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authorMichele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>2015-07-22 13:55:56 +0200
committerMichele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>2015-07-22 13:55:56 +0200
commitc654f80ca9d4770c09aaa622844893a493cbc19f (patch)
tree18a8f224d7042905cd94c085439e24eba6b6645c
parentfb545895801ade0d17192d33460f7819ed97d358 (diff)
downloadpython-decorator-git-c654f80ca9d4770c09aaa622844893a493cbc19f.tar.gz
Added a note on FunctionMaker.create
Diffstat
-rw-r--r--documentation.pdf800
-rw-r--r--documentation.rst14
-rw-r--r--src/tests/documentation.py14
3 files changed, 495 insertions, 333 deletions
diff --git a/documentation.pdf b/documentation.pdf
index fe51902..d6787e7 100644
--- a/documentation.pdf
+++ b/documentation.pdf
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .321654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes you find on the net some cool decorator that you would like to include in your code. However,) Tj T* 0 Tw .50061 Tw (more often than not the cool decorator is not signature-preserving. Therefore you may want an easy way) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.814597 Tw (to upgrade third party decorators to signature-preserving decorators without having to rewrite them in) Tj T* 0 Tw (terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. You can use a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to implement that functionality as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .079982 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (sets the attribute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (of the generated function to the original function, so) Tj T* 0 Tw .028935 Tw (that you can get the right source code. If you are using Python 3, you should also set the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__qualname__) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (attribute to preserve the qualified name of the original function.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .13104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that I am not providing this functionality in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module directly since I think it is best to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.070751 Tw (rewrite the decorator rather than adding an additional level of indirection. However, practicality beats) Tj T* 0 Tw (purity, so you can add ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to your toolbox and use it if you need to.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.74881 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In order to give an example of usage of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, I will show a pretty slick decorator that) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.276651 Tw (converts a tail-recursive function in an iterative function. I have shamelessly stolen the basic idea from) Tj T* 0 Tw 43.62829 Tw (Kay Schluehr's recipe in the Python Cookbook,) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/496691) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .188935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for your mind ;\) Notice that there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.339983 Tw (recursion limit now, and you can easily compute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or larger without filling the stack) Tj T* 0 Tw .909431 Tw (frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm .11936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There has been talk of implementing multiple dispatch \(i.e. generic\) functions in Python for over ten years.) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.96881 Tw (Last year for the first time something was done and now in Python 3.4 we have a decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw .294147 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (which can be used to implement generic functions. As the name implies,) Tj T* 0 Tw .063322 Tw (it has the restriction of being limited to single dispatch, i.e. it is able to dispatch on the first argument of the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.423555 Tw (function only. The decorator module provide a decorator factory ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (which can be used to) Tj T* 0 Tw .616905 Tw (implement generic functions dispatching on any argument; moreover it can manage dispatching on more) Tj T* 0 Tw (than one argument and, of course, it is signature-preserving.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.551163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I will give a very concrete example where it is desiderable to dispatch on the second argument.) Tj T* 0 Tw .216412 Tw (Suppose you have an XMLWriter class, which is instantiated with some configuration parameters and has) Tj T* 0 Tw (a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method which is able to serialize objects to XML:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .352209 Tw (I could give a down-to-earth example of situations in which it is desiderable to dispatch on more than one) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.67998 Tw (argument \(for instance once I implemented a database-access library where the first dispatching) Tj T* 0 Tw .442765 Tw (argument was the the database driver and the second one was the database record\), but here I prefer to) Tj T* 0 Tw (follow the tradition and show the time-honored Rock-Paper-Scissor example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Generic functions and virtual ancestors) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.225366 Tw (Generic function implementations in Python are complicated by the existence of "virtual ancestors", i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw (superclasses which are not in the class hierarchy. Consider for instance this class:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .772765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This class defines a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__len__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method and as such is considered to be a subclass of the abstract base) Tj T* 0 Tw (class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.180888 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not an ancestor of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. Any implementation of generic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.570651 Tw (functions, even with single dispatch, must go through some contorsion to take into account the virtual) Tj T* 0 Tw (ancestors.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In particular if we define a generic function) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (implemented on all classes with a length) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (then ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_length ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (must be defined on ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instances:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course this is a contrived example since you could just use the builtin ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (len) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but you should get the idea.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .646651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The implementation of generic functions in the decorator module is still experimental. In this initial phase) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.659069 Tw (implicity was preferred over consistency with the way ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (works in the) Tj T* 0 Tw .258735 Tw (standard library. So there some subtle differences in special cases. I will only show an example. Suppose) Tj T* 0 Tw (you are using a third party set-like class like the following:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.042651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the author of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (made a mistake by not inheriting from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Set) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but only from) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.797485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is not a problem since we can register ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (a posteriori) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as a virtual ancestor of) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(in general any instance of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (abc.ABCMeta ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (can be registered to work as a virtual ancestor\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now, let us define an implementation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_length ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (specific to set:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.152651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The current implementation first check in the MRO and then look for virtual ancestors; since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inherits directly from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (that implementation is found first:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 2.257752 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Generic functions implemented via ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (use a more sophisticated lookup) Tj T* 0 Tw .632209 Tw (algorithm; in particular they are able to discern that a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object, so the implementation for) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.135777 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is taken and the result is 1, not 0. Still, the implementation in the decorator module is easy to) Tj T* 0 Tw (undestand, once one declare that real ancestors take the precedence over virtual ancestors.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.365976 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The functions implemented via ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (are smarter when there are conflicting) Tj T* 0 Tw .691654 Tw (implementations and are able to solve more potential conflicts. Just to have an idea of what I am talking) Tj T* 0 Tw (about, here is a situation with a conflict:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 9.280976 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is both a \(virtual\) subclass of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and of) Tj T* 0 Tw 4.906647 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, which are not related by subclassing, it is impossible to decide which) Tj T* 0 Tw .214269 Tw (implementation should be taken. Consistently with the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (refuse the temptation to guess ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (philosophy, an error) Tj T* 0 Tw (is raised. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (would work exactly the same in this case.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .39561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally let me notice that the decorator module implementation does not use any cache, whereas the one) Tj T* 0 Tw (in ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (has a cache.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Caveats and limitations) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .474987 Tw (The first thing you should be aware of, it the fact that decorators have a performance penalty. The worse) Tj T* 0 Tw (case is shown by the following example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On my laptop, using the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (do_nothing ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator instead of the plain function is five times slower:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .091984 Tw (More importantly, you should be aware that decorators will make your tracebacks longer and more difficult) Tj T* 0 Tw (to understand. Consider this example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will give you a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
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diff --git a/documentation.rst b/documentation.rst
index 947c707..92a27d4 100644
--- a/documentation.rst
+++ b/documentation.rst
@@ -666,6 +666,19 @@ the names of the mandatory arguments) an attribute ``arg0``, ``arg1``,
..., ``argN`` is also generated. Finally, there is a ``signature``
attribute, a string with the signature of the original function.
+Notice: you should not pass signature strings with default arguments,
+i.e. something like 'f1(a, b=None)'. Just pass 'f1(a, b)' and then
+a tuple of defaults:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ >>> f1 = FunctionMaker.create(
+ ... 'f1(a, b)', 'f(a, b)', dict(f=f), addsource=True, defaults=(None,))
+ >>> import inspect
+ >>> print(inspect.getargspec(f1))
+ ArgSpec(args=['a', 'b'], varargs=None, keywords=None, defaults=(None,))
+
+
Getting the source code
---------------------------------------------------
@@ -694,7 +707,6 @@ source code which is probably not what you want:
.. code-block:: python
- >>> import inspect
>>> print(inspect.getsource(example))
def wrapper(*args, **kw):
return func(*args, **kw)
diff --git a/src/tests/documentation.py b/src/tests/documentation.py
index 8282063..cdee30f 100644
--- a/src/tests/documentation.py
+++ b/src/tests/documentation.py
@@ -535,6 +535,19 @@ the names of the mandatory arguments) an attribute ``arg0``, ``arg1``,
..., ``argN`` is also generated. Finally, there is a ``signature``
attribute, a string with the signature of the original function.
+Notice: you should not pass signature strings with default arguments,
+i.e. something like 'f1(a, b=None)'. Just pass 'f1(a, b)' and then
+a tuple of defaults:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ >>> f1 = FunctionMaker.create(
+ ... 'f1(a, b)', 'f(a, b)', dict(f=f), addsource=True, defaults=(None,))
+ >>> import inspect
+ >>> print(inspect.getargspec(f1))
+ ArgSpec(args=['a', 'b'], varargs=None, keywords=None, defaults=(None,))
+
+
Getting the source code
---------------------------------------------------
@@ -553,7 +566,6 @@ $$example
.. code-block:: python
- >>> import inspect
>>> print(inspect.getsource(example))
def wrapper(*args, **kw):
return func(*args, **kw)
View Lorry Controller Status