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<section id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes">
  <title>Other Queue Types</title>

  <section role="h2" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-Introduction">
    <title>Introduction</title>
    <para> In addition to the standard queue type where messages are delivered in the same order
      that they were sent, the Java Broker supports three additional queue types which allows for
      alternative delivery behaviours. These are <link linkend="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-Priority"
        >priority-queues</link>, <link linkend="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-Sorted">sorted-queues</link>-, and
        <link linkend="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-LVQ">last-value-queues</link> (LVQs). </para>
    <para> In the following sections, the semantics of each queue type is described, followed by a
      description of how instances of these queue can be created via <link
        linkend="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-CreateUsingConfig">configuration</link> or <link
        linkend="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-CreateUsingJmsOrJmx">programmatically</link>. </para>
    <para>The final section discusses the importance of using a <link
        linkend="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-SetLowPrefetch">low client pre-fetch</link> with these queued.
    </para>
  </section>

  <section role="h2" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-Priority">
    <title>Priority Queues</title>
    <para>In a priority queue, messages on the queue are delivered in an order determined by the
        <ulink url="&oracleJeeDocUrl;javax/jms/Message.html#getJMSPriority()">JMS priority message
        header</ulink> within the message. By default Qpid supports the 10 priority levels mandated
      by JMS, with priority value 0 as the lowest priority and 9 as the highest. </para>
    <para>It is possible to reduce the effective number of priorities if desired.</para>
    <para>JMS defines the <ulink url="&oracleJeeDocUrl;javax/jms/Message.html#DEFAULT_PRIORITY">
        default message priority</ulink> as 4. Messages sent without a specified priority use this
      default. </para>
  </section>
  <section role="h2" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-Sorted">
    <title>Sorted Queues</title>
    <para>Sorted queues allow the message delivery order to be determined by value of an arbitrary
        <ulink url="&oracleJeeDocUrl;javax/jms/Message.html#getStringProperty()">JMS message
        property</ulink>. Sort order is alpha-numeric and the property value must have a type
      java.lang.String.</para>
    <para>Messages sent to a sorted queue without the specified JMS message property will be
      inserted into the 'last' position in the queue.</para>
  </section>
  <section role="h2" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-LVQ">
    <title>Last Value Queues (LVQ)</title>
    <para>LVQs (or conflation queues) are special queues that automatically discard any message when
      a newer message arrives with the same key value. The key is specified by arbitrary <ulink
        url="&oracleJeeDocUrl;javax/jms/Message.html#getPropertyNames()">JMS message
        property</ulink>.</para>
    <para>An example of an LVQ might be where a queue represents prices on a stock exchange: when
      you first consume from the queue you get the latest quote for each stock, and then as new
      prices come in you are sent only these updates. </para>
    <para>Like other queues, LVQs can either be browsed or consumed from. When browsing an
      individual subscriber does not remove the message from the queue when receiving it. This
      allows for many subscriptions to browse the same LVQ (i.e. you do not need to create and bind
      a separate LVQ for each subscriber who wishes to receive the contents of the LVQ).</para>
    <para>Messages sent to an LVQ without the specified property will be delivered as normal and
      will never be "replaced".</para>
  </section>
  <section role="h2" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-Create">
    <title>Creating a Priority, Sorted or LVQ Queue</title>
    <para>To create a priority, sorted or LVQ queue, it can be defined in the virtualhost
      configuration file, or the queue can be created programmtically from a client via AMQP (using
      an extension to JMS), or using JMX. These methods are described below. </para>
    <para>Once a queue is created you cannot change its type (without deleting it and re-creating).
      Also note you cannot currently mix the natures of these queue types, for instance, you cannot
      define a queue which it both an LVQ and a priority-queue.</para>
    <section role="h2" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-CreateUsingConfig">
      <title>Using configuration</title>
      <para>To create a priority, sorted or LVQ queue within configuration, add the appropriate xml
        to the virtualhost.xml configuration file within the <varname>queues</varname>
        element.</para>
      <section role="h3" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-CreateUsingConfig-Priority">
        <title>Priority</title>
        <para> To defining a priority queue, add a &lt;priority&gt;true&lt;/priority&gt; element. By
          default the queue will have 10 distinct priorities. </para>
        <example>
          <title>Configuring a priority queue</title>
          <programlisting><![CDATA[<queue>
    <name>myqueue</name>
    <myqueue>
        <exchange>amq.direct</exchange>
        <priority>true</priority>
    </myqueue>
</queue>]]></programlisting>
        </example>
        <para> If you require fewer priorities, it is possible to specify a
            <varname>priorities</varname> element (whose value is a integer value between 2 and 10
          inclusive) which will give the queue that number of distinct priorities. When messages are
          sent to that queue, their effective priority will be calculated by partitioning the
          priority space. If the number of effective priorities is 2, then messages with priority
          0-4 are treated the same as "lower priority" and messages with priority 5-9 are treated
          equivalently as "higher priority". </para>
        <example>
          <title>Configuring a priority queue with fewer priorities</title>
          <programlisting><![CDATA[<queue>
    <name>myqueue</name>
    <myqueue>
        <exchange>amq.direct</exchange>
        <priority>true</priority>
        <priorities>4</priorities>
    </myqueue>
</queue>]]></programlisting>
        </example>
      </section>
      <section role="h3" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-CreateUsingConfig-Sorted">
        <title>Sorted</title>
        <para> To define a sorted queue, add a <varname>sortKey</varname> element. The value of the
            <varname>sortKey</varname> element defines the message property to use the value of when
          sorting the messages put onto the queue. </para>
        <example>
          <title>Configuring a sorted queue</title>
          <programlisting><![CDATA[<queue>
    <name>myqueue</name>
    <myqueue>
        <exchange>amq.direct</exchange>
        <sortKey>message-property-to-sort-by</sortKey>
    </myqueue>
</queue>]]></programlisting>
        </example>
      </section>
      <section role="h3" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-CreateUsingConfig-LVQ">
        <title>LVQ</title>
        <para> To define a LVQ, add a <varname>lvq</varname> element with the value
            <constant>true</constant>. Without any further configuration this will define an LVQ
          which uses the JMS message property <constant>qpid.LVQ_key</constant> as the key for
          replacement. </para>
        <example>
          <title>Configuring a LVQ queue</title>
          <programlisting><![CDATA[<queue>
    <name>myqueue</name>
    <myqueue>
        <exchange>amq.direct</exchange>
        <lvq>true</lvq>
    </myqueue>
</queue>]]></programlisting>
        </example>
        <para> If you wish to define your own property then you can do so using the
            <varname>lvqKey</varname> element.</para>
        <example>
          <title>Configuring a LVQ queue with custom message property name</title>
          <programlisting><![CDATA[<queue>
    <name>myqueue</name>
    <myqueue>
        <exchange>amq.direct</exchange>
        <lvq>true</lvq>
        <lvqKey>ISIN</lvqKey>
    </myqueue>
</queue>]]></programlisting>
        </example>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section role="h2" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-CreateUsingJmsOrJmx">
      <title>Using JMX or AMQP</title>
      <para>To create a priority, sorted or LVQ queue programmatically from JMX or using a Qpid
        extension to JMS, pass the appropriate queue-declare arguments.</para>
      <table>
        <title>Queue-declare arguments understood for priority, sorted and LVQ queues</title>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry>Queue type</entry>
              <entry>Argument name</entry>
              <entry>Argument name</entry>
              <entry>Argument Description</entry>
            </row>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>priority</entry>
              <entry>priorities</entry>
              <entry>java.lang.Integer</entry>
              <entry>Specifies a priority queue with given number priorities</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>sorted</entry>
              <entry>qpid.queue_sort_key</entry>
              <entry>java.lang.String</entry>
              <entry>Specifies sorted queue with given message property used to sort the
                entries</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>lvq</entry>
              <entry>qpid.last_value_queue_key</entry>
              <entry>java.lang.String</entry>
              <entry>Specifies lvq queue with given message property used to conflate the
                entries</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>
      <para>The following example illustrates the creation of the a LVQ queue from a
        javax.jms.Session object. Note that this utilises a Qpid specific extension to JMS and
        involves casting the session object back to its Qpid base-class.</para>
      <example>
        <title>Creation of an LVQ using the Qpid extension to JMS</title>
        <programlisting><![CDATA[Map<String,Object> arguments = new HashMap<String, Object>();
arguments.put("qpid.last_value_queue_key","ISIN");
((AMQSession<?,?>) session).createQueue(queueName, autoDelete, durable, exclusive, arguments);]]></programlisting>

      </example>
      <para> The following example illustrates the creation of the sorted queue from a the JMX
        interface using the ManagedBroker interface. </para>
      <example>
        <title>Creation of a sorted queue using JMX</title>
        <programlisting><![CDATA[Map<String, Object> environment = new HashMap<String, Object>();
environment.put(JMXConnector.CREDENTIALS, new String[] {"admin","password"});
// Connect to service
JMXServiceURL url =  new JMXServiceURL("service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:8999/jmxrmi");
JMXConnector jmxConnector = JMXConnectorFactory.connect(url, environment);
MBeanServerConnection mbsc =  jmxConnector.getMBeanServerConnection();
// Object name for ManagedBroker for virtualhost myvhost
ObjectName objectName = new ObjectName("org.apache.qpid:type=VirtualHost.VirtualHostManager,VirtualHost=myvhost");
// Get the ManagedBroker object
ManagedBroker managedBroker = JMX.newMBeanProxy(mbsc, objectName, ManagedBroker.class);;

// Create the queue passing arguments
Map<String,Object> arguments = new HashMap<String, Object>();
arguments.put("qpid.queue_sort_key","myheader");
managedBroker.createNewQueue("myqueue", null, true, arguments);]]></programlisting>
      </example>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section role="h2" id="Java-Broker-Queues-OtherTypes-SetLowPrefetch">
    <title>Low pre-fetch</title>
    <para>Qpid clients receive buffered messages in batches, sized according to the pre-fetch value.
      The current default is 500. </para>
    <para>However, if you use the default value you will probably <emphasis>not</emphasis> see
      desirable behaviour when using priority, sorted or lvq queues. Once the broker has sent a
      message to the client its delivery order is then fixed, regardless of the special behaviour of
      the queue. </para>
    <para>For example, if using a priority queue and a prefetch of 100, and 100 messages arrive with
      priority 2, the broker will send these messages to the client. If then a new message arrives
      will priority 1, the broker cannot leap frog messages of lower priority. The priority 1 will
      be delivered at the front of the next batch of messages to be sent to the client.</para>
    <para> So, you need to set the prefetch values for your client (consumer) to make this sensible.
      To do this set the Java system property <varname>max_prefetch</varname> on the client
      environment (using -D) before creating your consumer. </para>
    <para>A default for all client connections can be set via a system property: </para>
    <programlisting>
-Dmax_prefetch=1
</programlisting>
    <para> The prefetch can be also be adjusted on a per connection basis by adding a
      <varname>maxprefetch</varname> value to the <ulink url="../../Programming-In-Apache-Qpid/html/QpidJNDI.html#section-jms-connection-url">Connection URLs</ulink>
    </para>
    <programlisting>
amqp://guest:guest@client1/development?maxprefetch='1'&amp;brokerlist='tcp://localhost:5672'
</programlisting>
    <para>Setting the Qpid pre-fetch to 1 will give exact queue-type semantics as perceived by the
      client however, this brings a performance cost. You could test with a slightly higher
      pre-fetch to trade-off between throughput and exact semantics.</para>
  </section>
</section>
