 cm
+q
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here's an example that shows the difference:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7949,20 +8395,26 @@ n 66 0 6 12 re f*
 n 72 0 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 326 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (singledispatch_example2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# adapted from functools.singledispatch test case) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('arg') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (S) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__len__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("base") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_s) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("container") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# add c.Container to the virtual mro of V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# since the virtual mro is V, Sized, S, Container) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 326 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (singledispatch_example2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# adapted from functools.singledispatch test case) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('arg') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (S) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__len__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("base") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_s) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("container") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# add c.Container to the virtual mro of V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# since the virtual mro is V, Sized, S, Container) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 10.88816 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you play with this example and replace the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (definition with) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.50816 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, the assertion will break: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (g ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will return ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ("container" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ("s") Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw (because ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will insert the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Container ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class right before ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 10.88816 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you play with this example and replace the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (definition with) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.720888 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, the assert will break: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (g ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will return ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ("container" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ("s") Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw .779147 Tw (because ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will insert the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Container ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class right before ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. The only way) Tj T* 0 Tw .259431 Tw (to understand what is happening here is to scratch your head by looking at the implementations. I will just) Tj T* 0 Tw (notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.dispatch_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is quite useful:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 3.641163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The only way to understand what is happening here is to scratch your head by looking at the) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementations. I will just notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.dispatch_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is quite useful:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.409147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The current implementation does not implement any kind of cooperation between implementations, i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw (there is nothing akin to call-next-method in Lisp, nor akin to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (super ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (in Python.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.825814 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The current implementation does not implement any kind of cooperation between implementations. In) Tj T* 0 Tw (other words, nothing is akin either to call-next-method in Lisp, or to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (super ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (in Python.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .22186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally, let me notice that the decorator module implementation does not use any cache, whereas the one) Tj T* 0 Tw (in ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (has a cache.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.533984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally, let me notice that the decorator module implementation does not use any cache, whereas the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (implementation does.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .259431 Tw (One thing you should be aware of, is the performance penalty of decorators. The worse case is shown by) Tj T* 0 Tw (the following example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .413876 Tw (One thing you should be aware of is the performance penalty of decorators. The worse case is shown by) Tj T* 0 Tw (the following example:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .098039 .090196 .486275 rg ($ ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cat performance.sh) Tj T* (python3 -m timeit -s ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj T* (from decorator import decorator) Tj T*  T* (@decorator) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (def do_nothing\(func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    return func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T*  T* (@do_nothing) Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T* (") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("f\(\)") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (python3 -m timeit -s ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T* (") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("f\(\)") Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.838221 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course, a real life function probably does something more useful than ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (here, so the real life) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.371654 Tw (performance penalty ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (could ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (be negligible. As always, the only way to know if there is a penalty in your) Tj T* 0 Tw (specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .091984 Tw (More importantly, you should be aware that decorators will make your tracebacks longer and more difficult) Tj T* 0 Tw (to understand.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .091984 Tw (More importantly, you should be aware that decorators will make your tracebacks longer and more difficult) Tj T* 0 Tw (to understand. Consider this example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider this example:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (/) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 349.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will give you a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.655697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gives you a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. But since the function is decorated, the traceback is) Tj T* 0 Tw (longer:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 119.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 220.2236 cm
 q
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -8326,52 +8840,71 @@ n 0 0 102 12 re f*
 n 102 0 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 114 0 18 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Traceback) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (most) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recent) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (last) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (  ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (File) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (line) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (File) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (doctest __main__[22]) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (line) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (       ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (File) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (doctest __main__[51]) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (line) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (       ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (/) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Traceback) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (most) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recent) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (last) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (  ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (File) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (line) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (File) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (doctest __main__[22]) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (line) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (       ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (     ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (File) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (doctest __main__[51]) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (line) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (       ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (/) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 87.22362 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 188.2236 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.05528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You see here the inner call to the decorator ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, which calls ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f\(*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kw\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and a reference to) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (File) Tj ( ) Tj (") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (",) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj (2,) Tj ( ) Tj (in) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 146.2236 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.091751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This latter reference is due to the fact that internally, the decorator module uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to generate the) Tj T* 0 Tw .793984 Tw (decorated function. Notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responsibile for the performance penalty, since is the called) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (only once ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(at function decoration time\); it is ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (called each time the decorated function is called.) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.2236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.05528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You see here the inner call to the decorator ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, which calls ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f\(*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kw\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and a reference to ) Tj T* 0 Tw .076457 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (File) Tj ( ) Tj (") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (",) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj (2,) Tj ( ) Tj (in) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. This latter reference is due to the fact that internally the decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.501235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Presently, there is no clean way to avoid ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. A clean solution would require changing the CPython) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementation, by adding a hook to functions \(to allow changing their signature directly\).) Tj T* ET
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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 1 0 0 1 62.69291 729.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.053318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to generate the decorated function. Notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responsibile for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.507485 Tw (performance penalty, since is the called ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (only once ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at function decoration time, and not every time the) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorated function is called.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.015984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Even in Python 3.5, however, it is impossible to change the function signature directly. Thus, the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.617882 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module is still useful! As a matter of fact, this is the main reason why I still maintain the) Tj T* 0 Tw (module and release new versions.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 615.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 663.0236 cm
 q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm .932209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At present, there is no clean way to avoid ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. A clean solution would require to change the CPython) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.348651 Tw (implementation of functions and add an hook to make it possible to change their signature directly.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.793984 Tw (However, at present, even in Python 3.5 it is impossible to change the function signature directly,) Tj T* 0 Tw .329985 Tw (therefore the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module is still useful. Actually, this is the main reasons why I keep maintaining) Tj T* 0 Tw .042209 Tw (the module and releasing new versions. It should be noticed that in Python 3.5 a lot of improvements have) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.06998 Tw (been made: in that version you can decorated a function with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (func_tools.update_wrapper ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.128735 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will see the correct signature; still internally the function will have an incorrect signature, as you) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.10748 Tw (can see by using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getfullargspec) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (: all documentation tools using such function \(which has) Tj T* 0 Tw (been correctly deprecated\) will see the wrong signature.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .155251 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that in Python 3.5, a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (lot ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of improvements have been made: you can decorate a function) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.710976 Tw (with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (func_tools.update_wrapper) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will see the correct signature. Unfortunately, the) Tj T* 0 Tw 9.38229 Tw (function will still have an incorrect signature internally, as you can see by using) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.521797 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getfullargspec) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (; so, all documentation tools using the function \(which has rightly been) Tj T* 0 Tw (deprecated\) will see the wrong signature.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 561.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 609.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.043828 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the present implementation, decorators generated by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (can only be used on user-defined) Tj T* 0 Tw .152485 Tw (Python functions or methods, not on generic callable objects, nor on built-in functions, due to limitations of) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.15881 Tw (the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library, especially for Python 2.X \(in Python 3.5 a lot of such) Tj T* 0 Tw (limitations have been removed\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.043828 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the present implementation, decorators generated by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (can only be used on user-defined) Tj T* 0 Tw .221235 Tw (Python functions or methods. They cannot be used on generic callable objects or built-in functions, due to) Tj T* 0 Tw .505318 Tw (limitations of the standard library's ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module, especially for Python 2. \(In Python 3.5, many such) Tj T* 0 Tw (limitations have been removed.\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 519.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 567.0236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.312651 Tw (There is a strange quirk when decorating functions that take keyword arguments, if one of such) Tj T* 0 Tw .765868 Tw (arguments has the same name used in the caller function for the first argument. The quirk was reported) Tj T* 0 Tw (by David Goldstein and here is an example where it is manifest:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .53561 Tw (There is a strange quirk when decorating functions with keyword arguments, if one of the arguments has) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.368221 Tw (the same name used in the caller function for the first argument. The quirk was reported by David) Tj T* 0 Tw (Goldstein.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 413.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 549.0236 cm
+q
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example where it is manifest:) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 443.8236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -8472,20 +9005,26 @@ n 252 0 18 12 re f*
 n 276 0 18 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 300 0 36 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (getkeys) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (keys) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (getkeys) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('a') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Traceback) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (most) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recent) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (last) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (got) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (multiple) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (values) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (for) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('func') Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (getkeys) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (keys) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (getkeys) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('a') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Traceback) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (most) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recent) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (last) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (got) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (multiple) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (values) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (for) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('func') Tj T* ET
+Q
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+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 411.8236 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .683984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The error message looks really strange...until you realize that the caller function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (func ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as) Tj T* 0 Tw (first argument, so there is a confusion between the positional argument and the keywork arguments.) Tj T* ET
+Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 357.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 381.8236 cm
 q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .988735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The error message looks really strange until you realize that the caller function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (func ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as) Tj T* 0 Tw .496651 Tw (first argument, so there is a confusion between the positional argument and the keywork arguments. The) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.25528 Tw (solution is to change the name of the first argument in ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_memoize) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, or to change the implementation as) Tj T* 0 Tw (follows:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .862927 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to change the name of the first argument in ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_memoize) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, or to change the implementation) Tj T* 0 Tw (like so:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 204.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 228.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -8638,23 +9177,23 @@ n 96 0 6 12 re f*
 n 102 0 18 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 120 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (all_args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (all_args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (all_args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (items) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# attribute added by memoize) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (all_args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (all_args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (all_args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (items) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# attribute added by memoize) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj T* ET
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 172.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 196.6236 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.008221 Tw (We have avoided the need to name the first argument, so the problem simply disappears. This is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (technique that you should keep in mind when writing decorators for functions with keyword arguments.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .864104 Tw (This avoids the need to name the first argument, so the problem simply disappears. This is a technique) Tj T* 0 Tw (that you should keep in mind when writing decorators for functions with keyword arguments.) Tj T* ET
 Q
 Q
 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 142.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 166.6236 cm
 q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.790488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On a similar tone, there is a restriction on the names of the arguments: for instance, if try to call an) Tj T* 0 Tw (argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_call_ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_func_ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (you will get a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (NameError) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .584692 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On a similar note, there is a restriction on argument names. For instance, if name an argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_call_) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, you will get a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (NameError) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
 Q
 Q
 q
@@ -8668,40 +9207,56 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B*
 Q
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 0 24 6 12 re f*
+n 0 48 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 6 24 6 12 re f*
+n 6 48 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 12 24 6 12 re f*
+n 12 48 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 24 24 36 12 re f*
+n 24 48 36 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 0 12 18 12 re f*
+n 0 36 18 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 24 12 18 12 re f*
+n 24 36 18 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 48 12 6 12 re f*
+n 48 36 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 54 12 6 12 re f*
+n 54 36 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 60 12 36 12 re f*
+n 60 36 36 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 96 12 12 12 re f*
+n 96 36 12 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 114 12 30 12 re f*
+n 114 36 30 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 144 12 6 12 re f*
+n 144 36 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 150 12 6 12 re f*
+n 150 36 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 156 12 6 12 re f*
+n 156 36 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 0 0 18 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* ET
+n 0 24 18 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 0 12 54 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 60 12 6 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 66 12 24 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 96 12 36 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 138 12 24 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 168 12 24 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 192 12 12 12 re f*
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n 12 0 18 12 re f*
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* 0 0 0 rg (Traceback) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (most) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recent) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (last) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (  ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* ET
 Q
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@@ -8710,12 +9265,12 @@ Q
  
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-124 0 obj
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 715.8236 cm
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@@ -8725,26 +9280,10 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 0 48 54 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 60 48 6 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 66 48 24 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 96 48 36 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 138 48 24 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 168 48 24 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 192 48 12 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 12 36 18 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 0 24 54 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 54 24 6 12 re f*
@@ -8780,21 +9319,21 @@ n 144 0 6 12 re f*
 n 156 0 36 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 192 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Traceback) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (most) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recent) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (last) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (  ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (NameError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (is) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (overridden) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_call_) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (NameError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (is) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (overridden) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_call_) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (_func_) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 659.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.720651 Tw (Finally, the implementation is such that the decorated function makes a \(shallow\) copy of the original) Tj T* 0 Tw (function dictionary:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 506.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 530.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -8927,37 +9466,37 @@ n 36 12 30 12 re f*
 n 72 12 234 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 0 0 96 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the original function) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (attr1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("something") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# setting an attribute) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (attr2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("something else") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# setting another attribute) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (traced_f) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the decorated function) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (traced_f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (attr1) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('something') Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (traced_f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (attr2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("something different") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# setting attr) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (attr2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the original attribute did not change) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('something else') Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the original function) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (attr1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("something") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# setting an attribute) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (attr2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("something else") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# setting another attribute) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (traced_f) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the decorated function) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (traced_f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (attr1) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('something') Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (traced_f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (attr2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("something different") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# setting attr) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (attr2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the original attribute did not change) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('something else') Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 473.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 497.6236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (LICENSE) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 455.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 479.6236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Copyright \(c\) 2005-2015, Michele Simionato All rights reserved.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Copyright \(c\) 2005-2016, Michele Simionato All rights reserved.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 425.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 449.6236 cm
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diff --git a/src/decorator.py b/src/decorator.py
index 5a4cff4..736b356 100644
--- a/src/decorator.py
+++ b/src/decorator.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ import operator
 import itertools
 import collections
 
-__version__ = '4.0.9'
+__version__ = '4.0.10'
 
 if sys.version >= '3':
     from inspect import getfullargspec
diff --git a/src/tests/documentation.py b/src/tests/documentation.py
index 49d16b3..f801236 100644
--- a/src/tests/documentation.py
+++ b/src/tests/documentation.py
@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ trivial to distribute the module as an universal wheel_ since 2to3 is no more
 required. Since Python 2.5 has been released 9 years ago, I felt that
 it was reasonable to drop the support for it. If you need to support
 ancient versions of Python, stick with the decorator module version
-3.4.2.  This version supports all Python releases from 2.6 up to 3.5,
-which currently is still in beta status.
+3.4.2.  This version supports all Python releases from 2.6 up to 3.5.
 
 .. _wheel: http://pythonwheels.com/
 
@@ -45,30 +44,30 @@ What's New
   There is now a single manual for all Python versions, so I took the
   opportunity to overhaul the documentation. So, even if you are
   a long-time user, you may want to revisit the docs, since several
-  examples have been improved. 
+  examples have been improved.
 
 - **Packaging improvements**
   The code is now also available in wheel format. Integration with
-  setuptools is also improved: you can now run tests with the command 
-  ``python setup.py test``.  
+  setuptools is also improved: you can now run tests with the command
+  ``python setup.py test``.
 
 - **Code changes**
-  A new utility function ``decorate(func, caller)`` has been added. 
-  It does the same job that was performed by thd older 
+  A new utility function ``decorate(func, caller)`` has been added.
+  It does the same job that was performed by the older
   ``decorator(caller, func)``. The old functionality is now deprecated
   and no longer documented, but still available for now.
 
 - **New experimental feature**
-  The decorator module now includes an implementation of generic 
-  functions (sometimes called "multiple dispatch functions"). 
-  The API is designed to mimic ``functools.singledispatch`` (added 
-  in Python 3.4), but the implementation is much simpler. 
-  Moreover, all decorators involved preserve the signature of the 
-  decorated functions. For now, this exists mostly to demonstrate 
-  the power of the module. In the future it could be enhanced/optimized; 
-  however, both it and its API could change. (Such is the fate of 
-  experimental features!) In any case, it is very short and compact 
-  (less then 100 lines), so you can extract it for your own use. 
+  The decorator module now includes an implementation of generic
+  functions (sometimes called "multiple dispatch functions").
+  The API is designed to mimic ``functools.singledispatch`` (added
+  in Python 3.4), but the implementation is much simpler.
+  Moreover, all decorators involved preserve the signature of the
+  decorated functions. For now, this exists mostly to demonstrate
+  the power of the module. In the future it could be enhanced/optimized;
+  however, both it and its API could change. (Such is the fate of
+  experimental features!) In any case, it is very short and compact
+  (less then 100 lines), so you can extract it for your own use.
   Take it as food for thought.
 
 Usefulness of decorators
@@ -111,10 +110,10 @@ to be really useful. It is more convenient to split the generic class of
 decorators in two subclasses:
 
 *signature-preserving* decorators :
-    Callable objects which accept a function as input and return 
+    Callable objects which accept a function as input and return
     a function *with the same signature*.
-*signature-changing* decorators : 
-    Decorators which change the signature of their input function, 
+*signature-changing* decorators :
+    Decorators which change the signature of their input function,
     or decorators that return non-callable objects.
 
 **Signature-changing** decorators have their use: for instance, the
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ builtin classes ``staticmethod`` and ``classmethod`` are in this
 group. They take functions and return descriptor objects which
 are neither functions, nor callables.
 
-Still, **signature-preserving** decorators are more common, and easier 
+Still, **signature-preserving** decorators are more common, and easier
 to reason about. In particular, they can be composed together,
 whereas other decorators generally cannot.
 
@@ -138,22 +137,22 @@ A very common use case for decorators is the memoization of functions.
 A ``memoize`` decorator works by caching
 the result of the function call in a dictionary, so that the next time
 the function is called with the same input parameters the result is retrieved
-from the cache and not recomputed. 
+from the cache and not recomputed.
 
-There are many implementations of ``memoize`` in 
+There are many implementations of ``memoize`` in
 http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary,
 but they do not preserve the signature. In recent versions of
 Python you can find a sophisticated ``lru_cache`` decorator
 in the standard library's ``functools``. Here I am just
 interested in giving an example.
 
-Consider the following simple implementation (note that it is 
+Consider the following simple implementation (note that it is
 generally impossible to *correctly* memoize correctly something
 that depends on non-hashable arguments):
 
 $$memoize_uw
 
-Here I used the functools.update_wrapper_ utility, which was added 
+Here I used the functools.update_wrapper_ utility, which was added
 in Python 2.5 to simplify the writing of decorators.
 (Previously, you needed to manually copy the function attributes
 ``__name__``, ``__doc__``, ``__module__``, and ``__dict__``
@@ -165,9 +164,9 @@ $$f1
 
 .. _functools.update_wrapper: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.update_wrapper
 
-This works insofar as the decorator accepts functions with generic signatures. 
-Unfortunately, it is *not* a signature-preserving decorator, since 
-``memoize_uw`` generally returns a function with a *different signature* 
+This works insofar as the decorator accepts functions with generic signatures.
+Unfortunately, it is *not* a signature-preserving decorator, since
+``memoize_uw`` generally returns a function with a *different signature*
 from the original.
 
 Consider for instance the following case:
@@ -187,7 +186,7 @@ keyword arguments:
 This means that introspection tools (like ``pydoc``) will give false
 information about the signature of ``f1`` (unless you are using
 Python 3.5)! This is pretty bad: ``pydoc`` will tell you that the
-function accepts the generic signature ``*args, **kw``, but 
+function accepts the generic signature ``*args, **kw``, but
 calling the function with more than one argument raises an error:
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -461,7 +460,7 @@ use of the ``with`` statement:
 Basically, it is as if the content of the ``with`` block was executed
 in the place of the ``yield`` expression in the generator function.
 
-In Python 3.2, ``GeneratorContextManager`` objects were enhanced with 
+In Python 3.2, ``GeneratorContextManager`` objects were enhanced with
 a ``__call__`` method, so that they can be used as decorators, like so:
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -476,26 +475,27 @@ a ``__call__`` method, so that they can be used as decorators, like so:
  AFTER
 
 The ``ba`` decorator basically inserts a ``with ba:`` block
-inside the function.  
+inside the function. 
 
-However, there two issues: 
+However, there two issues:
 
 1. ``GeneratorContextManager`` objects are only callable in Python 3.2,
-   so the previous example breaks in older versions of Python. 
+   so the previous example breaks in older versions of Python.
    (You can solve this by installing ``contextlib2``, which backports
    the Python 3 functionality to Python 2.)
-1. ``GeneratorContextManager`` objects do not preserve the signature of
+
+2. ``GeneratorContextManager`` objects do not preserve the signature of
    the decorated functions! The decorated ``hello`` function above will
    have the generic signature ``hello(*args, **kwargs)``, but fails if
-   called with more than zero arguments. 
+   called with more than zero arguments.
 
 For these reasons, decorator module (as of release 3.4) offers a
-``decorator.contextmanager`` decorator that solves both problems, 
-*and* works in all supported Python versions.  Its usage is identical, 
+``decorator.contextmanager`` decorator that solves both problems,
+*and* works in all supported Python versions.  Its usage is identical,
 and factories decorated with ``decorator.contextmanager`` will return
 instances of ``ContextManager``, a subclass of the standard library's
 ``contextlib.GeneratorContextManager`` class. The subclass includes
-an improved ``__call__`` method, which acts as a signature-preserving 
+an improved ``__call__`` method, which acts as a signature-preserving
 decorator.
 
 The ``FunctionMaker`` class
@@ -503,11 +503,11 @@ The ``FunctionMaker`` class
 
 You may wonder how the functionality of the ``decorator`` module
 is implemented. The basic building block is
-a ``FunctionMaker`` class. It generates on-the-fly functions 
+a ``FunctionMaker`` class. It generates on-the-fly functions
 with a given name and signature from a function template
-passed as a string. 
+passed as a string.
 
-If you're just writing ordinary decorators, then you probably won't 
+If you're just writing ordinary decorators, then you probably won't
 need to use ``FunctionMaker`` directly. But in some circumstances, it
 can be handy. You will see an example shortly--in
 the implementation of a cool decorator utility (``decorator_apply``).
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ the implementation of a cool decorator utility (``decorator_apply``).
 ``FunctionMaker`` provides the ``.create`` classmethod, which
 accepts the *name*, *signature*, and *body* of the function
 you want to generate, as well as the execution environment
-where the function is generated by ``exec``. 
+where the function is generated by ``exec``.
 
 Here's an example:
 
@@ -531,8 +531,8 @@ Here's an example:
 It is important to notice that the function body is interpolated
 before being executed; **be careful** with the ``%`` sign!
 
-``FunctionMaker.create`` also accepts keyword arguments. 
-The keyword arguments are attached to the generated function. 
+``FunctionMaker.create`` also accepts keyword arguments.
+The keyword arguments are attached to the generated function.
 This is useful if you want to set some function attributes
 (e.g., the docstring ``__doc__``).
 
@@ -550,33 +550,34 @@ a ``__source__`` attribute:
      f(a, b)
  <BLANKLINE>
 
-The first argument to ``FunctionMaker.create`` can be a string (as above), 
-or a function. This is the most common usage, since you typically decorate 
-pre-existing functions. 
+The first argument to ``FunctionMaker.create`` can be a string (as above),
+or a function. This is the most common usage, since you typically decorate
+pre-existing functions.
 
-If you're writing a framework, however, you may want to use 
-``FunctionMaker.create`` directly, rather than ``decorator``, because it gives 
-you direct access to the body of the generated function. 
+If you're writing a framework, however, you may want to use
+``FunctionMaker.create`` directly, rather than ``decorator``, because it gives
+you direct access to the body of the generated function.
 
-For instance, suppose you want to instrument the ``__init__`` methods of a 
-set of classes, by preserving their signature. 
-(This use case is not made up. This is done by SQAlchemy, and other frameworks, 
+For instance, suppose you want to instrument the ``__init__`` methods of a
+set of classes, by preserving their signature.
+(This use case is not made up. This is done by SQAlchemy, and other frameworks,
 too.)
 Here is what happens:
 
-- If first argument of ``FunctionMaker.create`` is a function, 
-  an instance of ``FunctionMaker`` is created with the attributes 
-  ``args``, ``varargs``, ``keywords``, and ``defaults``. 
-  (These mirror the return values of the standard library's ``inspect.getargspec``.)
+- If first argument of ``FunctionMaker.create`` is a function,
+  an instance of ``FunctionMaker`` is created with the attributes
+  ``args``, ``varargs``, ``keywords``, and ``defaults``.
+  (These mirror the return values of the standard library's
+  ``inspect.getargspec``.)
 
-- For each item in ``args`` (a list of strings of the names of all required 
+- For each item in ``args`` (a list of strings of the names of all required
   arguments), an attribute ``arg0``, ``arg1``, ..., ``argN`` is also generated.
 
-- Finally, there is a ``signature`` attribute, which is a string with the 
+- Finally, there is a ``signature`` attribute, which is a string with the
   signature of the original function.
 
 **NOTE:** You should not pass signature strings with default arguments
-(e.g., something like ``'f1(a, b=None)'``). Just pass ``'f1(a, b)'``, 
+(e.g., something like ``'f1(a, b=None)'``). Just pass ``'f1(a, b)'``,
 followed by a tuple of defaults:
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -591,14 +592,14 @@ Getting the source code
 ---------------------------------------------------
 
 Internally, ``FunctionMaker.create`` uses ``exec`` to generate the
-decorated function. Therefore ``inspect.getsource`` will not work for 
-decorated functions. In IPython, this means that the usual ``??`` trick 
-will give you the (right on the spot) message ``Dynamically generated 
-function. No source code available``.  
+decorated function. Therefore ``inspect.getsource`` will not work for
+decorated functions. In IPython, this means that the usual ``??`` trick
+will give you the (right on the spot) message ``Dynamically generated
+function. No source code available``.
 
-In the past, I have considered this acceptable, since ``inspect.getsource`` 
+In the past, I have considered this acceptable, since ``inspect.getsource``
 does not really work with "regular" decorators. In those cases,
-``inspect.getsource`` gives you the wrapper source code, which is probably 
+``inspect.getsource`` gives you the wrapper source code, which is probably
 not what you want:
 
 $$identity_dec
@@ -614,10 +615,10 @@ $$example
 
 (See bug report 1764286_ for an explanation of what is happening).
 Unfortunately the bug still exists in all versions of Python, except
-Python 3.5. 
+Python 3.5.
 
 However, there is a workaround. The decorated function has the ``__wrapped__``
-attribute, pointing to the original function. The simplest way to get the 
+attribute, pointing to the original function. The simplest way to get the
 source code is to call ``inspect.getsource`` on the undecorated function:
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -693,28 +694,28 @@ $$fact
 
 **Reminder:** A function is *tail recursive* if it does either of the following: 
 
-- returns a value without making a recursive call; or, 
+- returns a value without making a recursive call; or,
 - returns directly the result of a recursive call.
 
 Multiple dispatch
 -------------------------------------------
 
-There has been talk of implementing multiple dispatch functions 
-(i.e. "generic functions") in Python for over ten years. Last year, 
+There has been talk of implementing multiple dispatch functions
+(i.e. "generic functions") in Python for over ten years. Last year,
 something concrete was done for the first time--and as of Python 3.4,
 we have the decorator ``functools.singledispatch`` to implement generic
-functions! 
+functions!
 
 As its name implies, it is limited to *single dispatch*; in other words,
-it is able to dispatch on the first argument of the function only.  
+it is able to dispatch on the first argument of the function only.
 
 The ``decorator`` module provides the decorator factory ``dispatch_on``,
-which can be used to implement generic functions dispatching on *any* argument. 
-Moreover, it can manage dispatching on more than one argument. 
+which can be used to implement generic functions dispatching on *any* argument.
+Moreover, it can manage dispatching on more than one argument.
 (And, of course, it is signature-preserving.)
 
-Here is a concrete example (from a real-life use case) where it is desiderable 
-to dispatch on the second argument. 
+Here is a concrete example (from a real-life use case) where it is desiderable
+to dispatch on the second argument.
 
 Suppose you have an ``XMLWriter`` class, which is instantiated
 with some configuration parameters, and has the ``.write`` method which
@@ -724,15 +725,15 @@ $$XMLWriter
 
 Here, you want to dispatch on the *second* argument; the first is already
 taken by ``self``. The ``dispatch_on`` decorator factory allows you to specify
-the dispatch argument simplpy by passing its name as a string. (Note 
-that if you mispell the name you will get an error.) 
+the dispatch argument simplpy by passing its name as a string. (Note
+that if you mispell the name you will get an error.)
 
 The decorated function decorated is turned into a generic function,
-and it is called if there are no more specialized implementations. 
+and it is called if there are no more specialized implementations.
 
-Usually, default functions should raise a ``NotImplementedError``, thus 
-forcing people to register some implementation. You can perform the registration 
-with a decorator:
+Usually, default functions should raise a ``NotImplementedError``, thus
+forcing people to register some implementation.
+You can perform the registration with a decorator:
 
 $$writefloat
 
@@ -747,7 +748,7 @@ Now XMLWriter can serialize floats:
 I could give a down-to-earth example of situations in which it is desiderable
 to dispatch on more than one argument--for instance, I once implemented
 a database-access library where the first dispatching argument was the
-the database driver, and the second was the database record--but here 
+the database driver, and the second was the database record--but here
 I will follow tradition, and show the time-honored Rock-Paper-Scissors example:
 
 $$Rock
@@ -758,16 +759,16 @@ I have added an ordinal to the Rock-Paper-Scissors classes to simplify
 the implementation. The idea is to define a generic function (``win(a,
 b)``) of two arguments corresponding to the *moves* of the first and
 second players. The *moves* are instances of the classes
-Rock, Paper, and Scissors. 
+Rock, Paper, and Scissors.
 
-Paper wins over Rock; 
-Scissors wins over Paper; and 
-Rock wins over Scissors. 
+Paper wins over Rock;
+Scissors wins over Paper; and
+Rock wins over Scissors.
 
-The function will return +1 for a win, -1 for a loss, and 0 for parity. 
-There are 9 combinations, but combinations with the same ordinal 
-(i.e. the same class) return 0. Moreover, by exchanging the order of the 
-arguments, the sign of the result changes. Therefore, it is sufficient to 
+The function will return +1 for a win, -1 for a loss, and 0 for parity.
+There are 9 combinations, but combinations with the same ordinal
+(i.e. the same class) return 0. Moreover, by exchanging the order of the
+arguments, the sign of the result changes. Therefore, it is sufficient to
 directly specify only 3 implementations:
 
 $$win
@@ -832,8 +833,8 @@ MRO_ for short) of ``StrongRock`` and ``Scissors``, respectively.
 Generic functions and virtual ancestors
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-In Python, generic functions are complicated by the existence of 
-"virtual ancestors": superclasses which are not in the class hierarchy.  
+In Python, generic functions are complicated by the existence of
+"virtual ancestors": superclasses which are not in the class hierarchy.
 
 Consider this class:
 
@@ -875,14 +876,14 @@ builtin ``len``--but you should get the idea.
 Since in Python it is possible to consider any instance of ``ABCMeta``
 as a virtual ancestor of any other class (it is enough to register it
 as ``ancestor.register(cls)``), any implementation of generic functions
-must take virtual ancestors into account. 
+must take virtual ancestors into account.
 
 For example, suppose you are using a third-party set-like class, like
 the following:
 
 $$SomeSet
 
-Here, the author of ``SomeSet`` made a mistake by inheriting from 
+Here, the author of ``SomeSet`` made a mistake by inheriting from
 ``collections.Sized`` (instead of ``collections.Set``).
 
 This is not a problem. You can register *a posteriori*
@@ -898,8 +899,8 @@ Now, let's define an implementation of ``get_length`` specific to set:
 
 $$get_length_set
 
-The current implementation (and ``functools.singledispatch`` too) 
-is able to discern that a ``Set`` is a ``Sized`` object, 
+The current implementation (and ``functools.singledispatch`` too)
+is able to discern that a ``Set`` is a ``Sized`` object,
 so it uses the more specific implementation for ``Set``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -911,10 +912,11 @@ Sometimes it is not clear how to dispatch. For instance, consider the
 class ``C``: it is registered both as ``collections.Iterable`` and
 ``collections.Sized``, and defines the generic function ``g`` with
 implementations for both ``collections.Iterable`` *and*
-``collections.Sized``. 
+``collections.Sized``.
 
-It is impossible to decide which implementation to use, since the ancestors 
-are independent. The following function will raise a ``RuntimeError`` when called:
+It is impossible to decide which implementation to use, since the ancestors
+are independent. The following function will raise a ``RuntimeError``
+when called:
 
 $$singledispatch_example1
 
@@ -922,22 +924,22 @@ This is consistent with the "refuse the temptation to guess"
 philosophy. ``functools.singledispatch`` would raise a similar error.
 
 It would be easy to rely on the order of registration to decide the
-precedence order. This is reasonable, but also fragile: 
+precedence order. This is reasonable, but also fragile:
 
-- if, during some refactoring, you change the registration order by mistake, 
-  a different implementation could be taken; 
-- if implementations of the generic functions are distributed across modules, 
-  and you change the import order, a different implementation could be taken. 
+- if, during some refactoring, you change the registration order by mistake,
+  a different implementation could be taken;
+- if implementations of the generic functions are distributed across modules,
+  and you change the import order, a different implementation could be taken.
 
-So the ``decorator`` module prefers to raise an error in the face of ambiguity. 
+So the ``decorator`` module prefers to raise an error in the face of ambiguity.
 This is the same approach taken by the standard library.
 
-However, it should be noted that the *dispatch algorithm* used by the decorator 
-module is different from the one used by the standard library, so in certain  
-cases you will get different answers. The difference is that 
-``functools.singledispatch`` tries to insert the virtual ancestors *before* the 
-base classes, whereas ``decorator.dispatch_on`` tries to insert them *after* the 
-base classes.
+However, it should be noted that the *dispatch algorithm* used by the decorator
+module is different from the one used by the standard library, so in certain
+cases you will get different answers. The difference is that
+``functools.singledispatch`` tries to insert the virtual ancestors *before* the
+base classes, whereas ``decorator.dispatch_on`` tries to insert them *after*
+the base classes.
 
 Here's an example that shows the difference:
 
@@ -959,7 +961,7 @@ head by looking at the implementations. I will just notice that
   [('V',), ('Sized',), ('S',), ('Container',)]
 
 The current implementation does not implement any kind of cooperation
-between implementations. In other words, nothing is akin either to 
+between implementations. In other words, nothing is akin either to
 call-next-method in Lisp, or to ``super`` in Python.
 
 Finally, let me notice that the decorator module implementation does
@@ -969,7 +971,9 @@ Caveats and limitations
 -------------------------------------------
 
 One thing you should be aware of is the performance penalty of decorators.
-The worse case is shown by the following example::
+The worse case is shown by the following example:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
  $ cat performance.sh
  python3 -m timeit -s "
@@ -1141,7 +1145,7 @@ a (shallow) copy of the original function dictionary:
 LICENSE
 ---------------------------------------------
 
-Copyright (c) 2005-2015, Michele Simionato
+Copyright (c) 2005-2016, Michele Simionato
 All rights reserved.
 
 Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
author	Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>	2016-02-11 05:44:09 +0100
committer	Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>	2016-02-11 05:44:09 +0100
commit	245eb3cfb319a090dc577d6ad0c09b9d8a419faf (patch)
tree	4f7f9975a2aa31c6ed73aba3075597656b713703
parent	0c35342bbc9965f4b35359de2d68075e72bdd370 (diff)
download	python-decorator-git-245eb3cfb319a090dc577d6ad0c09b9d8a419faf.tar.gz