diff options
| author | murphy <murphy@rubychan.de> | 2009-01-12 16:55:00 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | murphy <murphy@rubychan.de> | 2009-01-12 16:55:00 +0000 |
| commit | 301adecdbdc5a0b3921c68c19491747b517edc03 (patch) | |
| tree | 9bef10c6049badf803193a4f6cf1f3e677d51b83 /bench | |
| parent | 67e65503a8728bfc8fbfc27e7660e06df4abcfa1 (diff) | |
| download | coderay-301adecdbdc5a0b3921c68c19491747b517edc03.tar.gz | |
Improved benchmark script.
* Made benchmark script run 5 times to visualize JVM warmup for JRuby.
* Fixed encoding of example.ruby file.
* Compatible with latest pygments version.
Thanks to Charles Oliver Nutter and Yehuda Katz for the suggestions.
Diffstat (limited to 'bench')
| -rw-r--r-- | bench/bench.rb | 44 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | bench/example.ruby | 20140 |
2 files changed, 10094 insertions, 10090 deletions
diff --git a/bench/bench.rb b/bench/bench.rb index c9382b8..4d4200a 100644 --- a/bench/bench.rb +++ b/bench/bench.rb @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ if format == 'comp' require 'syntax' require 'syntax/convertors/html.rb' rescue LoadError - raise 'This requires Syntax! (Try % gem install syntax)' + puts 'Syntax no found!! (Try % gem install syntax)' end end @@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ b = ARGV.find { |a| a[/^B/] } BoldEvery = if b then b[/\d+/].to_i else 10 end $filename = ARGV.include?('strange') ? 'strange' : 'example' +(compare ? 1 : 5).times do Benchmark.bm(20) do |bm| data = nil @@ -133,27 +134,29 @@ Benchmark.bm(20) do |bm| puts $o if ARGV.include? '-o' if compare - time = bm.report('Syntax') do - c = Syntax::Convertors::HTML.for_syntax lang - puts 'No Syntax syntax found!' if c.tokenizer.is_a? Syntax::Default - begin - v = $VERBOSE - $VERBOSE = nil - N.times do - output = c.convert(data) + if defined? Syntax + time = bm.report('Syntax') do + c = Syntax::Convertors::HTML.for_syntax lang + puts 'No Syntax syntax found!' if c.tokenizer.is_a? Syntax::Default + begin + v = $VERBOSE + $VERBOSE = nil + N.times do + output = c.convert(data) + end + $VERBOSE = v + rescue => boom + output = boom.inspect end - $VERBOSE = v - rescue => boom - output = boom.inspect - end - Dir.chdir(here) do - File.open('test.syntax.' + format, 'wb') do |f| - f.write '<html><head><style>%s</style></head><body><div class="ruby">%s</div></body></html>' % [DATA.read, output] + Dir.chdir(here) do + File.open('test.syntax.' + format, 'wb') do |f| + f.write '<html><head><style>%s</style></head><body><div class="ruby">%s</div></body></html>' % [DATA.read, output] + end end + $file_created << ", test.syntax.#{format}" end - $file_created << ", test.syntax.#{format}" + puts "\t%7.2f KB/sec" % ((@size / 1024.0) / time.real) end - puts "\t%7.2f KB/sec" % ((@size / 1024.0) / time.real) =begin time = bm.report('SilverCity') do @@ -170,9 +173,9 @@ Benchmark.bm(20) do |bm| time = bm.report('Pygments') do Dir.chdir(here) do Dir.chdir File.expand_path('~/Python/pygments') do - File.open('input-data', 'w') { |f| f.write data } + File.open('input-data', 'wb') { |f| f.write data } N.times do - `python pygmentize -l#{lang} -fhtml input-data > /dev/null` + `pygmentize -O encoding=utf-8 -l#{lang} -fhtml input-data > /dev/null` end end end @@ -182,6 +185,7 @@ Benchmark.bm(20) do |bm| end end +end puts "Files created: #$file_created" STDIN.gets if ARGV.include? 'wait' diff --git a/bench/example.ruby b/bench/example.ruby index c89d3ab..959ad6b 100644 --- a/bench/example.ruby +++ b/bench/example.ruby @@ -1,10070 +1,10070 @@ -module CodeRay
- module Scanners
-
-class Ruby < Scanner
-
- RESERVED_WORDS = [
- 'and', 'def', 'end', 'in', 'or', 'unless', 'begin',
- 'defined?', 'ensure', 'module', 'redo', 'super', 'until',
- 'BEGIN', 'break', 'do', 'next', 'rescue', 'then',
- 'when', 'END', 'case', 'else', 'for', 'retry',
- 'while', 'alias', 'class', 'elsif', 'if', 'not', 'return',
- 'undef', 'yield',
- ]
-
- DEF_KEYWORDS = ['def']
- MODULE_KEYWORDS = ['class', 'module']
- DEF_NEW_STATE = WordList.new(:initial).
- add(DEF_KEYWORDS, :def_expected).
- add(MODULE_KEYWORDS, :module_expected)
-
- WORDS_ALLOWING_REGEXP = [
- 'and', 'or', 'not', 'while', 'until', 'unless', 'if', 'elsif', 'when'
- ]
- REGEXP_ALLOWED = WordList.new(false).
- add(WORDS_ALLOWING_REGEXP, :set)
-
- PREDEFINED_CONSTANTS = [
- 'nil', 'true', 'false', 'self',
- 'DATA', 'ARGV', 'ARGF', '__FILE__', '__LINE__',
- ]
-
- IDENT_KIND = WordList.new(:ident).
- add(RESERVED_WORDS, :reserved).
- add(PREDEFINED_CONSTANTS, :pre_constant)
-
- METHOD_NAME = / #{IDENT} [?!]? /xo
- METHOD_NAME_EX = /
- #{METHOD_NAME} # common methods: split, foo=, empty?, gsub!
- | \*\*? # multiplication and power
- | [-+~]@? # plus, minus
- | [\/%&|^`] # division, modulo or format strings, &and, |or, ^xor, `system`
- | \[\]=? # array getter and setter
- | <=?>? | >=? # comparison, rocket operator
- | << | >> # append or shift left, shift right
- | ===? # simple equality and case equality
- /ox
- GLOBAL_VARIABLE = / \$ (?: #{IDENT} | \d+ | [~&+`'=\/,;_.<>!@0$?*":F\\] | -[a-zA-Z_0-9] ) /ox
-
- DOUBLEQ = / " [^"\#\\]* (?: (?: \#\{.*?\} | \#(?:$")? | \\. ) [^"\#\\]* )* "? /ox
- SINGLEQ = / ' [^'\\]* (?: \\. [^'\\]* )* '? /ox
- STRING = / #{SINGLEQ} | #{DOUBLEQ} /ox
- SHELL = / ` [^`\#\\]* (?: (?: \#\{.*?\} | \#(?:$`)? | \\. ) [^`\#\\]* )* `? /ox
- REGEXP = / \/ [^\/\#\\]* (?: (?: \#\{.*?\} | \#(?:$\/)? | \\. ) [^\/\#\\]* )* \/? /ox
-
- DECIMAL = /\d+(?:_\d+)*/ # doesn't recognize 09 as octal error
- OCTAL = /0_?[0-7]+(?:_[0-7]+)*/
- HEXADECIMAL = /0x[0-9A-Fa-f]+(?:_[0-9A-Fa-f]+)*/
- BINARY = /0b[01]+(?:_[01]+)*/
-
- EXPONENT = / [eE] [+-]? #{DECIMAL} /ox
- FLOAT = / #{DECIMAL} (?: #{EXPONENT} | \. #{DECIMAL} #{EXPONENT}? ) /
- INTEGER = /#{OCTAL}|#{HEXADECIMAL}|#{BINARY}|#{DECIMAL}/
-
- def reset
- super
- @regexp_allowed = false
- end
-
- def next_token
- return if @scanner.eos?
-
- kind = :error
- if @scanner.scan(/\s+/) # in every state
- kind = :space
- @regexp_allowed = :set if @regexp_allowed or @scanner.matched.index(?\n) # delayed flag setting
-
- elsif @state == :def_expected
- if @scanner.scan(/ (?: (?:#{IDENT}(?:\.|::))* | (?:@@?|$)? #{IDENT}(?:\.|::) ) #{METHOD_NAME_EX} /ox)
- kind = :method
- @state = :initial
- else
- @scanner.getch
- end
- @state = :initial
-
- elsif @state == :module_expected
- if @scanner.scan(/<</)
- kind = :operator
- else
- if @scanner.scan(/ (?: #{IDENT} (?:\.|::))* #{IDENT} /ox)
- kind = :method
- else
- @scanner.getch
- end
- @state = :initial
- end
-
- elsif # state == :initial
- # IDENTIFIERS, KEYWORDS
- if @scanner.scan(GLOBAL_VARIABLE)
- kind = :global_variable
- elsif @scanner.scan(/ @@ #{IDENT} /ox)
- kind = :class_variable
- elsif @scanner.scan(/ @ #{IDENT} /ox)
- kind = :instance_variable
- elsif @scanner.scan(/ __END__\n ( (?!\#CODE\#) .* )? | \#[^\n]* | =begin(?=\s).*? \n=end(?=\s|\z)(?:[^\n]*)? /mx)
- kind = :comment
- elsif @scanner.scan(METHOD_NAME)
- if @last_token_dot
- kind = :ident
- else
- matched = @scanner.matched
- kind = IDENT_KIND[matched]
- if kind == :ident and matched =~ /^[A-Z]/
- kind = :constant
- elsif kind == :reserved
- @state = DEF_NEW_STATE[matched]
- @regexp_allowed = REGEXP_ALLOWED[matched]
- end
- end
-
- elsif @scanner.scan(STRING)
- kind = :string
- elsif @scanner.scan(SHELL)
- kind = :shell
- elsif @scanner.scan(/<<
- (?:
- ([a-zA-Z_0-9]+)
- (?: .*? ^\1$ | .* )
- |
- -([a-zA-Z_0-9]+)
- (?: .*? ^\s*\2$ | .* )
- |
- (["\'`]) (.+?) \3
- (?: .*? ^\4$ | .* )
- |
- - (["\'`]) (.+?) \5
- (?: .*? ^\s*\6$ | .* )
- )
- /mxo)
- kind = :string
- elsif @scanner.scan(/\//) and @regexp_allowed
- @scanner.unscan
- @scanner.scan(REGEXP)
- kind = :regexp
-/%(?:[Qqxrw](?:\([^)#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^)#\\\\]*)*\)?|\[[^\]#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^\]#\\\\]*)*\]?|\{[^}#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^}#\\\\]*)*\}?|<[^>#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^>#\\\\]*)*>?|([^a-zA-Z\\\\])(?:(?!\1)[^#\\\\])*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)(?:(?!\1)[^#\\\\])*)*\1?)|\([^)#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^)#\\\\]*)*\)?|\[[^\]#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^\]#\\\\]*)*\]?|\{[^}#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^}#\\\\]*)*\}?|<[^>#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^>#\\\\]*)*>?|([^a-zA-Z\s\\\\])(?:(?!\2)[^#\\\\])*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)(?:(?!\2)[^#\\\\])*)*\2?|\\\\[^#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#)[^#\\\\]*)*\\\\?)/
- elsif @scanner.scan(/:(?:#{GLOBAL_VARIABLE}|#{METHOD_NAME_EX}|#{STRING})/ox)
- kind = :symbol
- elsif @scanner.scan(/
- \? (?:
- [^\s\\]
- |
- \\ (?:M-\\C-|C-\\M-|M-\\c|c\\M-|c|C-|M-))? (?: \\ (?: . | [0-7]{3} | x[0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f] )
- )
- /mox)
- kind = :integer
-
- elsif @scanner.scan(/ [-+*\/%=<>;,|&!()\[\]{}~?] | \.\.?\.? | ::? /x)
- kind = :operator
- @regexp_allowed = :set if @scanner.matched[-1,1] =~ /[~=!<>|&^,\(\[+\-\/\*%]\z/
- elsif @scanner.scan(FLOAT)
- kind = :float
- elsif @scanner.scan(INTEGER)
- kind = :integer
- else
- @scanner.getch
- end
- end
-
- token = Token.new @scanner.matched, kind
-
- if kind == :regexp
- token.text << @scanner.scan(/[eimnosux]*/)
- end
-
- @regexp_allowed = (@regexp_allowed == :set) # delayed flag setting
-
- token
- end
-end
-
-register Ruby, 'ruby', 'rb'
-
- end
-end
-class Set
- include Enumerable
-
- # Creates a new set containing the given objects.
- def self.[](*ary)
- new(ary)
- end
-
- # Creates a new set containing the elements of the given enumerable
- # object.
- #
- # If a block is given, the elements of enum are preprocessed by the
- # given block.
- def initialize(enum = nil, &block) # :yields: o
- @hash ||= Hash.new
-
- enum.nil? and return
-
- if block
- enum.each { |o| add(block[o]) }
- else
- merge(enum)
- end
- end
-
- # Copy internal hash.
- def initialize_copy(orig)
- @hash = orig.instance_eval{@hash}.dup
- end
-
- # Returns the number of elements.
- def size
- @hash.size
- end
- alias length size
-
- # Returns true if the set contains no elements.
- def empty?
- @hash.empty?
- end
-
- # Removes all elements and returns self.
- def clear
- @hash.clear
- self
- end
-
- # Replaces the contents of the set with the contents of the given
- # enumerable object and returns self.
- def replace(enum)
- if enum.class == self.class
- @hash.replace(enum.instance_eval { @hash })
- else
- enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
- clear
- enum.each { |o| add(o) }
- end
-
- self
- end
-
- # Converts the set to an array. The order of elements is uncertain.
- def to_a
- @hash.keys
- end
-
- def flatten_merge(set, seen = Set.new)
- set.each { |e|
- if e.is_a?(Set)
- if seen.include?(e_id = e.object_id)
- raise ArgumentError, "tried to flatten recursive Set"
- end
-
- seen.add(e_id)
- flatten_merge(e, seen)
- seen.delete(e_id)
- else
- add(e)
- end
- }
-
- self
- end
- protected :flatten_merge
-
- # Returns a new set that is a copy of the set, flattening each
- # containing set recursively.
- def flatten
- self.class.new.flatten_merge(self)
- end
-
- # Equivalent to Set#flatten, but replaces the receiver with the
- # result in place. Returns nil if no modifications were made.
- def flatten!
- if detect { |e| e.is_a?(Set) }
- replace(flatten())
- else
- nil
- end
- end
-
- # Returns true if the set contains the given object.
- def include?(o)
- @hash.include?(o)
- end
- alias member? include?
-
- # Returns true if the set is a superset of the given set.
- def superset?(set)
- set.is_a?(Set) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set"
- return false if size < set.size
- set.all? { |o| include?(o) }
- end
-
- # Returns true if the set is a proper superset of the given set.
- def proper_superset?(set)
- set.is_a?(Set) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set"
- return false if size <= set.size
- set.all? { |o| include?(o) }
- end
-
- # Returns true if the set is a subset of the given set.
- def subset?(set)
- set.is_a?(Set) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set"
- return false if set.size < size
- all? { |o| set.include?(o) }
- end
-
- # Returns true if the set is a proper subset of the given set.
- def proper_subset?(set)
- set.is_a?(Set) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set"
- return false if set.size <= size
- all? { |o| set.include?(o) }
- end
-
- # Calls the given block once for each element in the set, passing
- # the element as parameter.
- def each
- @hash.each_key { |o| yield(o) }
- self
- end
-
- # Adds the given object to the set and returns self. Use +merge+ to
- # add several elements at once.
- def add(o)
- @hash[o] = true
- self
- end
- alias << add
-
- # Adds the given object to the set and returns self. If the
- # object is already in the set, returns nil.
- def add?(o)
- if include?(o)
- nil
- else
- add(o)
- end
- end
-
- # Deletes the given object from the set and returns self. Use +subtract+ to
- # delete several items at once.
- def delete(o)
- @hash.delete(o)
- self
- end
-
- # Deletes the given object from the set and returns self. If the
- # object is not in the set, returns nil.
- def delete?(o)
- if include?(o)
- delete(o)
- else
- nil
- end
- end
-
- # Deletes every element of the set for which block evaluates to
- # true, and returns self.
- def delete_if
- @hash.delete_if { |o,| yield(o) }
- self
- end
-
- # Do collect() destructively.
- def collect!
- set = self.class.new
- each { |o| set << yield(o) }
- replace(set)
- end
- alias map! collect!
-
- # Equivalent to Set#delete_if, but returns nil if no changes were
- # made.
- def reject!
- n = size
- delete_if { |o| yield(o) }
- size == n ? nil : self
- end
-
- # Merges the elements of the given enumerable object to the set and
- # returns self.
- def merge(enum)
- if enum.is_a?(Set)
- @hash.update(enum.instance_eval { @hash })
- else
- enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
- enum.each { |o| add(o) }
- end
-
- self
- end
-
- # Deletes every element that appears in the given enumerable object
- # and returns self.
- def subtract(enum)
- enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
- enum.each { |o| delete(o) }
- self
- end
-
- # Returns a new set built by merging the set and the elements of the
- # given enumerable object.
- def |(enum)
- enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
- dup.merge(enum)
- end
- alias + | ##
- alias union | ##
-
- # Returns a new set built by duplicating the set, removing every
- # element that appears in the given enumerable object.
- def -(enum)
- enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
- dup.subtract(enum)
- end
- alias difference - ##
-
- # Returns a new array containing elements common to the set and the
- # given enumerable object.
- def &(enum)
- enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
- n = self.class.new
- enum.each { |o| n.add(o) if include?(o) }
- n
- end
- alias intersection & ##
-
- # Returns a new array containing elements exclusive between the set
- # and the given enumerable object. (set ^ enum) is equivalent to
- # ((set | enum) - (set & enum)).
- def ^(enum)
- enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
- n = dup
- enum.each { |o| if n.include?(o) then n.delete(o) else n.add(o) end }
- n
- end
-
- # Returns true if two sets are equal. The equality of each couple
- # of elements is defined according to Object#eql?.
- def ==(set)
- equal?(set) and return true
-
- set.is_a?(Set) && size == set.size or return false
-
- hash = @hash.dup
- set.all? { |o| hash.include?(o) }
- end
-
- def hash # :nodoc:
- @hash.hash
- end
-
- def eql?(o) # :nodoc:
- return false unless o.is_a?(Set)
- @hash.eql?(o.instance_eval{@hash})
- end
-
- # Classifies the set by the return value of the given block and
- # returns a hash of {value => set of elements} pairs. The block is
- # called once for each element of the set, passing the element as
- # parameter.
- #
- # e.g.:
- #
- # require 'set'
- # files = Set.new(Dir.glob("*.rb"))
- # hash = files.classify { |f| File.mtime(f).year }
- # p hash # => {2000=>#<Set: {"a.rb", "b.rb"}>,
- # # 2001=>#<Set: {"c.rb", "d.rb", "e.rb"}>,
- # # 2002=>#<Set: {"f.rb"}>}
- def classify # :yields: o
- h = {}
-
- each { |i|
- x = yield(i)
- (h[x] ||= self.class.new).add(i)
- }
-
- h
- end
-
- # Divides the set into a set of subsets according to the commonality
- # defined by the given block.
- #
- # If the arity of the block is 2, elements o1 and o2 are in common
- # if block.call(o1, o2) is true. Otherwise, elements o1 and o2 are
- # in common if block.call(o1) == block.call(o2).
- #
- # e.g.:
- #
- # require 'set'
- # numbers = Set[1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11]
- # set = numbers.divide { |i,j| (i - j).abs == 1 }
- # p set # => #<Set: {#<Set: {1}>,
- # # #<Set: {11, 9, 10}>,
- # # #<Set: {3, 4}>,
- # # #<Set: {6}>}>
- def divide(&func)
- if func.arity == 2
- require 'tsort'
-
- class << dig = {} # :nodoc:
- include TSort
-
- alias tsort_each_node each_key
- def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
- fetch(node).each(&block)
- end
- end
-
- each { |u|
- dig[u] = a = []
- each{ |v| func.call(u, v) and a << v }
- }
-
- set = Set.new()
- dig.each_strongly_connected_component { |css|
- set.add(self.class.new(css))
- }
- set
- else
- Set.new(classify(&func).values)
- end
- end
-
- InspectKey = :__inspect_key__ # :nodoc:
-
- # Returns a string containing a human-readable representation of the
- # set. ("#<Set: {element1, element2, ...}>")
- def inspect
- ids = (Thread.current[InspectKey] ||= [])
-
- if ids.include?(object_id)
- return sprintf('#<%s: {...}>', self.class.name)
- end
-
- begin
- ids << object_id
- return sprintf('#<%s: {%s}>', self.class, to_a.inspect[1..-2])
- ensure
- ids.pop
- end
- end
-
- def pretty_print(pp) # :nodoc:
- pp.text sprintf('#<%s: {', self.class.name)
- pp.nest(1) {
- pp.seplist(self) { |o|
- pp.pp o
- }
- }
- pp.text "}>"
- end
-
- def pretty_print_cycle(pp) # :nodoc:
- pp.text sprintf('#<%s: {%s}>', self.class.name, empty? ? '' : '...')
- end
-end
-
-# SortedSet implements a set which elements are sorted in order. See Set.
-class SortedSet < Set
- @@setup = false
-
- class << self
- def [](*ary) # :nodoc:
- new(ary)
- end
-
- def setup # :nodoc:
- @@setup and return
-
- begin
- require 'rbtree'
-
- module_eval %{
- def initialize(*args, &block)
- @hash = RBTree.new
- super
- end
- }
- rescue LoadError
- module_eval %{
- def initialize(*args, &block)
- @keys = nil
- super
- end
-
- def clear
- @keys = nil
- super
- end
-
- def replace(enum)
- @keys = nil
- super
- end
-
- def add(o)
- @keys = nil
- @hash[o] = true
- self
- end
- alias << add
-
- def delete(o)
- @keys = nil
- @hash.delete(o)
- self
- end
-
- def delete_if
- n = @hash.size
- @hash.delete_if { |o,| yield(o) }
- @keys = nil if @hash.size != n
- self
- end
-
- def merge(enum)
- @keys = nil
- super
- end
-
- def each
- to_a.each { |o| yield(o) }
- end
-
- def to_a
- (@keys = @hash.keys).sort! unless @keys
- @keys
- end
- }
- end
-
- @@setup = true
- end
- end
-
- def initialize(*args, &block) # :nodoc:
- SortedSet.setup
- initialize(*args, &block)
- end
-end
-
-module Enumerable
- # Makes a set from the enumerable object with given arguments.
- def to_set(klass = Set, *args, &block)
- klass.new(self, *args, &block)
- end
-end
-
-# =begin
-# == RestricedSet class
-# RestricedSet implements a set with restrictions defined by a given
-# block.
-#
-# === Super class
-# Set
-#
-# === Class Methods
-# --- RestricedSet::new(enum = nil) { |o| ... }
-# --- RestricedSet::new(enum = nil) { |rset, o| ... }
-# Creates a new restricted set containing the elements of the given
-# enumerable object. Restrictions are defined by the given block.
-#
-# If the block's arity is 2, it is called with the RestrictedSet
-# itself and an object to see if the object is allowed to be put in
-# the set.
-#
-# Otherwise, the block is called with an object to see if the object
-# is allowed to be put in the set.
-#
-# === Instance Methods
-# --- restriction_proc
-# Returns the restriction procedure of the set.
-#
-# =end
-#
-# class RestricedSet < Set
-# def initialize(*args, &block)
-# @proc = block or raise ArgumentError, "missing a block"
-#
-# if @proc.arity == 2
-# instance_eval %{
-# def add(o)
-# @hash[o] = true if @proc.call(self, o)
-# self
-# end
-# alias << add
-#
-# def add?(o)
-# if include?(o) || !@proc.call(self, o)
-# nil
-# else
-# @hash[o] = true
-# self
-# end
-# end
-#
-# def replace(enum)
-# enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
-# clear
-# enum.each { |o| add(o) }
-#
-# self
-# end
-#
-# def merge(enum)
-# enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable"
-# enum.each { |o| add(o) }
-#
-# self
-# end
-# }
-# else
-# instance_eval %{
-# def add(o)
-# if @proc.call(o)
-# @hash[o] = true
-# end
-# self
-# end
-# alias << add
-#
-# def add?(o)
-# if include?(o) || !@proc.call(o)
-# nil
-# else
-# @hash[o] = true
-# self
-# end
-# end
-# }
-# end
-#
-# super(*args)
-# end
-#
-# def restriction_proc
-# @proc
-# end
-# end
-
-if $0 == __FILE__
- eval DATA.read, nil, $0, __LINE__+4
-end
-
-# = rweb - CGI Support Library
-#
-# Author:: Johannes Barre (mailto:rweb@igels.net)
-# Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2003, 04 by Johannes Barre
-# License:: GNU Lesser General Public License (COPYING, http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html)
-# Version:: 0.1.0
-# CVS-ID:: $Id: rweb.rb 6 2004-06-16 15:56:26Z igel $
-#
-# == What is Rweb?
-# Rweb is a replacement for the cgi class included in the ruby distribution.
-#
-# == How to use
-#
-# === Basics
-#
-# This class is made to be as easy as possible to use. An example:
-#
-# require "rweb"
-#
-# web = Rweb.new
-# web.out do
-# web.puts "Hello world!"
-# end
-#
-# The visitor will get a simple "Hello World!" in his browser. Please notice,
-# that won't set html-tags for you, so you should better do something like this:
-#
-# require "rweb"
-#
-# web = Rweb.new
-# web.out do
-# web.puts "<html><body>Hello world!</body></html>"
-# end
-#
-# === Set headers
-# Of course, it's also possible to tell the browser, that the content of this
-# page is plain text instead of html code:
-#
-# require "rweb"
-#
-# web = Rweb.new
-# web.out do
-# web.header("content-type: text/plain")
-# web.puts "Hello plain world!"
-# end
-#
-# Please remember, headers can't be set after the page content has been send.
-# You have to set all nessessary headers before the first puts oder print. It's
-# possible to cache the content until everything is complete. Doing it this
-# way, you can set headers everywhere.
-#
-# If you set a header twice, the second header will replace the first one. The
-# header name is not casesensitive, it will allways converted in to the
-# capitalised form suggested by the w3c (http://w3.org)
-#
-# === Set cookies
-# Setting cookies is quite easy:
-# include 'rweb'
-#
-# web = Rweb.new
-# Cookie.new("Visits", web.cookies['visits'].to_i +1)
-# web.out do
-# web.puts "Welcome back! You visited this page #{web.cookies['visits'].to_i +1} times"
-# end
-#
-# See the class Cookie for more details.
-#
-# === Get form and cookie values
-# There are four ways to submit data from the browser to the server and your
-# ruby script: via GET, POST, cookies and file upload. Rweb doesn't support
-# file upload by now.
-#
-# include 'rweb'
-#
-# web = Rweb.new
-# web.out do
-# web.print "action: #{web.get['action']} "
-# web.puts "The value of the cookie 'visits' is #{web.cookies['visits']}"
-# web.puts "The post parameter 'test['x']' is #{web.post['test']['x']}"
-# end
-
-RWEB_VERSION = "0.1.0"
-RWEB = "rweb/#{RWEB_VERSION}"
-
-#require 'rwebcookie' -> edit by bunny :-)
-
-class Rweb
- # All parameter submitted via the GET method are available in attribute
- # get. This is Hash, where every parameter is available as a key-value
- # pair.
- #
- # If your input tag has a name like this one, it's value will be available
- # as web.get["fieldname"]
- # <input name="fieldname">
- # You can submit values as a Hash
- # <input name="text['index']">
- # <input name="text['index2']">
- # will be available as
- # web.get["text"]["index"]
- # web.get["text"]["index2"]
- # Integers are also possible
- # <input name="int[2]">
- # <input name="int[3]['hi']>
- # will be available as
- # web.get["int"][2]
- # web.get["int"][3]["hi"]
- # If you specify no index, the lowest unused index will be used:
- # <input name="int[]"><!-- First Field -->
- # <input name="int[]"><!-- Second one -->
- # will be available as
- # web.get["int"][0] # First Field
- # web.get["int"][1] # Second one
- # Please notice, this doesn'd work like you might expect:
- # <input name="text[index]">
- # It will not be available as web.get["text"]["index"] but
- # web.get["text[index]"]
- attr_reader :get
-
- # All parameters submitted via POST are available in the attribute post. It
- # works like the get attribute.
- # <input name="text[0]">
- # will be available as
- # web.post["text"][0]
- attr_reader :post
-
- # All cookies submitted by the browser are available in cookies. This is a
- # Hash, where every cookie is a key-value pair.
- attr_reader :cookies
-
- # The name of the browser identification is submitted as USER_AGENT and
- # available in this attribute.
- attr_reader :user_agent
-
- # The IP address of the client.
- attr_reader :remote_addr
-
- # Creates a new Rweb object. This should only done once. You can set various
- # options via the settings hash.
- #
- # "cache" => true: Everything you script send to the client will be cached
- # until the end of the out block or until flush is called. This way, you
- # can modify headers and cookies even after printing something to the client.
- #
- # "safe" => level: Changes the $SAFE attribute. By default, $SAFE will be set
- # to 1. If $SAFE is already higher than this value, it won't be changed.
- #
- # "silend" => true: Normaly, Rweb adds automaticly a header like this
- # "X-Powered-By: Rweb/x.x.x (Ruby/y.y.y)". With the silend option you can
- # suppress this.
- def initialize (settings = {})
- # {{{
- @header = {}
- @cookies = {}
- @get = {}
- @post = {}
-
- # Internal attributes
- @status = nil
- @reasonPhrase = nil
- @setcookies = []
- @output_started = false;
- @output_allowed = false;
-
- @mod_ruby = false
- @env = ENV.to_hash
-
- if defined?(MOD_RUBY)
- @output_method = "mod_ruby"
- @mod_ruby = true
- elsif @env['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] =~ /^Microsoft-IIS/i
- @output_method = "nph"
- else
- @output_method = "ph"
- end
-
- unless settings.is_a?(Hash)
- raise TypeError, "settings must be a Hash"
- end
- @settings = settings
-
- unless @settings.has_key?("safe")
- @settings["safe"] = 1
- end
-
- if $SAFE < @settings["safe"]
- $SAFE = @settings["safe"]
- end
-
- unless @settings.has_key?("cache")
- @settings["cache"] = false
- end
-
- # mod_ruby sets no QUERY_STRING variable, if no GET-Parameters are given
- unless @env.has_key?("QUERY_STRING")
- @env["QUERY_STRING"] = ""
- end
-
- # Now we split the QUERY_STRING by the seperators & and ; or, if
- # specified, settings['get seperator']
- unless @settings.has_key?("get seperator")
- get_args = @env['QUERY_STRING'].split(/[&;]/)
- else
- get_args = @env['QUERY_STRING'].split(@settings['get seperator'])
- end
-
- get_args.each do | arg |
- arg_key, arg_val = arg.split(/=/, 2)
- arg_key = Rweb::unescape(arg_key)
- arg_val = Rweb::unescape(arg_val)
-
- # Parse names like name[0], name['text'] or name[]
- pattern = /^(.+)\[("[^\]]*"|'[^\]]*'|[0-9]*)\]$/
- keys = []
- while match = pattern.match(arg_key)
- arg_key = match[1]
- keys = [match[2]] + keys
- end
- keys = [arg_key] + keys
-
- akt = @get
- last = nil
- lastkey = nil
- keys.each do |key|
- if key == ""
- # No key specified (like in "test[]"), so we use the
- # lowerst unused Integer as key
- key = 0
- while akt.has_key?(key)
- key += 1
- end
- elsif /^[0-9]*$/ =~ key
- # If the index is numerical convert it to an Integer
- key = key.to_i
- elsif key[0].chr == "'" || key[0].chr == '"'
- key = key[1, key.length() -2]
- end
- if !akt.has_key?(key) || !akt[key].class == Hash
- # create an empty Hash if there isn't already one
- akt[key] = {}
- end
- last = akt
- lastkey = key
- akt = akt[key]
- end
- last[lastkey] = arg_val
- end
-
- if @env['REQUEST_METHOD'] == "POST"
- if @env.has_key?("CONTENT_TYPE") && @env['CONTENT_TYPE'] == "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" && @env.has_key?('CONTENT_LENGTH')
- unless @settings.has_key?("post seperator")
- post_args = $stdin.read(@env['CONTENT_LENGTH'].to_i).split(/[&;]/)
- else
- post_args = $stdin.read(@env['CONTENT_LENGTH'].to_i).split(@settings['post seperator'])
- end
- post_args.each do | arg |
- arg_key, arg_val = arg.split(/=/, 2)
- arg_key = Rweb::unescape(arg_key)
- arg_val = Rweb::unescape(arg_val)
-
- # Parse names like name[0], name['text'] or name[]
- pattern = /^(.+)\[("[^\]]*"|'[^\]]*'|[0-9]*)\]$/
- keys = []
- while match = pattern.match(arg_key)
- arg_key = match[1]
- keys = [match[2]] + keys
- end
- keys = [arg_key] + keys
-
- akt = @post
- last = nil
- lastkey = nil
- keys.each do |key|
- if key == ""
- # No key specified (like in "test[]"), so we use
- # the lowerst unused Integer as key
- key = 0
- while akt.has_key?(key)
- key += 1
- end
- elsif /^[0-9]*$/ =~ key
- # If the index is numerical convert it to an Integer
- key = key.to_i
- elsif key[0].chr == "'" || key[0].chr == '"'
- key = key[1, key.length() -2]
- end
- if !akt.has_key?(key) || !akt[key].class == Hash
- # create an empty Hash if there isn't already one
- akt[key] = {}
- end
- last = akt
- lastkey = key
- akt = akt[key]
- end
- last[lastkey] = arg_val
- end
- else
- # Maybe we should print a warning here?
- $stderr.print("Unidentified form data recived and discarded.")
- end
- end
-
- if @env.has_key?("HTTP_COOKIE")
- cookie = @env['HTTP_COOKIE'].split(/; ?/)
- cookie.each do | c |
- cookie_key, cookie_val = c.split(/=/, 2)
-
- @cookies [Rweb::unescape(cookie_key)] = Rweb::unescape(cookie_val)
- end
- end
-
- if defined?(@env['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])
- @user_agent = @env['HTTP_USER_AGENT']
- else
- @user_agent = nil;
- end
-
- if defined?(@env['REMOTE_ADDR'])
- @remote_addr = @env['REMOTE_ADDR']
- else
- @remote_addr = nil
- end
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Prints a String to the client. If caching is enabled, the String will
- # buffered until the end of the out block ends.
- def print(str = "")
- # {{{
- unless @output_allowed
- raise "You just can write to output inside of a Rweb::out-block"
- end
-
- if @settings["cache"]
- @buffer += [str.to_s]
- else
- unless @output_started
- sendHeaders
- end
- $stdout.print(str)
- end
- nil
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Prints a String to the client and adds a line break at the end. Please
- # remember, that a line break is not visible in HTML, use the <br> HTML-Tag
- # for this. If caching is enabled, the String will buffered until the end
- # of the out block ends.
- def puts(str = "")
- # {{{
- self.print(str + "\n")
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Alias to print.
- def write(str = "")
- # {{{
- self.print(str)
- # }}}
- end
-
- # If caching is enabled, all cached data are send to the cliend and the
- # cache emptied.
- def flush
- # {{{
- unless @output_allowed
- raise "You can't use flush outside of a Rweb::out-block"
- end
- buffer = @buffer.join
-
- unless @output_started
- sendHeaders
- end
- $stdout.print(buffer)
-
- @buffer = []
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Sends one or more header to the client. All headers are cached just
- # before body data are send to the client. If the same header are set
- # twice, only the last value is send.
- #
- # Example:
- # web.header("Last-Modified: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 20:15:41 GMT")
- # web.header("Location: http://www.ruby-lang.org")
- #
- # You can specify more than one header at the time by doing something like
- # this:
- # web.header("Content-Type: text/plain\nContent-Length: 383")
- # or
- # web.header(["Content-Type: text/plain", "Content-Length: 383"])
- def header(str)
- # {{{
- if @output_started
- raise "HTTP-Headers are already send. You can't change them after output has started!"
- end
- unless @output_allowed
- raise "You just can set headers inside of a Rweb::out-block"
- end
- if str.is_a?Array
- str.each do | value |
- self.header(value)
- end
-
- elsif str.split(/\n/).length > 1
- str.split(/\n/).each do | value |
- self.header(value)
- end
-
- elsif str.is_a? String
- str.gsub!(/\r/, "")
-
- if (str =~ /^HTTP\/1\.[01] [0-9]{3} ?.*$/) == 0
- pattern = /^HTTP\/1.[01] ([0-9]{3}) ?(.*)$/
-
- result = pattern.match(str)
- self.setstatus(result[0], result[1])
- elsif (str =~ /^status: [0-9]{3} ?.*$/i) == 0
- pattern = /^status: ([0-9]{3}) ?(.*)$/i
-
- result = pattern.match(str)
- self.setstatus(result[0], result[1])
- else
- a = str.split(/: ?/, 2)
-
- @header[a[0].downcase] = a[1]
- end
- end
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Changes the status of this page. There are several codes like "200 OK",
- # "302 Found", "404 Not Found" or "500 Internal Server Error". A list of
- # all codes is available at
- # http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10
- #
- # You can just send the code number, the reason phrase will be added
- # automaticly with the recommendations from the w3c if not specified. If
- # you set the status twice or more, only the last status will be send.
- # Examples:
- # web.status("401 Unauthorized")
- # web.status("410 Sad but true, this lonely page is gone :(")
- # web.status(206)
- # web.status("400")
- #
- # The default status is "200 OK". If a "Location" header is set, the
- # default status is "302 Found".
- def status(str)
- # {{{
- if @output_started
- raise "HTTP-Headers are already send. You can't change them after output has started!"
- end
- unless @output_allowed
- raise "You just can set headers inside of a Rweb::out-block"
- end
- if str.is_a?Integer
- @status = str
- elsif str.is_a?String
- p1 = /^([0-9]{3}) ?(.*)$/
- p2 = /^HTTP\/1\.[01] ([0-9]{3}) ?(.*)$/
- p3 = /^status: ([0-9]{3}) ?(.*)$/i
-
- if (a = p1.match(str)) == nil
- if (a = p2.match(str)) == nil
- if (a = p3.match(str)) == nil
- raise ArgumentError, "Invalid argument", caller
- end
- end
- end
- @status = a[1].to_i
- if a[2] != ""
- @reasonPhrase = a[2]
- else
- @reasonPhrase = getReasonPhrase(@status)
- end
- else
- raise ArgumentError, "Argument of setstatus must be integer or string", caller
- end
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Handles the output of your content and rescues all exceptions. Send all
- # data in the block to this method. For example:
- # web.out do
- # web.header("Content-Type: text/plain")
- # web.puts("Hello, plain world!")
- # end
- def out
- # {{{
- @output_allowed = true
- @buffer = []; # We use an array as buffer, because it's more performant :)
-
- begin
- yield
- rescue Exception => exception
- $stderr.puts "Ruby exception rescued (#{exception.class}): #{exception.message}"
- $stderr.puts exception.backtrace.join("\n")
-
- unless @output_started
- self.setstatus(500)
- @header = {}
- end
-
- unless (@settings.has_key?("hide errors") and @settings["hide errors"] == true)
- unless @output_started
- self.header("Content-Type: text/html")
- self.puts "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd\">"
- self.puts "<html>"
- self.puts "<head>"
- self.puts "<title>500 Internal Server Error</title>"
- self.puts "</head>"
- self.puts "<body>"
- end
- if @header.has_key?("content-type") and (@header["content-type"] =~ /^text\/html/i) == 0
- self.puts "<h1>Internal Server Error</h1>"
- self.puts "<p>The server encountered an exception and was unable to complete your request.</p>"
- self.puts "<p>The exception has provided the following information:</p>"
- self.puts "<pre style=\"background: #FFCCCC; border: black solid 2px; margin-left: 2cm; margin-right: 2cm; padding: 2mm;\"><b>#{exception.class}</b>: #{exception.message} <b>on</b>"
- self.puts
- self.puts "#{exception.backtrace.join("\n")}</pre>"
- self.puts "</body>"
- self.puts "</html>"
- else
- self.puts "The server encountered an exception and was unable to complete your request"
- self.puts "The exception has provided the following information:"
- self.puts "#{exception.class}: #{exception.message}"
- self.puts
- self.puts exception.backtrace.join("\n")
- end
- end
- end
-
- if @settings["cache"]
- buffer = @buffer.join
-
- unless @output_started
- unless @header.has_key?("content-length")
- self.header("content-length: #{buffer.length}")
- end
-
- sendHeaders
- end
- $stdout.print(buffer)
- elsif !@output_started
- sendHeaders
- end
- @output_allowed = false;
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Decodes URL encoded data, %20 for example stands for a space.
- def Rweb.unescape(str)
- # {{{
- if defined? str and str.is_a? String
- str.gsub!(/\+/, " ")
- str.gsub(/%.{2}/) do | s |
- s[1,2].hex.chr
- end
- end
- # }}}
- end
-
- protected
- def sendHeaders
- # {{{
-
- Cookie.disallow # no more cookies can be set or modified
- if !(@settings.has_key?("silent") and @settings["silent"] == true) and !@header.has_key?("x-powered-by")
- if @mod_ruby
- header("x-powered-by: #{RWEB} (Ruby/#{RUBY_VERSION}, #{MOD_RUBY})");
- else
- header("x-powered-by: #{RWEB} (Ruby/#{RUBY_VERSION})");
- end
- end
-
- if @output_method == "ph"
- if ((@status == nil or @status == 200) and !@header.has_key?("content-type") and !@header.has_key?("location"))
- header("content-type: text/html")
- end
-
- if @status != nil
- $stdout.print "Status: #{@status} #{@reasonPhrase}\r\n"
- end
-
- @header.each do |key, value|
- key = key *1 # "unfreeze" key :)
- key[0] = key[0,1].upcase![0]
-
- key = key.gsub(/-[a-z]/) do |char|
- "-" + char[1,1].upcase
- end
-
- $stdout.print "#{key}: #{value}\r\n"
- end
- cookies = Cookie.getHttpHeader # Get all cookies as an HTTP Header
- if cookies
- $stdout.print cookies
- end
-
- $stdout.print "\r\n"
-
- elsif @output_method == "nph"
- elsif @output_method == "mod_ruby"
- r = Apache.request
-
- if ((@status == nil or @status == 200) and !@header.has_key?("content-type") and !@header.has_key?("location"))
- header("text/html")
- end
-
- if @status != nil
- r.status_line = "#{@status} #{@reasonPhrase}"
- end
-
- r.send_http_header
- @header.each do |key, value|
- key = key *1 # "unfreeze" key :)
-
- key[0] = key[0,1].upcase![0]
- key = key.gsub(/-[a-z]/) do |char|
- "-" + char[1,1].upcase
- end
- puts "#{key}: #{value.class}"
- #r.headers_out[key] = value
- end
- end
- @output_started = true
- # }}}
- end
-
- def getReasonPhrase (status)
- # {{{
- if status == 100
- "Continue"
- elsif status == 101
- "Switching Protocols"
- elsif status == 200
- "OK"
- elsif status == 201
- "Created"
- elsif status == 202
- "Accepted"
- elsif status == 203
- "Non-Authoritative Information"
- elsif status == 204
- "No Content"
- elsif status == 205
- "Reset Content"
- elsif status == 206
- "Partial Content"
- elsif status == 300
- "Multiple Choices"
- elsif status == 301
- "Moved Permanently"
- elsif status == 302
- "Found"
- elsif status == 303
- "See Other"
- elsif status == 304
- "Not Modified"
- elsif status == 305
- "Use Proxy"
- elsif status == 307
- "Temporary Redirect"
- elsif status == 400
- "Bad Request"
- elsif status == 401
- "Unauthorized"
- elsif status == 402
- "Payment Required"
- elsif status == 403
- "Forbidden"
- elsif status == 404
- "Not Found"
- elsif status == 405
- "Method Not Allowed"
- elsif status == 406
- "Not Acceptable"
- elsif status == 407
- "Proxy Authentication Required"
- elsif status == 408
- "Request Time-out"
- elsif status == 409
- "Conflict"
- elsif status == 410
- "Gone"
- elsif status == 411
- "Length Required"
- elsif status == 412
- "Precondition Failed"
- elsif status == 413
- "Request Entity Too Large"
- elsif status == 414
- "Request-URI Too Large"
- elsif status == 415
- "Unsupported Media Type"
- elsif status == 416
- "Requested range not satisfiable"
- elsif status == 417
- "Expectation Failed"
- elsif status == 500
- "Internal Server Error"
- elsif status == 501
- "Not Implemented"
- elsif status == 502
- "Bad Gateway"
- elsif status == 503
- "Service Unavailable"
- elsif status == 504
- "Gateway Time-out"
- elsif status == 505
- "HTTP Version not supported"
- else
- raise "Unknown Statuscode. See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec6.html#sec6.1 for more information."
- end
- # }}}
- end
-end
-
-class Cookie
- attr_reader :name, :value, :maxage, :path, :domain, :secure, :comment
-
- # Sets a cookie. Please see below for details of the attributes.
- def initialize (name, value = nil, maxage = nil, path = nil, domain = nil, secure = false)
- # {{{
- # HTTP headers (Cookies are a HTTP header) can only set, while no content
- # is send. So an exception will be raised, when @@allowed is set to false
- # and a new cookie has set.
- unless defined?(@@allowed)
- @@allowed = true
- end
- unless @@allowed
- raise "You can't set cookies after the HTTP headers are send."
- end
-
- unless defined?(@@list)
- @@list = []
- end
- @@list += [self]
-
- unless defined?(@@type)
- @@type = "netscape"
- end
-
- unless name.class == String
- raise TypeError, "The name of a cookie must be a string", caller
- end
- if value.class.superclass == Integer || value.class == Float
- value = value.to_s
- elsif value.class != String && value != nil
- raise TypeError, "The value of a cookie must be a string, integer, float or nil", caller
- end
- if maxage.class == Time
- maxage = maxage - Time.now
- elsif !maxage.class.superclass == Integer || !maxage == nil
- raise TypeError, "The maxage date of a cookie must be an Integer or Time object or nil.", caller
- end
- unless path.class == String || path == nil
- raise TypeError, "The path of a cookie must be nil or a string", caller
- end
- unless domain.class == String || domain == nil
- raise TypeError, "The value of a cookie must be nil or a string", caller
- end
- unless secure == true || secure == false
- raise TypeError, "The secure field of a cookie must be true or false", caller
- end
-
- @name, @value, @maxage, @path, @domain, @secure = name, value, maxage, path, domain, secure
- @comment = nil
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Modifies the value of this cookie. The information you want to store. If the
- # value is nil, the cookie will be deleted by the client.
- #
- # This attribute can be a String, Integer or Float object or nil.
- def value=(value)
- # {{{
- if value.class.superclass == Integer || value.class == Float
- value = value.to_s
- elsif value.class != String && value != nil
- raise TypeError, "The value of a cookie must be a string, integer, float or nil", caller
- end
- @value = value
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Modifies the maxage of this cookie. This attribute defines the lifetime of
- # the cookie, in seconds. A value of 0 means the cookie should be discarded
- # imediatly. If it set to nil, the cookie will be deleted when the browser
- # will be closed.
- #
- # Attention: This is different from other implementations like PHP, where you
- # gives the seconds since 1/1/1970 0:00:00 GMT.
- #
- # This attribute must be an Integer or Time object or nil.
- def maxage=(maxage)
- # {{{
- if maxage.class == Time
- maxage = maxage - Time.now
- elsif maxage.class.superclass == Integer || !maxage == nil
- raise TypeError, "The maxage of a cookie must be an Interger or Time object or nil.", caller
- end
- @maxage = maxage
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Modifies the path value of this cookie. The client will send this cookie
- # only, if the requested document is this directory or a subdirectory of it.
- #
- # The value of the attribute must be a String object or nil.
- def path=(path)
- # {{{
- unless path.class == String || path == nil
- raise TypeError, "The path of a cookie must be nil or a string", caller
- end
- @path = path
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Modifies the domain value of this cookie. The client will send this cookie
- # only if it's connected with this domain (or a subdomain, if the first
- # character is a dot like in ".ruby-lang.org")
- #
- # The value of this attribute must be a String or nil.
- def domain=(domain)
- # {{{
- unless domain.class == String || domain == nil
- raise TypeError, "The domain of a cookie must be a String or nil.", caller
- end
- @domain = domain
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Modifies the secure flag of this cookie. If it's true, the client will only
- # send this cookie if it is secured connected with us.
- #
- # The value od this attribute has to be true or false.
- def secure=(secure)
- # {{{
- unless secure == true || secure == false
- raise TypeError, "The secure field of a cookie must be true or false", caller
- end
- @secure = secure
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Modifies the comment value of this cookie. The comment won't be send, if
- # type is "netscape".
- def comment=(comment)
- # {{{
- unless comment.class == String || comment == nil
- raise TypeError, "The comment of a cookie must be a string or nil", caller
- end
- @comment = comment
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Changes the type of all cookies.
- # Allowed values are RFC2109 and netscape (default).
- def Cookie.type=(type)
- # {{{
- unless @@allowed
- raise "The cookies are allready send, so you can't change the type anymore."
- end
- unless type.downcase == "rfc2109" && type.downcase == "netscape"
- raise "The type of the cookies must be \"RFC2109\" or \"netscape\"."
- end
- @@type = type;
- # }}}
- end
-
- # After sending this message, no cookies can be set or modified. Use it, when
- # HTTP-Headers are send. Rweb does this for you.
- def Cookie.disallow
- # {{{
- @@allowed = false
- true
- # }}}
- end
-
- # Returns a HTTP header (type String) with all cookies. Rweb does this for
- # you.
- def Cookie.getHttpHeader
- # {{{
- if defined?(@@list)
- if @@type == "netscape"
- str = ""
- @@list.each do |cookie|
- if cookie.value == nil
- cookie.maxage = 0
- cookie.value = ""
- end
- # TODO: Name and value should be escaped!
- str += "Set-Cookie: #{cookie.name}=#{cookie.value}"
- unless cookie.maxage == nil
- expire = Time.now + cookie.maxage
- expire.gmtime
- str += "; Expire=#{expire.strftime("%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S %Z")}"
- end
- unless cookie.domain == nil
- str += "; Domain=#{cookie.domain}"
- end
- unless cookie.path == nil
- str += "; Path=#{cookie.path}"
- end
- if cookie.secure
- str += "; Secure"
- end
- str += "\r\n"
- end
- return str
- else # type == "RFC2109"
- str = "Set-Cookie: "
- comma = false;
-
- @@list.each do |cookie|
- if cookie.value == nil
- cookie.maxage = 0
- cookie.value = ""
- end
- if comma
- str += ","
- end
- comma = true
-
- str += "#{cookie.name}=\"#{cookie.value}\""
- unless cookie.maxage == nil
- str += "; Max-Age=\"#{cookie.maxage}\""
- end
- unless cookie.domain == nil
- str += "; Domain=\"#{cookie.domain}\""
- end
- unless cookie.path == nil
- str += "; Path=\"#{cookie.path}\""
- end
- if cookie.secure
- str += "; Secure"
- end
- unless cookie.comment == nil
- str += "; Comment=\"#{cookie.comment}\""
- end
- str += "; Version=\"1\""
- end
- str
- end
- else
- false
- end
- # }}}
- end
-end
-
-require 'strscan'
-
-module BBCode
- DEBUG = true
-
- use 'encoder', 'tags', 'tagstack', 'smileys'
-
-=begin
- The Parser class takes care of the encoding.
- It scans the given BBCode (as plain text), finds tags
- and smilies and also makes links of urls in text.
-
- Normal text is send directly to the encoder.
-
- If a tag was found, an instance of a Tag subclass is created
- to handle the case.
-
- The @tagstack manages tag nesting and ensures valid HTML.
-=end
-
- class Parser
- class Attribute
- # flatten and use only one empty_arg
- def self.create attr
- attr = flatten attr
- return @@empty_attr if attr.empty?
- new attr
- end
-
- private_class_method :new
-
- # remove leading and trailing whitespace; concat lines
- def self.flatten attr
- attr.strip.gsub(/\n/, ' ')
- # -> ^ and $ can only match at begin and end now
- end
-
- ATTRIBUTE_SCAN = /
- (?!$) # don't match at end
- \s*
- ( # $1 = key
- [^=\s\]"\\]*
- (?:
- (?: \\. | "[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"? )
- [^=\s\]"\\]*
- )*
- )
- (?:
- =
- ( # $2 = value
- [^\s\]"\\]*
- (?:
- (?: \\. | "[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"? )
- [^\s\]"\\]*
- )*
- )?
- )?
- \s*
- /x
-
- def self.parse source
- source = source.dup
- # empty_tag: the tag looks like [... /]
- # slice!: this deletes the \s*/] at the end
- # \s+ because [url=http://rubybb.org/forum/] is NOT an empty tag.
- # In RubyBBCode, you can use [url=http://rubybb.org/forum/ /], and this has to be
- # interpreted correctly.
- empty_tag = source.sub!(/^:/, '=') or source.slice!(/\/$/)
- debug 'PARSE: ' + source.inspect + ' => ' + empty_tag.inspect
- #-> we have now an attr that's EITHER empty OR begins and ends with non-whitespace.
-
- attr = Hash.new
- attr[:flags] = []
- source.scan(ATTRIBUTE_SCAN) { |key, value|
- if not value
- attr[:flags] << unescape(key)
- else
- next if value.empty? and key.empty?
- attr[unescape(key)] = unescape(value)
- end
- }
- debug attr.inspect
-
- return empty_tag, attr
- end
-
- def self.unescape_char esc
- esc[1]
- end
-
- def self.unquote qt
- qt[1..-1].chomp('"').gsub(/\\./) { |esc| unescape_char esc }
- end
-
- def self.unescape str
- str.gsub(/ (\\.) | (" [^"\\]* (?:\\.[^"\\]*)* "?) /x) {
- if $1
- unescape_char $1
- else
- unquote $2
- end
- }
- end
-
- include Enumerable
- def each &block
- @args.each(&block)
- end
-
- attr_reader :source, :args, :value
-
- def initialize source
- @source = source
- debug 'Attribute#new(%p)' % source
- @empty_tag, @attr = Attribute.parse source
- @value = @attr[''].to_s
- end
-
- def empty?
- self == @@empty_attr
- end
-
- def empty_tag?
- @empty_tag
- end
-
- def [] *keys
- res = @attr[*keys]
- end
-
- def flags
- attr[:flags]
- end
-
- def to_s
- @attr
- end
-
- def inspect
- 'ATTR[' + @attr.inspect + (@empty_tag ? ' | empty tag' : '') + ']'
- end
- end
- class Attribute
- @@empty_attr = new ''
- end
- end
-
- class Parser
- def Parser.flatten str
- # replace mac & dos newlines with unix style
- str.gsub(/\r\n?/, "\n")
- end
-
- def initialize input = ''
- # input manager
- @scanner = StringScanner.new ''
- # output manager
- @encoder = Encoder.new
- @output = ''
- # tag manager
- @tagstack = TagStack.new(@encoder)
-
- @do_magic = true
- # set the input
- feed input
- end
-
- # if you want, you can feed a parser instance after creating,
- # or even feed it repeatedly.
- def feed food
- @scanner.string = Parser.flatten food
- end
-
- # parse through the string using parse_token
- def parse
- parse_token until @scanner.eos?
- @tagstack.close_all
- @output = parse_magic @encoder.output
- end
-
- def output
- @output
- end
-
- # ok, internals start here
- private
- # the default output functions. everything should use them or the tags.
- def add_text text = @scanner.matched
- @encoder.add_text text
- end
-
- # use this carefully
- def add_html html
- @encoder.add_html html
- end
-
- # highlights the text as error
- def add_garbage garbage
- add_html '<span class="error">' if DEBUG
- add_text garbage
- add_html '</span>' if DEBUG
- end
-
- # unknown and incorrectly nested tags are ignored and
- # sent as plaintext (garbage in - garbage out).
- # in debug mode, garbage is marked with lime background.
- def garbage_out start
- @scanner.pos = start
- garbage = @scanner.scan(/./m)
- debug 'GARBAGE: ' + garbage
- add_garbage garbage
- end
-
- # simple text; everything but [, \[ allowed
- SIMPLE_TEXT_SCAN_ = /
- [^\[\\]* # normal*
- (?: # (
- \\.? # special
- [^\[\\]* # normal*
- )* # )*
- /mx
- SIMPLE_TEXT_SCAN = /[^\[]+/
-
-=begin
-
- WHAT IS A TAG?
- ==============
-
- Tags in BBCode can be much more than just a simple [b].
- I use many terms here to differ the parts of each tag.
-
- Basic scheme:
- [ code ]
- TAG START TAG INFO TAG END
-
- Most tags need a second tag to close the range it opened.
- This is done with CLOSING TAGS:
- [/code]
- or by using empty tags that have no content and close themselfes:
- [url=winamp.com /]
- You surely know this from HTML.
- These slashes define the TAG KIND = normal|closing|empty and
- cannot be used together.
-
- Everything between [ and ] and expluding the slashes is called the
- TAG INFO. This info may contain:
- - TAG ID
- - TAG NAME including the tag id
- - attributes
-
- The TAG ID is the first char of the info:
-
- TAG | ID
- ----------+----
- [quote] | q
- [±] | &
- ["[b]"] | "
- [/url] | u
- [---] | -
-
- As you can see, the tag id shows the TAG TYPE, it can be a
- normal tag, a formatting tag or an entity.
- Therefor, the parser first scans the id to decide how to go
- on with parsing.
-=end
- # tag
- # TODO more complex expression allowing
- # [quote="[ladico]"] and [quote=\[ladico\]] to be correct tags
- TAG_BEGIN_SCAN = /
- \[ # tag start
- ( \/ )? # $1 = closing tag?
- ( [^\]] ) # $2 = tag id
- /x
- TAG_END_SCAN = /
- [^\]]* # rest that was not handled
- \]? # tag end
- /x
- CLOSE_TAG_SCAN = /
- ( [^\]]* ) # $1 = the rest of the tag info
- ( \/ )? # $2 = empty tag?
- \]? # tag end
- /x
- UNCLOSED_TAG_SCAN = / \[ /x
-
- CLASSIC_TAG_SCAN = / [a-z]* /ix
-
- SEPARATOR_TAG_SCAN = / \** /x
-
- FORMAT_TAG_SCAN = / -- -* /x
-
- QUOTED_SCAN = /
- ( # $1 = quoted text
- [^"\\]* # normal*
- (?: # (
- \\. # special
- [^"\\]* # normal*
- )* # )*
- )
- "? # end quote "
- /mx
-
- ENTITY_SCAN = /
- ( [^;\]]+ ) # $1 = entity code
- ;? # optional ending semicolon
- /ix
-
- SMILEY_SCAN = Smileys::SMILEY_PATTERN
-
- # this is the main parser loop that separates
- # text - everything until "["
- # from
- # tags - starting with "[", ending with "]"
- def parse_token
- if @scanner.scan(SIMPLE_TEXT_SCAN)
- add_text
- else
- handle_tag
- end
- end
-
- def handle_tag
- tag_start = @scanner.pos
-
- unless @scanner.scan TAG_BEGIN_SCAN
- garbage_out tag_start
- return
- end
-
- closing, id = @scanner[1], @scanner[2]
- #debug 'handle_tag(%p)' % @scanner.matched
-
- handled =
- case id
-
- when /[a-z]/i
- if @scanner.scan(CLASSIC_TAG_SCAN)
- if handle_classic_tag(id + @scanner.matched, closing)
- already_closed = true
- end
- end
-
- when '*'
- if @scanner.scan(SEPARATOR_TAG_SCAN)
- handle_asterisk tag_start, id + @scanner.matched
- true
- end
-
- when '-'
- if @scanner.scan(FORMAT_TAG_SCAN)
- #format = id + @scanner.matched
- @encoder.add_html "\n<hr>\n"
- true
- end
-
- when '"'
- if @scanner.scan(QUOTED_SCAN)
- @encoder.add_text unescape(@scanner[1])
- true
- end
-
- when '&'
- if @scanner.scan(ENTITY_SCAN)
- @encoder.add_entity @scanner[1]
- true
- end
-
- when Smileys::SMILEY_START_CHARSET
- @scanner.pos = @scanner.pos - 1 # (ungetch)
- if @scanner.scan(SMILEY_SCAN)
- @encoder.add_html Smileys.smiley_to_image(@scanner.matched)
- true
- end
-
- end # case
-
- return garbage_out(tag_start) unless handled
-
- @scanner.scan(TAG_END_SCAN) unless already_closed
- end
-
- ATTRIBUTES_SCAN = /
- (
- [^\]"\\]*
- (?:
- (?:
- \\.
- |
- "
- [^"\\]*
- (?:
- \\.
- [^"\\]*
- )*
- "?
- )
- [^\]"\\]*
- )*
- )
- \]?
- /x
-
- def handle_classic_tag name, closing
- debug 'TAG: ' + (closing ? '/' : '') + name
- # flatten
- name.downcase!
- tag_class = TAG_LIST[name]
- return unless tag_class
-
- #debug((opening ? 'OPEN ' : 'CLOSE ') + tag_class.name)
-
- # create an attribute object to handle it
- @scanner.scan(ATTRIBUTES_SCAN)
- #debug name + ':' + @scanner[1]
- attr = Attribute.create @scanner[1]
- #debug 'ATTRIBUTES %p ' % attr #unless attr.empty?
-
- #debug 'closing: %p; name=%s, attr=%p' % [closing, name, attr]
-
- # OPEN
- if not closing and tag = @tagstack.try_open_class(tag_class, attr)
- #debug 'opening'
- tag.do_open @scanner
- # this should be done by the tag itself.
- if attr.empty_tag?
- tag.handle_empty
- @tagstack.close_tag
- elsif tag.special_content?
- handle_special_content(tag)
- @tagstack.close_tag
- # # ignore asterisks directly after the opening; these are phpBBCode
- # elsif tag.respond_to? :asterisk
- # debug 'SKIP ASTERISKS: ' if @scanner.skip(ASTERISK_TAGS_SCAN)
- end
-
- # CLOSE
- elsif @tagstack.try_close_class(tag_class)
- #debug 'closing'
- # GARBAGE
- else
- return
- end
-
- true
- end
-
- def handle_asterisk tag_start, stars
- #debug 'ASTERISK: ' + stars.to_s
- # rule for asterisk tags: they belong to the last tag
- # that handles them. tags opened after this tag are closed.
- # if no open tag uses them, all are closed.
- tag = @tagstack.close_all_until { |tag| tag.respond_to? :asterisk }
- unless tag and tag.asterisk stars, @scanner
- garbage_out tag_start
- end
- end
-
- def handle_special_content tag
- scanned = @scanner.scan_until(tag.closing_tag)
- if scanned
- scanned.slice!(-(@scanner.matched.size)..-1)
- else
- scanned = @scanner.scan(/.*/m).to_s
- end
- #debug 'SPECIAL CONTENT: ' + scanned
- tag.handle_content(scanned)
- end
-
- def unescape text
- # input: correctly formatted quoted string (without the quotes)
- text.gsub(/\\(?:(["\\])|.)/) { $1 or $& }
- end
-
-
- # MAGIC FEAUTURES
-
- URL_PATTERN = /(?:(?:www|ftp)\.|(?>\w{3,}):\/\/)\S+/
- EMAIL_PATTERN = /(?>[\w\-_.]+)@[\w\-\.]+\.\w+/
-
- HAS_MAGIC = /[&@#{Smileys::SMILEY_START_CHARS}]|(?i:www|ftp)/
-
- MAGIC_PATTERN = Regexp.new('(\W|^)(%s)' %
- [Smileys::MAGIC_SMILEY_PATTERN, URL_PATTERN, EMAIL_PATTERN].map { |pattern|
- pattern.to_s
- }.join('|') )
-
- IS_SMILEY_PATTERN = Regexp.new('^%s' % Smileys::SMILEY_START_CHARSET.to_s )
- IS_URL_PATTERN = /^(?:(?i:www|ftp)\.|(?>\w+):\/\/)/
- URL_STARTS_WITH_PROTOCOL = /^\w+:\/\//
- IS_EMAIL_PATTERN = /^[\w\-_.]+@/
-
- def to_magic text
- # debug MAGIC_PATTERN.to_s
- text.gsub!(MAGIC_PATTERN) {
- magic = $2
- $1 + case magic
- when IS_SMILEY_PATTERN
- Smileys.smiley_to_img magic
- when IS_URL_PATTERN
- last = magic.slice_punctation! # no punctation in my URL
- href = magic
- href.insert(0, 'http://') unless magic =~ URL_STARTS_WITH_PROTOCOL
- '<a href="' + href + '">' + magic + '</a>' + last
- when IS_EMAIL_PATTERN
- last = magic.slice_punctation!
- '<a href="mailto:' + magic + '">' + magic + '</a>' + last
- else
- raise '{{{' + magic + '}}}'
- end
- }
- text
- end
-
- # handles smileys and urls
- def parse_magic html
- return html unless @do_magic
- scanner = StringScanner.new html
- out = ''
- while scanner.rest?
- if scanner.scan(/ < (?: a\s .*? <\/a> | pre\W .*? <\/pre> | [^>]* > ) /mx)
- out << scanner.matched
- elsif scanner.scan(/ [^<]+ /x)
- out << to_magic(scanner.matched)
-
- # this should never happen
- elsif scanner.scan(/./m)
- raise 'ERROR: else case reached'
- end
- end
- out
- end
- end # Parser
-end
-
-class String
- def slice_punctation!
- slice!(/[.:,!\?]+$/).to_s # return '' instead of nil
- end
-end
-
-#
-# = Grammar
-#
-# An implementation of common algorithms on grammars.
-#
-# This is used by Shinobu, a visualization tool for educating compiler-building.
-#
-# Thanks to Andreas Kunert for his wonderful LR(k) Pamphlet (German, see http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~kunert/papers/lr-analyse), and Aho/Sethi/Ullman for their Dragon Book.
-#
-# Homepage:: http://shinobu.cYcnus.de (not existing yet)
-# Author:: murphy (Kornelius Kalnbach)
-# Copyright:: (cc) 2005 cYcnus
-# License:: GPL
-# Version:: 0.2.0 (2005-03-27)
-
-require 'set_hash'
-require 'ctype'
-require 'tools'
-require 'rules'
-require 'trace'
-
-require 'first'
-require 'follow'
-
-# = Grammar
-#
-# == Syntax
-#
-# === Rules
-#
-# Each line is a rule.
-# The syntax is
-#
-# left - right
-#
-# where +left+ and +right+ can be uppercase and lowercase letters,
-# and <code>-</code> can be any combination of <, >, - or whitespace.
-#
-# === Symbols
-#
-# Uppercase letters stand for meta symbols, lowercase for terminals.
-#
-# You can make epsilon-derivations by leaving <code><right></code> empty.
-#
-# === Example
-# S - Ac
-# A - Sc
-# A - b
-# A -
-class Grammar
-
- attr_reader :tracer
- # Creates a new Grammar.
- # If $trace is true, the algorithms explain (textual) what they do to $stdout.
- def initialize data, tracer = Tracer.new
- @tracer = tracer
- @rules = Rules.new
- @terminals, @meta_symbols = SortedSet.new, Array.new
- @start_symbol = nil
- add_rules data
- end
-
- attr_reader :meta_symbols, :terminals, :rules, :start_symbol
-
- alias_method :sigma, :terminals
- alias_method :alphabet, :terminals
- alias_method :variables, :meta_symbols
- alias_method :nonterminals, :meta_symbols
-
- # A string representation of the grammar for debugging.
- def inspect productions_too = false
- 'Grammar(meta symbols: %s; alphabet: %s; productions: [%s]; start symbol: %s)' %
- [
- meta_symbols.join(', '),
- terminals.join(', '),
- if productions_too
- @rules.inspect
- else
- @rules.size
- end,
- start_symbol
- ]
- end
-
- # Add rules to the grammar. +rules+ should be a String or respond to +scan+ in a similar way.
- #
- # Syntax: see Grammar.
- def add_rules grammar
- @rules = Rules.parse grammar do |rule|
- @start_symbol ||= rule.left
- @meta_symbols << rule.left
- @terminals.merge rule.right.split('').select { |s| terminal? s }
- end
- @meta_symbols.uniq!
- update
- end
-
- # Returns a hash acting as FIRST operator, so that
- # <code>first["ABC"]</code> is FIRST(ABC).
- # See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_parser "Constructing an LL(1) parsing table" for details.
- def first
- first_operator
- end
-
- # Returns a hash acting as FOLLOW operator, so that
- # <code>first["A"]</code> is FOLLOW(A).
- # See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_parser "Constructing an LL(1) parsing table" for details.
- def follow
- follow_operator
- end
-
- LLError = Class.new(Exception)
- LLErrorType1 = Class.new(LLError)
- LLErrorType2 = Class.new(LLError)
-
- # Tests if the grammar is LL(1).
- def ll1?
- begin
- for meta in @meta_symbols
- first_sets = @rules[meta].map { |alpha| first[alpha] }
- first_sets.inject(Set[]) do |already_used, another_first_set|
- unless already_used.disjoint? another_first_set
- raise LLErrorType1
- end
- already_used.merge another_first_set
- end
-
- if first[meta].include? EPSILON and not first[meta].disjoint? follow[meta]
- raise LLErrorType2
- end
- end
- rescue LLError
- false
- else
- true
- end
- end
-
-private
-
- def first_operator
- @first ||= FirstOperator.new self
- end
-
- def follow_operator
- @follow ||= FollowOperator.new self
- end
-
- def update
- @first = @follow = nil
- end
-
-end
-
-if $0 == __FILE__
- eval DATA.read, nil, $0, __LINE__+4
-end
-
-require 'test/unit'
-
-class TestCaseGrammar < Test::Unit::TestCase
-
- include Grammar::Symbols
-
- def fifo s
- Set[*s.split('')]
- end
-
- def test_fifo
- assert_equal Set[], fifo('')
- assert_equal Set[EPSILON, END_OF_INPUT, 'x', 'Y'], fifo('?xY$')
- end
-
- TEST_GRAMMAR_1 = <<-EOG
-S - ABCD
-A - a
-A -
-B - b
-B -
-C - c
-C -
-D - S
-D -
- EOG
-
- def test_symbols
- assert EPSILON
- assert END_OF_INPUT
- end
-
- def test_first_1
- g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_1
-
- f = nil
- assert_nothing_raised { f = g.first }
- assert_equal(Set['a', EPSILON], f['A'])
- assert_equal(Set['b', EPSILON], f['B'])
- assert_equal(Set['c', EPSILON], f['C'])
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'b', 'c', EPSILON], f['D'])
- assert_equal(f['D'], f['S'])
- end
-
- def test_follow_1
- g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_1
-
- f = nil
- assert_nothing_raised { f = g.follow }
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'b', 'c', END_OF_INPUT], f['A'])
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'b', 'c', END_OF_INPUT], f['B'])
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'b', 'c', END_OF_INPUT], f['C'])
- assert_equal(Set[END_OF_INPUT], f['D'])
- assert_equal(Set[END_OF_INPUT], f['S'])
- end
-
-
- TEST_GRAMMAR_2 = <<-EOG
-S - Ed
-E - EpT
-E - EmT
-E - T
-T - TuF
-T - TdF
-T - F
-F - i
-F - n
-F - aEz
- EOG
-
- def test_first_2
- g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_2
-
- f = nil
- assert_nothing_raised { f = g.first }
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'n', 'i'], f['E'])
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'n', 'i'], f['F'])
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'n', 'i'], f['T'])
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'n', 'i'], f['S'])
- end
-
- def test_follow_2
- g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_2
-
- f = nil
- assert_nothing_raised { f = g.follow }
- assert_equal(Set['m', 'd', 'z', 'p'], f['E'])
- assert_equal(Set['m', 'd', 'z', 'p', 'u'], f['F'])
- assert_equal(Set['m', 'd', 'z', 'p', 'u'], f['T'])
- assert_equal(Set[END_OF_INPUT], f['S'])
- end
-
- LLError = Grammar::LLError
-
- TEST_GRAMMAR_3 = <<-EOG
-E - TD
-D - pTD
-D -
-T - FS
-S - uFS
-S -
-S - p
-F - aEz
-F - i
- EOG
-
- NoError = Class.new(Exception)
-
- def test_first_3
- g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_3
-
- # Grammar 3 is LL(1), so all first-sets must be disjoint.
- f = nil
- assert_nothing_raised { f = g.first }
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['E'])
- assert_equal(Set[EPSILON, 'p'], f['D'])
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['F'])
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['T'])
- assert_equal(Set[EPSILON, 'u', 'p'], f['S'])
- for m in g.meta_symbols
- r = g.rules[m]
- firsts = r.map { |x| f[x] }.to_set
- assert_nothing_raised do
- firsts.inject(Set.new) do |already_used, another_first_set|
- raise LLError, 'not disjoint!' unless already_used.disjoint? another_first_set
- already_used.merge another_first_set
- end
- end
- end
- end
-
- def test_follow_3
- g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_3
-
- # Grammar 3 is not LL(1), because epsilon is in FIRST(S),
- # but FIRST(S) and FOLLOW(S) are not disjoint.
- f = nil
- assert_nothing_raised { f = g.follow }
- assert_equal(Set['z', END_OF_INPUT], f['E'])
- assert_equal(Set['z', END_OF_INPUT], f['D'])
- assert_equal(Set['z', 'p', 'u', END_OF_INPUT], f['F'])
- assert_equal(Set['p', 'z', END_OF_INPUT], f['T'])
- assert_equal(Set['p', 'z', END_OF_INPUT], f['S'])
- for m in g.meta_symbols
- first_m = g.first[m]
- next unless first_m.include? EPSILON
- assert_raise(m == 'S' ? LLError : NoError) do
- if first_m.disjoint? f[m]
- raise NoError # this is fun :D
- else
- raise LLError
- end
- end
- end
- end
-
- TEST_GRAMMAR_3b = <<-EOG
-E - TD
-D - pTD
-D - PTD
-D -
-T - FS
-S - uFS
-S -
-F - aEz
-F - i
-P - p
- EOG
-
- def test_first_3b
- g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_3b
-
- # Grammar 3b is NOT LL(1), since not all first-sets are disjoint.
- f = nil
- assert_nothing_raised { f = g.first }
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['E'])
- assert_equal(Set[EPSILON, 'p'], f['D'])
- assert_equal(Set['p'], f['P'])
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['F'])
- assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['T'])
- assert_equal(Set[EPSILON, 'u'], f['S'])
- for m in g.meta_symbols
- r = g.rules[m]
- firsts = r.map { |x| f[x] }
- assert_raise(m == 'D' ? LLError : NoError) do
- firsts.inject(Set.new) do |already_used, another_first_set|
- raise LLError, 'not disjoint!' unless already_used.disjoint? another_first_set
- already_used.merge another_first_set
- end
- raise NoError
- end
- end
- end
-
- def test_follow_3b
- g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_3b
-
- # Although Grammar 3b is NOT LL(1), the FOLLOW-condition is satisfied.
- f = nil
- assert_nothing_raised { f = g.follow }
- assert_equal(fifo('z$'), f['E'], 'E')
- assert_equal(fifo('z$'), f['D'], 'D')
- assert_equal(fifo('ai'), f['P'], 'P')
- assert_equal(fifo('z$pu'), f['F'], 'F')
- assert_equal(fifo('z$p'), f['T'], 'T')
- assert_equal(fifo('z$p'), f['S'], 'S')
- for m in g.meta_symbols
- first_m = g.first[m]
- next unless first_m.include? EPSILON
- assert_raise(NoError) do
- if first_m.disjoint? f[m]
- raise NoError # this is fun :D
- else
- raise LLError
- end
- end
- end
- end
-
- def test_ll1?
- assert_equal false, Grammar.new(TEST_GRAMMAR_3).ll1?, 'Grammar 3'
- assert_equal false, Grammar.new(TEST_GRAMMAR_3b).ll1?, 'Grammar 3b'
- end
-
- def test_new
- assert_nothing_raised { Grammar.new '' }
- assert_nothing_raised { Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_1 }
- assert_nothing_raised { Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_2 }
- assert_nothing_raised { Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_3 }
- assert_nothing_raised { Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_1 + TEST_GRAMMAR_2 + TEST_GRAMMAR_3 }
- assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Grammar.new 'S - ?' }
- end
-end
-
-# vim:foldmethod=syntax
-
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-
-require 'fox12'
-
-include Fox
-
-class Window < FXMainWindow
- def initialize(app)
- super(app, app.appName + ": First Set Calculation", nil, nil, DECOR_ALL, 0, 0, 800, 600, 0, 0)
-
- # {{{ menubar
- menubar = FXMenuBar.new(self, LAYOUT_SIDE_TOP|LAYOUT_FILL_X)
-
- filemenu = FXMenuPane.new(self)
-
- FXMenuCommand.new(filemenu, "&Start\tCtl-S\tStart the application.", nil, getApp()).connect(SEL_COMMAND, method(:start))
- FXMenuCommand.new(filemenu, "&Quit\tAlt-F4\tQuit the application.", nil, getApp(), FXApp::ID_QUIT)
- FXMenuTitle.new(menubar, "&File", nil, filemenu)
- # }}} menubar
-
- # {{{ statusbar
- @statusbar = FXStatusBar.new(self, LAYOUT_SIDE_BOTTOM|LAYOUT_FILL_X|STATUSBAR_WITH_DRAGCORNER)
- # }}} statusbar
-
- # {{{ window content
- horizontalsplitt = FXSplitter.new(self, SPLITTER_VERTICAL|LAYOUT_SIDE_TOP|LAYOUT_FILL)
-
-
- @productions = FXList.new(horizontalsplitt, nil, 0, LAYOUT_SIDE_TOP|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FIX_HEIGHT|LIST_SINGLESELECT)
- @productions.height = 100
-
- @result = FXTable.new(horizontalsplitt, nil, 0, LAYOUT_FILL)
- @result.height = 200
- @result.setTableSize(2, 2, false)
- @result.rowHeaderWidth = 0
-
- header = @result.columnHeader
- header.setItemText 0, 'X'
- header.setItemText 1, 'FIRST(X)'
- for item in header
- item.justification = FXHeaderItem::CENTER_X
- end
-
- @debug = FXText.new(horizontalsplitt, nil, 0, LAYOUT_SIDE_BOTTOM|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FIX_HEIGHT)
- @debug.height = 200
-
- # }}} window content
- end
-
- def load_grammar grammar
- @tracer = FirstTracer.new(self)
- @grammar = Grammar.new grammar, @tracer
- @rules_indexes = Hash.new
- @grammar.rules.each_with_index do |rule, i|
- @productions.appendItem rule.inspect
- @rules_indexes[rule] = i
- end
- end
-
- def create
- super
- show(PLACEMENT_SCREEN)
- end
-
- def rule rule
- @productions.selectItem @rules_indexes[rule]
- sleep 0.1
- end
-
- def iterate i
- setTitle i.to_s
- sleep 0.1
- end
-
- def missing what
- @debug.appendText what + "\n"
- sleep 0.1
- end
-
- def start sender, sel, pointer
- Thread.new do
- begin
- @grammar.first
- rescue => boom
- @debug.appendText [boom.to_s, *boom.backtrace].join("\n")
- end
- end
- end
-
-end
-
-$: << 'grammar'
-require 'grammar'
-
-require 'first_tracer'
-
-app = FXApp.new("Shinobu", "cYcnus")
-
-# fenster erzeugen
-window = Window.new app
-
-unless ARGV.empty?
- grammar = File.read(ARGV.first)
-else
- grammar = <<-EOG1
-Z --> S
-S --> Sb
-S --> bAa
-A --> aSc
-A --> a
-A --> aSb
- EOG1
-end
-
-window.load_grammar grammar
-
-app.create
-app.run
-
-require 'erb'
-require 'ftools'
-require 'yaml'
-require 'redcloth'
-
-module WhyTheLuckyStiff
- class Book
- attr_accessor :author, :title, :terms, :image, :teaser,
- :chapters, :expansion_paks, :encoding, :credits
- def [] x
- @lang.fetch(x) do
- warn warning = "[not translated: '#{x}'!]"
- warning
- end
- end
- end
-
- def Book::load( file_name )
- YAML::load( File.open( file_name ) )
- end
-
- class Section
- attr_accessor :index, :header, :content
- def initialize( i, h, c )
- @index, @header, @content = i, h, RedCloth::new( c.to_s )
- end
- end
-
- class Sidebar
- attr_accessor :title, :content
- end
-
- YAML::add_domain_type( 'whytheluckystiff.net,2003', 'sidebar' ) do |taguri, val|
- YAML::object_maker( Sidebar, 'title' => val.keys.first, 'content' => RedCloth::new( val.values.first ) )
- end
- class Chapter
- attr_accessor :index, :title, :sections
- def initialize( i, t, sects )
- @index = i
- @title = t
- i = 0
- @sections = sects.collect do |s|
- if s.respond_to?( :keys )
- i += 1
- Section.new( i, s.keys.first, s.values.first )
- else
- s
- end
- end
- end
- end
-
- YAML::add_domain_type( 'whytheluckystiff.net,2003', 'book' ) do |taguri, val|
- ['chapters', 'expansion_paks'].each do |chaptype|
- i = 0
- val[chaptype].collect! do |c|
- i += 1
- Chapter::new( i, c.keys.first, c.values.first )
- end
- end
- val['teaser'].collect! do |t|
- Section::new( 1, t.keys.first, t.values.first )
- end
- val['terms'] = RedCloth::new( val['terms'] )
- YAML::object_maker( Book, val )
- end
-
- class Image
- attr_accessor :file_name
- end
-
- YAML::add_domain_type( 'whytheluckystiff.net,2003', 'img' ) do |taguri, val|
- YAML::object_maker( Image, 'file_name' => "i/" + val )
- end
-end
-
-#
-# Convert the book to HTML
-#
-if __FILE__ == $0
- unless ARGV[0]
- puts "Usage: #{$0} [/path/to/save/html]"
- exit
- end
-
- site_path = ARGV[0]
- book = WhyTheLuckyStiff::Book::load( 'poignant.yml' )
- chapter = nil
-
- # Write index page
- index_tpl = ERB::new( File.open( 'index.erb' ).read )
- File.open( File.join( site_path, 'index.html' ), 'w' ) do |out|
- out << index_tpl.result
- end
-
- book.chapters = book.chapters[0,3] if ARGV.include? '-fast'
-
- # Write chapter pages
- chapter_tpl = ERB::new( File.open( 'chapter.erb' ).read )
- book.chapters.each do |chapter|
- File.open( File.join( site_path, "chapter-#{ chapter.index }.html" ), 'w' ) do |out|
- out << chapter_tpl.result
- end
- end
- exit if ARGV.include? '-fast'
-
- # Write expansion pak pages
- expak_tpl = ERB::new( File.open( 'expansion-pak.erb' ).read )
- book.expansion_paks.each do |pak|
- File.open( File.join( site_path, "expansion-pak-#{ pak.index }.html" ), 'w' ) do |out|
- out << expak_tpl.result( binding )
- end
- end
-
- # Write printable version
- print_tpl = ERB::new( File.open( 'print.erb' ).read )
- File.open( File.join( site_path, "print.html" ), 'w' ) do |out|
- out << print_tpl.result
- end
-
- # Copy css + images into site
- copy_list = ["guide.css"] +
- Dir["i/*"].find_all { |image| image =~ /\.(gif|jpg|png)$/ }
-
- File.makedirs( File.join( site_path, "i" ) )
- copy_list.each do |copy_file|
- File.copy( copy_file, File.join( site_path, copy_file ) )
- end
-end
-
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-
-require 'fox'
-begin
- require 'opengl'
-rescue LoadError
- require 'fox/missingdep'
- MSG = <<EOM
- Sorry, this example depends on the OpenGL extension. Please
- check the Ruby Application Archives for an appropriate
- download site.
-EOM
- missingDependency(MSG)
-end
-
-
-include Fox
-include Math
-
-Deg2Rad = Math::PI / 180
-
-D_MAX = 6
-SQUARE_SIZE = 2.0 / D_MAX
-SQUARE_DISTANCE = 4.0 / D_MAX
-AMPLITUDE = SQUARE_SIZE
-LAMBDA = D_MAX.to_f / 2
-
-class GLTestWindow < FXMainWindow
-
- # How often our timer will fire (in milliseconds)
- TIMER_INTERVAL = 500
-
- # Rotate the boxes when a timer message is received
- def onTimeout(sender, sel, ptr)
- @angle += 10.0
-# @size = 0.5 + 0.2 * Math.cos(Deg2Rad * @angle)
- drawScene()
- @timer = getApp().addTimeout(TIMER_INTERVAL, method(:onTimeout))
- end
-
- # Rotate the boxes when a chore message is received
- def onChore(sender, sel, ptr)
- @angle += 10.0
-# @angle %= 360.0
-# @size = 0.5 + 0.2 * Math.cos(Deg2Rad * @angle)
- drawScene()
- @chore = getApp().addChore(method(:onChore))
- end
-
- # Draw the GL scene
- def drawScene
- lightPosition = [15.0, 10.0, 5.0, 1.0]
- lightAmbient = [ 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0]
- lightDiffuse = [ 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 1.0]
- redMaterial = [ 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]
- blueMaterial = [ 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]
-
- width = @glcanvas.width.to_f
- height = @glcanvas.height.to_f
- aspect = width/height
-
- # Make context current
- @glcanvas.makeCurrent()
-
- GL.Viewport(0, 0, @glcanvas.width, @glcanvas.height)
-
- GL.ClearColor(1.0/256, 0.0, 5.0/256, 1.0)
- GL.Clear(GL::COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL::DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
- GL.Enable(GL::DEPTH_TEST)
-
- GL.Disable(GL::DITHER)
-
- GL.MatrixMode(GL::PROJECTION)
- GL.LoadIdentity()
- GLU.Perspective(30.0, aspect, 1.0, 100.0)
-
- GL.MatrixMode(GL::MODELVIEW)
- GL.LoadIdentity()
- GLU.LookAt(5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
-
- GL.ShadeModel(GL::SMOOTH)
- GL.Light(GL::LIGHT0, GL::POSITION, lightPosition)
- GL.Light(GL::LIGHT0, GL::AMBIENT, lightAmbient)
- GL.Light(GL::LIGHT0, GL::DIFFUSE, lightDiffuse)
- GL.Enable(GL::LIGHT0)
- GL.Enable(GL::LIGHTING)
-
- GL.Rotated(0.1*@angle, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
- for x in -D_MAX..D_MAX
- for y in -D_MAX..D_MAX
- h1 = (x + y - 2).abs
- h2 = (y - x + 1).abs
- GL.PushMatrix
- c = [1, 0, 0, 1]
- GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::AMBIENT, c)
- GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::DIFFUSE, c)
-
- GL.Translated(
- y * SQUARE_DISTANCE,
- AMPLITUDE * h1,
- x * SQUARE_DISTANCE
- )
-
- GL.Begin(GL::TRIANGLE_STRIP)
- GL.Normal(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
- GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.End
-
- GL.PopMatrix
-
- GL.PushMatrix
- c = [0, 0, 1, 1]
- GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::AMBIENT, c)
- GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::DIFFUSE, c)
-
- GL.Translated(
- y * SQUARE_DISTANCE,
- AMPLITUDE * h2,
- x * SQUARE_DISTANCE
- )
-
- GL.Begin(GL::TRIANGLE_STRIP)
- GL.Normal(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
- GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.End
-
- GL.PopMatrix
-
- GL.PushMatrix
- c = [0.0 + (x/10.0), 0.0 + (y/10.0), 0, 1]
- GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::AMBIENT, c)
- GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::DIFFUSE, c)
-
- GL.Translated(
- y * SQUARE_DISTANCE,
- 0,
- x * SQUARE_DISTANCE
- )
-
- GL.Begin(GL::TRIANGLE_STRIP)
- GL.Normal(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
- GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE)
- GL.End
-
- GL.PopMatrix
- end
- end
-
- # Swap if it is double-buffered
- if @glvisual.isDoubleBuffer
- @glcanvas.swapBuffers
- end
-
- # Make context non-current
- @glcanvas.makeNonCurrent
- end
-
- def initialize(app)
- # Invoke the base class initializer
- super(app, "OpenGL Test Application", nil, nil, DECOR_ALL, 0, 0, 1024, 768)
-
- # Construct the main window elements
- frame = FXHorizontalFrame.new(self, LAYOUT_SIDE_TOP|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FILL_Y)
- frame.padLeft, frame.padRight = 0, 0
- frame.padTop, frame.padBottom = 0, 0
-
- # Left pane to contain the glcanvas
- glcanvasFrame = FXVerticalFrame.new(frame,
- LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FILL_Y|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT)
- glcanvasFrame.padLeft, glcanvasFrame.padRight = 10, 10
- glcanvasFrame.padTop, glcanvasFrame.padBottom = 10, 10
-
- # Label above the glcanvas
- FXLabel.new(glcanvasFrame, "OpenGL Canvas Frame", nil,
- JUSTIFY_CENTER_X|LAYOUT_FILL_X)
-
- # Horizontal divider line
- FXHorizontalSeparator.new(glcanvasFrame, SEPARATOR_GROOVE|LAYOUT_FILL_X)
-
- # Drawing glcanvas
- glpanel = FXVerticalFrame.new(glcanvasFrame, (FRAME_SUNKEN|FRAME_THICK|
- LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FILL_Y|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT))
- glpanel.padLeft, glpanel.padRight = 0, 0
- glpanel.padTop, glpanel.padBottom = 0, 0
-
- # A visual to draw OpenGL
- @glvisual = FXGLVisual.new(getApp(), VISUAL_DOUBLEBUFFER)
-
- # Drawing glcanvas
- @glcanvas = FXGLCanvas.new(glpanel, @glvisual, nil, 0,
- LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FILL_Y|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT)
- @glcanvas.connect(SEL_PAINT) {
- drawScene
- }
- @glcanvas.connect(SEL_CONFIGURE) {
- if @glcanvas.makeCurrent
- GL.Viewport(0, 0, @glcanvas.width, @glcanvas.height)
- @glcanvas.makeNonCurrent
- end
- }
-
- # Right pane for the buttons
- buttonFrame = FXVerticalFrame.new(frame, LAYOUT_FILL_Y|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT)
- buttonFrame.padLeft, buttonFrame.padRight = 10, 10
- buttonFrame.padTop, buttonFrame.padBottom = 10, 10
-
- # Label above the buttons
- FXLabel.new(buttonFrame, "Button Frame", nil,
- JUSTIFY_CENTER_X|LAYOUT_FILL_X)
-
- # Horizontal divider line
- FXHorizontalSeparator.new(buttonFrame, SEPARATOR_RIDGE|LAYOUT_FILL_X)
-
- # Spin according to timer
- spinTimerBtn = FXButton.new(buttonFrame,
- "Spin &Timer\tSpin using interval timers\nNote the app
- blocks until the interal has elapsed...", nil,
- nil, 0, FRAME_THICK|FRAME_RAISED|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT)
- spinTimerBtn.padLeft, spinTimerBtn.padRight = 10, 10
- spinTimerBtn.padTop, spinTimerBtn.padBottom = 5, 5
- spinTimerBtn.connect(SEL_COMMAND) {
- @spinning = true
- @timer = getApp().addTimeout(TIMER_INTERVAL, method(:onTimeout))
- }
- spinTimerBtn.connect(SEL_UPDATE) { |sender, sel, ptr|
- @spinning ? sender.disable : sender.enable
- }
-
- # Spin according to chore
- spinChoreBtn = FXButton.new(buttonFrame,
- "Spin &Chore\tSpin as fast as possible using chores\nNote even though the
- app is very responsive, it never blocks;\nthere is always something to
- do...", nil,
- nil, 0, FRAME_THICK|FRAME_RAISED|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT)
- spinChoreBtn.padLeft, spinChoreBtn.padRight = 10, 10
- spinChoreBtn.padTop, spinChoreBtn.padBottom = 5, 5
- spinChoreBtn.connect(SEL_COMMAND) {
- @spinning = true
- @chore = getApp().addChore(method(:onChore))
- }
- spinChoreBtn.connect(SEL_UPDATE) { |sender, sel, ptr|
- @spinning ? sender.disable : sender.enable
- }
-
- # Stop spinning
- stopBtn = FXButton.new(buttonFrame,
- "&Stop Spin\tStop this mad spinning, I'm getting dizzy", nil,
- nil, 0, FRAME_THICK|FRAME_RAISED|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT)
- stopBtn.padLeft, stopBtn.padRight = 10, 10
- stopBtn.padTop, stopBtn.padBottom = 5, 5
- stopBtn.connect(SEL_COMMAND) {
- @spinning = false
- if @timer
- getApp().removeTimeout(@timer)
- @timer = nil
- end
- if @chore
- getApp().removeChore(@chore)
- @chore = nil
- end
- }
- stopBtn.connect(SEL_UPDATE) { |sender, sel, ptr|
- @spinning ? sender.enable : sender.disable
- }
-
- # Exit button
- exitBtn = FXButton.new(buttonFrame, "&Exit\tExit the application", nil,
- getApp(), FXApp::ID_QUIT,
- FRAME_THICK|FRAME_RAISED|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT)
- exitBtn.padLeft, exitBtn.padRight = 10, 10
- exitBtn.padTop, exitBtn.padBottom = 5, 5
-
- # Make a tooltip
- FXTooltip.new(getApp())
-
- # Initialize private variables
- @spinning = false
- @chore = nil
- @timer = nil
- @angle = 0.0
- @size = 0.5
- end
-
- # Create and initialize
- def create
- super
- show(PLACEMENT_SCREEN)
- end
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
- # Construct the application
- application = FXApp.new("GLTest", "FoxTest")
-
- # To ensure that the chores-based spin will run as fast as possible,
- # we can disable the chore in FXRuby's event loop that tries to schedule
- # other threads. This is OK for this program because there aren't any
- # other Ruby threads running.
-
- #application.disableThreads
-
- # Construct the main window
- GLTestWindow.new(application)
-
- # Create the app's windows
- application.create
-
- # Run the application
- application.run
-end
-
-class Facelet
- attr_accessor :color
- def initialize(color)
- @color = color
- end
-
- def to_s
- @color
- end
-end
-
-class Edge
- attr_accessor :facelets, :colors
-
- def initialize(facelets)
- @facelets = facelets
- @colors = @facelets.map { |fl| fl.color }
- end
-
- def apply(edge)
- @facelets.each_with_index { |fl, i|
- fl.color = edge.colors[i]
- }
- end
-
- def inspect
- "\n%s %s\n%s %s %s" % facelets
- end
-end
-
-class Side
- attr_reader :num, :facelets
- attr_accessor :sides
-
- def initialize(num)
- @num = num
- @sides = []
- @facelets = []
- @fl_by_side = {}
- end
-
- # facelets & sides
- # 0
- # 0 1 2
- # 3 3 4 5 1
- # 6 7 8
- # 2
-
- def facelets=(facelets)
- @facelets = facelets.map { |c| Facelet.new(c) }
- init_facelet 0, 3,0
- init_facelet 1, 0
- init_facelet 2, 0,1
- init_facelet 3, 3
- init_facelet 5, 1
- init_facelet 6, 2,3
- init_facelet 7, 2
- init_facelet 8, 1,2
- end
-
- def <=>(side)
- self.num <=> side.num
- end
-
- def init_facelet(pos, *side_nums)
- sides = side_nums.map { |num| @sides[num] }.sort
- @fl_by_side[sides] = pos
- end
-
- def []=(color, *sides)
- @facelets[@fl_by_side[sides.sort]].color = color
- end
-
- def values_at(*sides)
- sides.map { |sides| @facelets[@fl_by_side[sides.sort]] }
- end
-
- def inspect(range=nil)
- if range
- @facelets.values_at(*(range.to_a)).join(' ')
- else
- <<-EOS.gsub(/\d/) { |num| @facelets[num.to_i] }.gsub(/[ABCD]/) { |side| @sides[side[0]-?A].num.to_s }
- A
- 0 1 2
- D 3 4 5 B
- 6 7 8
- C
- EOS
- end
- end
-
- def get_edge(side)
- trio = (-1..1).map { |x| (side + x) % 4 }
- prev_side, this_side, next_side = @sides.values_at(*trio)
- e = Edge.new(
- self .values_at( [this_side], [this_side, next_side] ) +
- this_side.values_at( [self, prev_side], [self ], [self, next_side] )
- )
- #puts 'Edge created for side %d: ' % side + e.inspect
- e
- end
-
- def turn(dir)
- #p 'turn side %d in %d' % [num, dir]
- edges = (0..3).map { |n| get_edge n }
- for i in 0..3
- edges[i].apply edges[(i-dir) % 4]
- end
- end
-end
-
-class Cube
- def initialize
- @sides = []
- %w(left front right back top bottom).each_with_index { |side, i|
- eval("@sides[#{i}] = @#{side} = Side.new(#{i})")
- }
- @left.sides = [@top, @front, @bottom, @back]
- @front.sides = [@top, @right, @bottom, @left]
- @right.sides = [@top, @back, @bottom, @front]
- @back.sides = [@top, @left, @bottom, @right]
- @top.sides = [@back, @right, @front, @left]
- @bottom.sides = [@front, @right, @back, @left]
- end
-
- def read_facelets(fs)
- pattern = Regexp.new(<<-EOP.gsub(/\w/, '\w').gsub(/\s+/, '\s*'))
- (w w w)
- (w w w)
- (w w w)
-(r r r) (g g g) (b b b) (o o o)
-(r r r) (g g g) (b b b) (o o o)
-(r r r) (g g g) (b b b) (o o o)
- (y y y)
- (y y y)
- (y y y)
- EOP
- md = pattern.match(fs).to_a
-
- @top.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(1,2,3))
- @left.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(4,8,12))
- @front.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(5,9,13))
- @right.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(6,10,14))
- @back.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(7,11,15))
- @bottom.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(16,17,18))
- end
-
- def turn(side, dir)
- #p 'turn %d in %d' % [side, dir]
- @sides[side].turn(dir)
- #puts inspect
- end
-
- def inspect
- <<-EOF.gsub(/(\d):(\d)-(\d)/) { @sides[$1.to_i].inspect(Range.new($2.to_i, $3.to_i)) }
- 4:0-2
- 4:3-5
- 4:6-8
-0:0-2 1:0-2 2:0-2 3:0-2
-0:3-5 1:3-5 2:3-5 3:3-5
-0:6-8 1:6-8 2:6-8 3:6-8
- 5:0-2
- 5:3-5
- 5:6-8
- EOF
- end
-
-private
- def parse_facelets(rows)
- rows.join.delete(' ').split(//)
- end
-end
-
-#$stdin = DATA
-
-gets.to_i.times do |i|
- puts "Scenario ##{i+1}:"
- fs = ''
- 9.times { fs << gets }
- cube = Cube.new
- cube.read_facelets fs
- gets.to_i.times do |t|
- side, dir = gets.split.map {|s| s.to_i}
- cube.turn(side, dir)
- end
- puts cube.inspect
- puts
-end
-
-# 2004 by murphy <korny@cYcnus.de>
-# GPL
-class Scenario
- class TimePoint
- attr_reader :data
- def initialize *data
- @data = data
- end
-
- def [] i
- @data[i] or 0
- end
-
- include Comparable
- def <=> tp
- r = 0
- [@data.size, tp.data.size].max.times do |i|
- r = self[i] <=> tp[i]
- return r if r.nonzero?
- end
- 0
- end
-
- def - tp
- r = []
- [@data.size, tp.data.size].max.times do |i|
- r << self[i] - tp[i]
- end
- r
- end
-
- def inspect
- # 01/01/1800 00:00:00
- '%02d/%02d/%04d %02d:%02d:%02d' % @data.values_at(1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 5)
- end
- end
-
- ONE_HOUR = TimePoint.new 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0
-
- APPOINTMENT_PATTERN = /
- ( \d{4} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s
- ( \d{4} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} )
- /x
-
- def initialize io
- @team_size = io.gets.to_i
- @data = [ [TimePoint.new(1800, 01, 01, 00, 00, 00), @team_size] ]
- @team_size.times do # each team member
- io.gets.to_i.times do # each appointment
- m = APPOINTMENT_PATTERN.match io.gets
- @data << [TimePoint.new(*m.captures[0,6].map { |x| x.to_i }), -1]
- @data << [TimePoint.new(*m.captures[6,6].map { |x| x.to_i }), +1]
- end
- end
- @data << [TimePoint.new(2200, 01, 01, 00, 00, 00), -@team_size]
- end
-
- def print_time_plan
- n = 0
- appointment = nil
- no_appointment = true
- @data.sort_by { |x| x[0] }.each do |x|
- tp, action = *x
- n += action
- # at any time during the meeting, at least two team members need to be there
- # and at most one team member is allowed to be absent
- if n >= 2 and (@team_size - n) <= 1
- appointment ||= tp
- else
- if appointment
- # the meeting should be at least one hour in length
- if TimePoint.new(*(tp - appointment)) >= ONE_HOUR
- puts 'appointment possible from %p to %p' % [appointment, tp]
- no_appointment = false
- end
- appointment = false
- end
- end
- end
- puts 'no appointment possible' if no_appointment
- end
-end
-
-# read the data
-DATA.gets.to_i.times do |si| # each scenario
- puts 'Scenario #%d:' % (si + 1)
- sc = Scenario.new DATA
- sc.print_time_plan
- puts
-end
-
-#__END__
-2
-3
-3
-2002 06 28 15 00 00 2002 06 28 18 00 00 TUD Contest Practice Session
-2002 06 29 10 00 00 2002 06 29 15 00 00 TUD Contest
-2002 11 15 15 00 00 2002 11 17 23 00 00 NWERC Delft
-4
-2002 06 25 13 30 00 2002 06 25 15 30 00 FIFA World Cup Semifinal I
-2002 06 26 13 30 00 2002 06 26 15 30 00 FIFA World Cup Semifinal II
-2002 06 29 13 00 00 2002 06 29 15 00 00 FIFA World Cup Third Place
-2002 06 30 13 00 00 2002 06 30 15 00 00 FIFA World Cup Final
-1
-2002 06 01 00 00 00 2002 06 29 18 00 00 Preparation of Problem Set
-2
-1
-1800 01 01 00 00 00 2200 01 01 00 00 00 Solving Problem 8
-0
-
-require 'token_consts'
-require 'symbol'
-require 'ctype'
-require 'error'
-
-class Fixnum
- # Treat char as a digit and return it's value as Fixnum.
- # Returns nonsense for non-digits.
- # Examples:
- # <code>
- # RUBY_VERSION[0].digit == '1.8.2'[0].digit == 1
- # </code>
- #
- # <code>
- # ?6.digit == 6
- # </code>
- #
- # <code>
- # ?A.digit == 17
- # </code>
- def digit
- self - ?0
- end
-end
-
-##
-# Stellt einen einfachen Scanner für die lexikalische Analyse der Sprache Pas-0 dar.
-#
-# @author Andreas Kunert
-# Ruby port by murphy
-class Scanner
-
- include TokenConsts
-
- attr_reader :line, :pos
-
- # To allow Scanner.new without parameters.
- DUMMY_INPUT = 'dummy file'
- def DUMMY_INPUT.getc
- nil
- end
-
- ##
- # Erzeugt einen Scanner, der als Eingabe das übergebene IO benutzt.
- def initialize input = DUMMY_INPUT
- @line = 1
- @pos = 0
-
- begin
- @input = input
- @next_char = @input.getc
- rescue IOError # TODO show the reason!
- Error.ioError
- raise
- end
- end
-
- ##
- # Liest das n - def read_next_char
- begin
- @pos += 1
- @current_char = @next_char
- @next_char = @input.getc
- rescue IOError
- Error.ioError
- raise
- end
- end
-
- ##
- # Sucht das nächste Symbol, identifiziert es, instantiiert ein entsprechendes
- # PascalSymbol-Objekt und gibt es zurück.
- # @see Symbol
- # @return das gefundene Symbol als PascalSymbol-Objekt
- def get_symbol
- current_symbol = nil
- until current_symbol
- read_next_char
-
- if @current_char.alpha?
- identifier = @current_char.chr
- while @next_char.alpha? or @next_char.digit?
- identifier << @next_char
- read_next_char
- end
- current_symbol = handle_identifier(identifier.upcase)
- elsif @current_char.digit?
- current_symbol = number
- else
- case @current_char
- when ?\s
- # ignore
- when ?\n
- new_line
- when nil
- current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new EOP
- when ?{
- comment
-
- when ?:
- if @next_char == ?=
- read_next_char
- current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new BECOMES
- else
- current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new COLON
- end
-
- when ?<
- if (@next_char == ?=)
- read_next_char
- current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new LEQSY
- elsif (@next_char == ?>)
- read_next_char
- current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new NEQSY
- else
- current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new LSSSY
- end
-
- when ?>
- if (@next_char == ?=)
- read_next_char
- current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new GEQSY
- else
- current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new GRTSY
- end
-
- when ?. then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new PERIOD
- when ?( then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new LPARENT
- when ?, then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new COMMA
- when ?* then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new TIMES
- when ?/ then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new SLASH
- when ?+ then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new PLUS
- when ?- then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new MINUS
- when ?= then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new EQLSY
- when ?) then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new RPARENT
- when ?; then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new SEMICOLON
- else
- Error.error(100, @line, @pos) if @current_char > ?\s
- end
- end
- end
- current_symbol
- end
-
-private
- ##
- # Versucht, in dem gegebenen String ein Schlüsselwort zu erkennen.
- # Sollte dabei ein Keyword gefunden werden, so gibt er ein PascalSymbol-Objekt zurück, das
- # das entsprechende Keyword repräsentiert. Ansonsten besteht die Rückgabe aus
- # einem SymbolIdent-Objekt (abgeleitet von PascalSymbol), das den String 1:1 enthält
- # @see symbol
- # @return falls Keyword gefunden, zugehöriges PascalSymbol, sonst SymbolIdent
- def handle_identifier identifier
- if sym = KEYWORD_SYMBOLS[identifier]
- PascalSymbol.new sym
- else
- SymbolIdent.new identifier
- end
- end
-
- MAXINT = 2**31 - 1
- MAXINT_DIV_10 = MAXINT / 10
- MAXINT_MOD_10 = MAXINT % 10
- ##
- # Versucht, aus dem gegebenen Zeichen und den folgenden eine Zahl zusammenzusetzen.
- # Dabei wird der relativ intuitive Algorithmus benutzt, die endgültige Zahl bei
- # jeder weiteren Ziffer mit 10 zu multiplizieren und diese dann mit der Ziffer zu
- # addieren. Sonderfälle bestehen dann nur noch in der Behandlung von reellen Zahlen.
- # <BR>
- # Treten dabei kein Punkt oder ein E auf, so gibt diese Methode ein SymbolIntCon-Objekt
- # zurück, ansonsten (reelle Zahl) ein SymbolRealCon-Objekt. Beide Symbole enthalten
- # jeweils die Zahlwerte.
- # <BR>
- # Anmerkung: Diese Funktion ist mit Hilfe der Java/Ruby-API deutlich leichter zu realisieren.
- # Sie wurde dennoch so implementiert, um den Algorithmus zu demonstrieren
- # @see symbol
- # @return SymbolIntcon- oder SymbolRealcon-Objekt, das den Zahlwert enthält
- def number
- is_integer = true
- integer_too_long = false
- exponent = 0
- exp_counter = -1
- exp_sign = 1
-
- integer_mantisse = @current_char.digit
-
- while (@next_char.digit? and integer_mantisse < MAXINT_DIV_10) or
- (integer_mantisse == MAXINT_DIV_10 and @next_char.digit <= MAXINT_MOD_10)
- integer_mantisse *= 10
- integer_mantisse += @next_char.digit
- read_next_char
- end
-
- real_mantisse = integer_mantisse
-
- while @next_char.digit?
- integer_too_long = true
- real_mantisse *= 10
- real_mantisse += @next_char.digit
- read_next_char
- end
- if @next_char == ?.
- read_next_char
- is_integer = false
- unless @next_char.digit?
- Error.error 101, @line, @pos
- end
- while @next_char.digit?
- real_mantisse += @next_char.digit * (10 ** exp_counter)
- read_next_char
- exp_counter -= 1
- end
- end
- if @next_char == ?E
- is_integer = false
- read_next_char
- if @next_char == ?-
- exp_sign = -1
- read_next_char
- end
- unless @next_char.digit?
- Error.error 101, @line, @pos
- end
- while @next_char.digit?
- exponent *= 10
- exponent += @next_char.digit
- read_next_char
- end
- end
-
- if is_integer
- if integer_too_long
- Error.error 102, @line, @pos
- end
- SymbolIntcon.new integer_mantisse
- else
- SymbolRealcon.new real_mantisse * (10 ** (exp_sign * exponent))
- end
- end
-
- ##
- # Sorgt für ein Überlesen von Kommentaren.
- # Es werden einfach alle Zeichen bis zu einer schließenden Klammer eingelesen
- # und verworfen.
- def comment
- while @current_char != ?}
- forbid_eop
- new_line if @current_char == ?\n
- read_next_char
- end
- end
-
- def new_line
- @line += 1
- @pos = 0
- end
-
- def forbid_eop
- if eop?
- Error.error 103, @line, @pos
- end
- exit
- end
-
- def eop?
- @current_char.nil?
- end
-end
-
-##
-# Läßt ein Testprogramm ablaufen.
-# Dieses erzeugt sich ein Scanner-Objekt und ruft an diesem kontinuierlich bis zum Dateiende
-# get_symbol auf.
-if $0 == __FILE__
- scan = Scanner.new(File.new(ARGV[0] || 'test.pas'))
- loop do
- c = scan.get_symbol
- puts c
- break if c.typ == TokenConsts::EOP
- end
-end
-# -*- ruby -*-
-
-# Local variables:
-# indent-tabs-mode: nil
-# ruby-indent-level: 4
-# End:
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_NAME
-# @@SKIP@@ Ruby
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_WEB
-# @@SKIP@@ http://www.ruby-lang.org
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.0
-string = '\n' # two characters, \ and an n
-string = 'Jon \'Maddog\' Orwant' # literal single quotes
-
-string = "\n" # a "newline" character
-string = "Jon \"Maddog\" Orwant" # literal double quotes
-
-string = %q/Jon 'Maddog' Orwant/ # literal single quotes
-
-string = %q[Jon 'Maddog' Orwant] # literal single quotes
-string = %q{Jon 'Maddog' Orwant} # literal single quotes
-string = %q(Jon 'Maddog' Orwant) # literal single quotes
-string = %q<Jon 'Maddog' Orwant> # literal single quotes
-
-a = <<"EOF"
-This is a multiline here document
-terminated by EOF on a line by itself
-EOF
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.1
-value = string[offset,count]
-value = string[offset..-1]
-
-string[offset,count] = newstring
-string[offset..-1] = newtail
-
-# in Ruby we can also specify intervals by their two offsets
-value = string[offset..offs2]
-string[offset..offs2] = newstring
-
-leading, s1, s2, trailing = data.unpack("A5 x3 A8 A8 A*")
-
-fivers = string.unpack("A5" * (string.length/5))
-
-chars = string.unpack("A1" * string.length)
-
-string = "This is what you have"
-# +012345678901234567890 Indexing forwards (left to right)
-# 109876543210987654321- Indexing backwards (right to left)
-# note that 0 means 10 or 20, etc. above
-
-first = string[0, 1] # "T"
-start = string[5, 2] # "is"
-rest = string[13..-1] # "you have"
-last = string[-1, 1] # "e"
-end_ = string[-4..-1] # "have"
-piece = string[-8, 3] # "you"
-
-string[5, 2] = "wasn't" # change "is" to "wasn't"
-string[-12..-1] = "ondrous" # "This wasn't wondrous"
-string[0, 1] = "" # delete first character
-string[-10..-1] = "" # delete last 10 characters
-
-if string[-10..-1] =~ /pattern/
- puts "Pattern matches in last 10 characters"
-end
-
-string[0, 5].gsub!(/is/, 'at')
-
-a = "make a hat"
-a[0, 1], a[-1, 1] = a[-1, 1], a[0, 1]
-
-a = "To be or not to be"
-b = a.unpack("x6 A6")
-
-b, c = a.unpack("x6 A2 X5 A2")
-puts "#{b}\n#{c}\n"
-
-def cut2fmt(*args)
- template = ''
- lastpos = 1
- for place in args
- template += "A" + (place - lastpos).to_s + " "
- lastpos = place
- end
- template += "A*"
- return template
-end
-
-fmt = cut2fmt(8, 14, 20, 26, 30)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.2
-# careful! "b is true" doesn't mean "b != 0" (0 is true in Ruby)
-# thus no problem of "defined" later since only nil is false
-# the following sets to `c' if `b' is nil or false
-a = b || c
-
-# if you need Perl's behaviour (setting to `c' if `b' is 0) the most
-# effective way is to use Numeric#nonzero? (thanks to Dave Thomas!)
-a = b.nonzero? || c
-
-# you will still want to use defined? in order to test
-# for scope existence of a given object
-a = defined?(b) ? b : c
-
-dir = ARGV.shift || "/tmp"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.3
-v1, v2 = v2, v1
-
-alpha, beta, production = %w(January March August)
-alpha, beta, production = beta, production, alpha
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.4
-num = char[0]
-char = num.chr
-
-# Ruby also supports having a char from character constant
-num = ?r
-
-char = sprintf("%c", num)
-printf("Number %d is character %c\n", num, num)
-
-ascii = string.unpack("C*")
-string = ascii.pack("C*")
-
-hal = "HAL"
-ascii = hal.unpack("C*")
-# We can't use Array#each since we can't mutate a Fixnum
-ascii.collect! { |i|
- i + 1 # add one to each ASCII value
-}
-ibm = ascii.pack("C*")
-puts ibm
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.5
-array = string.split('')
-
-array = string.unpack("C*")
-
-string.scan(/./) { |b|
- # do something with b
-}
-
-string = "an apple a day"
-print "unique chars are: ", string.split('').uniq.sort, "\n"
-
-sum = 0
-for ascval in string.unpack("C*") # or use Array#each for a pure OO style :)
- sum += ascval
-end
-puts "sum is #{sum & 0xffffffff}" # since Ruby will go Bignum if necessary
-
-# @@INCLUDE@@ include/ruby/slowcat.rb
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.6
-revbytes = string.reverse
-
-revwords = string.split(" ").reverse.join(" ")
-
-revwords = string.split(/(\s+)/).reverse.join
-
-# using the fact that IO is Enumerable, you can directly "select" it
-long_palindromes = File.open("/usr/share/dict/words").
- select { |w| w.chomp!; w.reverse == w && w.length > 5 }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.7
-while string.sub!("\t+") { ' ' * ($&.length * 8 - $`.length % 8) }
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.8
-'You owe #{debt} to me'.gsub(/\#{(\w+)}/) { eval($1) }
-
-rows, cols = 24, 80
-text = %q(I am #{rows} high and #{cols} long)
-text.gsub!(/\#{(\w+)}/) { eval("#{$1}") }
-puts text
-
-'I am 17 years old'.gsub(/\d+/) { 2 * $&.to_i }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.9
-e = "bo peep".upcase
-e.downcase!
-e.capitalize!
-
-"thIS is a loNG liNE".gsub!(/\w+/) { $&.capitalize }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.10
-"I have #{n+1} guanacos."
-print "I have ", n+1, " guanacos."
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.11
-var = <<'EOF'.gsub(/^\s+/, '')
- your text
- goes here
-EOF
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.12
-string = "Folding and splicing is the work of an editor,\n"+
- "not a mere collection of silicon\n"+
- "and\n"+
- "mobile electrons!"
-
-def wrap(str, max_size)
- all = []
- line = ''
- for l in str.split
- if (line+l).length >= max_size
- all.push(line)
- line = ''
- end
- line += line == '' ? l : ' ' + l
- end
- all.push(line).join("\n")
-end
-
-print wrap(string, 20)
-#=> Folding and
-#=> splicing is the
-#=> work of an editor,
-#=> not a mere
-#=> collection of
-#=> silicon and mobile
-#=> electrons!
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.13
-string = %q(Mom said, "Don't do that.")
-string.gsub(/['"]/) { '\\'+$& }
-string.gsub(/['"]/, '\&\&')
-string.gsub(/[^A-Z]/) { '\\'+$& }
-"is a test!".gsub(/\W/) { '\\'+$& } # no function like quotemeta?
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.14
-string.strip!
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.15
-def parse_csv(text)
- new = text.scan(/"([^\"\\]*(?:\\.[^\"\\]*)*)",?|([^,]+),?|,/)
- new << nil if text[-1] == ?,
- new.flatten.compact
-end
-
-line = %q<XYZZY,"","O'Reilly, Inc","Wall, Larry","a \"glug\" bit,",5,"Error, Core Dumped">
-fields = parse_csv(line)
-fields.each_with_index { |v,i|
- print "#{i} : #{v}\n";
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.16
-# Use the soundex.rb Library from Michael Neumann.
-# http://www.s-direktnet.de/homepages/neumann/rb_prgs/Soundex.rb
-require 'Soundex'
-
-code = Text::Soundex.soundex(string)
-codes = Text::Soundex.soundex(array)
-
-# substitution function for getpwent():
-# returns an array of user entries,
-# each entry contains the username and the full name
-def login_names
- result = []
- File.open("/etc/passwd") { |file|
- file.each_line { |line|
- next if line.match(/^#/)
- cols = line.split(":")
- result.push([cols[0], cols[4]])
- }
- }
- result
-end
-
-puts "Lookup user: "
-user = STDIN.gets
-user.chomp!
-exit unless user
-name_code = Text::Soundex.soundex(user)
-
-splitter = Regexp.new('(\w+)[^,]*\b(\w+)')
-for username, fullname in login_names do
- firstname, lastname = splitter.match(fullname)[1,2]
- if name_code == Text::Soundex.soundex(username)
- || name_code == Text::Soundex.soundex(firstname)
- || name_code == Text::Soundex.soundex(lastname)
- then
- puts "#{username}: #{firstname} #{lastname}"
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.17
-# @@INCLUDE@@ include/ruby/fixstyle.rb
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.18
-# @@INCLUDE@@ include/ruby/psgrep.rb
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.1
-# Matz tells that you can use Integer() for strict checked conversion.
-Integer("abc")
-#=> `Integer': invalid value for Integer: "abc" (ArgumentError)
-Integer("567")
-#=> 567
-
-# You may use Float() for floating point stuff
-Integer("56.7")
-#=> `Integer': invalid value for Integer: "56.7" (ArgumentError)
-Float("56.7")
-#=> 56.7
-
-# You may also use a regexp for that
-if string =~ /^[+-]?\d+$/
- p 'is an integer'
-else
- p 'is not'
-end
-
-if string =~ /^-?(?:\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\.\d+)$/
- p 'is a decimal number'
-else
- p 'is not'
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.2
-# equal(num1, num2, accuracy) : returns true if num1 and num2 are
-# equal to accuracy number of decimal places
-def equal(i, j, a)
- sprintf("%.#{a}g", i) == sprintf("%.#{a}g", j)
-end
-
-wage = 536 # $5.36/hour
-week = 40 * wage # $214.40
-printf("One week's wage is: \$%.2f\n", week/100.0)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.3
-num.round # rounds to integer
-
-a = 0.255
-b = sprintf("%.2f", a)
-print "Unrounded: #{a}\nRounded: #{b}\n"
-printf "Unrounded: #{a}\nRounded: %.2f\n", a
-
-print "number\tint\tfloor\tceil\n"
-a = [ 3.3 , 3.5 , 3.7, -3.3 ]
-for n in a
- printf("% .1f\t% .1f\t% .1f\t% .1f\n", # at least I don't fake my output :)
- n, n.to_i, n.floor, n.ceil)
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.4
-def dec2bin(n)
- [n].pack("N").unpack("B32")[0].sub(/^0+(?=\d)/, '')
-end
-
-def bin2dec(n)
- [("0"*32+n.to_s)[-32..-1]].pack("B32").unpack("N")[0]
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.5
-for i in x .. y
- # i is set to every integer from x to y, inclusive
-end
-
-x.step(y,7) { |i|
- # i is set to every integer from x to y, stepsize = 7
-}
-
-print "Infancy is: "
-(0..2).each { |i|
- print i, " "
-}
-print "\n"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.6
-# We can add conversion methods to the Integer class,
-# this makes a roman number just a representation for normal numbers.
-class Integer
-
- @@romanlist = [["M", 1000],
- ["CM", 900],
- ["D", 500],
- ["CD", 400],
- ["C", 100],
- ["XC", 90],
- ["L", 50],
- ["XL", 40],
- ["X", 10],
- ["IX", 9],
- ["V", 5],
- ["IV", 4],
- ["I", 1]]
-
- def to_roman
- remains = self
- roman = ""
- for sym, num in @@romanlist
- while remains >= num
- remains -= num
- roman << sym
- end
- end
- roman
- end
-
- def Integer.from_roman(roman)
- ustr = roman.upcase
- sum = 0
- for entry in @@romanlist
- sym, num = entry[0], entry[1]
- while sym == ustr[0, sym.length]
- sum += num
- ustr.slice!(0, sym.length)
- end
- end
- sum
- end
-
-end
-
-
-roman_fifteen = 15.to_roman
-puts "Roman for fifteen is #{roman_fifteen}"
-i = Integer.from_roman(roman_fifteen)
-puts "Converted back, #{roman_fifteen} is #{i}"
-
-# check
-for i in (1..3900)
- r = i.to_roman
- j = Integer.from_roman(r)
- if i != j
- puts "error: #{i} : #{r} - #{j}"
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.7
-random = rand(y-x+1)+x
-
-chars = ["A".."Z","a".."z","0".."9"].collect { |r| r.to_a }.join + %q(!@$%^&*)
-password = (1..8).collect { chars[rand(chars.size)] }.pack("C*")
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.8
-srand # uses a combination of the time, the process id, and a sequence number
-srand(val) # for repeatable behaviour
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.9
-# from the randomr lib:
-# http://raa.ruby-lang.org/project/randomr/
-----> http://raa.ruby-lang.org/project/randomr/
-
-require 'random/mersenne_twister'
-mers = Random::MersenneTwister.new 123456789
-puts mers.rand(0) # 0.550321932544541
-puts mers.rand(10) # 2
-
-# using online sources of random data via the realrand package:
-# http://raa.ruby-lang.org/project/realrand/
-# **Note**
-# The following online services are used in this package:
-# http://www.random.org - source: atmospheric noise
-# http://www.fourmilab.ch/hotbits - source: radioactive decay timings
-# http://random.hd.org - source: entropy from local and network noise
-# Please visit the sites and respect the rules of each service.
-
-require 'random/online'
-
-generator1 = Random::RandomOrg.new
-puts generator1.randbyte(5).join(",")
-puts generator1.randnum(10, 1, 6).join(",") # Roll dice 10 times.
-
-generator2 = Random::FourmiLab.new
-puts generator2.randbyte(5).join(",")
-# randnum is not supported.
-
-generator3 = Random::EntropyPool.new
-puts generator3.randbyte(5).join(",")
-# randnum is not supported.
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.10
-def gaussian_rand
- begin
- u1 = 2 * rand() - 1
- u2 = 2 * rand() - 1
- w = u1*u1 + u2*u2
- end while (w >= 1)
- w = Math.sqrt((-2*Math.log(w))/w)
- [ u2*w, u1*w ]
-end
-
-mean = 25
-sdev = 2
-salary = gaussian_rand[0] * sdev + mean
-printf("You have been hired at \$%.2f\n", salary)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.11
-def deg2rad(d)
- (d/180.0)*Math::PI
-end
-
-def rad2deg(r)
- (r/Math::PI)*180
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.12
-sin_val = Math.sin(angle)
-cos_val = Math.cos(angle)
-tan_val = Math.tan(angle)
-
-# AFAIK Ruby's Math module doesn't provide acos/asin
-# While we're at it, let's also define missing hyperbolic functions
-module Math
- def Math.asin(x)
- atan2(x, sqrt(1 - x**2))
- end
- def Math.acos(x)
- atan2(sqrt(1 - x**2), x)
- end
- def Math.atan(x)
- atan2(x, 1)
- end
- def Math.sinh(x)
- (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2
- end
- def Math.cosh(x)
- (exp(x) + exp(-x)) / 2
- end
- def Math.tanh(x)
- sinh(x) / cosh(x)
- end
-end
-
-# The support for Complex numbers is not built-in
-y = Math.acos(3.7)
-#=> in `sqrt': square root for negative number (ArgumentError)
-
-# There is an implementation of Complex numbers in 'complex.rb' in current
-# Ruby distro, but it doesn't support atan2 with complex args, so it doesn't
-# solve this problem.
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.13
-log_e = Math.log(val)
-log_10 = Math.log10(val)
-
-def log_base(base, val)
- Math.log(val)/Math.log(base)
-end
-
-answer = log_base(10, 10_000)
-puts "log10(10,000) = #{answer}"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.14
-require 'matrix.rb'
-
-a = Matrix[[3, 2, 3], [5, 9, 8]]
-b = Matrix[[4, 7], [9, 3], [8, 1]]
-c = a * b
-
-a.row_size
-a.column_size
-
-c.det
-a.transpose
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.15
-require 'complex.rb'
-require 'rational.rb'
-
-a = Complex(3, 5) # 3 + 5i
-b = Complex(2, -2) # 2 - 2i
-puts "c = #{a*b}"
-
-c = a * b
-d = 3 + 4*Complex::I
-
-printf "sqrt(#{d}) = %s\n", Math.sqrt(d)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.16
-number = hexadecimal.hex
-number = octal.oct
-
-print "Gimme a number in decimal, octal, or hex: "
-num = gets.chomp
-exit unless defined?(num)
-num = num.oct if num =~ /^0/ # does both oct and hex
-printf "%d %x %o\n", num, num, num
-
-print "Enter file permission in octal: "
-permissions = gets.chomp
-raise "Exiting ...\n" unless defined?(permissions)
-puts "The decimal value is #{permissions.oct}"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.17
-def commify(n)
- n.to_s =~ /([^\.]*)(\..*)?/
- int, dec = $1.reverse, $2 ? $2 : ""
- while int.gsub!(/(,|\.|^)(\d{3})(\d)/, '\1\2,\3')
- end
- int.reverse + dec
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.18
-printf "It took %d hour%s\n", time, time == 1 ? "" : "s"
-
-# dunno if an equivalent to Lingua::EN::Inflect exists...
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_2.19
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# bigfact - calculating prime factors
-def factorize(orig)
- factors = {}
- factors.default = 0 # return 0 instead nil if key not found in hash
- n = orig
- i = 2
- sqi = 4 # square of i
- while sqi <= n do
- while n.modulo(i) == 0 do
- n /= i
- factors[i] += 1
- # puts "Found factor #{i}"
- end
- # we take advantage of the fact that (i +1)**2 = i**2 + 2*i +1
- sqi += 2 * i + 1
- i += 1
- end
-
- if (n != 1) && (n != orig)
- factors[n] += 1
- end
- factors
-end
-
-def printfactorhash(orig, factorcount)
- print format("%-10d ", orig)
- if factorcount.length == 0
- print "PRIME"
- else
- # sorts after number, because the hash keys are numbers
- factorcount.sort.each { |factor,exponent|
- print factor
- if exponent > 1
- print "**", exponent
- end
- print " "
- }
- end
- puts
-end
-
-for arg in ARGV
- n = arg.to_i
- mfactors = factorize(n)
- printfactorhash(n, mfactors)
-end
-#-----------------------------
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.0
-puts Time.now
-
-print "Today is day ", Time.now.yday, " of the current year.\n"
-print "Today is day ", Time.now.day, " of the current month.\n"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.1
-day, month, year = Time.now.day, Time.now.month, Time.now.year
-# or
-day, month, year = Time.now.to_a[3..5]
-
-tl = Time.now.localtime
-printf("The current date is %04d %02d %02d\n", tl.year, tl.month, tl.day)
-
-Time.now.localtime.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.2
-Time.local(year, month, day, hour, minute, second).tv_sec
-Time.gm(year, month, day, hour, minute, second).tv_sec
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.3
-sec, min, hour, day, month, year, wday, yday, isdst, zone = Time.at(epoch_secs).to_a
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.4
-when_ = now + difference # now -> Time ; difference -> Numeric (delta in seconds)
-then_ = now - difference
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.5
-bree = 361535725
-nat = 96201950
-
-difference = bree - nat
-puts "There were #{difference} seconds between Nat and Bree"
-
-seconds = difference % 60
-difference = (difference - seconds) / 60
-minutes = difference % 60
-difference = (difference - minutes) / 60
-hours = difference % 24
-difference = (difference - hours) / 24
-days = difference % 7
-weeks = (difference - days) / 7
-
-puts "(#{weeks} weeks, #{days} days, #{hours}:#{minutes}:#{seconds})"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.6
-monthday, weekday, yearday = date.mday, date.wday, date.yday
-
-# AFAIK the week number is not just a division since week boundaries are on sundays
-weeknum = d.strftime("%U").to_i + 1
-
-year = 1981
-month = "jun" # or `6' if you want to emulate a broken language
-day = 16
-t = Time.mktime(year, month, day)
-print "#{month}/#{day}/#{year} was a ", t.strftime("%A"), "\n"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.7
-yyyy, mm, dd = $1, $2, $3 if "1998-06-25" =~ /(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)/
-
-epoch_seconds = Time.mktime(yyyy, mm, dd).tv_sec
-
-# dunno an equivalent to Date::Manip#ParseDate
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.8
-string = Time.at(epoch_secs)
-Time.at(1234567890).gmtime # gives: Fri Feb 13 23:31:30 UTC 2009
-
-time = Time.mktime(1973, "jan", 18, 3, 45, 50)
-print "In localtime it gives: ", time.localtime, "\n"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.9
-# Ruby provides micro-seconds in Time object
-Time.now.usec
-
-# Ruby gives the seconds in floating format when substracting two Time objects
-before = Time.now
-line = gets
-elapsed = Time.now - before
-puts "You took #{elapsed} seconds."
-
-# On my Celeron-400 with Linux-2.2.19-14mdk, average for three execs are:
-# This Ruby version: average 0.00321 sec
-# Cookbook's Perl version: average 0.00981 sec
-size = 500
-number_of_times = 100
-total_time = 0
-number_of_times.times {
- # populate array
- array = []
- size.times { array << rand }
- # sort it
- begin_ = Time.now
- array.sort!
- time = Time.now - begin_
- total_time += time
-}
-printf "On average, sorting %d random numbers takes %.5f seconds\n",
- size, (total_time/Float(number_of_times))
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.10
-sleep(0.005) # Ruby is definitely not as broken as Perl :)
-# (may be interrupted by sending the process a SIGALRM)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_3.11
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# hopdelta - feed mail header, produce lines
-# showing delay at each hop.
-require 'time'
-class MailHopDelta
-
- def initialize(mail)
- @head = mail.gsub(/\n\s+/,' ')
- @topline = %w-Sender Recipient Time Delta-
- @start_from = mail.match(/^From.*\@([^\s>]*)/)[1]
- @date = Time.parse(mail.match(/^Date:\s+(.*)/)[1])
- end
-
- def out(line)
- "%-20.20s %-20.20s %-20.20s %s" % line
- end
-
- def hop_date(day)
- day.strftime("%I:%M:%S %Y/%m/%d")
- end
-
- def puts_hops
- puts out(@topline)
- puts out(['Start', @start_from, hop_date(@date),''])
- @head.split(/\n/).reverse.grep(/^Received:/).each do |hop|
- hop.gsub!(/\bon (.*?) (id.*)/,'; \1')
- whence = hop.match(/;\s+(.*)$/)[1]
- unless whence
- warn "Bad received line: #{hop}"
- next
- end
- from = $+ if hop =~ /from\s+(\S+)|\((.*?)\)/
- by = $1 if hop =~ /by\s+(\S+\.\S+)/
- next unless now = Time.parse(whence).localtime
- delta = now - @date
- puts out([from, by, hop_date(now), hop_time(delta)])
- @date = now
- end
- end
-
- def hop_time(secs)
- sign = secs < 0 ? -1 : 1
- days, secs = secs.abs.divmod(60 * 60 * 24)
- hours,secs = secs.abs.divmod(60 * 60)
- mins, secs = secs.abs.divmod(60)
- rtn = "%3ds" % [secs * sign]
- rtn << "%3dm" % [mins * sign] if mins != 0
- rtn << "%3dh" % [hours * sign] if hours != 0
- rtn << "%3dd" % [days * sign] if days != 0
- rtn
- end
-end
-
-$/ = ""
-mail = MailHopDelta.new(ARGF.gets).puts_hops
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.0
-single_level = [ "this", "that", "the", "other" ]
-
-# Ruby directly supports nested arrays
-double_level = [ "this", "that", [ "the", "other" ] ]
-still_single_level = [ "this", "that", [ "the", "other" ] ].flatten
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.1
-a = [ "quick", "brown", "fox" ]
-a = %w(Why are you teasing me?)
-
-lines = <<"END_OF_HERE_DOC".gsub(/^\s*(.+)/, '\1')
- The boy stood on the burning deck,
- It was as hot as glass.
-END_OF_HERE_DOC
-
-bigarray = IO.readlines("mydatafile").collect { |l| l.chomp }
-
-name = "Gandalf"
-banner = %Q(Speak, #{name}, and welcome!)
-
-host_info = `host #{his_host}`
-
-%x(ps #{$$})
-
-banner = 'Costs only $4.95'.split(' ')
-
-rax = %w! ( ) < > { } [ ] !
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.2
-def commify_series(a)
- a.size == 0 ? '' :
- a.size == 1 ? a[0] :
- a.size == 2 ? a.join(' and ') :
- a[0..-2].join(', ') + ', and ' + a[-1]
-end
-
-array = [ "red", "yellow", "green" ]
-
-print "I have ", array, " marbles\n"
-# -> I have redyellowgreen marbles
-
-# But unlike Perl:
-print "I have #{array} marbles\n"
-# -> I have redyellowgreen marbles
-# So, needs:
-print "I have #{array.join(' ')} marbles\n"
-# -> I have red yellow green marbles
-
-def commify_series(a)
- sepchar = a.select { |p| p =~ /,/ } != [] ? '; ' : ', '
- a.size == 0 ? '' :
- a.size == 1 ? a[0] :
- a.size == 2 ? a.join(' and ') :
- a[0..-2].join(sepchar) + sepchar + 'and ' + a[-1]
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.3
-# (note: AFAIK Ruby doesn't allow gory change of Array length)
-# grow the array by assigning nil to past the end of array
-ary[new_size-1] = nil
-# shrink the array by slicing it down
-ary.slice!(new_size..-1)
-# init the array with given size
-Array.new(number_of_elems)
-# assign to an element past the original end enlarges the array
-ary[index_new_last_elem] = value
-
-def what_about_that_array(a)
- print "The array now has ", a.size, " elements.\n"
- # Index of last element is not really interesting in Ruby
- print "Element #3 is `#{a[3]}'.\n"
-end
-people = %w(Crosby Stills Nash Young)
-what_about_that_array(people)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.4
-# OO style
-bad_users.each { |user|
- complain(user)
-}
-# or, functional style
-for user in bad_users
- complain(user)
-end
-
-for var in ENV.keys.sort
- puts "#{var}=#{ENV[var]}"
-end
-
-for user in all_users
- disk_space = get_usage(user)
- if (disk_space > MAX_QUOTA)
- complain(user)
- end
-end
-
-for l in IO.popen("who").readlines
- print l if l =~ /^gc/
-end
-
-# we can mimic the obfuscated Perl way
-while fh.gets # $_ is set to the line just read
- chomp # $_ has a trailing \n removed, if it had one
- split.each { |w| # $_ is split on whitespace
- # but $_ is not set to each chunk as in Perl
- print w.reverse
- }
-end
-# ...or use a cleaner way
-for l in fh.readlines
- l.chomp.split.each { |w| print w.reverse }
-end
-
-# same drawback as in problem 1.4, we can't mutate a Numeric...
-array.collect! { |v| v - 1 }
-
-a = [ .5, 3 ]; b = [ 0, 1 ]
-for ary in [ a, b ]
- ary.collect! { |v| v * 7 }
-end
-puts "#{a.join(' ')} #{b.join(' ')}"
-
-# we can mutate Strings, cool; we need a trick for the scalar
-for ary in [ [ scalar ], array, hash.values ]
- ary.each { |v| v.strip! } # String#strip rules :)
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.5
-# not relevant in Ruby since we have always references
-for item in array
- # do somethingh with item
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.6
-unique = list.uniq
-
-# generate a list of users logged in, removing duplicates
-users = `who`.collect { |l| l =~ /(\w+)/; $1 }.sort.uniq
-puts("users logged in: #{commify_series(users)}") # see 4.2 for commify_series
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.7
-a - b
-# [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5 ] - [ 1, 2, 4 ] -> [3, 5]
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.8
-union = a | b
-intersection = a & b
-difference = a - b
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.9
-array1.concat(array2)
-# if you will assign to another object, better use:
-new_ary = array1 + array2
-
-members = [ "Time", "Flies" ]
-initiates = [ "An", "Arrow" ]
-members += initiates
-
-members = [ "Time", "Flies" ]
-initiates = [ "An", "Arrow" ]
-members[2,0] = [ "Like", initiates ].flatten
-
-members[0] = "Fruit"
-members[3,2] = "A", "Banana"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.10
-reversed = ary.reverse
-
-ary.reverse_each { |e|
- # do something with e
-}
-
-descending = ary.sort.reverse
-descending = ary.sort { |a,b| b <=> a }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.11
-# remove n elements from front of ary (shift n)
-front = ary.slice!(0, n)
-
-# remove n elements from the end of ary (pop n)
-end_ = ary.slice!(-n .. -1)
-
-# let's extend the Array class, to make that useful
-class Array
- def shift2()
- slice!(0 .. 1) # more symetric with pop2...
- end
- def pop2()
- slice!(-2 .. -1)
- end
-end
-
-friends = %w(Peter Paul Mary Jim Tim)
-this, that = friends.shift2
-
-beverages = %w(Dew Jolt Cola Sprite Fresca)
-pair = beverages.pop2
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.12
-# use Enumerable#detect (or the synonym Enumerable#find)
-highest_eng = employees.detect { |emp| emp.category == 'engineer' }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.13
-# use Enumerable#select (or the synonym Enumerable#find_all)
-bigs = nums.select { |i| i > 1_000_000 }
-pigs = users.keys.select { |k| users[k] > 1e7 }
-
-matching = `who`.select { |u| u =~ /^gnat / }
-
-engineers = employees.select { |e| e.position == 'Engineer' }
-
-secondary_assistance = applicants.select { |a|
- a.income >= 26_000 && a.income < 30_000
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.14
-# normally you would have an array of Numeric (Float or
-# Fixnum or Bignum), so you would use:
-sorted = unsorted.sort
-# if you have strings representing Integers or Floats
-# you may specify another sort method:
-sorted = unsorted.sort { |a,b| a.to_f <=> b.to_f }
-
-# let's use the list of my own PID's
-`ps ux`.split("\n")[1..-1].
- select { |i| i =~ /^#{ENV['USER']}/ }.
- collect { |i| i.split[1] }.
- sort { |a,b| a.to_i <=> b.to_i }.each { |i| puts i }
-puts "Select a process ID to kill:"
-pid = gets.chomp
-raise "Exiting ... \n" unless pid && pid =~ /^\d+$/
-Process.kill('TERM', pid.to_i)
-sleep 2
-Process.kill('KILL', pid.to_i)
-
-descending = unsorted.sort { |a,b| b.to_f <=> a.to_f }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.15
-ordered = unordered.sort { |a,b| compare(a,b) }
-
-precomputed = unordered.collect { |e| [compute, e] }
-ordered_precomputed = precomputed.sort { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }
-ordered = ordered_precomputed.collect { |e| e[1] }
-
-ordered = unordered.collect { |e| [compute, e] }.
- sort { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }.
- collect { |e| e[1] }
-
-for employee in employees.sort { |a,b| a.name <=> b.name }
- print employee.name, " earns \$ ", employee.salary, "\n"
-end
-
-# Beware! `0' is true in Ruby.
-# For chaining comparisons, you may use Numeric#nonzero?, which
-# returns num if num is not zero, nil otherwise
-sorted = employees.sort { |a,b| (a.name <=> b.name).nonzero? || b.age <=> a.age }
-
-users = []
-# getpwent is not wrapped in Ruby... let's fallback
-IO.readlines('/etc/passwd').each { |u| users << u.split(':') }
-users.sort! { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }
-for user in users
- puts user[0]
-end
-
-sorted = names.sort { |a,b| a[1, 1] <=> b[1, 1] }
-sorted = strings.sort { |a,b| a.length <=> b.length }
-
-# let's show only the compact version
-ordered = strings.collect { |e| [e.length, e] }.
- sort { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }.
- collect { |e| e[1] }
-
-ordered = strings.collect { |e| [/\d+/.match(e)[0].to_i, e] }.
- sort { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }.
- collect { |e| e[1] }
-
-print `cat /etc/passwd`.collect { |e| [e, e.split(':').indexes(3,2,0)].flatten }.
- sort { |a,b| (a[1] <=> b[1]).nonzero? || (a[2] <=> b[2]).nonzero? || a[3] <=> b[3] }.
- collect { |e| e[0] }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.16
-circular.unshift(circular.pop) # the last shall be first
-circular.push(circular.shift) # and vice versa
-
-def grab_and_rotate(l)
- l.push(ret = l.shift)
- ret
-end
-
-processes = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-while (1)
- process = grab_and_rotate(processes)
- puts "Handling process #{process}"
- sleep 1
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.17
-def fisher_yates_shuffle(a)
- (a.size-1).downto(1) { |i|
- j = rand(i+1)
- a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] if i != j
- }
-end
-
-def naive_shuffle(a)
- for i in 0...a.size
- j = rand(a.size)
- a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i]
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.18
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-# example 4-2 words
-# words - gather lines, present in colums
-
-# class to encapsulate the word formatting from the input
-class WordFormatter
- def initialize(cols)
- @cols = cols
- end
-
- # helper to return the length of the longest word in the wordlist
- def maxlen(wordlist)
- max = 1
- for word in wordlist
- if word.length > max
- max = word.length
- end
- end
- max
- end
-
- # process the wordlist and print it formmated into columns
- def output(wordlist)
- collen = maxlen(wordlist) + 1
- columns = @cols / collen
- columns = 1 if columns == 0
- rows = (wordlist.length + columns - 1) / columns
- # now process each item, picking out proper piece for this position
- 0.upto(rows * columns - 1) { |item|
- target = (item % columns) * rows + (item / columns)
- eol = ((item+1) % columns == 0)
- piece = wordlist[target] || ""
- piece = piece.ljust(collen) unless eol
- print piece
- puts if eol
- }
- # no need to finish it up, because eol is always true for the last element
- end
-end
-
-# get nr of chars that fit in window or console, see PLEAC 15.4
-# not portable -- linux only (?)
-def getWinCharWidth()
- buf = "\0" * 8
- $stdout.ioctl(0x5413, buf)
- ws_row, ws_col, ws_xpixel, ws_ypixel = buf.unpack("$4")
- ws_col || 80
-rescue
- 80
-end
-
-# main program
-cols = getWinCharWidth()
-formatter = WordFormatter.new(cols)
-words = readlines()
-words.collect! { |line|
- line.chomp
-}
-formatter.output(words)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.19
-# In ruby, Fixnum's are automatically converted to Bignum's when
-# needed, so there is no need for an extra module
-def factorial(n)
- s = 1
- while n > 0
- s *= n
- n -= 1
- end
- s
-end
-
-puts factorial(500)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------
-# Example 4-3. tsc-permute
-# tsc_permute: permute each word of input
-def permute(items, perms)
- unless items.length > 0
- puts perms.join(" ")
- else
- for i in items
- newitems = items.dup
- newperms = perms.dup
- newperms.unshift(newitems.delete(i))
- permute(newitems, newperms)
- end
- end
-end
-# In ruby the main program must be after all definitions it is using
-permute(ARGV, [])
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------
-# mjd_permute: permute each word of input
-
-def factorial(n)
- s = 1
- while n > 0
- s *= n
- n -= 1
- end
- s
-end
-
-# we use a class with a class variable store the private cache
-# for the results of the factorial function.
-class Factorial
- @@fact = [ 1 ]
- def Factorial.compute(n)
- if @@fact[n]
- @@fact[n]
- else
- @@fact[n] = n * Factorial.compute(n - 1)
- end
- end
-end
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------
-# Example 4-4- mjd-permute
-# n2pat(n, len): produce the N-th pattern of length len
-
-# We must use a lower case letter as parameter N, otherwise it is
-# handled as constant Length is the length of the resulting
-# array, not the index of the last element (length -1) like in
-# the perl example.
-def n2pat(n, length)
- pat = []
- i = 1
- while i <= length
- pat.push(n % i)
- n /= i
- i += 1
- end
- pat
-end
-
-# pat2perm(pat): turn pattern returned by n2pat() into
-# permutation of integers.
-def pat2perm(pat)
- source = (0 .. pat.length - 1).to_a
- perm = []
- perm.push(source.slice!(pat.pop)) while pat.length > 0
- perm
-end
-
-def n2perm(n, len)
- pat2perm(n2pat(n,len))
-end
-
-# In ruby the main program must be after all definitions
-while gets
- data = split
- # the perl solution has used $#data, which is length-1
- num_permutations = Factorial.compute(data.length())
- 0.upto(num_permutations - 1) do |i|
- # in ruby we can not use an array as selector for an array
- # but by exchanging the two arrays, we can use the collect method
- # which returns an array with the result of all block invocations
- permutation = n2perm(i, data.length).collect {
- |j| data[j]
- }
- puts permutation.join(" ")
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.0
-age = { "Nat", 24,
- "Jules", 25,
- "Josh", 17 }
-
-age["Nat"] = 24
-age["Jules"] = 25
-age["Josh"] = 17
-
-food_color = {
- "Apple" => "red",
- "Banana" => "yellow",
- "Lemon" => "yellow",
- "Carrot" => "orange"
- }
-
-# In Ruby, you cannot avoid the double or simple quoting
-# while manipulatin hashes
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.1
-hash[key] = value
-
-food_color["Raspberry"] = "pink"
-puts "Known foods:", food_color.keys
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.2
-# does hash have a value for key ?
-if (hash.has_key?(key))
- # it exists
-else
- # it doesn't
-end
-
-[ "Banana", "Martini" ].each { |name|
- print name, " is a ", food_color.has_key?(name) ? "food" : "drink", "\n"
-}
-
-age = {}
-age['Toddler'] = 3
-age['Unborn'] = 0
-age['Phantasm'] = nil
-
-for thing in ['Toddler', 'Unborn', 'Phantasm', 'Relic']
- print "#{thing}: "
- print "Has-key " if age.has_key?(thing)
- print "True " if age[thing]
- print "Nonzero " if age[thing] && age[thing].nonzero?
- print "\n"
-end
-
-#=>
-# Toddler: Has-key True Nonzero
-# Unborn: Has-key True
-# Phantasm: Has-key
-# Relic:
-
-# You use Hash#has_key? when you use Perl's exists -> it checks
-# for existence of a key in a hash.
-# All Numeric are "True" in ruby, so the test doesn't have the
-# same semantics as in Perl; you would use Numeric#nonzero? to
-# achieve the same semantics (false if 0, true otherwise).
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.3
-food_color.delete("Banana")
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.4
-hash.each { |key, value|
- # do something with key and value
-}
-
-hash.each_key { |key|
- # do something with key
-}
-
-food_color.each { |food, color|
- puts "#{food} is #{color}"
-}
-
-food_color.each_key { |food|
- puts "#{food} is #{food_color[food]}"
-}
-
-# IMO this demonstrates that OO style is by far more readable
-food_color.keys.sort.each { |food|
- puts "#{food} is #{food_color[food]}."
-}
-
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# countfrom - count number of messages from each sender
-
-# Default value is 0
-from = Hash.new(0)
-while gets
- /^From: (.*)/ and from[$1] += 1
-end
-
-# More useful to sort by number of received mail by person
-from.sort {|a,b| b[1]<=>a[1]}.each { |v|
- puts "#{v[1]}: #{v[0]}"
-}
-#-----------------------------
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.5
-# You may use the built-in 'inspect' method this way:
-p hash
-
-# Or do it the Cookbook way:
-hash.each { |k,v| puts "#{k} => #{v}" }
-
-# Sorted by keys
-hash.sort.each { |e| puts "#{e[0]} => #{e[1]}" }
-# Sorted by values
-hash.sort{|a,b| a[1]<=>b[1]}.each { |e| puts "#{e[0]} => #{e[1]}" }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.7
-ttys = Hash.new
-for i in `who`
- user, tty = i.split
- (ttys[user] ||= []) << tty # see problems_ruby for more infos
-end
-ttys.keys.sort.each { |k|
- puts "#{k}: #{commify_series(ttys[k])}" # from 4.2
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.8
-surname = { "Mickey" => "Mantle", "Babe" => "Ruth" }
-puts surname.index("Mantle")
-
-# If you really needed to 'invert' the whole hash, use Hash#invert
-
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# foodfind - find match for food or color
-
-given = ARGV.shift or raise "usage: foodfind food_or_color"
-
-color = {
- "Apple" => "red",
- "Banana" => "yellow",
- "Lemon" => "yellow",
- "Carrot" => "orange",
-}
-
-if (color.has_key?(given))
- puts "#{given} is a food with color #{color[given]}."
-end
-if (color.has_value?(given))
- puts "#{color.index(given)} is a food with color #{given}."
-end
-#-----------------------------
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.9
-# Sorted by keys (Hash#sort gives an Array of pairs made of each key,value)
-food_color.sort.each { |f|
- puts "#{f[0]} is #{f[1]}."
-}
-
-# Sorted by values
-food_color.sort { |a,b| a[1] <=> b[1] }.each { |f|
- puts "#{f[0]} is #{f[1]}."
-}
-
-# Sorted by length of values
-food_color.sort { |a,b| a[1].length <=> b[1].length }.each { |f|
- puts "#{f[0]} is #{f[1]}."
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.10
-merged = a.clone.update(b) # because Hash#update changes object in place
-
-drink_color = { "Galliano" => "yellow", "Mai Tai" => "blue" }
-ingested_color = drink_color.clone.update(food_color)
-
-substance_color = {}
-for i in [ food_color, drink_color ]
- i.each_key { |k|
- if substance_color.has_key?(k)
- puts "Warning: #{k} seen twice. Using the first definition."
- next
- end
- substance_color[k] = 1
- }
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.11
-common = hash1.keys & hash2.keys
-
-this_not_that = hash1.keys - hash2.keys
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.12
-# no problem here, Ruby handles any kind of object for key-ing
-# (it takes Object#hash, which defaults to Object#id)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.13
-# AFAIK, not possible in Ruby
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.14
-# Be careful, the following is possible only because Fixnum objects are
-# special (documentation says: there is effectively only one Fixnum object
-# instance for any given integer value).
-count = Hash.new(0)
-array.each { |e|
- count[e] += 1
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.15
-father = {
- "Cain" , "Adam",
- "Abel" , "Adam",
- "Seth" , "Adam",
- "Enoch" , "Cain",
- "Irad" , "Enoch",
- "Mehujael" , "Irad",
- "Methusael" , "Mehujael",
- "Lamech" , "Methusael",
- "Jabal" , "Lamech",
- "Jubal" , "Lamech",
- "Tubalcain" , "Lamech",
- "Enos" , "Seth",
-}
-
-while gets
- chomp
- begin
- print $_, " "
- end while $_ = father[$_]
- puts
-end
-
-children = {}
-father.each { |k,v|
- (children[v] ||= []) << k
-}
-while gets
- chomp
- puts "#{$_} begat #{(children[$_] || ['Nobody']).join(', ')}.\n"
-end
-
-includes = {}
-files.each { |f|
- begin
- for l in IO.readlines(f)
- next unless l =~ /^\s*#\s*include\s*<([^>]+)>/
- (includes[$1] ||= []) << f
- end
- rescue SystemCallError
- $stderr.puts "#$! (skipping)"
- end
-}
-
-include_free = includes.values.flatten.uniq - includes.keys
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_5.16
-# dutree - print sorted intented rendition of du output
-#% dutree
-#% dutree /usr
-#% dutree -a
-#% dutree -a /bin
-
-# The DuNode class collects all information about a directory,
-# and provides some convenience methods
-class DuNode
-
- attr_reader :name
- attr_accessor :size
- attr_accessor :kids
-
- def initialize(name)
- @name = name
- @kids = []
- @size = 0
- end
-
- # support for sorting nodes with side
- def size_compare(node2)
- @size <=> node2.size
- end
-
- def basename
- @name.sub(/.*\//, "")
- end
-
- #returns substring before last "/", nil if not there
- def parent
- p = @name.sub(/\/[^\/]+$/,"")
- if p == @name
- nil
- else
- p
- end
- end
-
-end
-
-# The DuTree does the acdtual work of
-# getting the input, parsing it, builging up a tree
-# and format it for output
-class Dutree
-
- attr_reader :topdir
-
- def initialize
- @nodes = Hash.new
- @dirsizes = Hash.new(0)
- @kids = Hash.new([])
- end
-
- # get a node by name, create it if it does not exist yet
- def get_create_node(name)
- if @nodes.has_key?(name)
- @nodes[name]
- else
- node = DuNode.new(name)
- @nodes[name] = node
- node
- end
- end
-
- # run du, read in input, save sizes and kids
- # stores last directory read in instance variable topdir
- def input(arguments)
- name = ""
- cmd = "du " + arguments.join(" ")
- IO.popen(cmd) { |pipe|
- pipe.each { |line|
- size, name = line.chomp.split(/\s+/, 2)
- node = get_create_node(name)
- node.size = size.to_i
- @nodes[name] = node
- parent = node.parent
- if parent
- get_create_node(parent).kids.push(node)
- end
- }
- }
- @topdir = @nodes[name]
- end
-
- # figure out how much is taken in each directory
- # that isn't stored in the subdirectories. Add a new
- # fake kid called "." containing that much.
- def get_dots(node)
- cursize = node.size
- for kid in node.kids
- cursize -= kid.size
- get_dots(kid)
- end
- if node.size != cursize
- newnode = get_create_node(node.name + "/.")
- newnode.size = cursize
- node.kids.push(newnode)
- end
- end
-
- # recursively output everything
- # passing padding and number width as well
- # on recursive calls
- def output(node, prefix="", width=0)
- line = sprintf("%#{width}d %s", node.size, node.basename)
- puts(prefix + line)
- prefix += line.sub(/\d /, "| ")
- prefix.gsub!(/[^|]/, " ")
- if node.kids.length > 0 # not a bachelor node
- kids = node.kids
- kids.sort! { |a,b|
- b.size_compare(a)
- }
- width = kids[0].size.to_s.length
- for kid in kids
- output(kid, prefix, width)
- end
- end
- end
-
-end
-
-tree = Dutree.new
-tree.input(ARGV)
-tree.get_dots(tree.topdir)
-tree.output(tree.topdir)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.0
-# The verbose version are match, sub, gsub, sub! and gsub!;
-# pattern needs to be a Regexp object; it yields a MatchData
-# object.
-pattern.match(string)
-string.sub(pattern, replacement)
-string.gsub(pattern, replacement)
-# As usual in Ruby, sub! does the same as sub but also modifies
-# the object, the same for gsub!/gsub.
-
-# Sugared syntax yields the position of the match (or nil if no
-# match). Note that the object at the right of the operator needs
-# not to be a Regexp object (it can be a String). The "dont
-# match" operator yields true or false.
-meadow =~ /sheep/ # position of the match, nil if no match
-meadow !~ /sheep/ # true if doesn't match, false if it does
-# There is no sugared version for the substitution
-
-meadow =~ /\bovines?\b/i and print "Here be sheep!"
-
-string = "good food"
-string.sub!(/o*/, 'e')
-
-# % echo ababacaca | ruby -ne 'puts $& if /(a|ba|b)+(a|ac)+/'
-# ababa
-
-# The "global" (or "multiple") match is handled by String#scan
-scan (/(\d+)/) {
- puts "Found number #{$1}"
-}
-
-# String#scan yields an Array if not used with a block
-numbers = scan(/\d+/)
-
-digits = "123456789"
-nonlap = digits.scan(/(\d\d\d)/)
-yeslap = digits.scan(/(?=(\d\d\d))/)
-puts "Non-overlapping: #{nonlap.join(' ')}"
-puts "Overlapping: #{yeslap.join(' ')}";
-# Non-overlapping: 123 456 789
-# Overlapping: 123 234 345 456 567 678 789
-
-string = "And little lambs eat ivy"
-string =~ /l[^s]*s/
-puts "(#$`) (#$&) (#$')"
-# (And ) (little lambs) ( eat ivy)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.1
-# Ruby doesn't have the same problem:
-dst = src.sub('this', 'that')
-
-progname = $0.sub('^.*/', '')
-
-bindirs = %w(/usr/bin /bin /usr/local/bin)
-libdirs = bindirs.map { |l| l.sub('bin', 'lib') }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.3
-/\S+/ # as many non-whitespace bytes as possible
-/[A-Za-z'-]+/ # as many letters, apostrophes, and hyphens
-
-/\b([A-Za-z]+)\b/ # usually best
-/\s([A-Za-z]+)\s/ # fails at ends or w/ punctuation
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.4
-require 'socket'
-str = 'www.ruby-lang.org and www.rubygarden.org'
-re = /
- ( # capture the hostname in $1
- (?: # these parens for grouping only
- (?! [-_] ) # lookahead for neither underscore nor dash
- [\w-] + # hostname component
- \. # and the domain dot
- ) + # now repeat that whole thing a bunch of times
- [A-Za-z] # next must be a letter
- [\w-] + # now trailing domain part
- ) # end of $1 capture
- /x # /x for nice formatting
-
-str.gsub! re do # pass a block to execute replacement
- host = TCPsocket.gethostbyname($1)
- "#{$1} [#{host[3]}]"
-end
-
-puts str
-#-----------------------------
-# to match whitespace or #-characters in an extended re you need to escape
-# them.
-
-foo = 42
-str = 'blah #foo# blah'
-str.gsub! %r/ # replace
- \# # a pound sign
- (\w+) # the variable name
- \# # another pound sign
- /x do
- eval $1 # with the value of a local variable
- end
-puts str # => blah 42 blah
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.5
-# The 'g' modifier doesn't exist in Ruby, a regexp can't be used
-# directly in a while loop; instead, use String#scan { |match| .. }
-fish = 'One fish two fish red fish blue fish'
-WANT = 3
-count = 0
-fish.scan(/(\w+)\s+fish\b/i) {
- if (count += 1) == WANT
- puts "The third fish is a #{$1} one."
- end
-}
-
-if fish =~ /(?:\w+\s+fish\s+){2}(\w+)\s+fish/i
- puts "The third fish is a #{$1} one."
-end
-
-pond = 'One fish two fish red fish blue fish'
-# String#scan without a block gives an array of matches, each match
-# being an array of all the specified groups
-colors = pond.scan(/(\w+)\s+fish\b/i).flatten # get all matches
-color = colors[2] # then the one we want
-# or without a temporary array
-color = pond.scan(/(\w+)\s+fish\b/i).flatten[2] # just grab element 3
-puts "The third fish in the pond is #{color}."
-
-count = 0
-fishes = 'One fish two fish red fish blue fish'
-evens = fishes.scan(/(\w+)\s+fish\b/i).select { (count+=1) % 2 == 0 }
-print "Even numbered fish are #{evens.join(' ')}."
-
-count = 0
-fishes.gsub(/
- \b # makes next \w more efficient
- ( \w+ ) # this is what we\'ll be changing
- (
- \s+ fish \b
- )
- /x) {
- if (count += 1) == 4
- 'sushi' + $2
- else
- $1 + $2
- end
-}
-
-pond = 'One fish two fish red fish blue fish swim here.'
-puts "Last fish is #{pond.scan(/\b(\w+)\s+fish\b/i).flatten[-1]}"
-
-/
- A # find some pattern A
- (?! # mustn\'t be able to find
- .* # something
- A # and A
- )
- $ # through the end of the string
-/x
-
-# The "s" perl modifier is "m" in Ruby (not very nice since there is
-# also an "m" in perl..)
-pond = "One fish two fish red fish blue fish swim here."
-if (pond =~ /
- \b ( \w+) \s+ fish \b
- (?! .* \b fish \b )
- /mix)
- puts "Last fish is #{$1}."
-else
- puts "Failed!"
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.6
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# killtags - very bad html killer
-$/ = nil; # each read is whole file
-while file = gets() do
- file.gsub!(/<.*?>/m,''); # strip tags (terribly)
- puts file # print file to STDOUT
-end
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-#headerfy - change certain chapter headers to html
-$/ = ''
-while file = gets() do
- pattern = /
- \A # start of record
- ( # capture in $1
- Chapter # text string
- \s+ # mandatory whitespace
- \d+ # decimal number
- \s* # optional whitespace
- : # a real colon
- . * # anything not a newline till end of line
- )
- /x
- puts file.gsub(pattern,'<H1>\1</H1>')
-end
-#-----------------------------
-#% ruby -00pe "gsub!(/\A(Chapter\s+\d+\s*:.*)/,'<H1>\1</H1>')" datafile
-
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-#-----------------------------
-for file in ARGV
- file = File.open(ARGV.shift)
- while file.gets('') do # each read is a paragraph
- print "chunk #{$.} in $ARGV has <<#{$1}>>\n" while /^START(.*?)^END/m
- end # /m activates the multiline mode
-end
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.7
-#-----------------------------
-$/ = nil;
-file = File.open("datafile")
-chunks = file.gets.split(/pattern/)
-#-----------------------------
-# .Ch, .Se and .Ss divide chunks of STDIN
-chunks = gets(nil).split(/^\.(Ch|Se|Ss)$/)
-print "I read #{chunks.size} chunks.\n"
-#-----------------------------
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.8
-while gets
- if ~/BEGIN/ .. ~/END/
- # line falls between BEGIN and END inclusive
- end
-end
-
-while gets
- if ($. == firstnum) .. ($. == lastnum)
- # operate between firstnum and lastnum line number
- end
-end
-
-# in ruby versions prior to 1.8, the above two conditional
-# expressions could be shortened to:
-# if /BEGIN/ .. /END/
-# and
-# if firstnum .. lastnum
-# but these now only work this way from the command line
-
-#-----------------------------
-
-while gets
- if ~/BEGIN/ ... ~/END/
- # line falls between BEGIN and END on different lines
- end
-end
-
-while gets
- if ($. == first) ... ($. == last)
- # operate between first and last line number on different lines
- end
-end
-
-#-----------------------------
-# command-line to print lines 15 through 17 inclusive (see below)
-ruby -ne 'print if 15 .. 17' datafile
-
-# print out all <XMP> .. </XMP> displays from HTML doc
-while gets
- print if ~%r#<XMP>#i .. ~%r#</XMP>#i;
-end
-
-# same, but as shell command
-# ruby -ne 'print if %r#<XMP>#i .. %r#</XMP>#i' document.html
-#-----------------------------
-# ruby -ne 'BEGIN { $top=3; $bottom=5 }; \
-# print if $top .. $bottom' /etc/passwd # FAILS
-# ruby -ne 'BEGIN { $top=3; $bottom=5 }; \
-# print if $. == $top .. $. == $bottom' /etc/passwd # works
-# ruby -ne 'print if 3 .. 5' /etc/passwd # also works
-#-----------------------------
-print if ~/begin/ .. ~/end/;
-print if ~/begin/ ... ~/end/;
-#-----------------------------
-while gets
- $in_header = $. == 1 .. ~/^$/ ? true : false
- $in_body = ~/^$/ .. ARGF.eof ? true : false
-end
-#-----------------------------
-seen = {}
-ARGF.each do |line|
- next unless line =~ /^From:?\s/i .. line =~ /^$/;
- line.scan(%r/([^<>(),;\s]+\@[^<>(),;\s]+)/).each do |addr|
- puts addr unless seen[addr]
- seen[addr] ||= 1
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.9
-def glob2pat(globstr)
- patmap = {
- '*' => '.*',
- '?' => '.',
- '[' => '[',
- ']' => ']',
- }
- globstr.gsub!(/(.)/) { |c| patmap[c] || Regexp::escape(c) }
- '^' + globstr + '$'
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.10
-# avoid interpolating patterns like this if the pattern
-# isn't going to change:
-pattern = ARGV.shift
-ARGF.each do |line|
- print line if line =~ /#{pattern}/
-end
-
-# the above creates a new regex each iteration. Instead,
-# use the /o modifier so the regex is compiled only once
-
-pattern = ARGV.shift
-ARGF.each do |line|
- print line if line =~ /#{pattern}/o
-end
-
-#-----------------------------
-
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# popgrep1 - grep for abbreviations of places that say "pop"
-# version 1: slow but obvious way
-popstates = %w(CO ON MI WI MN)
-ARGF.each do |line|
- popstates.each do |state|
- if line =~ /\b#{state}\b/
- print line
- last
- end
- end
-end
-
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# popgrep2 - grep for abbreviations of places that say "pop"
-# version 2: eval strings; fast but hard to quote
-popstates = %w(CO ON MI WI MN)
-code = "ARGF.each do |line|\n"
-popstates.each do |state|
- code += "\tif line =~ /\\b#{state}\\b/; print(line); next; end\n"
-end
-code += "end\n"
-print "CODE IS\n---\n#{code}\n---\n" if false # turn on for debugging
-eval code
-
-# CODE IS
-# ---
-# ARGF.each do |line|
-# if line =~ /\bCO\b/; print(line); next; end
-# if line =~ /\bON\b/; print(line); next; end
-# if line =~ /\bMI\b/; print(line); next; end
-# if line =~ /\bWI\b/; print(line); next; end
-# if line =~ /\bMN\b/; print(line); next; end
-# end
-#
-# ---
-
-## alternatively, the same idea as above but compiling
-## to a case statement: (not in perlcookbook)
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# popgrep2.5 - grep for abbreviations of places that say "pop"
-# version 2.5: eval strings; fast but hard to quote
-popstates = %w(CO ON MI WI MN)
-code = "ARGF.each do |line|\n case line\n"
-popstates.each do |state|
- code += " when /\\b#{state}\\b/ : print line\n"
-end
-code += " end\nend\n"
-print "CODE IS\n---\n#{code}\n---\n" if false # turn on for debugging
-eval code
-
-# CODE IS
-# ---
-# ARGF.each do |line|
-# case line
-# when /\bCO\b/ : print line
-# when /\bON\b/ : print line
-# when /\bMI\b/ : print line
-# when /\bWI\b/ : print line
-# when /\bMN\b/ : print line
-# end
-# end
-#
-# ---
-
-# Note: (above) Ruby 1.8+ allows the 'when EXP : EXPR' on one line
-# with the colon separator.
-
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# popgrep3 - grep for abbreviations of places that say "pop"
-# version3: build a match_any function
-popstates = %w(CO ON MI WI MN)
-expr = popstates.map{|e|"line =~ /\\b#{e}\\b/"}.join('||')
-eval "def match_any(line); #{expr};end"
-ARGF.each do |line|
- print line if match_any(line)
-end
-#-----------------------------
-
-## building a match_all function is a trivial
-## substitution of && for ||
-## here is a generalized example:
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-## grepauth - print lines that mention both foo and bar
-class MultiMatch
- def initialize(*patterns)
- _any = build_match('||',patterns)
- _all = build_match('&&',patterns)
- eval "def match_any(line);#{_any};end\n"
- eval "def match_all(line);#{_all};end\n"
- end
- def build_match(sym,args)
- args.map{|e|"line =~ /#{e}/"}.join(sym)
- end
-end
-
-mm = MultiMatch.new('foo','bar')
-ARGF.each do |line|
- print line if mm.match_all(line)
-end
-#-----------------------------
-
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# popgrep4 - grep for abbreviations of places that say "pop"
-# version4: pretty fast, but simple: compile all re's first:
-popstates = %w(CO ON MI WI MN)
-popstates = popstates.map{|re| %r/\b#{re}\b/}
-ARGF.each do |line|
- popstates.each do |state_re|
- if line =~ state_re
- print line
- break
- end
- end
-end
-
-## speeds trials on the jargon file(412): 26006 lines, 1.3MB
-## popgrep1 => 7.040s
-## popgrep2 => 0.656s
-## popgrep2.5 => 0.633s
-## popgrep3 => 0.675s
-## popgrep4 => 1.027s
-
-# unless speed is criticial, the technique in popgrep4 is a
-# reasonable balance between speed and logical simplicity.
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.11
-begin
- print "Pattern? "
- pat = $stdin.gets.chomp
- Regexp.new(pat)
-rescue
- warn "Invalid Pattern"
- retry
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.13
-# uses the 'amatch' extension found on:
-# http://raa.ruby-lang.org/project/amatch/
-require 'amatch'
-matcher = Amatch.new('balast')
-#$relative, $distance = 0, 1
-File.open('/usr/share/dict/words').each_line do |line|
- print line if matcher.search(line) <= 1
-end
-__END__
-#CODE
-ballast
-ballasts
-balustrade
-balustrades
-blast
-blasted
-blaster
-blasters
-blasting
-blasts
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.14
-str.scan(/\G(\d)/).each do |token|
- puts "found #{token}"
-end
-#-----------------------------
-n = " 49 here"
-n.gsub!(/\G /,'0')
-puts n
-#-----------------------------
-str = "3,4,5,9,120"
-str.scan(/\G,?(\d+)/).each do |num|
- puts "Found number: #{num}"
-end
-#-----------------------------
-# Ruby doesn't have the String.pos or a /c re modifier like Perl
-# But it does have StringScanner in the standard library (strscn)
-# which allows similar functionality:
-
-require 'strscan'
-text = 'the year 1752 lost 10 days on the 3rd of September'
-sc = StringScanner.new(text)
-while sc.scan(/.*?(\d+)/)
- print "found: #{sc[1]}\n"
-end
-if sc.scan(/\S+/)
- puts "Found #{sc[0]} after last number"
-end
-#-----------------------------
-# assuming continuing from above:
-puts "The position in 'text' is: #{sc.pos}"
-sc.pos = 30
-puts "The position in 'text' is: #{sc.pos}"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.15
-#-----------------------------
-# greedy pattern
-str.gsub!(/<.*>/m,'') # not good
-
-# non-greedy (minimal) pattern
-str.gsub!(/<.*?>/m,'') # not great
-
-
-#-----------------------------
-#<b><i>this</i> and <i>that</i> are important</b> Oh, <b><i>me too!</i></b>
-#-----------------------------
-%r{ <b><i>(.*?)</i></b> }mx
-#-----------------------------
-%r/BEGIN((?:(?!BEGIN).)*)END/
-#-----------------------------
-%r{ <b><i>( (?: (?!</b>|</i>). )* ) </i></b> }mx
-#-----------------------------
-%r{ <b><i>( (?: (?!</[ib]>). )* ) </i></b> }mx
-#-----------------------------
-%r{
- <b><i>
- [^<]* # stuff not possibly bad, and not possibly the end.
- (?:
- # at this point, we can have '<' if not part of something bad
- (?! </?[ib]> ) # what we can't have
- < # okay, so match the '<'
- [^<]* # and continue with more safe stuff
- ) *
- </i></b>
- }mx
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.16
-#-----------------------------
-$/ = ""
-ARGF.each do |para|
- para.scan %r/
- \b # start at word boundary
- (\S+) # find chunk of non-whitespace
- \b # until a word boundary
- (
- \s+ # followed by whitespace
- \1 # and that same chunk again
- \b # and a word boundary
- ) + # one or more times
- /xi do
- puts "dup word '#{$1}' at paragraph #{$.}"
- end
-end
-#-----------------------------
-astr = 'nobody'
-bstr = 'bodysnatcher'
-if "#{astr} #{bstr}" =~ /^(\w+)(\w+) \2(\w+)$/
- print "#{$2} overlaps in #{$1}-#{$2}-#{$3}"
-end
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# prime_pattern -- find prime factors of argument using patterns
-ARGV << 180
-cap = 'o' * ARGV.shift
-while cap =~ /^(oo+?)\1+$/
- print $1.size, " "
- cap.gsub!(/#{$1}/,'o')
-end
-puts cap.size
-#-----------------------------
-#diophantine
-# solve for 12x + 15y + 16z = 281, maximizing x
-if ('o' * 281).match(/^(o*)\1{11}(o*)\2{14}(o*)\3{15}$/)
- x, y, z = $1.size, $2.size, $3.size
- puts "One solution is: x=#{x}; y=#{y}; z=#{z}"
-else
- puts "No solution."
-end
-# => One solution is: x=17; y=3; z=2
-
-#-----------------------------
-# using different quantifiers:
-('o' * 281).match(/^(o+)\1{11}(o+)\2{14}(o+)\3{15}$/)
-# => One solution is: x=17; y=3; z=2
-
-('o' * 281).match(/^(o*?)\1{11}(o*)\2{14}(o*)\3{15}$/)
-# => One solution is: x=0; y=7; z=11
-
-('o' * 281).match(/^(o+?)\1{11}(o*)\2{14}(o*)\3{15}$/)
-# => One solution is: x=1; y=3; z=14
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.17
-# alpha OR beta
-%r/alpha|beta/
-
-# alpha AND beta
-%r/(?=.*alpha)(?=.*beta)/m
-
-# alpha AND beta, no overlap
-%r/alpha.*beta|beta.*alpha/m
-
-# NOT beta
-%r/^(?:(?!beta).)*$/m
-
-# NOT bad BUT good
-%r/(?=(?:(?!BAD).)*$)GOOD/m
-#-----------------------------
-
-if !(string =~ /pattern/) # ugly
- something()
-end
-
-if string !~ /pattern/ # preferred
- something()
-end
-
-
-#-----------------------------
-if string =~ /pat1/ && string =~ /pat2/
- something()
-end
-#-----------------------------
-if string =~ /pat1/ || string =~ /pat2/
- something()
-end
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# minigrep - trivial grep
-pat = ARGV.shift
-ARGF.each do |line|
- print line if line =~ /#{pat}/o
-end
-#-----------------------------
- "labelled" =~ /^(?=.*bell)(?=.*lab)/m
-#-----------------------------
-$string =~ /bell/ && $string =~ /lab/
-#-----------------------------
-$murray_hill = "blah bell blah "
-if $murray_hill =~ %r{
- ^ # start of string
- (?= # zero-width lookahead
- .* # any amount of intervening stuff
- bell # the desired bell string
- ) # rewind, since we were only looking
- (?= # and do the same thing
- .* # any amount of intervening stuff
- lab # and the lab part
- )
- }mx # /m means . can match newline
-
- print "Looks like Bell Labs might be in Murray Hill!\n";
-end
-#-----------------------------
-"labelled" =~ /(?:^.*bell.*lab)|(?:^.*lab.*bell)/
-#-----------------------------
-$brand = "labelled";
-if $brand =~ %r{
- (?: # non-capturing grouper
- ^ .*? # any amount of stuff at the front
- bell # look for a bell
- .*? # followed by any amount of anything
- lab # look for a lab
- ) # end grouper
- | # otherwise, try the other direction
- (?: # non-capturing grouper
- ^ .*? # any amount of stuff at the front
- lab # look for a lab
- .*? # followed by any amount of anything
- bell # followed by a bell
- ) # end grouper
- }mx # /m means . can match newline
- print "Our brand has bell and lab separate.\n";
-end
-#-----------------------------
-$map =~ /^(?:(?!waldo).)*$/s
-#-----------------------------
-$map = "the great baldo"
-if $map =~ %r{
- ^ # start of string
- (?: # non-capturing grouper
- (?! # look ahead negation
- waldo # is he ahead of us now?
- ) # is so, the negation failed
- . # any character (cuzza /s)
- ) * # repeat that grouping 0 or more
- $ # through the end of the string
- }mx # /m means . can match newline
- print "There's no waldo here!\n";
-end
-=begin
- 7:15am up 206 days, 13:30, 4 users, load average: 1.04, 1.07, 1.04
-
-USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
-
-tchrist tty1 5:16pm 36days 24:43 0.03s xinit
-
-tchrist tty2 5:19pm 6days 0.43s 0.43s -tcsh
-
-tchrist ttyp0 chthon 7:58am 3days 23.44s 0.44s -tcsh
-
-gnat ttyS4 coprolith 2:01pm 13:36m 0.30s 0.30s -tcsh
-=end
-#% w | minigrep '^(?!.*ttyp).*tchrist'
-#-----------------------------
-%r{
- ^ # anchored to the start
- (?! # zero-width look-ahead assertion
- .* # any amount of anything (faster than .*?)
- ttyp # the string you don't want to find
- ) # end look-ahead negation; rewind to start
- .* # any amount of anything (faster than .*?)
- tchrist # now try to find Tom
-}x
-#-----------------------------
-#% w | grep tchrist | grep -v ttyp
-#-----------------------------
-#% grep -i 'pattern' files
-#% minigrep '(?i)pattern' files
-#-----------------------------
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.20
-ans = $stdin.gets.chomp
-re = %r/^#{Regexp.quote(ans)}/
-case
- when "SEND" =~ re : puts "Action is send"
- when "STOP" =~ re : puts "Action is stop"
- when "ABORT" =~ re : puts "Action is abort"
- when "EDIT" =~ re : puts "Action is edit"
-end
-#-----------------------------
-require 'abbrev'
-table = Abbrev.abbrev %w-send stop abort edit-
-loop do
- print "Action: "
- ans = $stdin.gets.chomp
- puts "Action for #{ans} is #{table[ans.downcase]}"
-end
-
-
-#-----------------------------
-# dummy values are defined for 'file', 'PAGER', and
-# the 'invoke_editor' and 'deliver_message' methods
-# do not do anything interesting in this example.
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-require 'abbrev'
-
-file = 'pleac_ruby.data'
-PAGER = 'less'
-
-def invoke_editor
- puts "invoking editor"
-end
-
-def deliver_message
- puts "delivering message"
-end
-
-actions = {
- 'edit' => self.method(:invoke_editor),
- 'send' => self.method(:deliver_message),
- 'list' => proc {system(PAGER, file)},
- 'abort' => proc {puts "See ya!"; exit},
- "" => proc {puts "Unknown Command"}
-}
-
-dtable = Abbrev.abbrev(actions.keys)
-loop do
- print "Action: "
- ans = $stdin.gets.chomp.delete(" \t")
- actions[ dtable[ans.downcase] || "" ].call
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.19
-#-----------------------------
-# basically, the Perl Cookbook categorizes this as an
-# unsolvable problem ...
-#-----------------------------
-1 while addr.gsub!(/\([^()]*\)/,'')
-#-----------------------------
-Dear someuser@host.com,
-
-Please confirm the mail address you gave us Wed May 6 09:38:41
-MDT 1998 by replying to this message. Include the string
-"Rumpelstiltskin" in that reply, but spelled in reverse; that is,
-start with "Nik...". Once this is done, your confirmed address will
-be entered into our records.
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.21
-#-----------------------------
-#% gunzip -c ~/mail/archive.gz | urlify > archive.urlified
-#-----------------------------
-#% urlify ~/mail/*.inbox > ~/allmail.urlified
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# urlify - wrap HTML links around URL-like constructs
-
-urls = '(https?|telnet|gopher|file|wais|ftp)';
-ltrs = '\w';
-gunk = '/#~:.?+=&%@!\-';
-punc = '.:?\-';
-any = "#{ltrs}#{gunk}#{punc}";
-
-ARGF.each do |line|
- line.gsub! %r/
- \b # start at word boundary
- ( # begin $1 {
- #{urls} : # need resource and a colon
- [#{any}] +? # followed by on or more
- # of any valid character, but
- # be conservative and take only
- # what you need to....
- ) # end $1 }
- (?= # look-ahead non-consumptive assertion
- [#{punc}]* # either 0 or more punctuation
- [^#{any}] # followed by a non-url char
- | # or else
- $ # then end of the string
- )
- /iox do
- %Q|<A HREF="#{$1}">#{$1}</A>|
- end
- print line
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_6.23
-%r/^m*(d?c{0,3}|c[dm])(l?x{0,3}|x[lc])(v?i{0,3}|i[vx])$/i
-#-----------------------------
-str.sub!(/(\S+)(\s+)(\S+)/, '\3\2\1')
-#-----------------------------
-%r/(\w+)\s*=\s*(.*)\s*$/ # keyword is $1, value is $2
-#-----------------------------
-%r/.{80,}/
-#-----------------------------
-%r|(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+) (\d+):(\d+):(\d+)|
-#-----------------------------
-str.gsub!(%r|/usr/bin|,'/usr/local/bin')
-#-----------------------------
-str.gsub!(/%([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/){ $1.hex.chr }
-#-----------------------------
-str.gsub!(%r{
- /\* # Match the opening delimiter
- .*? # Match a minimal number of characters
- \*/ # Match the closing delimiter
-}xm,'')
-#-----------------------------
-str.sub!(/^\s+/, '')
-str.sub!(/\s+$/, '')
-
-# but really, in Ruby we'd just do:
-str.strip!
-#-----------------------------
-str.gsub!(/\\n/,"\n")
-#-----------------------------
-str.sub!(/^.*::/, '')
-#-----------------------------
-%r/^([01]?\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.([01]?\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.
- ([01]?\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.([01]?\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])$/x
-#-----------------------------
-str.sub!(%r|^.*/|, '')
-#-----------------------------
-cols = ( (ENV['TERMCAP'] || " ") =~ /:co#(\d+):/ ) ? $1 : 80;
-#-----------------------------
-name = " #{$0} #{ARGV}".gsub(%r| /\S+/|, ' ')
-#-----------------------------
-require 'rbconfig'
-include Config
-raise "This isn't Linux" unless CONFIG['target_os'] =~ /linux/i;
-#-----------------------------
-str.gsub!(%r/\n\s+/, ' ')
-#-----------------------------
-nums = str.scan(/(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)/)
-#-----------------------------
-capwords = str.scan(%r/(\b[^\Wa-z0-9_]+\b)/)
-#-----------------------------
-lowords = str.scan(%r/(\b[^\WA-Z0-9_]+\b)/)
-#-----------------------------
-icwords = str.scan(%r/(\b[^\Wa-z0-9_][^\WA-Z0-9_]*\b)/)
-#-----------------------------
-links = str.scan(%r/<A[^>]+?HREF\s*=\s*["']?([^'" >]+?)[ '"]?>/mi)
-#-----------------------------
-initial = str =~ /^\S+\s+(\S)\S*\s+\S/ ? $1 : ""
-#-----------------------------
-str.gsub!(%r/"([^"]*)"/, %q-``\1''-)
-#-----------------------------
-
-$/ = ""
-sentences = []
-ARGF.each do |para|
- para.gsub!(/\n/, ' ')
- para.gsub!(/ {3,}/,' ')
- sentences << para.scan(/(\S.*?[!?.])(?= |\Z)/)
-end
-
-#-----------------------------
-%r/(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d)/ # YYYY in $1, MM in $2, DD in $3
-#-----------------------------
-%r/ ^
- (?:
- 1 \s (?: \d\d\d \s)? # 1, or 1 and area code
- | # ... or ...
- \(\d\d\d\) \s # area code with parens
- | # ... or ...
- (?: \+\d\d?\d? \s)? # optional +country code
- \d\d\d ([\s\-]) # and area code
- )
- \d\d\d (\s|\1) # prefix (and area code separator)
- \d\d\d\d # exchange
- $
- /x
-#-----------------------------
-%r/\boh\s+my\s+gh?o(d(dess(es)?|s?)|odness|sh)\b/i
-#-----------------------------
-lines = []
-lines << $1 while input.sub!(/^([^\012\015]*)(\012\015?|\015\012?)/,'')
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.0
-# An IO object being Enumerable, we can use 'each' directly on it
-File.open("/usr/local/widgets/data").each { |line|
- puts line if line =~ /blue/
-}
-
-logfile = File.new("/var/log/rubylog.txt", "w")
-mysub($stdin, logfile)
-
-# The method IO#readline is similar to IO#gets
-# but throws an exception when it reaches EOF
-f = File.new("bla.txt")
-begin
- while (line = f.readline)
- line.chomp
- $stdout.print line if line =~ /blue/
- end
-rescue EOFError
- f.close
-end
-
-while $stdin.gets # reads from STDIN
- unless (/\d/)
- $stderr.puts "No digit found." # writes to STDERR
- end
- puts "Read: #{$_}" # writes to STDOUT
-end
-
-logfile = File.new("/tmp/log", "w")
-
-logfile.close
-
-# $defout (or its synonym '$>') is the destination of output
-# for Kernel#print, Kernel#puts, and family functions
-logfile = File.new("log.txt", "w")
-old = $defout
-$defout = logfile # switch to logfile for output
-puts "Countdown initiated ..."
-$defout = old # return to original output
-puts "You have 30 seconds to reach minimum safety distance."
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.1
-source = File.new(path, "r") # open file "path" for reading only
-sink = File.new(path, "w") # open file "path" for writing only
-
-source = File.open(path, File::RDONLY) # open file "path" for reading only
-sink = File.open(path, File::WRONLY) # open file "path" for writing only
-
-file = File.open(path, "r+") # open "path" for reading and writing
-file = File.open(path, flags) # open "path" with the flags "flags" (see examples below for flags)
-
-# open file "path" read only
-file = File.open(path, "r")
-file = File.open(path, File::RDONLY)
-
-# open file "path" write only, create it if it does not exist
-# truncate it to zero length if it exists
-file = File.open(path, "w")
-file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::TRUNC|File::CREAT)
-file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::TRUNC|File::CREAT, 0666) # with permission 0666
-
-# open file "path" write only, fails if file exists
-file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::EXCL|File::CREAT)
-file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::EXCL|File::CREAT, 0666)
-
-# open file "path" for appending
-file = File.open(path, "a")
-file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::APPEND|File::CREAT)
-file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::APPEND|File::CREAT, 0666)
-
-# open file "path" for appending only when file exists
-file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::APPEND)
-
-# open file "path" for reading and writing
-file = File.open(path, "r+")
-file = File.open(path, File::RDWR)
-
-# open file for reading and writing, create a new file if it does not exist
-file = File.open(path, File::RDWR|File::CREAT)
-file = File.open(path, File::RDWR|File::CREAT, 0600)
-
-# open file "path" reading and writing, fails if file exists
-file = File.open(path, File::RDWR|File::EXCL|File::CREAT)
-file = File.open(path, File::RDWR|File::EXCL|File::CREAT, 0600)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.2
-# No problem with Ruby since the filename doesn't contain characters with
-# special meaning; like Perl's sysopen
-File.open(filename, 'r')
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.3
-File.expand_path('~root/tmp')
-#=> "/root/tmp"
-File.expand_path('~rpcuser')
-#=> "/var/lib/nfs"
-
-# To expand ~/.. it explicitely needs the environment variable HOME
-File.expand_path('~/tmp')
-#=> "/home/gc/tmp"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.4
-# The exception raised in Ruby reports the filename
-File.open('afile')
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.5
-# Standard Ruby distribution provides the following useful extension
-require 'tempfile'
-# With the Tempfile class, the file is automatically deleted on garbage
-# collection, so you won't need to remove it, later on.
-tf = Tempfile.new('tmp') # a name is required to create the filename
-
-# If you need to pass the filename to an external program you can use
-# File#path, but don't forget to File#flush in order to flush anything
-# living in some buffer somewhere.
-tf.flush
-system("/usr/bin/dowhatever #{tf.path}")
-
-fh = Tempfile.new('tmp')
-fh.sync = true # autoflushes
-10.times { |i| fh.puts i }
-fh.rewind
-puts 'Tmp file has: ', fh.readlines
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.6
-while (DATA.gets) do
- # process the line
-end
-__END__
-# your data goes here
-# __DATA__ doesn't exist in Ruby
-
-#CODE
-# get info about the script (size, date of last modification)
-kilosize = DATA.stat.size / 1024
-last_modif = DATA.stat.mtime
-puts "<P>Script size is #{kilosize}"
-puts "<P>Last script update: #{last_modif}"
-__END__
-# DO NOT REMOVE THE PRECEEDING LINE.
-# Everything else in this file will be ignored.
-#CODE
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.7
-while line = gets do
- # do something with line.
-end
-
-# or
-while gets do
- # do something with $_
-end
-
-# or more rubyish
-$stdun.each do |line|
- # do stuff with line
-end
-
-
-# ARGF may makes this more easy
-# this is skipped if ARGV.size==0
-ARGV.each do |filename|
- # closing and exception handling are done by the block
- open(filename) do |fd|
- fd.each do |line|
- # do stuff with line
- end
- end rescue abort("can't open %s" % filename)
-end
-
-# globbing is done in the Dir module
-ARGV = Dir["*.[Cch]"] if ARGV.empty?
-
-# note: optparse is the preferred way to handle this
-if (ARGV[0] == '-c')
- chop_first += 1
- ARGV.shift
-end
-
-
-# processing numerical options
-if ARGV[0] =~ /^-(\d+)$/
- columns = $1
- ARGV.shift
-end
-
-# again, better to use optparse:
-require 'optparse'
-nostdout = 0
-append = 0
-unbuffer = 0
-ignore_ints = 0
-ARGV.options do |opt|
- opt.on('-n') { nostdout +=1 }
- opt.on('-a') { append +=1 }
- opt.on('-u') { unbuffer +=1 }
- opt.on('-i') { ignore_ints +=1 }
- opt.parse!
-end or abort("usage: " + __FILE__ + " [-ainu] [filenames]")
-
-# no need to do undef $/, we have File.read
-str = File.read(ARGV[0])
-
-# again we have File.read
-str = File.read(ARGV[0])
-
-# not sure what this should do:
-# I believe open the file, print filename, lineno and line:
-ARGF.each_with_index do |line, idx|
- print ARGF.filename, ":", idx, ";", line
-end
-
-# print all the lines in every file passed via command line that contains login
-ARGF.each do |line|
- puts line if line =~ /login/
-end
-#
-# even this would fit
-#%ruby -ne "print if /f/" 2.log
-#
-
-ARGF.each { |l| puts l.downcase! }
-
-#------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -p
-# just like perl's -p
-$_.downcase!
-#
-
-# I don't know who should I trust.
-# perl's version splits on \w+ while python's on \w.
-
-chunks = 0
-
-File.read(ARGV[0]).split.each do |word|
- next if word =~ /^#/
- break if ["__DATA__", "__END__"].member? word
- chunks += 1
-end
-
-print "Found ", chunks, " chunks\n"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.8
-old = File.open(old_file)
-new = File.open(new_file, "w")
-while old.gets do
- # change $_, then...
- new.print $_
-end
-old.close
-new.close
-File.rename(old_file, "old.orig")
-File.rename(new_file, old_file)
-
-while old.gets do
- if $. == 20 then # we are at the 20th line
- new.puts "Extra line 1"
- new.puts "Extra line 2"
- end
- new.print $_
-end
-
-while old.gets do
- next if 20..30 # skip the 20th line to the 30th
- # Ruby (and Perl) permit to write if 20..30
- # instead of if (20 <= $.) and ($. <= 30)
- new.print $_
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.9
-#% ruby -i.orig -pe 'FILTER COMMAND' file1 file2 file3 ...
-#
-#-----------------------------
-##!/usr/bin/ruby -i.orig -p
-# filter commands go here
-#-----------------------------
-
-#% ruby -pi.orig -e 'gsub!(/DATE/){Time.now)'
-
-# effectively becomes:
-ARGV << 'I'
-oldfile = ""
-while gets
- if ARGF.filename != oldfile
- newfile = ARGF.filename
- File.rename(newfile, newfile + ".orig")
- $stdout = File.open(newfile,'w')
- oldfile = newfile
- end
- gsub!(/DATE/){Time.now}
- print
-end
-$stdout = STDOUT
-#-----------------------------
-#% ruby -i.old -pe 'gsub!(%r{\bhisvar\b}, 'hervar')' *.[Cchy]
-
-#-----------------------------
-# set up to iterate over the *.c files in the current directory,
-# editing in place and saving the old file with a .orig extension
-$-i = '.orig' # set up -i mode
-ARGV.replace(Dir['*.[Cchy]'])
-while gets
- if $. == 1
- print "This line should appear at the top of each file\n"
- end
- gsub!(/\b(p)earl\b/i, '\1erl') # Correct typos, preserving case
- print
- ARGF.close if ARGF.eof
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.10
-File.open('itest', 'r+') do |f| # open file for update
- lines = f.readlines # read into array of lines
- lines.each do |it| # modify lines
- it.gsub!(/foo/, 'QQQ')
- end
- f.pos = 0 # back to start
- f.print lines # write out modified lines
- f.truncate(f.pos) # truncate to new length
-end # file is automatically closed
-#-----------------------------
-File.open('itest', 'r+') do |f|
- out = ""
- f.each do |line|
- out << line.gsub(/DATE/) {Time.now}
- end
- f.pos = 0
- f.print out
- f.truncate(f.pos)
-end
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.11
-File.open('infile', 'r+') do |f|
- f.flock File::LOCK_EX
- # update file
-end
-#-----------------------------
-File::LOCK_SH # shared lock (for reading)
-File::LOCK_EX # exclusive lock (for writing)
-File::LOCK_NB # non-blocking request
-File::LOCK_UN # free lock
-#-----------------------------
-unless f.flock File::LOCK_EX | File::LOCK_NB
- warn "can't get immediate lock: blocking ..."
- f.flock File::LOCK_EX
-end
-#-----------------------------
-File.open('numfile', File::RDWR|File::CREAT) do |f|
- f.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
- num = f.gets.to_i || 0
- f.pos = 0
- f.truncate 0
- f.puts num + 1q
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.12
-output_handle.sync = true
-# Please note that like in Perl, $stderr is already unbuffered
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# seeme - demo stdio output buffering
-$stdout.sync = ARGV.size > 0
-print "Now you don't see it..."
-sleep 2
-puts "now you do"
-#-----------------------------
-$stderr.sync = true
-afile.sync = false
-#-----------------------------
-# assume 'remote_con' is an interactive socket handle,
-# but 'disk_file' is a handle to a regular file.
-remote_con.sync = true # unbuffer for clarity
-disk_file.sync = false # buffered for speed
-#-----------------------------
-require 'socket'
-sock = TCPSocket.new('www.ruby-lang.org', 80)
-sock.sync = true
-sock.puts "GET /en/ HTTP/1.0 \n\n"
-resp = sock.read
-print "DOC IS: #{resp}\n"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_7.13
-#-----------------------------
-# assumes fh1, fh2, fh2 are oen IO objects
-nfound = select([$stdin, fh1, fh2, fh3], nil, nil, 0)
-nfound[0].each do |file|
- case file
- when fh1
- # do something with fh1
- when fh2
- # do something with fh2
- when fh3
- # do something with fh3
- end
-end
-#-----------------------------
-input_files = []
-# repeat next line for all in-files to poll
-input_files << fh1
-if nfound = select(input_files, nil, nil, 0)
- # input ready on files in nfound[0]
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_8.0
-#-----------------------------
-# datafile is a file or IO object
-datafile.readlines.each { |line|
- line.chomp!
- size = line.length
- puts size
-}
-#-----------------------------
-datafile.readlines.each { |line|
- puts line.chomp!.length
-}
-#-----------------------------
-lines = datafile.readlines
-#-----------------------------
-whole_file = file.read
-#-----------------------------
-# ruby -040 -e 'word = gets; puts "First word is #{word}"'
-#-----------------------------
-# ruby -ne 'BEGIN { $/="%%\n" }; $_.chomp; puts $_ if( $_=~/Unix/i)' fortune.dat
-#-----------------------------
-handle.print "one", "two", "three" # "onetwothree"
-puts "Baa baa black sheep." # sent to $stdout
-#-----------------------------
-buffer = handle.read(4096)
-rv = buffer.length
-#-----------------------------
-handle.truncate(length)
-open("/tmp#{$$}.pid", 'w') { |handle| handle.truncate(length) }
-#-----------------------------
-pos = datafile.pos # tell is an alias of pos
-puts "I'm #{pos} bytes from the start of datafile"
-#-----------------------------
-logfile.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
-datafile.seek(pos) # IO::SEEK_SET is the default
-out.seek(-20, IO::SEEK_CUR)
-#-----------------------------
-written = datafile.syswrite(mystring)
-raise RunTimeError unless written == mystring.length
-block = infile.sysread(256) # no equivalent to perl offset parameter in sysread
-puts "only read #{block.length} bytes" if 256 != block.length
-#-----------------------------
-pos = handle.sysseek(0, IO::SEEK_CUR) # don't change position
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_8.1
-while (line = fh.gets)
- line.chomp!
- nextline = nil
- line.gsub!(/\\$/) { |match| nextline = fh.gets; '' }
- if (nextline != nil)
- line += nextline
- redo
- end
- # process full record in line here
-end
-#-----------------------------
-# DISTFILES = $(DIST_COMMON) $(SOURCES) $(HEADERS) \
-# $(TEXINFOS) $(INFOS) $(MANS) $(DATA)
-# DEP_DISTFILES = $(DIST_COMMON) $(SOURCES) $(HEADERS) \
-# $(TEXINFOS) $(INFO_DEPS) $(MANS) $(DATA) \
-# $(EXTRA_DIST)
-#-----------------------------
-line.gsub!(/\\\s*$/, '') {
- # as before
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_8.2
-#-----------------------------
-count = `wc -l < #{filename}`
-fail "wc failed: #{$?}" if $? != 0
-count.chomp!
-#-----------------------------
-count = 0
-File.open(file, 'r') { |fh|
- count += 1 while fh.gets
-}
-# count now holds the number of lines read
-#-----------------------------
-count = 0
-while (chunk = file.sysread(2**16))
- count += chunk.count("\n")
-end rescue EOFError
-#-----------------------------
-File.open(filename,'r') { |fh|
- count += 1 while fh.gets
-}
-# count now holds the number of lines read
-#-----------------------------
-# As ruby doesn't quite have an equivalent to using a for
-# statement as in perl, I threw this in
-count = File.readlines(filename).size
-#-----------------------------
-1 while file.gets
-count = $.
-#-----------------------------
-$/ = ''
-open(filename, 'r') { |fh|
- 1 while fh.gets
- para_count = $.
-} rescue fail("can't open #{filename}: $!")
-#-----------------------------
-
-
-# ^^PLEAC^^_8.3
-#-----------------------------
-while (gets)
- split.each { |chunk|
- # do something with chunk
- }
-end
-#-----------------------------
-while (gets)
- gsub(/(\w[\w'-]*)/) { |word|
- # do something with word
- }
-end
-#-----------------------------
-# Make a word frequency count
-# normally hashes can be created using {} or just Hash.new
-# but we want the default value of an entry to be 0 instead
-# of nil. (nil can't be incremented)
-seen = Hash.new(0)
-while (gets)
- gsub(/(\w[\w'-]*)/) { |word|
- seen[word.downcase] += 1
- }
-end
-# output hash in a descending numeric sort of its values
-seen.sort { |a,b| b[1] <=> a[1] }.each do |k,v|
- printf("%5d %s\n", v, k )
-end
-
-#-----------------------------
-# Line frequency count
-seen = Hash.new(0)
-while (gets)
- seen[$_.downcase] += 1
-end
-seen.sort { |a,b| b[1] <=> a[1] }.each do |k,v|
- printf("%5d %s\n", v, k )
-end
-#-----------------------------
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_8.4
-#-----------------------------
-# instead of file handle FILE, we can just
-# use a string containing the filename
-File.readlines(file).each { |line|
- # do something with line
-}
-#-----------------------------
-File.readlines(file).reverse_each { |line|
- # do something with line
-}
-#-----------------------------
-# the variable lines might have been created
-# this way
-# lines = File.readlines(file)
-#
-# normally one would use the reverse_each, but
-# if you insist on using a numerical index to
-# iterate over the lines array...
-(lines.size - 1).downto(0) { |i|
- line = lines[i]
-}
-#-----------------------------
-# the second readlines argument is a the
-# record separator $/, just like perl, a blank
-# separator splits the records into paragraphs
-File.readlines(file, '').each { |paragraph|
- # do something with paragraph
- puts "->Paragraph #{paragraph}"
-}
-#-----------------------------
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_8.6
-
-$/ = "%\n";
-srand;
-
-File.open('/usr/share/fortune/humorists').each do |line|
- adage = line if rand($.) < 1
-end
-
-puts adage;
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_8.10
-begin
- fh = File.open(file, "r+")
- addr = fh.tell unless fh.eof while fh.gets
- fh.truncate(addr)
-rescue SystemCallError
- $stderr.puts "#$!"
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.0
-entry = File.stat("/usr/bin/vi")
-entry = File.stat("/usr/bin")
-entry = File.stat(INFILE)
-
-entry = File.stat("/usr/bin/vi")
-ctime = entry.ctime
-size = entry.size
-
-f = File.open(filename, "r")
-
-## There is no -T equivalent in Ruby, but we can still test emptiness
-if test(?s, filename)
- puts "#{filename} doesn't have text in it."
- exit
-end
-
-Dir.new("/usr/bin").each do |filename|
- puts "Inside /usr/bin is something called #{filename}"
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.1
-file = File.stat("filename")
-readtime, writetime = file.atime, file.mtime
-file.utime(readtime, writetime)
-
-SECONDS_PER_DAY = 60 * 60 * 24
-file = File.stat("filename")
-atime, mtime = file.atime, file.mtime
-
-atime -= 7 * SECONDS_PER_DAY
-mtime -= 7 * SECONDS_PER_DAY
-
-File.utime(atime, mtime, file)
-mtime = File.stat(file).mtime
-File.utime(Time.new, mtime, file)
-File.utime(Time.new, File.stat("testfile").mtime, file)
-
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-## uvi - vi a file without changing it's access times
-
-if ARGV.length != 1
- puts "usage: uvi filename"
- exit
-end
-file = ARGV[0]
-atime, mtime = File.stat(file).atime, File.stat(file).mtime
-system(ENV["EDITOR"] || "vi", file)
-File.utime(atime, mtime, file)
-#-----------------------------
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.2
-File.unlink(FILENAME)
-
-err_flg = false
-filenames.each do |file|
- begin
- File.unlink(file)
- rescue
- err_flg = $!
- end
-end
-err_flg and raise "Couldn't unlink all of #{filenames.join(" ")}: #{err_flg}"
-
-File.unlink(file)
-
-count = filenames.length
-filenames.each do |file|
- begin
- File.unlink(file)
- rescue
- count -= 1
- end
-end
-if count != filenames.length
- STDERR.puts "could only delete #{count} of #{filenames.length} files"
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.3
-require "ftools"
-File.copy(oldfile, newfile)
-
-infile = File.open(oldfile, "r")
-outfile = File.open(newfile, "w")
-
-blksize = infile.stat.blksize
-# This doesn't handle partial writes or ^Z
-# like the Perl version does.
-while (line = infile.read(blksize))
- outfile.write(line)
-end
-
-infile.close
-outfile.close
-
-system("cp #{oldfile} #{newfile}") # unix
-system("copy #{oldfile} #{newfile}") # dos, vms
-
-require "ftools"
-File.copy("datafile.dat", "datafile.bak")
-File.move("datafile.new", "datafile.dat")
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.4
-$seen = {} # must use global var to be seen inside of method below
-
-def do_my_thing(filename)
- dev, ino = File.stat(filename).dev, File.stat(filename).ino
- unless $seen[[dev, ino]]
- # do something with $filename because we haven't
- # seen it before
- end
- $seen[[dev, ino]] = $seen[[dev, ino]].to_i + 1
-end
-
-files.each do |filename|
- dev, ino = File.stat(filename).dev, File.stat(filename).ino
- if !$seen.has_key?([dev, ino])
- $seen[[dev, ino]] = []
- end
- $seen[[dev, ino]].push(filename)
-end
-
-$seen.keys.sort.each do |devino|
- ino, dev = devino
- if $seen[devino].length > 1
- # $seen[devino] is a list of filenames for the same file
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.5
-Dir.open(dirname) do |dir|
- dir.each do |file|
- # do something with dirname/file
- puts file
- end
-end
-# Dir.close is automatic
-
-# No -T equivalent in Ruby
-
-dir.each do |file|
- next if file =~ /^\.\.?$/
- # ...
-end
-
-def plainfiles(dir)
- dh = Dir.open(dir)
- dh.entries.grep(/^[^.]/).
- map {|file| "#{dir}/#{file}"}.
- find_all {|file| test(?f, file)}.
- sort
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.6
-list = Dir.glob("*.c")
-
-dir = Dir.open(path)
-files = dir.entries.grep(/\.c$/)
-dir.close
-
-files = Dir.glob("*.c")
-files = Dir.open(path).entries.grep(/\.[ch]$/i)
-
-dir = Dir.new(path)
-files = dir.entries.grep(/\.[ch]$/i)
-
-begin
- d = Dir.open(dir)
-rescue Errno::ENOENT
- raise "Couldn't open #{dir} for reading: #{$!}"
-end
-
-files = []
-d.each do |file|
- puts file
- next unless file =~ /\.[ch]$/i
-
- filename = "#{dir}/#{file}"
- # There is no -T equivalent in Ruby, but we can still test emptiness
- files.push(filename) if test(?s, filename)
-end
-
-dirs.entries.grep(/^\d+$/).
- map { |file| [file, "#{path}/#{file}"]} .
- select { |file| test(?d, file[1]) }.
- sort { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }.
- map { |file| file[1] }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.7
-require 'find'
-Find.find(dirlist) do |file|
- # do whatever
-end
-
-require 'find'
-argv = ARGV.empty? ? %w{.} : ARGV
-Find.find(*argv) do |file|
- print file, (test(?d, file) ? "/\n" : "\n")
-end
-
-require 'find'
-argv = ARGV.empty? ? %w{.} : ARGV
-sum = 0
-Find.find(*argv) do |file|
- size = test(?s, file) || 0
- sum += size
-end
-puts "#{argv.join(' ')} contains #{sum} bytes"
-
-require 'find'
-argv = ARGV.empty? ? %w{.} : ARGV
-saved_size, saved_name = -1, ""
-Find.find(*argv) do |file|
- size = test(?s, file) || 0
- next unless test(?f, file) && size > saved_size
- saved_size = size
- saved_name = file
-end
-puts "Biggest file #{saved_name} in #{argv.join(' ')} is #{saved_size}"
-
-require 'find'
-argv = ARGV.empty? ? %w{.} : ARGV
-age, name = nil
-Find.find(*argv) do |file|
- mtime = File.stat(file).mtime
- next if age && age > mtime
- age = mtime
- name = file
-end
-puts "#{name} #{age}"
-
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# fdirs - find all directories
-require 'find'
-argv = ARGV.empty? ? %w{.} : ARGV
-File.find(*argv) { |file| puts file if test(?d, file) }
-#-----------------------------
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.8
-require 'fileutils'
-
-puts "Usage #{$0} dir ..." if ARGV.empty?
-ARGV.each do |dir|
- FileUtils.rmtree(dir)
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.9
-require 'ftools'
-names.each do |file|
- newname = file
- begin
- File.move(file, newname)
- rescue Errno::EPERM
- $stderr.puts "Couldn't rename #{file} to #{newname}: #{$!}"
- end
-end
-
-require 'ftools'
-op = ARGV.empty? ? (raise "Usage: rename expr [files]\n") : ARGV.shift
-argv = ARGV.empty? ? $stdin.readlines.map { |f| f.chomp } : ARGV
-argv.each do |file|
- was = file
- file = eval("file.#{op}")
- File.move(was, file) unless was == file
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.10
-base = File.basename(path)
-dir = File.dirname(path)
-# ruby has no fileparse equivalent
-dir, base = File.split(path)
-ext = base.scan(/\..*$/).to_s
-
-path = '/usr/lib/libc.a'
-file = File.basename(path)
-dir = File.dirname(path)
-
-puts "dir is #{dir}, file is #{file}"
-# dir is /usr/lib, file is libc.a
-
-path = '/usr/lib/libc.a'
-dir, filename = File.split(path)
-name, ext = filename.split(/(?=\.)/)
-puts "dir is #{dir}, name is #{name}, ext is #{ext}"
-# NOTE: The Ruby code prints
-# dir is /usr/lib, name is libc, extension is .a
-# while the Perl code prints a '/' after the directory name
-# dir is /usr/lib/, name is libc, extension is .a
-
-# No fileparse_set_fstype() equivalent in ruby
-
-def extension(path)
- ext = path.scan(/\..*$/).to_s
- ext.sub(/^\./, "")
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.11
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# symirror - build spectral forest of symlinks
-
-require 'find'
-require 'fileutils'
-
-raise "usage: #{$0} realdir mirrordir" unless ARGV.size == 2
-
-srcdir,dstdir = ARGV
-srcmode = File::stat(srcdir).mode
-Dir.mkdir(dstdir, srcmode & 07777) unless test(?d, dstdir)
-
-# fix relative paths
-Dir.chdir(srcdir) {srcdir = Dir.pwd}
-Dir.chdir(dstdir) {dstdir = Dir.pwd}
-
-Find.find(srcdir) do |srcfile|
- if test(?d, srcfile)
- dest = srcfile.sub(/^#{srcdir}/, dstdir)
- dmode = File::stat(srcfile).mode & 07777
- Dir.mkdir(dest, dmode) unless test(?d, dest)
- a = Dir["#{srcfile}/*"].reject{|f| test(?d, f)}
- FileUtils.ln_s(a, dest)
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_9.12
-# we use the Getopt/Declare library here for convenience:
-# http://raa.ruby-lang.org/project/getoptdeclare/
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# lst - list sorted directory contents (depth first)
-
-require 'find'
-require 'etc'
-require "Getopt/Declare"
-
-# Note: in the option-spec below there must by at least one hard
-# tab in between each -option and its description. For example
-# -i <tab> read from stdin
-
-opts = Getopt::Declare.new(<<'EOPARAM')
- ============
- Input Format:
- -i read from stdin
- ============
- Output Format:
- -l long listing
- -r reverse listing
- ============
- Sort on: (one of)
- -m mtime (modify time - default)
- {$sort_criteria = :mtime}
- -u atime (access time)
- {$sort_criteria = :atime}
- -c ctime (inode change time)
- {$sort_criteria = :ctime}
- -s size
- {$sort_criteria = :size}
- [mutex: -m -u -c -s]
-
-EOPARAM
-
-$sort_criteria ||= :mtime
-files = {}
-DIRS = opts['-i'] ? $stdin.readlines.map{|f|f.chomp!} : ARGV
-DIRS.each do |dir|
- Find.find(dir) do |ent|
- files[ent] = File::stat(ent)
- end
-end
-entries = files.keys.sort_by{|f| files[f].send($sort_criteria)}
-entries = entries.reverse unless opts['-r']
-
-entries.each do |ent|
- unless opts['-l']
- puts ent
- next
- end
- stats = files[ent]
- ftime = stats.send($sort_criteria == :size ? :mtime : $sort_criteria)
- printf "%6d %04o %6d %8s %8s %8d %s %s\n",
- stats.ino,
- stats.mode & 07777,
- stats.nlink,
- ETC::PASSWD[stats.uid].name,
- ETC::GROUP[stats.gid].name,
- stats.size,
- ftime.strftime("%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"),
- ent
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.0
-def hello
- $greeted += 1 # in Ruby, a variable beginning with $ is global (can be any type of course)
- puts "hi there!"
-end
-
-# We need to initialize $greeted before it can be used, because "+=" is waiting a Numeric object
-$greeted = 0
-hello # note that appending () is optional to function calls with no parameters
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.1
-# In Ruby, parameters are named anyway
-def hypotenuse(side1, side2)
- Math.sqrt(side1**2 + side2**2) # the sqrt function comes from the Math module
-end
-diag = hypotenuse(3, 4)
-
-puts hypotenuse(3, 4)
-
-a = [3, 4]
-print hypotenuse(*a) # the star operator will magically convert an Array into a "tuple"
-
-both = men + women
-
-# In Ruby, all objects are references, so the same problem arises; we then return a new object
-nums = [1.4, 3.5, 6.7]
-def int_all(n)
- n.collect { |v| v.to_i }
-end
-ints = int_all(nums)
-
-nums = [1.4, 3.5, 6.7]
-def trunc_em(n)
- n.collect! { |v| v.to_i } # the bang-version of collect modifies the object
-end
-trunc_em(nums)
-
-# Ruby has two chomp version:
-# ``chomp'' chomps the record separator and returns what's expected
-# ``chomp!'' does the same but also modifies the parameter object
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.2
-def somefunc
- variable = something # variable is local by default
-end
-
-name, age = ARGV
-start = fetch_time
-
-a, b = pair # will succeed if pair is an Array object (like ARGV is)
-c = fetch_time
-
-# In ruby, run_check can't access a, b, or c until they are
-# explicitely defined global (using leading $), even if they are
-# both defined in the same scope
-
-def check_x(x)
- y = "whatever"
- run_check
- if $condition
- puts "got $x"
- end
-end
-
-# The following will keep a reference to the array, though the
-# results will be slightly different from perl: the last element
-# of $global_array will be itself an array
-def save_array(ary)
- $global_array << ary
-end
-
-# The following gives the same results as in Perl for $global_array,
-# though it doesn't illustrate anymore the way to keep a reference
-# to an object: $global_array is extended with the elements of ary
-def save_array(ary)
- $global_array += ary
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.3
-# In Ruby, AFAIK a method cannot access "local variables" defined
-# upper scope; mostly because everything is an object, so you'll
-# do the same by defining an attribute or a static attribute
-
-# In Ruby the BEGIN also exists:
-BEGIN { puts "hello from BEGIN" }
-puts "hello from main"
-BEGIN { puts "hello from 2nd BEGIN" }
-# gives:
-# hello from BEGIN
-# hello from 2nd BEGIN
-# hello from main
-
-# In Ruby, it can be written as a static method and a static
-# variable
-class Counter
- @@counter = 0
- def Counter.next_counter; @@counter += 1; end
-end
-
-# There is no need of BEGIN since the variable will get
-# initialized when parsing
-class Counter
- @@counter = 42
- def Counter.next_counter; @@counter += 1; end
- def Counter.prev_counter; @@counter -= 1; end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.4
-# You can either get the whole trace as an array of strings, each
-# string telling which file, line and method is calling:
-caller
-
-# ...or only the last caller
-caller[0]
-
-# We need to extract just the method name of the backtrace:
-def whoami; caller()[0] =~ /in `([^']+)'/ ? $1 : '(anonymous)'; end
-def whowasi; caller()[1] =~ /in `([^']+)'/ ? $1 : '(anonymous)'; end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.5
-# In Ruby, every value is a reference on an object, thus there is
-# no such problem
-array_diff(array1, array2)
-
-def add_vecpair(a1, a2)
- results = []
- a1.each_index { |i| results << (a1[i] + a2[i]) }
- results
-end
-a = [1, 2]
-b = [5, 8]
-c = add_vecpair(a, b)
-p c
-
-# Add this to the beginning of the function to check if we were
-# given two arrays
-a1.type == Array && a2.type == Array or
- raise "usage: add_vecpair array1 array2 (was used with: #{a1.type} #{a2.type})"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.6
-# There is no return context in Ruby
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.7
-# Like in Perl, we need to fake with a hash, but it's dirty :-(
-def thefunc(param_args)
- args = { 'INCREMENT' => '10s', 'FINISH' => '0', 'START' => 0 }
- args.update(param_args)
- if (args['INCREMENT'] =~ /m$/ )
- # .....
- end
-end
-
-thefunc({ 'INCREMENT' => '20s', 'START' => '+5m', 'FINISH' => '+30m' })
-thefunc({})
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.8
-# there is no "undef" direct equivalent but there is the slice equiv:
-a, c = func.indexes(0, 2)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.9
-# Ruby has no such limitation:
-def somefunc
- ary = []
- hash = {}
- # ...
- return ary, hash
-end
-arr, dict = somefunc
-
-array_of_hashes = fn
-h1, h2, h3 = fn
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.10
-return
-# or (equivalent)
-return nil
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.11
-# You can't prototype in Ruby regarding types :-(
-# Though, you can force the number of arguments:
-def func_with_no_arg; end
-def func_with_no_arg(); end
-def func_with_one_arg(a1); end
-def func_with_two_args(a1, a2); end
-def func_with_any_number_of_args(*args); end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.12
-raise "some message" # raise exception
-
-begin
- val = func
-rescue Exception => msg
- $stderr.puts "func raised an exception: #{msg}"
-end
-
-# In Ruby the rescue statement uses an exception class, every
-# exception which is not matched is still continuing
-begin
- val = func
-rescue FullMoonError
- ...
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.13
-# Saving Global Values
-# Of course we can just save the value and restore it later:
-def print_age
- puts "Age is #{$age}"
-end
-
-$age = 18 # global variable
-print_age()
-if condition
- safeage = $age
- $age = 23
- print_age()
- $age = safeage
-end
-
-# We can also use a method that saves the global variable and
-# restores it automatically when the block is left:
-
-def local(var)
- eval("save = #{var.id2name}")
- begin
- result = yield
- ensure
- # we want to call this even if we got an exception
- eval("#{var.id2name} = save")
- end
- result
-end
-
-condition = true
-$age = 18
-print_age()
-if condition
- local(:$age) {
- $age = 23
- print_age()
- }
-end
-print_age()
-
-# There is no need to use local() for filehandles or directory
-# handles in ruby because filehandles are normal objects.
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.14
-# In Ruby you may redefine a method [but not overload it :-(]
-# just by defining again with the same name.
-def foo; puts 'foo'; end
-def foo; puts 'bar'; end
-foo
-#=> bar
-
-# You can also take a reference to an existing method before
-# redefining a new one, using the `alias' keyword
-def foo; puts 'foo'; end
-alias foo_orig foo
-def foo; puts 'bar'; end
-foo_orig
-foo
-#=> foo
-#=> bar
-
-# AFAIK, there is no direct way to create a new method whose name
-# comes from a variable, so use "eval"
-colors = %w(red blue green yellow orange purple violet)
-colors.each { |c|
- eval <<-EOS
- def #{c}(*a)
- "<FONT COLOR='#{c}'>" + a.to_s + "</FONT>"
- end
- EOS
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.15
-def method_missing(name, *args)
- "<FONT COLOR='#{name}'>" + args.join(' ') + "</FONT>"
-end
-puts chartreuse("stuff")
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.16
-def outer(arg)
- x = arg + 35
- inner = proc { x * 19 }
- x + inner.call()
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_10.17
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# mailsort - sort mbox by different criteria
-require 'English'
-require 'Date'
-
-# Objects of class Mail represent a single mail.
-class Mail
- attr_accessor :no
- attr_accessor :subject
- attr_accessor :fulltext
- attr_accessor :date
-
- def initialize
- @fulltext = ""
- @subject = ""
- end
-
- def append(para)
- @fulltext << para
- end
-
- # this is called if you call puts(mail)
- def to_s
- @fulltext
- end
-end
-
-# represents a list of mails.
-class Mailbox < Array
-
- Subjectpattern = Regexp.new('Subject:\s*(?:Re:\s*)*(.*)\n')
- Datepattern = Regexp.new('Date:\s*(.*)\n')
-
- # reads mails from open file and stores them
- def read(file)
- $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR = '' # paragraph reads
- msgno = -1
- file.each { |para|
- if para =~ /^From/
- mail = Mail.new
- mail.no = (msgno += 1)
- md = Subjectpattern.match(para)
- if md
- mail.subject = md[1]
- end
- md = Datepattern.match(para)
- if md
- mail.date = DateTime.parse(md[1])
- else
- mail.date = DateTime.now
- end
- self.push(mail)
- end
- mail.append(para) if mail
- }
- end
-
- def sort_by_subject_and_no
- self.sort_by { |m|
- [m.subject, m.no]
- }
- end
-
- # sorts by a list of attributs of mail, given as symbols
- def sort_by_attributs(*attrs)
- # you can sort an Enumerable by an array of
- # values, they would be compared
- # from ary[0] to ary[n]t, say:
- # ['b',1] > ['a',10] > ['a',9]
- self.sort_by { |elem|
- attrs.map { |attr|
- elem.send(attr)
- }
- }
- end
-
-end
-
-mailbox = Mailbox.new
-mailbox.read(ARGF)
-
-# print only subjects sorted by subject and number
-for m in mailbox.sort_by_subject_and_no
- puts(m.subject)
-end
-
-# print complete mails sorted by date, then subject, then number
-for m in mailbox.sort_by_attributs(:date, :subject)
- puts(m)
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_11.7
-def mkcounter(count)
- start = count
- bundle = {
- "NEXT" => proc { count += 1 },
- "PREV" => proc { count -= 1 },
- "RESET" => proc { count = start }
- }
- bundle["LAST"] = bundle["PREV"]
- return bundle
-end
-
-c1 = mkcounter(20)
-c2 = mkcounter(77)
-
-puts "next c1: #{c1["NEXT"].call}" # 21
-puts "next c2: #{c2["NEXT"].call}" # 78
-puts "next c1: #{c1["NEXT"].call}" # 22
-puts "last c1: #{c1["PREV"].call}" # 21
-puts "last c1: #{c1["LAST"].call}" # 20
-puts "old c2: #{c2["RESET"].call}" # 77
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_11.15
-class Binary_tree
- def initialize(val)
- @value = val
- @left = nil
- @right = nil
- end
-
- # insert given value into proper point of
- # provided tree. If no tree provided,
- # use implicit pass by reference aspect of @_
- # to fill one in for our caller.
- def insert(val)
- if val < @value then
- if @left then
- @left.insert(val)
- else
- @left = Binary_tree.new(val)
- end
- elsif val > @value then
- if @right then
- @right.insert(val)
- else
- @right = Binary_tree.new(val)
- end
- else
- puts "double"
- # do nothing, no double values
- end
- end
-
- # recurse on left child,
- # then show current value,
- # then recurse on right child.
- def in_order
- @left.in_order if @left
- print @value, " "
- @right.in_order if @right
- end
-
- # show current value,
- # then recurse on left child,
- # then recurse on right child.
- def pre_order
- print @value, " "
- @left.pre_order if @left
- @right.pre_order if @right
- end
-
- # recurse on left child,
- # then recurse on right child,
- # then show current value.
- def post_order
- @left.post_order if @left
- @right.post_order if @right
- print @value, " "
- end
-
- # find out whether provided value is in the tree.
- # if so, return the node at which the value was found.
- # cut down search time by only looking in the correct
- # branch, based on current value.
- def search(val)
- if val == @value then
- return self
- elsif val < @value then
- return @left.search(val) if @left
- return nil
- else
- return @right.search(val) if @right
- return nil
- end
- end
-end
-
-# first generate 20 random inserts
-test = Binary_tree.new(0)
-for a in 0..20
- test.insert(rand(1000))
-end
-
-# now dump out the tree all three ways
-print "Pre order: "; test.pre_order; puts ""
-print "In order: "; test.in_order; puts ""
-print "Post order: "; test.post_order; puts ""
-
-print "search?"
-while gets
- print test.search($_.to_i)
- print "\nsearch?"
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.0
-# class and module names need to have the first letter capitalized
-module Alpha
- NAME = 'first'
-end
-module Omega
- NAME = 'last'
-end
-puts "Alpha is #{Alpha::NAME}, Omega is #{Omega::NAME}"
-
-# ruby doesn't differentiate beteen compile-time and run-time
-require 'getoptlong.rb'
-require 'getoptlong' # assumes the .rb
-require 'cards/poker.rb'
-require 'cards/poker' # assumes the .rb
-load 'cards/poker' # require only loads the file once
-
-module Cards
- module Poker
- @card_deck = Array.new # or @card_deck = []
- def shuffle
- end
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.1
-# a module exports all of its functions
-module Your_Module
- def self.function
- # this would be called as Your_Module.function
- end
-
- def Your_Module.another
- # this is the same as above, but more specific
- end
-end
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.2
-begin
- require 'nonexistent'
-rescue LoadError
- puts "Couldn't load #{$!}" # $! contains the last error string
-end
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.4
-# module variables are private unless access functions are defined
-module Alpha
- @aa = 10
- @bb = 11
-
- def self.put_aa
- puts @aa
- end
-
- def self.bb=(val)
- @bb = val
- end
-end
-
-Alpha.bb = 12
-# Alpha.aa = 10 # error, no aa=method
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.5
-# caller provides a backtrace of the call stack
-module MyModule
- def find_caller
- caller
- end
-
- def find_caller2(i)
- caller(i) # an argument limits the size of the stack returned
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.6
-BEGIN {
- $logfile = '/tmp/mylog' unless defined? $logfile
- $LF = File.open($logfile, 'a')
-}
-
-module Logger
- def self.logmsg(msg)
- $LF.puts msg
- end
-
- logmsg('startup')
-end
-
-END {
- Logger::logmsg('shutdown')
- $LF.close
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.7
-#-----------------------------
-# results may be different on your system
-# % ruby -e "$LOAD_PATH.each_index { |i| printf("%d %s\n", i, $LOAD_PATH[i] }
-#0 /usr/local/lib/site_ruby/1.6
-#1 /usr/local/lib/site_ruby/1.6/i386-linux
-#2 /usr/local/lib/site_ruby/
-#3 /usr/lib/ruby/1.6
-#4 /usr/lib/ruby/1.6/i136-linux
-#5 .
-#-----------------------------
-# syntax for sh, bash, ksh, or zsh
-#$ export RUBYLIB=$HOME/rubylib
-
-# syntax for csh or tcsh
-# % setenv RUBYLIB ~/rubylib
-#-----------------------------
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift "/projects/spectre/lib";
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.8
-# equivalents in ruby are mkmf, SWIG, or Ruby/DL depending on usage
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.9
-# no equivalent in ruby
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.10
-# no equivalent in ruby
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.11
-module FineTime
- def self.time
- # to be defined later
- end
-end
-
-
-module FineTime
- def self.time
- "its a fine time"
- end
-end
-
-puts FineTime.time #=> "its a fine time"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.12
-def even_only(n)
- raise "#{n} is not even" if (n & 1) != 0 # one way to test
- # ...
-end
-def even_only(n)
- $stderr.puts "#{n} is not even" if (n & 1) != 0
- # ...
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_12.17
-# The library archive for ruby is called Ruby Application archive,
-# or shorter RAA, and can be found at http://raa.ruby-lang.org.
-# A typical library is installed like this:
-# % gunzip some-module-4.54.tar.gz
-# % tar xf some-module-4.54.tar
-# % cd some-module-4.54.tar
-# % ruby install.rb config
-# % ruby install.rb setup
-# get superuser previleges here if needed for next step
-# % ruby install.rb install
-
-# Some modules use a different process,
-# you should find details in the documentation
-# Here is an example of such a different process
-# % ruby extconf.rb
-# % make
-# % make install
-
-# If you want the module installed in your own directory:
-# For ruby version specific libraries
-# % ruby install.rb config --site-ruby=~/lib
-# For version independent libraries
-# % ruby install.rb config --site-ruby-common=~/lib
-
-# Information about possible options for config
-# % ruby install.rb --help
-
-# If you have your own complete distribution
-# % ruby install.rb --prefix=path=~/ruby-private
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.0
-# Classes and objects in Ruby are rather straigthforward
-class Person
- # Class variables (also called static attributes) are prefixed by @@
- @@person_counter=0
-
- # object constructor
- def initialize(age, name, alive = true) # Default arg like in C++
- @age, @name, @alive = age, name, alive # Object attributes are prefixed by '@'
- @@person_counter += 1
- # There is no '++' operator in Ruby. The '++'/'--' operators are in fact
- # hidden assignments which affect variables, not objects. You cannot accomplish
- # assignment via method. Since everything in Ruby is object, '++' and '--'
- # contradict Ruby OO ideology. Instead '-=' and '+=' are used.
- end
-
- attr_accessor :name, :age # This creates setter and getter methods for @name
- # and @age. See 13.3 for detailes.
-
- # methods modifying the receiver object usually have the '!' suffix
- def die!
- @alive = false
- puts "#{@name} has died at the age of #{@age}."
- @alive
- end
-
- def kill(anotherPerson)
- print @name, ' is killing ', anotherPerson.name, ".\n"
- anotherPerson.die!
- end
-
- # methods used as queries
- # usually have the '?' suffix
- def alive?
- @alive && true
- end
-
- def year_of_birth
- Time.now.year - @age
- end
-
- # Class method (also called static method)
- def Person.number_of_people
- @@person_counter
- end
-end
-
-# Using the class:
-# Create objects of class Person
-lecter = Person.new(47, 'Hannibal')
-starling = Person.new(29, 'Clarice', true)
-pazzi = Person.new(40, 'Rinaldo', true)
-
-# Calling a class method
-print "There are ", Person.number_of_people, " Person objects\n"
-
-print pazzi.name, ' is ', (pazzi.alive?) ? 'alive' : 'dead', ".\n"
-lecter.kill(pazzi)
-print pazzi.name, ' is ', (pazzi.alive?) ? 'alive' : 'dead', ".\n"
-
-print starling.name , ' was born in ', starling.year_of_birth, "\n"
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.1
-# If you don't need any initialisation in the constructor,
-# you don't need to write a constructor.
-class MyClass
-end
-
-class MyClass
- def initialize
- @start = Time.new
- @age = 0
- end
-end
-
-class MyClass
- def initialize(inithash)
- @start = Time.new
- @age = 0
- for key, value in inithash
- instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value)
- end
- end
-end
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.2
-# Objects are destroyed by the garbage collector.
-# The time of destroying is not predictable.
-# The ruby garbage collector can handle circular references,
-# so there is no need to write destructor for that.
-
-# There is no direct support for destructor.
-# You can call a custom function, or more specific a proc object, when the
-# garbage collector is about to destruct the object, but it is unpredictable
-# when this occurs.
-# Also if such a finalizer object has a reference to the orignal object,
-# this may prevent the original object to get garbage collected.
-# Because of this problem the finalize method below is
-# a class method and not a instance method.
-# So if you need to free resources for an object, like
-# closing a socket or kill a spawned subprocess,
-# you should do it explicitly.
-
-class MyClass
- def initialize
- ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self,
- self.class.method(:finalize).to_proc)
- end
- def MyClass.finalize(id)
- puts "Object #{id} dying at #{Time.new}"
- end
-end
-
-# test code
-3.times {
- MyClass.new
-}
-ObjectSpace.garbage_collect
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.3
-# You can write getter and setter methods in a natural way:
-class Person
- def name
- @name
- end
- def name=(name)
- @name = name
- end
-end
-
-# But there is a better and shorter way
-class Person
- attr_reader :age
- attr_writer :name
- # attr_reader and attr_writer are actually methods in class Class
- # which set getter and setter methods for you.
-end
-
-# There is also attr_accessor to create both setters and getters
-class Person
- attr_accessor :age, :name
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.4
-class Person
- # Class variables (also called static attributes) are prefixed by @@
- @@person_counter = 0
-
- def Person.population
- @@person_counter
- end
- def initialize
- @@person_counter += 1
- ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self,
- self.class.method(:finalize).to_proc)
- end
- def Person.finalize(id)
- @@person_counter -= 1
- end
-end
-people = []
-10.times {
- people.push(Person.new)
-}
-printf("There are %d people alive", Person.population)
-
-
-FixedArray.class_max_bounds = 100
-alpha = FixedArray.new
-puts "Bound on alpha is #{alpha.max_bounds}"
-
-beta = FixedArray.new
-beta.max_bounds = 50 # calls the instance method
-beta.class.class_max_bounds = 50 # alternative, calls the class method
-puts "Bound on alpha is #{alpha.max_bounds}"
-
-class FixedArray
- @@bounds = 7
-
- def max_bounds
- @@max_bounds
- end
- # instance method, which sets the class variable
- def max_bounds=(value)
- @@max_bounds = value
- end
- # class method. This can only be called on a class,
- # but not on the instances
- def FixedArray.class_max_bounds=(value)
- @@max_bounds = value
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.5
-PersonStruct = Struct.new("Person", :name, :age, :peers)
-# creates a class "Person::Struct", which is accessiable with the
-# constant "PersonStruct"
-p = PersonStruct.new
-p = Struct::Person.new # alternative using the classname
-p.name = "Jason Smythe"
-p.age = 13
-p.peers = ["Wilbur", "Ralph", "Fred"]
-p[:peers] = ["Wilbur", "Ralph", "Fred"] # alternative access using symbol
-p["peers"] = ["Wilbur", "Ralph", "Fred"] # alternative access using name of field
-p[2] = ["Wilbur", "Ralph", "Fred"] # alternative access using index of field
-puts "At age #{p.age}, #{p.name}'s first friend is #{p.peers[0]}"
-
-# The fields of a struct have no special type, like other ruby variables
-# you can put any objects in. Therefore the discussions how to specify
-# the types of the fields do not apply to ruby.
-
-FamilyStruct = Struct.new("Family", :head, :address, :members)
-folks = FamilyStruct.new
-folks.head = PersonStruct.new
-dad = folks.head
-dad.name = "John"
-dad.age = 34
-
-# supply of own accessor method for the struct for error checking
-class PersonStruct
- def age=(value)
- if !value.kind_of?(Integer)
- raise(ArgumentError, "Age #{value} isn't an Integer")
- elsif value > 150
- raise(ArgumentError, "Age #{value} is unreasonable")
- end
- @age = value
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.6
-# The ruby Object class defines a dup and a clone method.
-# The dup method is recommended for prototype object creation.
-# The default implementation makes a shallow copy,
-# but each class can override it, for example to make a deep copy.
-
-# If you want to call 'new' directly on the instances,
-# you can create a instance method "new", which returns a new duplicate.
-# This method is distinct from the class method new.
-#
-class A
- def new
- dup
- end
-end
-
-ob1 = A.new
-# later on
-ob2 = ob1.new
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.7
-methname = 'flicker'
-obj.send(methname, 10) # calls obj.flicker(10)
-
-# call three methods on the object, by name
-['start', 'run', 'stop'].each do |method_string|
- obj.send(method_string)
-end
-
-# Another way is to create a Method object
-method_obj = obj.method('flicker')
-# And then call it
-method_obj.call(10)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.8
-# All classes in Ruby inherit from class Object
-# and thus all objects share methods defined in this class
-
-# the class of the object
-puts any_object.type
-
-# Ruby classes are actually objects of class Class and they
-# respond to methods defined in Object class as well
-
-# the superclass of this class
-puts any_object.class.superclass
-
-# ask an object whether it is an instance of particular class
-n = 4.7
-puts n.instance_of?(Float) # true
-puts n.instance_of?(Numeric) # false
-
-# ask an object whether it is an instance of class, one of the
-# superclasses of the object, or modules included in it
-puts n.kind_of?(Float) # true (the class)
-puts n.kind_of?(Numeric) # true (an ancestor class)
-puts n.kind_of?(Comparable) # true (a mixin module)
-puts n.kind_of?(String) # false
-
-# ask an object whether it can respond to a particular method
-puts n.respond_to?('+') # true
-puts n.respond_to?('length') # false
-
-# all methods an object can respond to
-'just a string'.methods.each { |m| puts m }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.9
-# Actually any class in Ruby is inheritable
-class Person
- attr_accessor :age, :name
- def initialize
- @name
- @age
- end
-end
-#-----------------------------
-dude = Person.new
-dude.name = 'Jason'
-dude.age = 23
-printf "%s is age %d.\n", dude.name, dude.age
-#-----------------------------
-# Inheriting from Person
-class Employee < Person
- attr_accessor :salary
-end
-#-----------------------------
-empl = Employee.new
-empl.name = 'Jason'
-empl.age = 23
-empl.salary = 200
-printf "%s is age %d, the salary is %d.\n", empl.name, empl.age, empl.salary
-#-----------------------------
-# Any built-in class can be inherited the same way
-class WeirdString < String
- def initialize(obj)
- super obj
- end
- def +(anotherObj) # + method in this class is overridden
- # to return the sum of string lengths
- self.length + anotherObj.length # 'self' can be omitted
- end
-end
-#-----------------------------
-a = WeirdString.new('hello')
-b = WeirdString.new('bye')
-
-puts a + b # the overridden +
-#=> 8
-puts a.length # method from the superclass, String
-#=> 5
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.11
-# In ruby you can override the method_missing method
-# to have a solution similar to perls AUTOLOAD.
-class Person
-
- def initialize
- @ok_fields = %w(name age peers parent)
- end
-
- def valid_attribute?(name)
- @ok_fields.include?(name)
- end
-
- def method_missing(namesymbol, *params)
- name = namesymbol.to_s
- return if name =~ /^A-Z/
- if name.to_s[-1] == ('='[0]) # we have a setter
- isSetter = true
- name.sub!(/=$/, '')
- end
- if valid_attribute?(name)
- if isSetter
- instance_variable_set("@#{name}", *params)
- else
- instance_variable_get("@#{name}", *params)
- end
- else
- # if no annestor is responsible,
- # the Object class will throw a NoMethodError exception
- super(namesymbol, *params)
- end
- end
-
- def new
- kid = Person.new
- kid.parent = self
- kid
- end
-
-end
-
-dad = Person.new
-dad.name = "Jason"
-dad.age = 23
-kid = dad.new
-kid.name = "Rachel"
-kid.age = 2
-puts "Kid's parent is #{kid.parent.name}"
-puts dad
-puts kid
-
-class Employee < Person
- def initialize
- super
- @ok_fields.push("salary", "boss")
- end
- def ok_fields
- @ok_fields
- end
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.13
-# The ruby garbage collector pretends to cope with circular structures.
-# You can test it with this code:
-class RingNode
- attr_accessor :next
- attr_accessor :prev
- attr_reader :name
-
- def initialize(aName)
- @name = aName
- ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self,
- self.class.method(:finalize).to_proc)
- end
-
- def RingNode.finalize(id)
- puts "Node #{id} dying"
- end
-
- def RingNode.show_all_objects
- ObjectSpace.each_object {|id|
- puts id.name if id.class == RingNode
- }
- end
-end
-
-def create_test
- a = RingNode.new("Node A")
- b = RingNode.new("Node B")
- c = RingNode.new("Node C")
- a.next = b
- b.next = c
- c.next = a
- a.prev = c
- c.prev = b
- b.prev = a
-
- a = nil
- b = nil
- c = nil
-end
-
-create_test
-RingNode.show_all_objects
-ObjectSpace.garbage_collect
-puts "After garbage collection"
-RingNode.show_all_objects
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_13.14
-class String
- def <=>(other)
- self.casecmp other
- end
-end
-
-# There is no way to directly overload the '""' (stringify)
-# operator in Ruby. However, by convention, classes which
-# can reasonably be converted to a String will define a
-# 'to_s' method as in the TimeNumber class defined below.
-# The 'puts' method will automatcally call an object's
-# 'to_s' method as is demonstrated below.
-# Furthermore, if a class defines a to_str method, an object of that
-# class can be used most any place where the interpreter is looking
-# for a String value.
-
-#---------------------------------------
-# NOTE: Ruby has a builtin Time class which would usually be used
-# to manipulate time objects, the following is supplied for
-# educational purposes to demonstrate operator overloading.
-#
-class TimeNumber
- attr_accessor :hours,:minutes,:seconds
- def initialize( hours, minutes, seconds)
- @hours = hours
- @minutes = minutes
- @seconds = seconds
- end
-
- def to_s
- return sprintf( "%d:%02d:%02d", @hours, @minutes, @seconds)
- end
-
- def to_str
- to_s
- end
-
- def +( other)
- seconds = @seconds + other.seconds
- minutes = @minutes + other.minutes
- hours = @hours + other.hours
- if seconds >= 60
- seconds %= 60
- minutes += 1
- end
- if minutes >= 60
- minutes %= 60
- hours += 1
- end
- return TimeNumber.new(hours, minutes, seconds)
- end
-
- def -(other)
- raise NotImplementedError
- end
-
- def *(other)
- raise NotImplementedError
- end
-
- def /( other)
- raise NotImplementedError
- end
-end
-
-t1 = TimeNumber.new(0, 58, 59)
-sec = TimeNumber.new(0, 0, 1)
-min = TimeNumber.new(0, 1, 0)
-puts t1 + sec + min + min
-
-#-----------------------------
-# StrNum class example: Ruby's builtin String class already has the
-# capabilities outlined in StrNum Perl example, however the '*' operator
-# on Ruby's String class acts differently: It creates a string which
-# is the original string repeated N times.
-#
-# Using Ruby's String class as is in this example:
-x = "Red"; y = "Black"
-z = x+y
-r = z*3 # r is "RedBlackRedBlackRedBlack"
-puts "values are #{x}, #{y}, #{z}, and #{r}"
-print "#{x} is ", x < y ? "LT" : "GE", " #{y}\n"
-# prints:
-# values are Red, Black, RedBlack, and RedBlackRedBlackRedBlack
-# Red is GE Black
-
-#-----------------------------
-class FixNum
- REGEX = /(\.\d*)/
- DEFAULT_PLACES = 0
- attr_accessor :value, :places
- def initialize(value, places = nil)
- @value = value
- if places
- @places = places
- else
- m = REGEX.match(value.to_s)
- if m
- @places = m[0].length - 1
- else
- @places = DEFAULT_PLACES
- end
- end
- end
-
- def +(other)
- FixNum.new(@value + other.value, max(@places, other.places))
- end
-
- def *(other)
- FixNum.new(@value * other.value, max(@places, other.places))
- end
-
- def /(other)
- puts "Divide: #{@value.to_f/other.value.to_f}"
- result = FixNum.new(@value.to_f/other.value.to_f)
- result.places = max(result.places,other.places)
- result
- end
-
- def to_s
- sprintf("STR%s: %.*f", self.class.to_s , @places, @value) #.
- end
-
- def to_str
- to_s
- end
-
- def to_i #convert to int
- @value.to_i
- end
-
- def to_f #convert to float`
- @value.to_f
- end
-
- private
- def max(a,b)
- a > b ? a : b
- end
-end
-
-def demo()
- x = FixNum.new(40)
- y = FixNum.new(12, 0)
-
- puts "sum of #{x} and #{y} is #{x+y}"
- puts "product of #{x} and #{y} is #{x*y}"
-
- z = x/y
- puts "#{z} has #{z.places} places"
- unless z.places
- z.places = 2
- end
-
- puts "div of #{x} by #{y} is #{z}"
- puts "square of that is #{z*z}"
-end
-
-if __FILE__ == $0
- demo()
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_14.1
-# There are dbm, sdbm, gdbm modules
-# and the bdb module for accessing the berkeley db
-# sdbm seem to be available on the most systems,
-# so we use it here
-#
-require "sdbm"
-SDBM.open("filename", 0666) { |dbobj|
- # raises exception if open error
-
- # the returned sdbm-dbobj has most of the methods of a hash
- v = dbobj["key"]
- dbobj["key"] = "newvalue"
- if dbobj.has_key?("key")
- # ...
- end
- dbobj.delete("key2")
-}
-# database is open only inside the block.
-
-# It is also possible to use a open .. close pair:
-dbobj = SDBM.open("filename", 0666)
-#.. do something with dbobj
-dbobj.close
-
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# userstats - generate statistics on who is logged in
-# call with usernames as argument to display the totals
-# for the given usernames, call with "ALL" to display all users
-
-require "sdbm"
-filename = '/tmp/userstats.db'
-SDBM.open(filename, 0666) { |dbobj|
- if ARGV.length > 0
- if ARGV[0] == "ALL"
- # ARGV is constant, so we need the variable userlist
- userlist = dbobj.keys().sort()
- else
- userlist = ARGV
- end
- userlist.each { |user|
- print "#{user}\t#{dbobj[user]}\n"
- }
- else
- who = `who`
- who.split("\n").each { |line|
- md = /^(\S+)/.match(line)
- raise "Bad line from who: #{line}" unless md
- # sdbm stores only strings, so "+=" doesn't work,
- # we need to convert them expicitly back to integer.
- if dbobj.has_key?(md[0])
- dbobj[md[0]] = dbobj[md[0]].to_i + 1
- else
- dbobj[md[0]] = "1"
- end
- }
- end
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_14.2
-# using open and clear
-dbobj = SDBM.open("filename", 0666)
-dbobj.clear()
-dbobj.close()
-# deleting file and recreating it
-# the filenames depend on the flavor of dbm you use,
-# for example sdbm has two files named filename.pag and filename.dir,
-# so you need to delete both files
-begin
- File.delete("filename")
- # raises Exception if not exist
- dbobj = SDBM.open("filename", 0666)
-rescue
- # add error handling here
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_14.3
-# sdbm2gdbm: converts sdbm database to a gdbm database
-require "sdbm"
-require "gdbm"
-
-unless ARGV.length == 2
- fail "usage: sdbm2gdbm infile outfile"
-end
-infile = ARGV[0]
-outfile = ARGV[1]
-
-sdb = SDBM.open(infile)
-gdb = GDBM.open(outfile, 0666)
-sdb.each { |key, val|
- gdb[key] = val
-}
-gdb.close
-sdb.close
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_14.4
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# dbmmerge: merges two dbm databases
-require "sdbm"
-
-unless ARGV.length == 3
- fail "usage: dbmmerge indb1 indb2 outdb"
-end
-infile1 = ARGV[0]
-infile2 = ARGV[0]
-outfile = ARGV[2]
-
-in1 = SDBM.open(infile1, nil)
-in2 = SDBM.open(infile2, nil)
-outdb = SDBM.open(outfile, 0666)
-
-[in1, in2].each { |indb|
- indb.each { |key, val|
- if outdb.has_key?(key)
- # decide which value to set.
- # set outdb[key] if necessary
- else
- outdb[key] = val
- end
- }
-}
-in1.close
-in2.close
-outdb.close
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_14.7
-# we write a tie method that extends the Array class.
-# It reads the file into the memory, executes the code block
-# in which you can manipulate the array as needed, and writes
-# the array back to the file after the end of the block execution
-class Array
- def tie(filename, flags)
- File.open(filename, flags) { |f|
- f.each_line { |line|
- self.push(line.chomp)
- }
- yield
- f.rewind
- each { |line|
- if line
- f.puts(line)
- else
- f.puts ""
- end
- }
- }
- end
-end
-
-array = Array.new
-array.tie("/tmp/textfile.txt", File::RDWR|File::CREAT) {
- array[4] = "a new line 4"
-}
-
-# The tied array can be manipulated like a normal array,
-# so there is no need for a special API, and the recno_demo program
-# to demonstrate is API is useless
-
-
-# tied array demo: show how to use array with a tied file
-filename = "db_file.txt"
-lines = Array.new
-File.unlink(filename) if File.exists?(filename)
-lines.tie(filename, File::RDWR | File::CREAT) {
- # first create a textfile to play with
- lines[0] = "zero"
- lines[1] = "one"
- lines[2] = "two"
- lines[3] = "three"
- lines[4] = "four"
-
- # print the records in order.
- # Opposed to perl, the tied array behaves exactly as a normal array
- puts "\nOriginal"
- for i in 0..(lines.length-1)
- puts "#{i}: #{lines[i]}"
- end
-
- #use push and pop
- a = lines.pop
- lines.push("last")
- puts("The last line was [#{a}]")
-
- #use shift and unshift
- a = lines.shift
- lines.unshift("first")
- puts("The first line was [#{a}]")
-
- # add record after record 2
- i = 2
- lines.insert(i + 1, "Newbie")
-
- # add record before record one
- i = 1
- lines.insert(i, "New One")
-
- # delete record 3
- lines.delete_at(3)
-
- #now print the records in reverse order
- puts "\nReverse"
- (lines.length - 1).downto(0){ |i|
- puts "#{i}: #{lines[i]}"
- }
-
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_14.8
-# example to store complex data in a database
-# uses marshall from the standard library
-require "sdbm"
-db = SDBM.open("pleac14-8-database", 0666)
-
-# convert the Objects into strings and back by using the Marshal module.
-# Most normal objects can be converted out of the box,
-# but not special things like procedure objects,
-# IO instance variables, singleton objects
-
-db["Tom Christiansen"] = Marshal.dump(["book author", "tchrist@perl.com"])
-db["Tom Boutell"] = Marshal.dump(["shareware author",
-"boutell@boutell.com"])
-
-name1 = "Tom Christiansen"
-name2 = "Tom Boutell"
-
-tom1 = Marshal.load(db[name1])
-tom2 = Marshal.load(db[name2])
-
-puts "Two Toming: #{tom1} #{tom2}"
-
-if tom1[0] == tom2[0] && tom1[1] == tom2[1]
- puts "You're having runtime fun with one Tom made two."
-else
- puts "No two Toms are ever alike"
-end
-
-# To change parts of an entry, get the whole entry, change the parts,
-# and save the whole entry back
-entry = Marshal.load(db["Tom Boutell"])
-entry[0] = "Poet Programmer"
-db["Tom Boutell"] = Marshal.dump(entry)
-db.close
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_14.9
-# example to make data persistent
-# uses Marshal from the standard lib
-# Stores the data in a simple file,
-# see 14.8 on how to store it in a dbm file
-
-# The BEGIN block is executed before the rest of the script
-# we use global variables here because local variables
-# will go out of scope and are not accessible from the main script
-
-BEGIN {
- $persistent_store = "persitence.dat"
- begin
- File.open($persistent_store) do |f|
- $stringvariable1 = Marshal.load(f)
- $arrayvariable2 = Marshal.load(f)
- end
- rescue
- puts "Can not open #{$persistent_store}"
- # Initialisation if this script runs the first time
- $stringvariable1 = ""
- $arrayvariable2 = []
- end
-}
-
-END {
- File.open($persistent_store, "w+") do |f|
- Marshal.dump($stringvariable1, f)
- Marshal.dump($arrayvariable2, f)
- end
-}
-
-# simple test program
-puts $stringvariable1
-puts $arrayvariable2
-$stringvariable1 = "Hello World"
-$arrayvariable2.push(5)
-puts $stringvariable1
-puts $arrayvariable2
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_14.10
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# Ruby has a dbi module with an architecture similar
-# to the Perl dbi module: the dbi module provides an unified
-# interface and uses specialized drivers for each dbms vendor
-#
-begin
- DBI.connect("DBI:driver:driverspecific", "username", "auth") {
- |dbh|
-
- dbh.do(SQL1)
-
- dbh.prepare(SQL2){ |sth|
- sth.execute
- sth.fetch {|row|
- # ...
- }
- } # end of block finishes the statement handle
- } # end of block closes the database connection
-rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e
- puts "dbi error occurred"
- puts "Error code: #{e.err}"
- puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}"
-end
-
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
-# dbusers - example for mysql which creates a table,
-# fills it with values, retrieves the values back,
-# and finally destroys the table.
-
-require "dbi"
-
-# replacement for the User::pwnt module
-def getpwent
- result = []
- File.open("/etc/passwd") {|file|
- file.each_line {|line|
- next if line.match(/^#/)
- cols = line.split(":")
- result.push([cols[2], cols[0]])
- }
- }
- result
-end
-
-begin
- DBI.connect("DBI:Mysql:pleacdatabase", "pleac", "pleacpassword") {
- |conn|
-
- conn.do("CREATE TABLE users (uid INT, login CHAR(8))")
-
- users = getpwent
-
- conn.prepare("INSERT INTO users VALUES (?,?)") {|sth|
- users.each {|entry|
- sth.execute(entry[0], entry[1])
- }
- }
-
- conn.execute("SELECT uid, login FROM users WHERE uid < 50") {|sth|
- sth.fetch {|row|
- puts row.collect {|col|
- if col.nil?
- "(null)"
- else
- col
- end
- }.join(", ")
- }
- }
-
- conn.do("DROP TABLE users")
- }
-rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e
- puts "dbi error occurred"
- puts "Error code: #{e.err}"
- puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}"
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_15.1
-# This test program demonstrates parsing program arguments.
-# It uses the optparse library, which is included with ruby 1.8
-# It handles classic unix style and gnu style options
-require 'optparse'
-
-@debugmode = false
-@verbose = false
-
-ARGV.options do |opts|
- opts.banner = "Usage: ruby #{$0} [OPTIONS] INPUTFILES"
-
- opts.on("-h", "--help", "show this message") {
- puts opts
- exit
- }
- # The OptionParser#on method is called with a specification of short
- # options, of long options, a data type spezification and user help
- # messages for this option.
- # The method analyses the given parameter and decides what it is,
- # so you can leave out the long option if you don't need it
- opts.on("-v", "--[no-]verbose=[FLAG]", TrueClass, "run verbosly") {
- |@verbose| # sets @verbose to true or false
- }
- opts.on("-D", "--DEBUG", TrueClass, "turns on debug mode" ){
- |@debugmode| # sets @debugmode to true
- }
- opts.on("-c", "--count=NUMBER", Integer, "how many times we do it" ){
- |@count| # sets @count to given integer
- }
- opts.on("-o", "--output=FILE", String, "file to write output to"){
- |@outputfile| # sets @outputfile to given string
- }
- opts.parse!
-end
-
-# example to use the options in the main program
-puts "Verbose is on" if @verbose
-puts "Debugmode is on" if @debugmode
-puts "Outfile is #{@outputfile}" if defined? @outputfile
-puts "Count is #{@count}" if defined? @count
-ARGV.each { |param|
- puts "Got parameter #{param}"
-}
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_15.4
-buf = "\0" * 8
-$stdout.ioctl(0x5413, buf)
-ws_row, ws_col, ws_xpixel, ws_ypixel = buf.unpack("S4")
-
-raise "You must have at least 20 characters" unless ws_col >= 20
-max = 0
-values = (1..5).collect { rand(20) } # generate an array[5] of rand values
-for i in values
- max = i if max < i
-end
-ratio = Float(ws_col-12)/max # chars per unit
-for i in values
- printf "%8.1f %s\n", i, "*" * (ratio*i)
-end
-
-# gives, for example:
-# 15.0 *******************************
-# 10.0 *********************
-# 5.0 **********
-# 14.0 *****************************
-# 18.0 **************************************
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.1
-output = `program args` # collect output into one multiline string
-output = `program args`.split # collect output into array, one line per
-element
-
-readme = IO.popen("ls")
-output = ""
-while readme.gets do
- output += $_
-end
-readme.close
-
-`fsck -y /dev/rsd1a` # BAD AND SCARY in Perl because it's managed by the shell
- # I donna in Ruby ...
-
-# so the "clean and secure" version
-readme, writeme = IO.pipe
-pid = fork {
- # child
- $stdout = writeme
- readme.close
- exec('find', '..')
-}
-# parent
-Process.waitpid(pid, 0)
-writeme.close
-while readme.gets do
- # do something with $_
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.2
-status = system("xemacs #{myfile}")
-
-status = system("xemacs", myfile)
-
-system("cmd1 args | cmd2 | cmd3 >outfile")
-system("cmd args <infile >outfile 2>errfile")
-
-# stop if the command fails
-raise "$program exited funny: #{$?}" unless system("cmd", "args1", "args2")
-
-# get the value of the signal sent to the child
-# even if it is a SIGINT or SIGQUIT
-system(arglist)
-raise "program killed by signal #{$?}" if ($? & 127) != 0
-
-pid = fork {
- trap("SIGINT", "IGNORE")
- exec("sleep", "10")
-}
-trap ("SIGINT") {
- puts "Tsk tsk, no process interruptus"
-}
-Process.waitpid(pid, 0)
-
-# Ruby doesn't permit to lie to the program called by a 'system'.
-# (ie specify what return argv[0] in C, $0 in Perl/Ruby ...)
-# A (dirty) way is to create a link (under Unix), run this link and
-# erase it. Somebody has a best idea ?
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.3
-exec("archive *.data")
-
-exec("archive", "accounting.data")
-
-exec("archive accounting.data")
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.4
-# read the output of a program
-IO.popen("ls") {|readme|
- while readme.gets do
- # ...
- end
-}
-# or
-readme = IO.popen("ls")
-while readme.gets do
- # ...
-end
-readme.close
-
-# "write" in a program
-IO.popen("cmd args","w") {|pipe|
- pipe.puts("data")
- pipe.puts("foo")
-}
-
-# close wait for the end of the process
-read = IO.popen("sleep 10000") # child goes to sleep
-read.close # and the parent goes to lala land
-
-writeme = IO.popen("cmd args", "w")
-writeme.puts "hello" # program will get hello\n on STDIN
-writeme.close # program will get EOF on STDIN
-
-# send in a pager (eg less) all output
-$stdout = IO.popen("/usr/bin/less","w")
-print "huge string\n" * 10000
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.5
-#-----------------------------
-def head(lines = 20)
- pid = open("|-","w")
- if pid == nil
- return
- else
- while gets() do
- pid.print
- lines -= 1
- break if lines == 0
- end
- end
- exit
-end
-
-head(100)
-while gets() do
- print
-end
-#-----------------------------
-1: > Welcome to Linux, version 2.0.33 on a i686
-
-2: >
-
-3: > "The software required `Windows 95 or better',
-
-4: > so I installed Linux."
-#-----------------------------
-> 1: Welcome to Linux, Kernel version 2.0.33 on a i686
-
-> 2:
-
-> 3: "The software required `Windows 95 or better',
-
-> 4: so I installed Linux."
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-# qnumcat - demo additive output filters
-
-def number()
- pid = open("|-","w")
- if pid == nil
- return
- else
- while gets() do pid.printf("%d: %s", $., $_); end
- end
- exit
-end
-
-def quote()
- pid = open("|-","w")
- if pid == nil
- return
- else
- while gets() do pid.print "> #{$_}" end
- end
- exit
-end
-
-number()
-quote()
-
-while gets() do
- print
-end
-$stdout.close
-exit
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.6
-ARGV.map! { |arg|
- arg =~ /\.(gz|Z)$/ ? "|gzip -dc #{arg}" : arg
-}
-for file in ARGV
- fh = open(file)
- while fh.gets() do
- # .......
- end
-end
-#-----------------------------
-ARGV.map! { |arg|
- arg =~ %r#^\w+://# ? "|GET #{arg}" : arg #
-}
-for file in ARGV
- fh = open(file)
- while fh.gets() do
- # .......
- end
-end
-#-----------------------------
-pwdinfo = (`domainname` =~ /^(\(none\))?$/) ? '/etc/passwd' : '|ypcat passwd';
-pwd = open(pwdinfo);
-#-----------------------------
-puts "File, please? ";
-file = gets().chomp();
-fh = open(file);
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.7
-output = `cmd 2>&1` # with backticks
-# or
-ph = open("|cmd 2>&1") # with an open pipe
-while ph.gets() { } # plus a read
-#-----------------------------
-output = `cmd 2>/dev/null` # with backticks
-# or
-ph = open("|cmd 2>/dev/null") # with an open pipe
-while ph.gets() { } # plus a read
-#-----------------------------
-output = `cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null` # with backticks
-# or
-ph = open("|cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null") # with an open pipe
-while ph.gets() { } # plus a read
-#-----------------------------
-output = `cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-` # with backticks
-# or
-ph = open("|cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-") # with an open pipe
-while ph.gets() { } # plus a read
-#-----------------------------
-system("program args 1>/tmp/program.stdout 2>/tmp/program.stderr")
-#-----------------------------
-output = `cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-`
-#-----------------------------
-fd3 = fd1
-fd1 = fd2
-fd2 = fd3
-fd3 = undef
-#-----------------------------
-system("prog args 1>tmpfile 2>&1")
-system("prog args 2>&1 1>tmpfile")
-#-----------------------------
-# system ("prog args 1>tmpfile 2>&1")
-fd1 = "tmpfile" # change stdout destination first
-fd2 = fd1 # now point stderr there, too
-#-----------------------------
-# system("prog args 2>&1 1>tmpfile")
-fd2 = fd1 # stderr same destination as stdout
-fd1 = "tmpfile" # but change stdout destination
-#-----------------------------
-# It is often better not to rely on the shell,
-# because of portability, possible security problems
-# and bigger resource usage. So, it is often better to use the open3 library.
-# See below for an example.
-# opening stdin, stdout, stderr
-require "open3"
-stdin, stdout, stderr = Open3.popen('cmd')
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.8
-#-----------------------------
-# Contrary to perl, we don't need to use a module in Ruby
-fh = Kernel.open("|" + program, "w+")
-fh.puts "here's your input\n"
-output = fh.gets()
-fh.close()
-#-----------------------------
-Kernel.open("|program"),"w+") # RIGHT !
-#-----------------------------
-# Ruby has already object methods for I/O handles
-#-----------------------------
-begin
- fh = Kernel.open("|" + program_and_options, "w+")
-rescue
- if ($@ ~= /^open/)
- $stderr.puts "open failed : #{$!} \n #{$@} \n"
- break
- end
- raise # reraise unforseen exception
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.13
-#% kill -l
-#HUP INT QUIT ILL TRAP ABRT BUS FPE KILL USR1 SEGV USR2 PIPE
-#ALRM TERM CHLD CONT STOP TSTP TTIN TTOU URG XCPU XFSZ VTALRM
-#PROF WINCH POLL PWR
-#-----------------------------
-#% ruby -e 'puts Signal.list.keys.join(" ")'
-#PWR USR1 BUS USR2 TERM SEGV KILL POLL STOP SYS TRAP IOT HUP INT #
-#WINCH XCPU TTIN CLD TSTP FPE IO TTOU PROF CHLD CONT PIPE ABRT
-#VTALRM QUIT ILL XFSZ URG ALRM
-#-----------------------------
-# After that, the perl script create an hash equivalent to Signal.list,
-# and an array. The array can be obtained by :
-signame = []
-Signal.list.each { |name, i| signame[i] = name }
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.14
-Process.kill(9, pid) # send $pid a signal 9
-Process.kill(-1, Process.getpgrp()) # send whole job a signal 1
-Process.kill("USR1", $$) # send myself a SIGUSR1
-Process.kill("HUP", pid1, pid2, pid3) # send a SIGHUP to processes in @pids
-#-----------------------------
-begin
- Process.kill(0, minion)
- puts "#{minion} is alive!"
-rescue Errno::EPERM # changed uid
- puts "#{minion} has escaped my control!";
-rescue Errno::ESRCH
- puts "#{minion} is deceased."; # or zombied
-rescue
- puts "Odd; I couldn't check the status of #{minion} : #{$!}"
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.15
-Kernel.trap("QUIT", got_sig_quit) # got_sig_quit = Proc.new { puts "Quit\n" }
-trap("PIPE", "got_sig_quit") # def got_sig_pipe ...
-trap("INT") { ouch++ } # increment ouch for every SIGINT
-#-----------------------------
-trap("INT", "IGNORE") # ignore the signal INT
-#-----------------------------
-trap("STOP", "DEFAULT") # restore default STOP signal handling
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.16
-# the signal handler
-def ding
- trap("INT", "ding")
- puts "\aEnter your name!"
-end
-
-# prompt for name, overriding SIGINT
-def get_name
- save = trap("INT", "ding")
-
- puts "Kindly Stranger, please enter your name: "
- name = gets().chomp()
- trap("INT", save)
- name
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_16.21
-# implemented thanks to http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/1760
-require 'timeout'
-
-# we'll do something vastly more useful than cookbook to demonstrate timeouts
-begin
- timeout(5) {
- waitsec = rand(10)
- puts "Let's see if a sleep of #{waitsec} seconds is longer than 5 seconds..."
- system("sleep #{waitsec}")
- }
- puts "Timeout didn't occur"
-rescue Timeout::Error
- puts "Timed out!"
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_17.1
-# A basic TCP client connection
-require 'socket'
-begin
- t = TCPSocket.new('www.ruby-lang.org', 'www')
-rescue
- puts "error: #{$!}"
-else
- # ... do something with the socket
- t.print "GET / HTTP/1.0\n\n"
- answer = t.gets(nil)
- # and terminate the connection when we're done
- t.close
-end
-
-# Using the evil low level socket API
-require 'socket'
-# create a socket
-s = Socket.new(Socket::AF_INET, Socket::SOCK_STREAM, 0)
-# build the address of the remote machine
-sockaddr_server = [Socket::AF_INET, 80,
- Socket.gethostbyname('www.ruby-lang.org')[3],
- 0, 0].pack("snA4NN")
-# connect
-begin
- s.connect(sockaddr_server)
-rescue
- puts "error: #{$!}"
-else
- # ... do something with the socket
- s.print "GET / HTTP/1.0\n\n"
- # and terminate the connection when we're done
- s.close
-end
-
-# TCP connection with management of error (DNS)
-require 'socket'
-begin
- client = TCPSocket.new('does not exists', 'www')
-rescue
- puts "error: #{$!}"
-end
-
-# TCP connection with a time out
-require 'socket'
-require 'timeout'
-begin
- timeout(1) do #the server has one second to answer
- client = TCPSocket.new('www.host.com', 'www')
- end
-rescue
- puts "error: #{$!}"
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_17.12
-require 'socket'
-
-class Preforker
- attr_reader (:child_count)
-
- def initialize(prefork, max_clients_per_child, port, client_handler)
- @prefork = prefork
- @max_clients_per_child = max_clients_per_child
- @port = port
- @child_count = 0
-
- @reaper = proc {
- trap('CHLD', @reaper)
- pid = Process.wait
- @child_count -= 1
- }
-
- @huntsman = proc {
- trap('CHLD', 'IGNORE')
- trap('INT', 'IGNORE')
- Process.kill('INT', 0)
- exit
- }
-
- @client_handler=client_handler
- end
-
- def child_handler
- trap('INT', 'EXIT')
- @client_handler.setUp
- # wish: sigprocmask UNblock SIGINT
- @max_clients_per_child.times {
- client = @server.accept or break
- @client_handler.handle_request(client)
- client.close
- }
- @client_handler.tearDown
- end
-
- def make_new_child
- # wish: sigprocmask block SIGINT
- @child_count += 1
- pid = fork do
- child_handler
- end
- # wish: sigprocmask UNblock SIGINT
- end
-
- def run
- @server = TCPserver.open(@port)
- trap('CHLD', @reaper)
- trap('INT', @huntsman)
- loop {
- (@prefork - @child_count).times { |i|
- make_new_child
- }
- sleep .1
- }
- end
-end
-
-#-----------------------------
-#!/usr/bin/ruby
-
-require 'Preforker'
-
-class ClientHandler
- def setUp
- end
-
- def tearDown
- end
-
- def handle_request(client)
- # do stuff
- end
-end
-
-server = Preforker.new(1, 100, 3102, ClientHandler.new)
-server.run
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_18.2
-require 'net/ftp'
-
-begin
- ftp = Net::FTP::new("ftp.host.com")
- ftp.login(username,password)
- ftp.chdir(directory)
- ftp.get(filename)
- ftp.put(filename)
-rescue Net::FTPError
- $stderr.print "FTP failed: " + $!
-ensure
- ftp.close() if ftp
-end
-
-# A better solution for a local use could be :
-Net::FTP::new("ftp.host.com") do |ftp|
- ftp.login(username,password)
- ftp.chdir(directory)
- ftp.get(filename)
- ftp.put(filename)
-end
-
-# If you have only one file to get, there is a simple solution :
-require 'open-uri'
-open("ftp://www.ruby-lang.org/path/filename") do |fh|
- # read from filehandle fh
-end
-#--------------------------------------------
-# to wait a defined time for the connection,
-# use the timeout module
-require 'timeout'
-begin
- timeout(30){
- ftp = Net::FTP::new("ftp.host.com")
- ftp.debug_mode = true
- }
-rescue Net::FTPError
- $stderr.puts "Couldn't connect."
-rescue Timeout::Error
- $stderr.puts "Timeout while connecting to server."
-end
-
-begin
- ftp.login()
-rescue Net::FTPError
- $stderr.print "Couldn't authentificate.\n"
-end
-
-begin
- ftp.login(username)
-rescue Net::FTPError
- $stderr.print "Still couldn't authenticate.\n"
-end
-
-begin
- ftp.login(username, password)
-rescue Net::FTPError
- $stderr.print "Couldn't authenticate, even with explicit
- username and password.\n"
-end
-
-begin
- ftp.login(username, password, account)
-rescue Net::FTPError
- $stderr.print "No dice. It hates me.\n"
-end
-#-----------------------------
-ftp.put(localfile, remotefile)
-#-----------------------------
-# Sending data from STDIN is not directly supported
-# by the ftp library module. A possible way to do it is to use the
-# storlines method directly to send raw commands to the ftp server.
-#-----------------------------
-ftp.get(remotefile, localfile)
-#-----------------------------
-ftp.get(remotefile) { |data| puts data }
-#-----------------------------
-ftp.chdir("/pub/ruby")
-print "I'm in the directory ", ftp.pwd(), "\n"
-#-----------------------------
-ftp.mkdir("/pub/ruby/new_dir")
-#-----------------------------
-lines = ftp.ls("/pub/ruby/")
-# => ["drwxr-xr-x 2 matz users 4096 July 17 1998 1.0", ... ]
-
-latest = ftp.dir("/pub/ruby/*.tgz").sort.last
-
-ftp.nlst("/pub/ruby")
-# => ["/pub/ruby/1.0", ... ]
-#-----------------------------
-ftp.quit()
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_18.6
-require 'net/telnet'
-t = Net::Telnet::new( "Timeout" => 10,
- "Prompt" => /%/,
- "Host" => host )
-t.login(username, password)
-files = t.cmd("ls")
-t.print("top")
-process_string = t.waitfor(/\d+ processes/)
-t.close
-#-----------------------------
-/[$%#>] \z/n
-#-----------------------------
-# In case of an error, the telnet module throws an exception.
-# For control of the behavior in case of an error,
-# you just need to catch the exceptions and do your custom
-# error handling.
-#-----------------------------
-begin
- telnet.login(username, password)
-rescue TimeoutError
- fail "Login failed !\n"
-end
-#-----------------------------
-telnet.waitfor('/--more--/')
-#-----------------------------
-telnet.waitfor(String => 'greasy smoke', Timeout => 30)
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_18.7
-require 'ping'
-
-puts "#{host} is alive.\n" if Ping.pingecho(host);
-#-----------------------------
-# the ping module only use TCP ping, not ICMP even if we are root
-if Ping.pingecho("kingkong.com")
- puts "The giant ape lives!\n";
-else
- puts "All hail mighty Gamera, friend of children!\n";
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_19.1
-#!/usr/local/bin/ruby -w
-# hiweb - load CGI class to decode information given by web server
-
-require 'cgi'
-
-cgi = CGI.new('html3')
-
-# get a parameter from a form
-value = cgi.params['PARAM_NAME'][0]
-
-# output a document
-cgi.out {
- cgi.html {
- cgi.head { cgi.title { "Howdy there!" } } +
- cgi.body { cgi.p { "You typed: " + cgi.tt {
- CGI.escapeHTML(value) } } }
- }
-}
-
-require 'cgi'
-cgi = CGI.new
-who = cgi.param["Name"][0] # first param in list
-phone = cgi.param["Number"][0]
-picks = cgi.param["Choices"] # complete list
-
-print cgi.header( 'type' => 'text/plain',
- 'expires' => Time.now + (3 * 24 * 60 * 60) )
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_19.3
-#!/usr/local/bin/ruby -w
-# webwhoami - show web user's id
-require 'etc'
-print "Content-Type: text/plain\n\n"
-print "Running as " + Etc.getpwuid.name + "\n"
-
-# % ruby -wc cgi-script # just check syntax
-
-# % ruby -w cgi-script # params from stdin
-# (offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input)
-# name=joe
-# number=10
-# ^D
-
-# % ruby -w cgi-script name=joe number=10 # run with mock form input
-# % ruby -d cgi-script name=joe number=10 # ditto, under the debugger
-
-# POST method script in csh
-# % (setenv HTTP_METHOD POST; ruby -w cgi-script name=joe number=10)
-# POST method script in sh
-# % HTTP_METHOD=POST perl -w cgi-script name=joe number=10
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_19.4
-# ruby has several security levels, the level "1" is similar to perls taint mode.
-# It can be switched on by providing the -T command line parameter
-# or by setting $SAFE to 1. Setting $SAFE to 2,3 or 4 restricts possible
-# harmful operations further.
-
-#!/usr/bin/ruby -T
-$SAFE = 1
-File.open(ARGV[0], "w")
-# ruby warns with:
-# taint1.rb:2:in `initialize': Insecure operation - initialize (SecurityError)
-
-$SAFE = 1
-file = ARGV[0]
-unless /^([\w.-]+)$/.match(file)
- raise "filename #{file} has invalid characters"
-end
-file = $1
-# In ruby, even the back reference from a regular expression stays tainted.
-# you need to explicitly untaint the variable:
-file.untaint
-File.open(file, "w")
-
-# Race condition exists like in perl:
-unless File.exists(filename) # Wrong because of race condition
- File.open(filename, "w")
-end
-
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_19.10
-preference_value = cgi.cookies["preference name"][0]
-
-packed_cookie = CGI::Cookie.new("name" => "preference name",
- "value" => "whatever you'd like",
- "expires" => Time.local(Time.now.year + 2,
- Time.now.mon, Time.now.day, Time.now.hour, Time.now.min, Time.now.sec) )
-
-cgi.header("cookie" => [packed_cookie])
-
-#!/usr/local/bin/ruby -w
-# ic_cookies - sample CGI script that uses a cookie
-require 'cgi'
-
-cgi = CGI.new('html3')
-
-cookname = "favorite ice cream"
-favorite = cgi.params["flavor"][0]
-tasty = cgi.cookies[cookname][0] || 'mint'
-
-unless favorite
- cgi.out {
- cgi.html {
- cgi.head { cgi.title { "Ice Cookies" } } +
- cgi.body {
- cgi.h1 { "Hello Ice Cream" } +
- cgi.hr +
- cgi.form {
- cgi.p { "Please select a flavor: " +
- cgi.text_field("flavor", tasty ) }
- } +
- cgi.hr
- }
- }
- }
-else
- cookie = CGI::Cookie.new( "name" => cookname,
- "value" => favorite,
- "expires" => Time.local(Time.now.year + 2,
-Time.now.mon, Time.now.day, Time.now.hour, Time.now.min, Time.now.sec) )
- cgi.out("cookie" => [cookie]) {
- cgi.html {
- cgi.head { cgi.title { "Ice Cookies" } } +
- cgi.body {
- cgi.h1 { "Hello Ice Cream" } +
- cgi.p { "You chose as your favorite flavor `#{favorite}'." }
- }
- }
- }
-end
-
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_20.9
-def templatefile(filename, fillings)
- aFile = File.new(filename, "r")
- text = aFile.read()
- aFile.close()
- pattern = Regexp.new('%%(.*?)%%')
- text.gsub!(pattern) {
- fillings[$1] || ""
- }
- text
-end
-
-fields = {
- 'username' => whats_his_name,
- 'count' => login_count,
- 'total' => minutes_used
-}
-puts templatefile('simple.template', fields)
-
-# @@INCOMPLETE@@
-# An example using databases is missing
-
+module CodeRay + module Scanners + +class Ruby < Scanner + + RESERVED_WORDS = [ + 'and', 'def', 'end', 'in', 'or', 'unless', 'begin', + 'defined?', 'ensure', 'module', 'redo', 'super', 'until', + 'BEGIN', 'break', 'do', 'next', 'rescue', 'then', + 'when', 'END', 'case', 'else', 'for', 'retry', + 'while', 'alias', 'class', 'elsif', 'if', 'not', 'return', + 'undef', 'yield', + ] + + DEF_KEYWORDS = ['def'] + MODULE_KEYWORDS = ['class', 'module'] + DEF_NEW_STATE = WordList.new(:initial). + add(DEF_KEYWORDS, :def_expected). + add(MODULE_KEYWORDS, :module_expected) + + WORDS_ALLOWING_REGEXP = [ + 'and', 'or', 'not', 'while', 'until', 'unless', 'if', 'elsif', 'when' + ] + REGEXP_ALLOWED = WordList.new(false). + add(WORDS_ALLOWING_REGEXP, :set) + + PREDEFINED_CONSTANTS = [ + 'nil', 'true', 'false', 'self', + 'DATA', 'ARGV', 'ARGF', '__FILE__', '__LINE__', + ] + + IDENT_KIND = WordList.new(:ident). + add(RESERVED_WORDS, :reserved). + add(PREDEFINED_CONSTANTS, :pre_constant) + + METHOD_NAME = / #{IDENT} [?!]? /xo + METHOD_NAME_EX = / + #{METHOD_NAME} # common methods: split, foo=, empty?, gsub! + | \*\*? # multiplication and power + | [-+~]@? # plus, minus + | [\/%&|^`] # division, modulo or format strings, &and, |or, ^xor, `system` + | \[\]=? # array getter and setter + | <=?>? | >=? # comparison, rocket operator + | << | >> # append or shift left, shift right + | ===? # simple equality and case equality + /ox + GLOBAL_VARIABLE = / \$ (?: #{IDENT} | \d+ | [~&+`'=\/,;_.<>!@0$?*":F\\] | -[a-zA-Z_0-9] ) /ox + + DOUBLEQ = / " [^"\#\\]* (?: (?: \#\{.*?\} | \#(?:$")? | \\. ) [^"\#\\]* )* "? /ox + SINGLEQ = / ' [^'\\]* (?: \\. [^'\\]* )* '? /ox + STRING = / #{SINGLEQ} | #{DOUBLEQ} /ox + SHELL = / ` [^`\#\\]* (?: (?: \#\{.*?\} | \#(?:$`)? | \\. ) [^`\#\\]* )* `? /ox + REGEXP = / \/ [^\/\#\\]* (?: (?: \#\{.*?\} | \#(?:$\/)? | \\. ) [^\/\#\\]* )* \/? /ox + + DECIMAL = /\d+(?:_\d+)*/ # doesn't recognize 09 as octal error + OCTAL = /0_?[0-7]+(?:_[0-7]+)*/ + HEXADECIMAL = /0x[0-9A-Fa-f]+(?:_[0-9A-Fa-f]+)*/ + BINARY = /0b[01]+(?:_[01]+)*/ + + EXPONENT = / [eE] [+-]? #{DECIMAL} /ox + FLOAT = / #{DECIMAL} (?: #{EXPONENT} | \. #{DECIMAL} #{EXPONENT}? ) / + INTEGER = /#{OCTAL}|#{HEXADECIMAL}|#{BINARY}|#{DECIMAL}/ + + def reset + super + @regexp_allowed = false + end + + def next_token + return if @scanner.eos? + + kind = :error + if @scanner.scan(/\s+/) # in every state + kind = :space + @regexp_allowed = :set if @regexp_allowed or @scanner.matched.index(?\n) # delayed flag setting + + elsif @state == :def_expected + if @scanner.scan(/ (?: (?:#{IDENT}(?:\.|::))* | (?:@@?|$)? #{IDENT}(?:\.|::) ) #{METHOD_NAME_EX} /ox) + kind = :method + @state = :initial + else + @scanner.getch + end + @state = :initial + + elsif @state == :module_expected + if @scanner.scan(/<</) + kind = :operator + else + if @scanner.scan(/ (?: #{IDENT} (?:\.|::))* #{IDENT} /ox) + kind = :method + else + @scanner.getch + end + @state = :initial + end + + elsif # state == :initial + # IDENTIFIERS, KEYWORDS + if @scanner.scan(GLOBAL_VARIABLE) + kind = :global_variable + elsif @scanner.scan(/ @@ #{IDENT} /ox) + kind = :class_variable + elsif @scanner.scan(/ @ #{IDENT} /ox) + kind = :instance_variable + elsif @scanner.scan(/ __END__\n ( (?!\#CODE\#) .* )? | \#[^\n]* | =begin(?=\s).*? \n=end(?=\s|\z)(?:[^\n]*)? /mx) + kind = :comment + elsif @scanner.scan(METHOD_NAME) + if @last_token_dot + kind = :ident + else + matched = @scanner.matched + kind = IDENT_KIND[matched] + if kind == :ident and matched =~ /^[A-Z]/ + kind = :constant + elsif kind == :reserved + @state = DEF_NEW_STATE[matched] + @regexp_allowed = REGEXP_ALLOWED[matched] + end + end + + elsif @scanner.scan(STRING) + kind = :string + elsif @scanner.scan(SHELL) + kind = :shell + elsif @scanner.scan(/<< + (?: + ([a-zA-Z_0-9]+) + (?: .*? ^\1$ | .* ) + | + -([a-zA-Z_0-9]+) + (?: .*? ^\s*\2$ | .* ) + | + (["\'`]) (.+?) \3 + (?: .*? ^\4$ | .* ) + | + - (["\'`]) (.+?) \5 + (?: .*? ^\s*\6$ | .* ) + ) + /mxo) + kind = :string + elsif @scanner.scan(/\//) and @regexp_allowed + @scanner.unscan + @scanner.scan(REGEXP) + kind = :regexp +/%(?:[Qqxrw](?:\([^)#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^)#\\\\]*)*\)?|\[[^\]#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^\]#\\\\]*)*\]?|\{[^}#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^}#\\\\]*)*\}?|<[^>#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^>#\\\\]*)*>?|([^a-zA-Z\\\\])(?:(?!\1)[^#\\\\])*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)(?:(?!\1)[^#\\\\])*)*\1?)|\([^)#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^)#\\\\]*)*\)?|\[[^\]#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^\]#\\\\]*)*\]?|\{[^}#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^}#\\\\]*)*\}?|<[^>#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)[^>#\\\\]*)*>?|([^a-zA-Z\s\\\\])(?:(?!\2)[^#\\\\])*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#|\\\\.)(?:(?!\2)[^#\\\\])*)*\2?|\\\\[^#\\\\]*(?:(?:#\{.*?\}|#)[^#\\\\]*)*\\\\?)/ + elsif @scanner.scan(/:(?:#{GLOBAL_VARIABLE}|#{METHOD_NAME_EX}|#{STRING})/ox) + kind = :symbol + elsif @scanner.scan(/ + \? (?: + [^\s\\] + | + \\ (?:M-\\C-|C-\\M-|M-\\c|c\\M-|c|C-|M-))? (?: \\ (?: . | [0-7]{3} | x[0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f] ) + ) + /mox) + kind = :integer + + elsif @scanner.scan(/ [-+*\/%=<>;,|&!()\[\]{}~?] | \.\.?\.? | ::? /x) + kind = :operator + @regexp_allowed = :set if @scanner.matched[-1,1] =~ /[~=!<>|&^,\(\[+\-\/\*%]\z/ + elsif @scanner.scan(FLOAT) + kind = :float + elsif @scanner.scan(INTEGER) + kind = :integer + else + @scanner.getch + end + end + + token = Token.new @scanner.matched, kind + + if kind == :regexp + token.text << @scanner.scan(/[eimnosux]*/) + end + + @regexp_allowed = (@regexp_allowed == :set) # delayed flag setting + + token + end +end + +register Ruby, 'ruby', 'rb' + + end +end +class Set + include Enumerable + + # Creates a new set containing the given objects. + def self.[](*ary) + new(ary) + end + + # Creates a new set containing the elements of the given enumerable + # object. + # + # If a block is given, the elements of enum are preprocessed by the + # given block. + def initialize(enum = nil, &block) # :yields: o + @hash ||= Hash.new + + enum.nil? and return + + if block + enum.each { |o| add(block[o]) } + else + merge(enum) + end + end + + # Copy internal hash. + def initialize_copy(orig) + @hash = orig.instance_eval{@hash}.dup + end + + # Returns the number of elements. + def size + @hash.size + end + alias length size + + # Returns true if the set contains no elements. + def empty? + @hash.empty? + end + + # Removes all elements and returns self. + def clear + @hash.clear + self + end + + # Replaces the contents of the set with the contents of the given + # enumerable object and returns self. + def replace(enum) + if enum.class == self.class + @hash.replace(enum.instance_eval { @hash }) + else + enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable" + clear + enum.each { |o| add(o) } + end + + self + end + + # Converts the set to an array. The order of elements is uncertain. + def to_a + @hash.keys + end + + def flatten_merge(set, seen = Set.new) + set.each { |e| + if e.is_a?(Set) + if seen.include?(e_id = e.object_id) + raise ArgumentError, "tried to flatten recursive Set" + end + + seen.add(e_id) + flatten_merge(e, seen) + seen.delete(e_id) + else + add(e) + end + } + + self + end + protected :flatten_merge + + # Returns a new set that is a copy of the set, flattening each + # containing set recursively. + def flatten + self.class.new.flatten_merge(self) + end + + # Equivalent to Set#flatten, but replaces the receiver with the + # result in place. Returns nil if no modifications were made. + def flatten! + if detect { |e| e.is_a?(Set) } + replace(flatten()) + else + nil + end + end + + # Returns true if the set contains the given object. + def include?(o) + @hash.include?(o) + end + alias member? include? + + # Returns true if the set is a superset of the given set. + def superset?(set) + set.is_a?(Set) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set" + return false if size < set.size + set.all? { |o| include?(o) } + end + + # Returns true if the set is a proper superset of the given set. + def proper_superset?(set) + set.is_a?(Set) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set" + return false if size <= set.size + set.all? { |o| include?(o) } + end + + # Returns true if the set is a subset of the given set. + def subset?(set) + set.is_a?(Set) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set" + return false if set.size < size + all? { |o| set.include?(o) } + end + + # Returns true if the set is a proper subset of the given set. + def proper_subset?(set) + set.is_a?(Set) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be a set" + return false if set.size <= size + all? { |o| set.include?(o) } + end + + # Calls the given block once for each element in the set, passing + # the element as parameter. + def each + @hash.each_key { |o| yield(o) } + self + end + + # Adds the given object to the set and returns self. Use +merge+ to + # add several elements at once. + def add(o) + @hash[o] = true + self + end + alias << add + + # Adds the given object to the set and returns self. If the + # object is already in the set, returns nil. + def add?(o) + if include?(o) + nil + else + add(o) + end + end + + # Deletes the given object from the set and returns self. Use +subtract+ to + # delete several items at once. + def delete(o) + @hash.delete(o) + self + end + + # Deletes the given object from the set and returns self. If the + # object is not in the set, returns nil. + def delete?(o) + if include?(o) + delete(o) + else + nil + end + end + + # Deletes every element of the set for which block evaluates to + # true, and returns self. + def delete_if + @hash.delete_if { |o,| yield(o) } + self + end + + # Do collect() destructively. + def collect! + set = self.class.new + each { |o| set << yield(o) } + replace(set) + end + alias map! collect! + + # Equivalent to Set#delete_if, but returns nil if no changes were + # made. + def reject! + n = size + delete_if { |o| yield(o) } + size == n ? nil : self + end + + # Merges the elements of the given enumerable object to the set and + # returns self. + def merge(enum) + if enum.is_a?(Set) + @hash.update(enum.instance_eval { @hash }) + else + enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable" + enum.each { |o| add(o) } + end + + self + end + + # Deletes every element that appears in the given enumerable object + # and returns self. + def subtract(enum) + enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable" + enum.each { |o| delete(o) } + self + end + + # Returns a new set built by merging the set and the elements of the + # given enumerable object. + def |(enum) + enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable" + dup.merge(enum) + end + alias + | ## + alias union | ## + + # Returns a new set built by duplicating the set, removing every + # element that appears in the given enumerable object. + def -(enum) + enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable" + dup.subtract(enum) + end + alias difference - ## + + # Returns a new array containing elements common to the set and the + # given enumerable object. + def &(enum) + enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable" + n = self.class.new + enum.each { |o| n.add(o) if include?(o) } + n + end + alias intersection & ## + + # Returns a new array containing elements exclusive between the set + # and the given enumerable object. (set ^ enum) is equivalent to + # ((set | enum) - (set & enum)). + def ^(enum) + enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable" + n = dup + enum.each { |o| if n.include?(o) then n.delete(o) else n.add(o) end } + n + end + + # Returns true if two sets are equal. The equality of each couple + # of elements is defined according to Object#eql?. + def ==(set) + equal?(set) and return true + + set.is_a?(Set) && size == set.size or return false + + hash = @hash.dup + set.all? { |o| hash.include?(o) } + end + + def hash # :nodoc: + @hash.hash + end + + def eql?(o) # :nodoc: + return false unless o.is_a?(Set) + @hash.eql?(o.instance_eval{@hash}) + end + + # Classifies the set by the return value of the given block and + # returns a hash of {value => set of elements} pairs. The block is + # called once for each element of the set, passing the element as + # parameter. + # + # e.g.: + # + # require 'set' + # files = Set.new(Dir.glob("*.rb")) + # hash = files.classify { |f| File.mtime(f).year } + # p hash # => {2000=>#<Set: {"a.rb", "b.rb"}>, + # # 2001=>#<Set: {"c.rb", "d.rb", "e.rb"}>, + # # 2002=>#<Set: {"f.rb"}>} + def classify # :yields: o + h = {} + + each { |i| + x = yield(i) + (h[x] ||= self.class.new).add(i) + } + + h + end + + # Divides the set into a set of subsets according to the commonality + # defined by the given block. + # + # If the arity of the block is 2, elements o1 and o2 are in common + # if block.call(o1, o2) is true. Otherwise, elements o1 and o2 are + # in common if block.call(o1) == block.call(o2). + # + # e.g.: + # + # require 'set' + # numbers = Set[1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11] + # set = numbers.divide { |i,j| (i - j).abs == 1 } + # p set # => #<Set: {#<Set: {1}>, + # # #<Set: {11, 9, 10}>, + # # #<Set: {3, 4}>, + # # #<Set: {6}>}> + def divide(&func) + if func.arity == 2 + require 'tsort' + + class << dig = {} # :nodoc: + include TSort + + alias tsort_each_node each_key + def tsort_each_child(node, &block) + fetch(node).each(&block) + end + end + + each { |u| + dig[u] = a = [] + each{ |v| func.call(u, v) and a << v } + } + + set = Set.new() + dig.each_strongly_connected_component { |css| + set.add(self.class.new(css)) + } + set + else + Set.new(classify(&func).values) + end + end + + InspectKey = :__inspect_key__ # :nodoc: + + # Returns a string containing a human-readable representation of the + # set. ("#<Set: {element1, element2, ...}>") + def inspect + ids = (Thread.current[InspectKey] ||= []) + + if ids.include?(object_id) + return sprintf('#<%s: {...}>', self.class.name) + end + + begin + ids << object_id + return sprintf('#<%s: {%s}>', self.class, to_a.inspect[1..-2]) + ensure + ids.pop + end + end + + def pretty_print(pp) # :nodoc: + pp.text sprintf('#<%s: {', self.class.name) + pp.nest(1) { + pp.seplist(self) { |o| + pp.pp o + } + } + pp.text "}>" + end + + def pretty_print_cycle(pp) # :nodoc: + pp.text sprintf('#<%s: {%s}>', self.class.name, empty? ? '' : '...') + end +end + +# SortedSet implements a set which elements are sorted in order. See Set. +class SortedSet < Set + @@setup = false + + class << self + def [](*ary) # :nodoc: + new(ary) + end + + def setup # :nodoc: + @@setup and return + + begin + require 'rbtree' + + module_eval %{ + def initialize(*args, &block) + @hash = RBTree.new + super + end + } + rescue LoadError + module_eval %{ + def initialize(*args, &block) + @keys = nil + super + end + + def clear + @keys = nil + super + end + + def replace(enum) + @keys = nil + super + end + + def add(o) + @keys = nil + @hash[o] = true + self + end + alias << add + + def delete(o) + @keys = nil + @hash.delete(o) + self + end + + def delete_if + n = @hash.size + @hash.delete_if { |o,| yield(o) } + @keys = nil if @hash.size != n + self + end + + def merge(enum) + @keys = nil + super + end + + def each + to_a.each { |o| yield(o) } + end + + def to_a + (@keys = @hash.keys).sort! unless @keys + @keys + end + } + end + + @@setup = true + end + end + + def initialize(*args, &block) # :nodoc: + SortedSet.setup + initialize(*args, &block) + end +end + +module Enumerable + # Makes a set from the enumerable object with given arguments. + def to_set(klass = Set, *args, &block) + klass.new(self, *args, &block) + end +end + +# =begin +# == RestricedSet class +# RestricedSet implements a set with restrictions defined by a given +# block. +# +# === Super class +# Set +# +# === Class Methods +# --- RestricedSet::new(enum = nil) { |o| ... } +# --- RestricedSet::new(enum = nil) { |rset, o| ... } +# Creates a new restricted set containing the elements of the given +# enumerable object. Restrictions are defined by the given block. +# +# If the block's arity is 2, it is called with the RestrictedSet +# itself and an object to see if the object is allowed to be put in +# the set. +# +# Otherwise, the block is called with an object to see if the object +# is allowed to be put in the set. +# +# === Instance Methods +# --- restriction_proc +# Returns the restriction procedure of the set. +# +# =end +# +# class RestricedSet < Set +# def initialize(*args, &block) +# @proc = block or raise ArgumentError, "missing a block" +# +# if @proc.arity == 2 +# instance_eval %{ +# def add(o) +# @hash[o] = true if @proc.call(self, o) +# self +# end +# alias << add +# +# def add?(o) +# if include?(o) || !@proc.call(self, o) +# nil +# else +# @hash[o] = true +# self +# end +# end +# +# def replace(enum) +# enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable" +# clear +# enum.each { |o| add(o) } +# +# self +# end +# +# def merge(enum) +# enum.is_a?(Enumerable) or raise ArgumentError, "value must be enumerable" +# enum.each { |o| add(o) } +# +# self +# end +# } +# else +# instance_eval %{ +# def add(o) +# if @proc.call(o) +# @hash[o] = true +# end +# self +# end +# alias << add +# +# def add?(o) +# if include?(o) || !@proc.call(o) +# nil +# else +# @hash[o] = true +# self +# end +# end +# } +# end +# +# super(*args) +# end +# +# def restriction_proc +# @proc +# end +# end + +if $0 == __FILE__ + eval DATA.read, nil, $0, __LINE__+4 +end + +# = rweb - CGI Support Library +# +# Author:: Johannes Barre (mailto:rweb@igels.net) +# Copyright:: Copyright (c) 2003, 04 by Johannes Barre +# License:: GNU Lesser General Public License (COPYING, http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html) +# Version:: 0.1.0 +# CVS-ID:: $Id: rweb.rb 6 2004-06-16 15:56:26Z igel $ +# +# == What is Rweb? +# Rweb is a replacement for the cgi class included in the ruby distribution. +# +# == How to use +# +# === Basics +# +# This class is made to be as easy as possible to use. An example: +# +# require "rweb" +# +# web = Rweb.new +# web.out do +# web.puts "Hello world!" +# end +# +# The visitor will get a simple "Hello World!" in his browser. Please notice, +# that won't set html-tags for you, so you should better do something like this: +# +# require "rweb" +# +# web = Rweb.new +# web.out do +# web.puts "<html><body>Hello world!</body></html>" +# end +# +# === Set headers +# Of course, it's also possible to tell the browser, that the content of this +# page is plain text instead of html code: +# +# require "rweb" +# +# web = Rweb.new +# web.out do +# web.header("content-type: text/plain") +# web.puts "Hello plain world!" +# end +# +# Please remember, headers can't be set after the page content has been send. +# You have to set all nessessary headers before the first puts oder print. It's +# possible to cache the content until everything is complete. Doing it this +# way, you can set headers everywhere. +# +# If you set a header twice, the second header will replace the first one. The +# header name is not casesensitive, it will allways converted in to the +# capitalised form suggested by the w3c (http://w3.org) +# +# === Set cookies +# Setting cookies is quite easy: +# include 'rweb' +# +# web = Rweb.new +# Cookie.new("Visits", web.cookies['visits'].to_i +1) +# web.out do +# web.puts "Welcome back! You visited this page #{web.cookies['visits'].to_i +1} times" +# end +# +# See the class Cookie for more details. +# +# === Get form and cookie values +# There are four ways to submit data from the browser to the server and your +# ruby script: via GET, POST, cookies and file upload. Rweb doesn't support +# file upload by now. +# +# include 'rweb' +# +# web = Rweb.new +# web.out do +# web.print "action: #{web.get['action']} " +# web.puts "The value of the cookie 'visits' is #{web.cookies['visits']}" +# web.puts "The post parameter 'test['x']' is #{web.post['test']['x']}" +# end + +RWEB_VERSION = "0.1.0" +RWEB = "rweb/#{RWEB_VERSION}" + +#require 'rwebcookie' -> edit by bunny :-) + +class Rweb + # All parameter submitted via the GET method are available in attribute + # get. This is Hash, where every parameter is available as a key-value + # pair. + # + # If your input tag has a name like this one, it's value will be available + # as web.get["fieldname"] + # <input name="fieldname"> + # You can submit values as a Hash + # <input name="text['index']"> + # <input name="text['index2']"> + # will be available as + # web.get["text"]["index"] + # web.get["text"]["index2"] + # Integers are also possible + # <input name="int[2]"> + # <input name="int[3]['hi']> + # will be available as + # web.get["int"][2] + # web.get["int"][3]["hi"] + # If you specify no index, the lowest unused index will be used: + # <input name="int[]"><!-- First Field --> + # <input name="int[]"><!-- Second one --> + # will be available as + # web.get["int"][0] # First Field + # web.get["int"][1] # Second one + # Please notice, this doesn'd work like you might expect: + # <input name="text[index]"> + # It will not be available as web.get["text"]["index"] but + # web.get["text[index]"] + attr_reader :get + + # All parameters submitted via POST are available in the attribute post. It + # works like the get attribute. + # <input name="text[0]"> + # will be available as + # web.post["text"][0] + attr_reader :post + + # All cookies submitted by the browser are available in cookies. This is a + # Hash, where every cookie is a key-value pair. + attr_reader :cookies + + # The name of the browser identification is submitted as USER_AGENT and + # available in this attribute. + attr_reader :user_agent + + # The IP address of the client. + attr_reader :remote_addr + + # Creates a new Rweb object. This should only done once. You can set various + # options via the settings hash. + # + # "cache" => true: Everything you script send to the client will be cached + # until the end of the out block or until flush is called. This way, you + # can modify headers and cookies even after printing something to the client. + # + # "safe" => level: Changes the $SAFE attribute. By default, $SAFE will be set + # to 1. If $SAFE is already higher than this value, it won't be changed. + # + # "silend" => true: Normaly, Rweb adds automaticly a header like this + # "X-Powered-By: Rweb/x.x.x (Ruby/y.y.y)". With the silend option you can + # suppress this. + def initialize (settings = {}) + # {{{ + @header = {} + @cookies = {} + @get = {} + @post = {} + + # Internal attributes + @status = nil + @reasonPhrase = nil + @setcookies = [] + @output_started = false; + @output_allowed = false; + + @mod_ruby = false + @env = ENV.to_hash + + if defined?(MOD_RUBY) + @output_method = "mod_ruby" + @mod_ruby = true + elsif @env['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] =~ /^Microsoft-IIS/i + @output_method = "nph" + else + @output_method = "ph" + end + + unless settings.is_a?(Hash) + raise TypeError, "settings must be a Hash" + end + @settings = settings + + unless @settings.has_key?("safe") + @settings["safe"] = 1 + end + + if $SAFE < @settings["safe"] + $SAFE = @settings["safe"] + end + + unless @settings.has_key?("cache") + @settings["cache"] = false + end + + # mod_ruby sets no QUERY_STRING variable, if no GET-Parameters are given + unless @env.has_key?("QUERY_STRING") + @env["QUERY_STRING"] = "" + end + + # Now we split the QUERY_STRING by the seperators & and ; or, if + # specified, settings['get seperator'] + unless @settings.has_key?("get seperator") + get_args = @env['QUERY_STRING'].split(/[&;]/) + else + get_args = @env['QUERY_STRING'].split(@settings['get seperator']) + end + + get_args.each do | arg | + arg_key, arg_val = arg.split(/=/, 2) + arg_key = Rweb::unescape(arg_key) + arg_val = Rweb::unescape(arg_val) + + # Parse names like name[0], name['text'] or name[] + pattern = /^(.+)\[("[^\]]*"|'[^\]]*'|[0-9]*)\]$/ + keys = [] + while match = pattern.match(arg_key) + arg_key = match[1] + keys = [match[2]] + keys + end + keys = [arg_key] + keys + + akt = @get + last = nil + lastkey = nil + keys.each do |key| + if key == "" + # No key specified (like in "test[]"), so we use the + # lowerst unused Integer as key + key = 0 + while akt.has_key?(key) + key += 1 + end + elsif /^[0-9]*$/ =~ key + # If the index is numerical convert it to an Integer + key = key.to_i + elsif key[0].chr == "'" || key[0].chr == '"' + key = key[1, key.length() -2] + end + if !akt.has_key?(key) || !akt[key].class == Hash + # create an empty Hash if there isn't already one + akt[key] = {} + end + last = akt + lastkey = key + akt = akt[key] + end + last[lastkey] = arg_val + end + + if @env['REQUEST_METHOD'] == "POST" + if @env.has_key?("CONTENT_TYPE") && @env['CONTENT_TYPE'] == "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" && @env.has_key?('CONTENT_LENGTH') + unless @settings.has_key?("post seperator") + post_args = $stdin.read(@env['CONTENT_LENGTH'].to_i).split(/[&;]/) + else + post_args = $stdin.read(@env['CONTENT_LENGTH'].to_i).split(@settings['post seperator']) + end + post_args.each do | arg | + arg_key, arg_val = arg.split(/=/, 2) + arg_key = Rweb::unescape(arg_key) + arg_val = Rweb::unescape(arg_val) + + # Parse names like name[0], name['text'] or name[] + pattern = /^(.+)\[("[^\]]*"|'[^\]]*'|[0-9]*)\]$/ + keys = [] + while match = pattern.match(arg_key) + arg_key = match[1] + keys = [match[2]] + keys + end + keys = [arg_key] + keys + + akt = @post + last = nil + lastkey = nil + keys.each do |key| + if key == "" + # No key specified (like in "test[]"), so we use + # the lowerst unused Integer as key + key = 0 + while akt.has_key?(key) + key += 1 + end + elsif /^[0-9]*$/ =~ key + # If the index is numerical convert it to an Integer + key = key.to_i + elsif key[0].chr == "'" || key[0].chr == '"' + key = key[1, key.length() -2] + end + if !akt.has_key?(key) || !akt[key].class == Hash + # create an empty Hash if there isn't already one + akt[key] = {} + end + last = akt + lastkey = key + akt = akt[key] + end + last[lastkey] = arg_val + end + else + # Maybe we should print a warning here? + $stderr.print("Unidentified form data recived and discarded.") + end + end + + if @env.has_key?("HTTP_COOKIE") + cookie = @env['HTTP_COOKIE'].split(/; ?/) + cookie.each do | c | + cookie_key, cookie_val = c.split(/=/, 2) + + @cookies [Rweb::unescape(cookie_key)] = Rweb::unescape(cookie_val) + end + end + + if defined?(@env['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) + @user_agent = @env['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] + else + @user_agent = nil; + end + + if defined?(@env['REMOTE_ADDR']) + @remote_addr = @env['REMOTE_ADDR'] + else + @remote_addr = nil + end + # }}} + end + + # Prints a String to the client. If caching is enabled, the String will + # buffered until the end of the out block ends. + def print(str = "") + # {{{ + unless @output_allowed + raise "You just can write to output inside of a Rweb::out-block" + end + + if @settings["cache"] + @buffer += [str.to_s] + else + unless @output_started + sendHeaders + end + $stdout.print(str) + end + nil + # }}} + end + + # Prints a String to the client and adds a line break at the end. Please + # remember, that a line break is not visible in HTML, use the <br> HTML-Tag + # for this. If caching is enabled, the String will buffered until the end + # of the out block ends. + def puts(str = "") + # {{{ + self.print(str + "\n") + # }}} + end + + # Alias to print. + def write(str = "") + # {{{ + self.print(str) + # }}} + end + + # If caching is enabled, all cached data are send to the cliend and the + # cache emptied. + def flush + # {{{ + unless @output_allowed + raise "You can't use flush outside of a Rweb::out-block" + end + buffer = @buffer.join + + unless @output_started + sendHeaders + end + $stdout.print(buffer) + + @buffer = [] + # }}} + end + + # Sends one or more header to the client. All headers are cached just + # before body data are send to the client. If the same header are set + # twice, only the last value is send. + # + # Example: + # web.header("Last-Modified: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 20:15:41 GMT") + # web.header("Location: http://www.ruby-lang.org") + # + # You can specify more than one header at the time by doing something like + # this: + # web.header("Content-Type: text/plain\nContent-Length: 383") + # or + # web.header(["Content-Type: text/plain", "Content-Length: 383"]) + def header(str) + # {{{ + if @output_started + raise "HTTP-Headers are already send. You can't change them after output has started!" + end + unless @output_allowed + raise "You just can set headers inside of a Rweb::out-block" + end + if str.is_a?Array + str.each do | value | + self.header(value) + end + + elsif str.split(/\n/).length > 1 + str.split(/\n/).each do | value | + self.header(value) + end + + elsif str.is_a? String + str.gsub!(/\r/, "") + + if (str =~ /^HTTP\/1\.[01] [0-9]{3} ?.*$/) == 0 + pattern = /^HTTP\/1.[01] ([0-9]{3}) ?(.*)$/ + + result = pattern.match(str) + self.setstatus(result[0], result[1]) + elsif (str =~ /^status: [0-9]{3} ?.*$/i) == 0 + pattern = /^status: ([0-9]{3}) ?(.*)$/i + + result = pattern.match(str) + self.setstatus(result[0], result[1]) + else + a = str.split(/: ?/, 2) + + @header[a[0].downcase] = a[1] + end + end + # }}} + end + + # Changes the status of this page. There are several codes like "200 OK", + # "302 Found", "404 Not Found" or "500 Internal Server Error". A list of + # all codes is available at + # http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10 + # + # You can just send the code number, the reason phrase will be added + # automaticly with the recommendations from the w3c if not specified. If + # you set the status twice or more, only the last status will be send. + # Examples: + # web.status("401 Unauthorized") + # web.status("410 Sad but true, this lonely page is gone :(") + # web.status(206) + # web.status("400") + # + # The default status is "200 OK". If a "Location" header is set, the + # default status is "302 Found". + def status(str) + # {{{ + if @output_started + raise "HTTP-Headers are already send. You can't change them after output has started!" + end + unless @output_allowed + raise "You just can set headers inside of a Rweb::out-block" + end + if str.is_a?Integer + @status = str + elsif str.is_a?String + p1 = /^([0-9]{3}) ?(.*)$/ + p2 = /^HTTP\/1\.[01] ([0-9]{3}) ?(.*)$/ + p3 = /^status: ([0-9]{3}) ?(.*)$/i + + if (a = p1.match(str)) == nil + if (a = p2.match(str)) == nil + if (a = p3.match(str)) == nil + raise ArgumentError, "Invalid argument", caller + end + end + end + @status = a[1].to_i + if a[2] != "" + @reasonPhrase = a[2] + else + @reasonPhrase = getReasonPhrase(@status) + end + else + raise ArgumentError, "Argument of setstatus must be integer or string", caller + end + # }}} + end + + # Handles the output of your content and rescues all exceptions. Send all + # data in the block to this method. For example: + # web.out do + # web.header("Content-Type: text/plain") + # web.puts("Hello, plain world!") + # end + def out + # {{{ + @output_allowed = true + @buffer = []; # We use an array as buffer, because it's more performant :) + + begin + yield + rescue Exception => exception + $stderr.puts "Ruby exception rescued (#{exception.class}): #{exception.message}" + $stderr.puts exception.backtrace.join("\n") + + unless @output_started + self.setstatus(500) + @header = {} + end + + unless (@settings.has_key?("hide errors") and @settings["hide errors"] == true) + unless @output_started + self.header("Content-Type: text/html") + self.puts "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd\">" + self.puts "<html>" + self.puts "<head>" + self.puts "<title>500 Internal Server Error</title>" + self.puts "</head>" + self.puts "<body>" + end + if @header.has_key?("content-type") and (@header["content-type"] =~ /^text\/html/i) == 0 + self.puts "<h1>Internal Server Error</h1>" + self.puts "<p>The server encountered an exception and was unable to complete your request.</p>" + self.puts "<p>The exception has provided the following information:</p>" + self.puts "<pre style=\"background: #FFCCCC; border: black solid 2px; margin-left: 2cm; margin-right: 2cm; padding: 2mm;\"><b>#{exception.class}</b>: #{exception.message} <b>on</b>" + self.puts + self.puts "#{exception.backtrace.join("\n")}</pre>" + self.puts "</body>" + self.puts "</html>" + else + self.puts "The server encountered an exception and was unable to complete your request" + self.puts "The exception has provided the following information:" + self.puts "#{exception.class}: #{exception.message}" + self.puts + self.puts exception.backtrace.join("\n") + end + end + end + + if @settings["cache"] + buffer = @buffer.join + + unless @output_started + unless @header.has_key?("content-length") + self.header("content-length: #{buffer.length}") + end + + sendHeaders + end + $stdout.print(buffer) + elsif !@output_started + sendHeaders + end + @output_allowed = false; + # }}} + end + + # Decodes URL encoded data, %20 for example stands for a space. + def Rweb.unescape(str) + # {{{ + if defined? str and str.is_a? String + str.gsub!(/\+/, " ") + str.gsub(/%.{2}/) do | s | + s[1,2].hex.chr + end + end + # }}} + end + + protected + def sendHeaders + # {{{ + + Cookie.disallow # no more cookies can be set or modified + if !(@settings.has_key?("silent") and @settings["silent"] == true) and !@header.has_key?("x-powered-by") + if @mod_ruby + header("x-powered-by: #{RWEB} (Ruby/#{RUBY_VERSION}, #{MOD_RUBY})"); + else + header("x-powered-by: #{RWEB} (Ruby/#{RUBY_VERSION})"); + end + end + + if @output_method == "ph" + if ((@status == nil or @status == 200) and !@header.has_key?("content-type") and !@header.has_key?("location")) + header("content-type: text/html") + end + + if @status != nil + $stdout.print "Status: #{@status} #{@reasonPhrase}\r\n" + end + + @header.each do |key, value| + key = key *1 # "unfreeze" key :) + key[0] = key[0,1].upcase![0] + + key = key.gsub(/-[a-z]/) do |char| + "-" + char[1,1].upcase + end + + $stdout.print "#{key}: #{value}\r\n" + end + cookies = Cookie.getHttpHeader # Get all cookies as an HTTP Header + if cookies + $stdout.print cookies + end + + $stdout.print "\r\n" + + elsif @output_method == "nph" + elsif @output_method == "mod_ruby" + r = Apache.request + + if ((@status == nil or @status == 200) and !@header.has_key?("content-type") and !@header.has_key?("location")) + header("text/html") + end + + if @status != nil + r.status_line = "#{@status} #{@reasonPhrase}" + end + + r.send_http_header + @header.each do |key, value| + key = key *1 # "unfreeze" key :) + + key[0] = key[0,1].upcase![0] + key = key.gsub(/-[a-z]/) do |char| + "-" + char[1,1].upcase + end + puts "#{key}: #{value.class}" + #r.headers_out[key] = value + end + end + @output_started = true + # }}} + end + + def getReasonPhrase (status) + # {{{ + if status == 100 + "Continue" + elsif status == 101 + "Switching Protocols" + elsif status == 200 + "OK" + elsif status == 201 + "Created" + elsif status == 202 + "Accepted" + elsif status == 203 + "Non-Authoritative Information" + elsif status == 204 + "No Content" + elsif status == 205 + "Reset Content" + elsif status == 206 + "Partial Content" + elsif status == 300 + "Multiple Choices" + elsif status == 301 + "Moved Permanently" + elsif status == 302 + "Found" + elsif status == 303 + "See Other" + elsif status == 304 + "Not Modified" + elsif status == 305 + "Use Proxy" + elsif status == 307 + "Temporary Redirect" + elsif status == 400 + "Bad Request" + elsif status == 401 + "Unauthorized" + elsif status == 402 + "Payment Required" + elsif status == 403 + "Forbidden" + elsif status == 404 + "Not Found" + elsif status == 405 + "Method Not Allowed" + elsif status == 406 + "Not Acceptable" + elsif status == 407 + "Proxy Authentication Required" + elsif status == 408 + "Request Time-out" + elsif status == 409 + "Conflict" + elsif status == 410 + "Gone" + elsif status == 411 + "Length Required" + elsif status == 412 + "Precondition Failed" + elsif status == 413 + "Request Entity Too Large" + elsif status == 414 + "Request-URI Too Large" + elsif status == 415 + "Unsupported Media Type" + elsif status == 416 + "Requested range not satisfiable" + elsif status == 417 + "Expectation Failed" + elsif status == 500 + "Internal Server Error" + elsif status == 501 + "Not Implemented" + elsif status == 502 + "Bad Gateway" + elsif status == 503 + "Service Unavailable" + elsif status == 504 + "Gateway Time-out" + elsif status == 505 + "HTTP Version not supported" + else + raise "Unknown Statuscode. See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec6.html#sec6.1 for more information." + end + # }}} + end +end + +class Cookie + attr_reader :name, :value, :maxage, :path, :domain, :secure, :comment + + # Sets a cookie. Please see below for details of the attributes. + def initialize (name, value = nil, maxage = nil, path = nil, domain = nil, secure = false) + # {{{ + # HTTP headers (Cookies are a HTTP header) can only set, while no content + # is send. So an exception will be raised, when @@allowed is set to false + # and a new cookie has set. + unless defined?(@@allowed) + @@allowed = true + end + unless @@allowed + raise "You can't set cookies after the HTTP headers are send." + end + + unless defined?(@@list) + @@list = [] + end + @@list += [self] + + unless defined?(@@type) + @@type = "netscape" + end + + unless name.class == String + raise TypeError, "The name of a cookie must be a string", caller + end + if value.class.superclass == Integer || value.class == Float + value = value.to_s + elsif value.class != String && value != nil + raise TypeError, "The value of a cookie must be a string, integer, float or nil", caller + end + if maxage.class == Time + maxage = maxage - Time.now + elsif !maxage.class.superclass == Integer || !maxage == nil + raise TypeError, "The maxage date of a cookie must be an Integer or Time object or nil.", caller + end + unless path.class == String || path == nil + raise TypeError, "The path of a cookie must be nil or a string", caller + end + unless domain.class == String || domain == nil + raise TypeError, "The value of a cookie must be nil or a string", caller + end + unless secure == true || secure == false + raise TypeError, "The secure field of a cookie must be true or false", caller + end + + @name, @value, @maxage, @path, @domain, @secure = name, value, maxage, path, domain, secure + @comment = nil + # }}} + end + + # Modifies the value of this cookie. The information you want to store. If the + # value is nil, the cookie will be deleted by the client. + # + # This attribute can be a String, Integer or Float object or nil. + def value=(value) + # {{{ + if value.class.superclass == Integer || value.class == Float + value = value.to_s + elsif value.class != String && value != nil + raise TypeError, "The value of a cookie must be a string, integer, float or nil", caller + end + @value = value + # }}} + end + + # Modifies the maxage of this cookie. This attribute defines the lifetime of + # the cookie, in seconds. A value of 0 means the cookie should be discarded + # imediatly. If it set to nil, the cookie will be deleted when the browser + # will be closed. + # + # Attention: This is different from other implementations like PHP, where you + # gives the seconds since 1/1/1970 0:00:00 GMT. + # + # This attribute must be an Integer or Time object or nil. + def maxage=(maxage) + # {{{ + if maxage.class == Time + maxage = maxage - Time.now + elsif maxage.class.superclass == Integer || !maxage == nil + raise TypeError, "The maxage of a cookie must be an Interger or Time object or nil.", caller + end + @maxage = maxage + # }}} + end + + # Modifies the path value of this cookie. The client will send this cookie + # only, if the requested document is this directory or a subdirectory of it. + # + # The value of the attribute must be a String object or nil. + def path=(path) + # {{{ + unless path.class == String || path == nil + raise TypeError, "The path of a cookie must be nil or a string", caller + end + @path = path + # }}} + end + + # Modifies the domain value of this cookie. The client will send this cookie + # only if it's connected with this domain (or a subdomain, if the first + # character is a dot like in ".ruby-lang.org") + # + # The value of this attribute must be a String or nil. + def domain=(domain) + # {{{ + unless domain.class == String || domain == nil + raise TypeError, "The domain of a cookie must be a String or nil.", caller + end + @domain = domain + # }}} + end + + # Modifies the secure flag of this cookie. If it's true, the client will only + # send this cookie if it is secured connected with us. + # + # The value od this attribute has to be true or false. + def secure=(secure) + # {{{ + unless secure == true || secure == false + raise TypeError, "The secure field of a cookie must be true or false", caller + end + @secure = secure + # }}} + end + + # Modifies the comment value of this cookie. The comment won't be send, if + # type is "netscape". + def comment=(comment) + # {{{ + unless comment.class == String || comment == nil + raise TypeError, "The comment of a cookie must be a string or nil", caller + end + @comment = comment + # }}} + end + + # Changes the type of all cookies. + # Allowed values are RFC2109 and netscape (default). + def Cookie.type=(type) + # {{{ + unless @@allowed + raise "The cookies are allready send, so you can't change the type anymore." + end + unless type.downcase == "rfc2109" && type.downcase == "netscape" + raise "The type of the cookies must be \"RFC2109\" or \"netscape\"." + end + @@type = type; + # }}} + end + + # After sending this message, no cookies can be set or modified. Use it, when + # HTTP-Headers are send. Rweb does this for you. + def Cookie.disallow + # {{{ + @@allowed = false + true + # }}} + end + + # Returns a HTTP header (type String) with all cookies. Rweb does this for + # you. + def Cookie.getHttpHeader + # {{{ + if defined?(@@list) + if @@type == "netscape" + str = "" + @@list.each do |cookie| + if cookie.value == nil + cookie.maxage = 0 + cookie.value = "" + end + # TODO: Name and value should be escaped! + str += "Set-Cookie: #{cookie.name}=#{cookie.value}" + unless cookie.maxage == nil + expire = Time.now + cookie.maxage + expire.gmtime + str += "; Expire=#{expire.strftime("%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S %Z")}" + end + unless cookie.domain == nil + str += "; Domain=#{cookie.domain}" + end + unless cookie.path == nil + str += "; Path=#{cookie.path}" + end + if cookie.secure + str += "; Secure" + end + str += "\r\n" + end + return str + else # type == "RFC2109" + str = "Set-Cookie: " + comma = false; + + @@list.each do |cookie| + if cookie.value == nil + cookie.maxage = 0 + cookie.value = "" + end + if comma + str += "," + end + comma = true + + str += "#{cookie.name}=\"#{cookie.value}\"" + unless cookie.maxage == nil + str += "; Max-Age=\"#{cookie.maxage}\"" + end + unless cookie.domain == nil + str += "; Domain=\"#{cookie.domain}\"" + end + unless cookie.path == nil + str += "; Path=\"#{cookie.path}\"" + end + if cookie.secure + str += "; Secure" + end + unless cookie.comment == nil + str += "; Comment=\"#{cookie.comment}\"" + end + str += "; Version=\"1\"" + end + str + end + else + false + end + # }}} + end +end + +require 'strscan' + +module BBCode + DEBUG = true + + use 'encoder', 'tags', 'tagstack', 'smileys' + +=begin + The Parser class takes care of the encoding. + It scans the given BBCode (as plain text), finds tags + and smilies and also makes links of urls in text. + + Normal text is send directly to the encoder. + + If a tag was found, an instance of a Tag subclass is created + to handle the case. + + The @tagstack manages tag nesting and ensures valid HTML. +=end + + class Parser + class Attribute + # flatten and use only one empty_arg + def self.create attr + attr = flatten attr + return @@empty_attr if attr.empty? + new attr + end + + private_class_method :new + + # remove leading and trailing whitespace; concat lines + def self.flatten attr + attr.strip.gsub(/\n/, ' ') + # -> ^ and $ can only match at begin and end now + end + + ATTRIBUTE_SCAN = / + (?!$) # don't match at end + \s* + ( # $1 = key + [^=\s\]"\\]* + (?: + (?: \\. | "[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"? ) + [^=\s\]"\\]* + )* + ) + (?: + = + ( # $2 = value + [^\s\]"\\]* + (?: + (?: \\. | "[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"? ) + [^\s\]"\\]* + )* + )? + )? + \s* + /x + + def self.parse source + source = source.dup + # empty_tag: the tag looks like [... /] + # slice!: this deletes the \s*/] at the end + # \s+ because [url=http://rubybb.org/forum/] is NOT an empty tag. + # In RubyBBCode, you can use [url=http://rubybb.org/forum/ /], and this has to be + # interpreted correctly. + empty_tag = source.sub!(/^:/, '=') or source.slice!(/\/$/) + debug 'PARSE: ' + source.inspect + ' => ' + empty_tag.inspect + #-> we have now an attr that's EITHER empty OR begins and ends with non-whitespace. + + attr = Hash.new + attr[:flags] = [] + source.scan(ATTRIBUTE_SCAN) { |key, value| + if not value + attr[:flags] << unescape(key) + else + next if value.empty? and key.empty? + attr[unescape(key)] = unescape(value) + end + } + debug attr.inspect + + return empty_tag, attr + end + + def self.unescape_char esc + esc[1] + end + + def self.unquote qt + qt[1..-1].chomp('"').gsub(/\\./) { |esc| unescape_char esc } + end + + def self.unescape str + str.gsub(/ (\\.) | (" [^"\\]* (?:\\.[^"\\]*)* "?) /x) { + if $1 + unescape_char $1 + else + unquote $2 + end + } + end + + include Enumerable + def each &block + @args.each(&block) + end + + attr_reader :source, :args, :value + + def initialize source + @source = source + debug 'Attribute#new(%p)' % source + @empty_tag, @attr = Attribute.parse source + @value = @attr[''].to_s + end + + def empty? + self == @@empty_attr + end + + def empty_tag? + @empty_tag + end + + def [] *keys + res = @attr[*keys] + end + + def flags + attr[:flags] + end + + def to_s + @attr + end + + def inspect + 'ATTR[' + @attr.inspect + (@empty_tag ? ' | empty tag' : '') + ']' + end + end + class Attribute + @@empty_attr = new '' + end + end + + class Parser + def Parser.flatten str + # replace mac & dos newlines with unix style + str.gsub(/\r\n?/, "\n") + end + + def initialize input = '' + # input manager + @scanner = StringScanner.new '' + # output manager + @encoder = Encoder.new + @output = '' + # tag manager + @tagstack = TagStack.new(@encoder) + + @do_magic = true + # set the input + feed input + end + + # if you want, you can feed a parser instance after creating, + # or even feed it repeatedly. + def feed food + @scanner.string = Parser.flatten food + end + + # parse through the string using parse_token + def parse + parse_token until @scanner.eos? + @tagstack.close_all + @output = parse_magic @encoder.output + end + + def output + @output + end + + # ok, internals start here + private + # the default output functions. everything should use them or the tags. + def add_text text = @scanner.matched + @encoder.add_text text + end + + # use this carefully + def add_html html + @encoder.add_html html + end + + # highlights the text as error + def add_garbage garbage + add_html '<span class="error">' if DEBUG + add_text garbage + add_html '</span>' if DEBUG + end + + # unknown and incorrectly nested tags are ignored and + # sent as plaintext (garbage in - garbage out). + # in debug mode, garbage is marked with lime background. + def garbage_out start + @scanner.pos = start + garbage = @scanner.scan(/./m) + debug 'GARBAGE: ' + garbage + add_garbage garbage + end + + # simple text; everything but [, \[ allowed + SIMPLE_TEXT_SCAN_ = / + [^\[\\]* # normal* + (?: # ( + \\.? # special + [^\[\\]* # normal* + )* # )* + /mx + SIMPLE_TEXT_SCAN = /[^\[]+/ + +=begin + + WHAT IS A TAG? + ============== + + Tags in BBCode can be much more than just a simple [b]. + I use many terms here to differ the parts of each tag. + + Basic scheme: + [ code ] + TAG START TAG INFO TAG END + + Most tags need a second tag to close the range it opened. + This is done with CLOSING TAGS: + [/code] + or by using empty tags that have no content and close themselfes: + [url=winamp.com /] + You surely know this from HTML. + These slashes define the TAG KIND = normal|closing|empty and + cannot be used together. + + Everything between [ and ] and expluding the slashes is called the + TAG INFO. This info may contain: + - TAG ID + - TAG NAME including the tag id + - attributes + + The TAG ID is the first char of the info: + + TAG | ID + ----------+---- + [quote] | q + [±] | & + ["[b]"] | " + [/url] | u + [---] | - + + As you can see, the tag id shows the TAG TYPE, it can be a + normal tag, a formatting tag or an entity. + Therefor, the parser first scans the id to decide how to go + on with parsing. +=end + # tag + # TODO more complex expression allowing + # [quote="[ladico]"] and [quote=\[ladico\]] to be correct tags + TAG_BEGIN_SCAN = / + \[ # tag start + ( \/ )? # $1 = closing tag? + ( [^\]] ) # $2 = tag id + /x + TAG_END_SCAN = / + [^\]]* # rest that was not handled + \]? # tag end + /x + CLOSE_TAG_SCAN = / + ( [^\]]* ) # $1 = the rest of the tag info + ( \/ )? # $2 = empty tag? + \]? # tag end + /x + UNCLOSED_TAG_SCAN = / \[ /x + + CLASSIC_TAG_SCAN = / [a-z]* /ix + + SEPARATOR_TAG_SCAN = / \** /x + + FORMAT_TAG_SCAN = / -- -* /x + + QUOTED_SCAN = / + ( # $1 = quoted text + [^"\\]* # normal* + (?: # ( + \\. # special + [^"\\]* # normal* + )* # )* + ) + "? # end quote " + /mx + + ENTITY_SCAN = / + ( [^;\]]+ ) # $1 = entity code + ;? # optional ending semicolon + /ix + + SMILEY_SCAN = Smileys::SMILEY_PATTERN + + # this is the main parser loop that separates + # text - everything until "[" + # from + # tags - starting with "[", ending with "]" + def parse_token + if @scanner.scan(SIMPLE_TEXT_SCAN) + add_text + else + handle_tag + end + end + + def handle_tag + tag_start = @scanner.pos + + unless @scanner.scan TAG_BEGIN_SCAN + garbage_out tag_start + return + end + + closing, id = @scanner[1], @scanner[2] + #debug 'handle_tag(%p)' % @scanner.matched + + handled = + case id + + when /[a-z]/i + if @scanner.scan(CLASSIC_TAG_SCAN) + if handle_classic_tag(id + @scanner.matched, closing) + already_closed = true + end + end + + when '*' + if @scanner.scan(SEPARATOR_TAG_SCAN) + handle_asterisk tag_start, id + @scanner.matched + true + end + + when '-' + if @scanner.scan(FORMAT_TAG_SCAN) + #format = id + @scanner.matched + @encoder.add_html "\n<hr>\n" + true + end + + when '"' + if @scanner.scan(QUOTED_SCAN) + @encoder.add_text unescape(@scanner[1]) + true + end + + when '&' + if @scanner.scan(ENTITY_SCAN) + @encoder.add_entity @scanner[1] + true + end + + when Smileys::SMILEY_START_CHARSET + @scanner.pos = @scanner.pos - 1 # (ungetch) + if @scanner.scan(SMILEY_SCAN) + @encoder.add_html Smileys.smiley_to_image(@scanner.matched) + true + end + + end # case + + return garbage_out(tag_start) unless handled + + @scanner.scan(TAG_END_SCAN) unless already_closed + end + + ATTRIBUTES_SCAN = / + ( + [^\]"\\]* + (?: + (?: + \\. + | + " + [^"\\]* + (?: + \\. + [^"\\]* + )* + "? + ) + [^\]"\\]* + )* + ) + \]? + /x + + def handle_classic_tag name, closing + debug 'TAG: ' + (closing ? '/' : '') + name + # flatten + name.downcase! + tag_class = TAG_LIST[name] + return unless tag_class + + #debug((opening ? 'OPEN ' : 'CLOSE ') + tag_class.name) + + # create an attribute object to handle it + @scanner.scan(ATTRIBUTES_SCAN) + #debug name + ':' + @scanner[1] + attr = Attribute.create @scanner[1] + #debug 'ATTRIBUTES %p ' % attr #unless attr.empty? + + #debug 'closing: %p; name=%s, attr=%p' % [closing, name, attr] + + # OPEN + if not closing and tag = @tagstack.try_open_class(tag_class, attr) + #debug 'opening' + tag.do_open @scanner + # this should be done by the tag itself. + if attr.empty_tag? + tag.handle_empty + @tagstack.close_tag + elsif tag.special_content? + handle_special_content(tag) + @tagstack.close_tag + # # ignore asterisks directly after the opening; these are phpBBCode + # elsif tag.respond_to? :asterisk + # debug 'SKIP ASTERISKS: ' if @scanner.skip(ASTERISK_TAGS_SCAN) + end + + # CLOSE + elsif @tagstack.try_close_class(tag_class) + #debug 'closing' + # GARBAGE + else + return + end + + true + end + + def handle_asterisk tag_start, stars + #debug 'ASTERISK: ' + stars.to_s + # rule for asterisk tags: they belong to the last tag + # that handles them. tags opened after this tag are closed. + # if no open tag uses them, all are closed. + tag = @tagstack.close_all_until { |tag| tag.respond_to? :asterisk } + unless tag and tag.asterisk stars, @scanner + garbage_out tag_start + end + end + + def handle_special_content tag + scanned = @scanner.scan_until(tag.closing_tag) + if scanned + scanned.slice!(-(@scanner.matched.size)..-1) + else + scanned = @scanner.scan(/.*/m).to_s + end + #debug 'SPECIAL CONTENT: ' + scanned + tag.handle_content(scanned) + end + + def unescape text + # input: correctly formatted quoted string (without the quotes) + text.gsub(/\\(?:(["\\])|.)/) { $1 or $& } + end + + + # MAGIC FEAUTURES + + URL_PATTERN = /(?:(?:www|ftp)\.|(?>\w{3,}):\/\/)\S+/ + EMAIL_PATTERN = /(?>[\w\-_.]+)@[\w\-\.]+\.\w+/ + + HAS_MAGIC = /[&@#{Smileys::SMILEY_START_CHARS}]|(?i:www|ftp)/ + + MAGIC_PATTERN = Regexp.new('(\W|^)(%s)' % + [Smileys::MAGIC_SMILEY_PATTERN, URL_PATTERN, EMAIL_PATTERN].map { |pattern| + pattern.to_s + }.join('|') ) + + IS_SMILEY_PATTERN = Regexp.new('^%s' % Smileys::SMILEY_START_CHARSET.to_s ) + IS_URL_PATTERN = /^(?:(?i:www|ftp)\.|(?>\w+):\/\/)/ + URL_STARTS_WITH_PROTOCOL = /^\w+:\/\// + IS_EMAIL_PATTERN = /^[\w\-_.]+@/ + + def to_magic text + # debug MAGIC_PATTERN.to_s + text.gsub!(MAGIC_PATTERN) { + magic = $2 + $1 + case magic + when IS_SMILEY_PATTERN + Smileys.smiley_to_img magic + when IS_URL_PATTERN + last = magic.slice_punctation! # no punctation in my URL + href = magic + href.insert(0, 'http://') unless magic =~ URL_STARTS_WITH_PROTOCOL + '<a href="' + href + '">' + magic + '</a>' + last + when IS_EMAIL_PATTERN + last = magic.slice_punctation! + '<a href="mailto:' + magic + '">' + magic + '</a>' + last + else + raise '{{{' + magic + '}}}' + end + } + text + end + + # handles smileys and urls + def parse_magic html + return html unless @do_magic + scanner = StringScanner.new html + out = '' + while scanner.rest? + if scanner.scan(/ < (?: a\s .*? <\/a> | pre\W .*? <\/pre> | [^>]* > ) /mx) + out << scanner.matched + elsif scanner.scan(/ [^<]+ /x) + out << to_magic(scanner.matched) + + # this should never happen + elsif scanner.scan(/./m) + raise 'ERROR: else case reached' + end + end + out + end + end # Parser +end + +class String + def slice_punctation! + slice!(/[.:,!\?]+$/).to_s # return '' instead of nil + end +end + +# +# = Grammar +# +# An implementation of common algorithms on grammars. +# +# This is used by Shinobu, a visualization tool for educating compiler-building. +# +# Thanks to Andreas Kunert for his wonderful LR(k) Pamphlet (German, see http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~kunert/papers/lr-analyse), and Aho/Sethi/Ullman for their Dragon Book. +# +# Homepage:: http://shinobu.cYcnus.de (not existing yet) +# Author:: murphy (Kornelius Kalnbach) +# Copyright:: (cc) 2005 cYcnus +# License:: GPL +# Version:: 0.2.0 (2005-03-27) + +require 'set_hash' +require 'ctype' +require 'tools' +require 'rules' +require 'trace' + +require 'first' +require 'follow' + +# = Grammar +# +# == Syntax +# +# === Rules +# +# Each line is a rule. +# The syntax is +# +# left - right +# +# where +left+ and +right+ can be uppercase and lowercase letters, +# and <code>-</code> can be any combination of <, >, - or whitespace. +# +# === Symbols +# +# Uppercase letters stand for meta symbols, lowercase for terminals. +# +# You can make epsilon-derivations by leaving <code><right></code> empty. +# +# === Example +# S - Ac +# A - Sc +# A - b +# A - +class Grammar + + attr_reader :tracer + # Creates a new Grammar. + # If $trace is true, the algorithms explain (textual) what they do to $stdout. + def initialize data, tracer = Tracer.new + @tracer = tracer + @rules = Rules.new + @terminals, @meta_symbols = SortedSet.new, Array.new + @start_symbol = nil + add_rules data + end + + attr_reader :meta_symbols, :terminals, :rules, :start_symbol + + alias_method :sigma, :terminals + alias_method :alphabet, :terminals + alias_method :variables, :meta_symbols + alias_method :nonterminals, :meta_symbols + + # A string representation of the grammar for debugging. + def inspect productions_too = false + 'Grammar(meta symbols: %s; alphabet: %s; productions: [%s]; start symbol: %s)' % + [ + meta_symbols.join(', '), + terminals.join(', '), + if productions_too + @rules.inspect + else + @rules.size + end, + start_symbol + ] + end + + # Add rules to the grammar. +rules+ should be a String or respond to +scan+ in a similar way. + # + # Syntax: see Grammar. + def add_rules grammar + @rules = Rules.parse grammar do |rule| + @start_symbol ||= rule.left + @meta_symbols << rule.left + @terminals.merge rule.right.split('').select { |s| terminal? s } + end + @meta_symbols.uniq! + update + end + + # Returns a hash acting as FIRST operator, so that + # <code>first["ABC"]</code> is FIRST(ABC). + # See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_parser "Constructing an LL(1) parsing table" for details. + def first + first_operator + end + + # Returns a hash acting as FOLLOW operator, so that + # <code>first["A"]</code> is FOLLOW(A). + # See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_parser "Constructing an LL(1) parsing table" for details. + def follow + follow_operator + end + + LLError = Class.new(Exception) + LLErrorType1 = Class.new(LLError) + LLErrorType2 = Class.new(LLError) + + # Tests if the grammar is LL(1). + def ll1? + begin + for meta in @meta_symbols + first_sets = @rules[meta].map { |alpha| first[alpha] } + first_sets.inject(Set[]) do |already_used, another_first_set| + unless already_used.disjoint? another_first_set + raise LLErrorType1 + end + already_used.merge another_first_set + end + + if first[meta].include? EPSILON and not first[meta].disjoint? follow[meta] + raise LLErrorType2 + end + end + rescue LLError + false + else + true + end + end + +private + + def first_operator + @first ||= FirstOperator.new self + end + + def follow_operator + @follow ||= FollowOperator.new self + end + + def update + @first = @follow = nil + end + +end + +if $0 == __FILE__ + eval DATA.read, nil, $0, __LINE__+4 +end + +require 'test/unit' + +class TestCaseGrammar < Test::Unit::TestCase + + include Grammar::Symbols + + def fifo s + Set[*s.split('')] + end + + def test_fifo + assert_equal Set[], fifo('') + assert_equal Set[EPSILON, END_OF_INPUT, 'x', 'Y'], fifo('?xY$') + end + + TEST_GRAMMAR_1 = <<-EOG +S - ABCD +A - a +A - +B - b +B - +C - c +C - +D - S +D - + EOG + + def test_symbols + assert EPSILON + assert END_OF_INPUT + end + + def test_first_1 + g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_1 + + f = nil + assert_nothing_raised { f = g.first } + assert_equal(Set['a', EPSILON], f['A']) + assert_equal(Set['b', EPSILON], f['B']) + assert_equal(Set['c', EPSILON], f['C']) + assert_equal(Set['a', 'b', 'c', EPSILON], f['D']) + assert_equal(f['D'], f['S']) + end + + def test_follow_1 + g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_1 + + f = nil + assert_nothing_raised { f = g.follow } + assert_equal(Set['a', 'b', 'c', END_OF_INPUT], f['A']) + assert_equal(Set['a', 'b', 'c', END_OF_INPUT], f['B']) + assert_equal(Set['a', 'b', 'c', END_OF_INPUT], f['C']) + assert_equal(Set[END_OF_INPUT], f['D']) + assert_equal(Set[END_OF_INPUT], f['S']) + end + + + TEST_GRAMMAR_2 = <<-EOG +S - Ed +E - EpT +E - EmT +E - T +T - TuF +T - TdF +T - F +F - i +F - n +F - aEz + EOG + + def test_first_2 + g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_2 + + f = nil + assert_nothing_raised { f = g.first } + assert_equal(Set['a', 'n', 'i'], f['E']) + assert_equal(Set['a', 'n', 'i'], f['F']) + assert_equal(Set['a', 'n', 'i'], f['T']) + assert_equal(Set['a', 'n', 'i'], f['S']) + end + + def test_follow_2 + g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_2 + + f = nil + assert_nothing_raised { f = g.follow } + assert_equal(Set['m', 'd', 'z', 'p'], f['E']) + assert_equal(Set['m', 'd', 'z', 'p', 'u'], f['F']) + assert_equal(Set['m', 'd', 'z', 'p', 'u'], f['T']) + assert_equal(Set[END_OF_INPUT], f['S']) + end + + LLError = Grammar::LLError + + TEST_GRAMMAR_3 = <<-EOG +E - TD +D - pTD +D - +T - FS +S - uFS +S - +S - p +F - aEz +F - i + EOG + + NoError = Class.new(Exception) + + def test_first_3 + g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_3 + + # Grammar 3 is LL(1), so all first-sets must be disjoint. + f = nil + assert_nothing_raised { f = g.first } + assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['E']) + assert_equal(Set[EPSILON, 'p'], f['D']) + assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['F']) + assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['T']) + assert_equal(Set[EPSILON, 'u', 'p'], f['S']) + for m in g.meta_symbols + r = g.rules[m] + firsts = r.map { |x| f[x] }.to_set + assert_nothing_raised do + firsts.inject(Set.new) do |already_used, another_first_set| + raise LLError, 'not disjoint!' unless already_used.disjoint? another_first_set + already_used.merge another_first_set + end + end + end + end + + def test_follow_3 + g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_3 + + # Grammar 3 is not LL(1), because epsilon is in FIRST(S), + # but FIRST(S) and FOLLOW(S) are not disjoint. + f = nil + assert_nothing_raised { f = g.follow } + assert_equal(Set['z', END_OF_INPUT], f['E']) + assert_equal(Set['z', END_OF_INPUT], f['D']) + assert_equal(Set['z', 'p', 'u', END_OF_INPUT], f['F']) + assert_equal(Set['p', 'z', END_OF_INPUT], f['T']) + assert_equal(Set['p', 'z', END_OF_INPUT], f['S']) + for m in g.meta_symbols + first_m = g.first[m] + next unless first_m.include? EPSILON + assert_raise(m == 'S' ? LLError : NoError) do + if first_m.disjoint? f[m] + raise NoError # this is fun :D + else + raise LLError + end + end + end + end + + TEST_GRAMMAR_3b = <<-EOG +E - TD +D - pTD +D - PTD +D - +T - FS +S - uFS +S - +F - aEz +F - i +P - p + EOG + + def test_first_3b + g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_3b + + # Grammar 3b is NOT LL(1), since not all first-sets are disjoint. + f = nil + assert_nothing_raised { f = g.first } + assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['E']) + assert_equal(Set[EPSILON, 'p'], f['D']) + assert_equal(Set['p'], f['P']) + assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['F']) + assert_equal(Set['a', 'i'], f['T']) + assert_equal(Set[EPSILON, 'u'], f['S']) + for m in g.meta_symbols + r = g.rules[m] + firsts = r.map { |x| f[x] } + assert_raise(m == 'D' ? LLError : NoError) do + firsts.inject(Set.new) do |already_used, another_first_set| + raise LLError, 'not disjoint!' unless already_used.disjoint? another_first_set + already_used.merge another_first_set + end + raise NoError + end + end + end + + def test_follow_3b + g = Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_3b + + # Although Grammar 3b is NOT LL(1), the FOLLOW-condition is satisfied. + f = nil + assert_nothing_raised { f = g.follow } + assert_equal(fifo('z$'), f['E'], 'E') + assert_equal(fifo('z$'), f['D'], 'D') + assert_equal(fifo('ai'), f['P'], 'P') + assert_equal(fifo('z$pu'), f['F'], 'F') + assert_equal(fifo('z$p'), f['T'], 'T') + assert_equal(fifo('z$p'), f['S'], 'S') + for m in g.meta_symbols + first_m = g.first[m] + next unless first_m.include? EPSILON + assert_raise(NoError) do + if first_m.disjoint? f[m] + raise NoError # this is fun :D + else + raise LLError + end + end + end + end + + def test_ll1? + assert_equal false, Grammar.new(TEST_GRAMMAR_3).ll1?, 'Grammar 3' + assert_equal false, Grammar.new(TEST_GRAMMAR_3b).ll1?, 'Grammar 3b' + end + + def test_new + assert_nothing_raised { Grammar.new '' } + assert_nothing_raised { Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_1 } + assert_nothing_raised { Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_2 } + assert_nothing_raised { Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_3 } + assert_nothing_raised { Grammar.new TEST_GRAMMAR_1 + TEST_GRAMMAR_2 + TEST_GRAMMAR_3 } + assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Grammar.new 'S - ?' } + end +end + +# vim:foldmethod=syntax + +#!/usr/bin/env ruby + +require 'fox12' + +include Fox + +class Window < FXMainWindow + def initialize(app) + super(app, app.appName + ": First Set Calculation", nil, nil, DECOR_ALL, 0, 0, 800, 600, 0, 0) + + # {{{ menubar + menubar = FXMenuBar.new(self, LAYOUT_SIDE_TOP|LAYOUT_FILL_X) + + filemenu = FXMenuPane.new(self) + + FXMenuCommand.new(filemenu, "&Start\tCtl-S\tStart the application.", nil, getApp()).connect(SEL_COMMAND, method(:start)) + FXMenuCommand.new(filemenu, "&Quit\tAlt-F4\tQuit the application.", nil, getApp(), FXApp::ID_QUIT) + FXMenuTitle.new(menubar, "&File", nil, filemenu) + # }}} menubar + + # {{{ statusbar + @statusbar = FXStatusBar.new(self, LAYOUT_SIDE_BOTTOM|LAYOUT_FILL_X|STATUSBAR_WITH_DRAGCORNER) + # }}} statusbar + + # {{{ window content + horizontalsplitt = FXSplitter.new(self, SPLITTER_VERTICAL|LAYOUT_SIDE_TOP|LAYOUT_FILL) + + + @productions = FXList.new(horizontalsplitt, nil, 0, LAYOUT_SIDE_TOP|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FIX_HEIGHT|LIST_SINGLESELECT) + @productions.height = 100 + + @result = FXTable.new(horizontalsplitt, nil, 0, LAYOUT_FILL) + @result.height = 200 + @result.setTableSize(2, 2, false) + @result.rowHeaderWidth = 0 + + header = @result.columnHeader + header.setItemText 0, 'X' + header.setItemText 1, 'FIRST(X)' + for item in header + item.justification = FXHeaderItem::CENTER_X + end + + @debug = FXText.new(horizontalsplitt, nil, 0, LAYOUT_SIDE_BOTTOM|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FIX_HEIGHT) + @debug.height = 200 + + # }}} window content + end + + def load_grammar grammar + @tracer = FirstTracer.new(self) + @grammar = Grammar.new grammar, @tracer + @rules_indexes = Hash.new + @grammar.rules.each_with_index do |rule, i| + @productions.appendItem rule.inspect + @rules_indexes[rule] = i + end + end + + def create + super + show(PLACEMENT_SCREEN) + end + + def rule rule + @productions.selectItem @rules_indexes[rule] + sleep 0.1 + end + + def iterate i + setTitle i.to_s + sleep 0.1 + end + + def missing what + @debug.appendText what + "\n" + sleep 0.1 + end + + def start sender, sel, pointer + Thread.new do + begin + @grammar.first + rescue => boom + @debug.appendText [boom.to_s, *boom.backtrace].join("\n") + end + end + end + +end + +$: << 'grammar' +require 'grammar' + +require 'first_tracer' + +app = FXApp.new("Shinobu", "cYcnus") + +# fenster erzeugen +window = Window.new app + +unless ARGV.empty? + grammar = File.read(ARGV.first) +else + grammar = <<-EOG1 +Z --> S +S --> Sb +S --> bAa +A --> aSc +A --> a +A --> aSb + EOG1 +end + +window.load_grammar grammar + +app.create +app.run + +require 'erb' +require 'ftools' +require 'yaml' +require 'redcloth' + +module WhyTheLuckyStiff + class Book + attr_accessor :author, :title, :terms, :image, :teaser, + :chapters, :expansion_paks, :encoding, :credits + def [] x + @lang.fetch(x) do + warn warning = "[not translated: '#{x}'!]" + warning + end + end + end + + def Book::load( file_name ) + YAML::load( File.open( file_name ) ) + end + + class Section + attr_accessor :index, :header, :content + def initialize( i, h, c ) + @index, @header, @content = i, h, RedCloth::new( c.to_s ) + end + end + + class Sidebar + attr_accessor :title, :content + end + + YAML::add_domain_type( 'whytheluckystiff.net,2003', 'sidebar' ) do |taguri, val| + YAML::object_maker( Sidebar, 'title' => val.keys.first, 'content' => RedCloth::new( val.values.first ) ) + end + class Chapter + attr_accessor :index, :title, :sections + def initialize( i, t, sects ) + @index = i + @title = t + i = 0 + @sections = sects.collect do |s| + if s.respond_to?( :keys ) + i += 1 + Section.new( i, s.keys.first, s.values.first ) + else + s + end + end + end + end + + YAML::add_domain_type( 'whytheluckystiff.net,2003', 'book' ) do |taguri, val| + ['chapters', 'expansion_paks'].each do |chaptype| + i = 0 + val[chaptype].collect! do |c| + i += 1 + Chapter::new( i, c.keys.first, c.values.first ) + end + end + val['teaser'].collect! do |t| + Section::new( 1, t.keys.first, t.values.first ) + end + val['terms'] = RedCloth::new( val['terms'] ) + YAML::object_maker( Book, val ) + end + + class Image + attr_accessor :file_name + end + + YAML::add_domain_type( 'whytheluckystiff.net,2003', 'img' ) do |taguri, val| + YAML::object_maker( Image, 'file_name' => "i/" + val ) + end +end + +# +# Convert the book to HTML +# +if __FILE__ == $0 + unless ARGV[0] + puts "Usage: #{$0} [/path/to/save/html]" + exit + end + + site_path = ARGV[0] + book = WhyTheLuckyStiff::Book::load( 'poignant.yml' ) + chapter = nil + + # Write index page + index_tpl = ERB::new( File.open( 'index.erb' ).read ) + File.open( File.join( site_path, 'index.html' ), 'w' ) do |out| + out << index_tpl.result + end + + book.chapters = book.chapters[0,3] if ARGV.include? '-fast' + + # Write chapter pages + chapter_tpl = ERB::new( File.open( 'chapter.erb' ).read ) + book.chapters.each do |chapter| + File.open( File.join( site_path, "chapter-#{ chapter.index }.html" ), 'w' ) do |out| + out << chapter_tpl.result + end + end + exit if ARGV.include? '-fast' + + # Write expansion pak pages + expak_tpl = ERB::new( File.open( 'expansion-pak.erb' ).read ) + book.expansion_paks.each do |pak| + File.open( File.join( site_path, "expansion-pak-#{ pak.index }.html" ), 'w' ) do |out| + out << expak_tpl.result( binding ) + end + end + + # Write printable version + print_tpl = ERB::new( File.open( 'print.erb' ).read ) + File.open( File.join( site_path, "print.html" ), 'w' ) do |out| + out << print_tpl.result + end + + # Copy css + images into site + copy_list = ["guide.css"] + + Dir["i/*"].find_all { |image| image =~ /\.(gif|jpg|png)$/ } + + File.makedirs( File.join( site_path, "i" ) ) + copy_list.each do |copy_file| + File.copy( copy_file, File.join( site_path, copy_file ) ) + end +end + +#!/usr/bin/env ruby + +require 'fox' +begin + require 'opengl' +rescue LoadError + require 'fox/missingdep' + MSG = <<EOM + Sorry, this example depends on the OpenGL extension. Please + check the Ruby Application Archives for an appropriate + download site. +EOM + missingDependency(MSG) +end + + +include Fox +include Math + +Deg2Rad = Math::PI / 180 + +D_MAX = 6 +SQUARE_SIZE = 2.0 / D_MAX +SQUARE_DISTANCE = 4.0 / D_MAX +AMPLITUDE = SQUARE_SIZE +LAMBDA = D_MAX.to_f / 2 + +class GLTestWindow < FXMainWindow + + # How often our timer will fire (in milliseconds) + TIMER_INTERVAL = 500 + + # Rotate the boxes when a timer message is received + def onTimeout(sender, sel, ptr) + @angle += 10.0 +# @size = 0.5 + 0.2 * Math.cos(Deg2Rad * @angle) + drawScene() + @timer = getApp().addTimeout(TIMER_INTERVAL, method(:onTimeout)) + end + + # Rotate the boxes when a chore message is received + def onChore(sender, sel, ptr) + @angle += 10.0 +# @angle %= 360.0 +# @size = 0.5 + 0.2 * Math.cos(Deg2Rad * @angle) + drawScene() + @chore = getApp().addChore(method(:onChore)) + end + + # Draw the GL scene + def drawScene + lightPosition = [15.0, 10.0, 5.0, 1.0] + lightAmbient = [ 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0] + lightDiffuse = [ 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 1.0] + redMaterial = [ 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0] + blueMaterial = [ 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0] + + width = @glcanvas.width.to_f + height = @glcanvas.height.to_f + aspect = width/height + + # Make context current + @glcanvas.makeCurrent() + + GL.Viewport(0, 0, @glcanvas.width, @glcanvas.height) + + GL.ClearColor(1.0/256, 0.0, 5.0/256, 1.0) + GL.Clear(GL::COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL::DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT) + GL.Enable(GL::DEPTH_TEST) + + GL.Disable(GL::DITHER) + + GL.MatrixMode(GL::PROJECTION) + GL.LoadIdentity() + GLU.Perspective(30.0, aspect, 1.0, 100.0) + + GL.MatrixMode(GL::MODELVIEW) + GL.LoadIdentity() + GLU.LookAt(5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0) + + GL.ShadeModel(GL::SMOOTH) + GL.Light(GL::LIGHT0, GL::POSITION, lightPosition) + GL.Light(GL::LIGHT0, GL::AMBIENT, lightAmbient) + GL.Light(GL::LIGHT0, GL::DIFFUSE, lightDiffuse) + GL.Enable(GL::LIGHT0) + GL.Enable(GL::LIGHTING) + + GL.Rotated(0.1*@angle, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0) + for x in -D_MAX..D_MAX + for y in -D_MAX..D_MAX + h1 = (x + y - 2).abs + h2 = (y - x + 1).abs + GL.PushMatrix + c = [1, 0, 0, 1] + GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::AMBIENT, c) + GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::DIFFUSE, c) + + GL.Translated( + y * SQUARE_DISTANCE, + AMPLITUDE * h1, + x * SQUARE_DISTANCE + ) + + GL.Begin(GL::TRIANGLE_STRIP) + GL.Normal(1.0, 0.0, 0.0) + GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.End + + GL.PopMatrix + + GL.PushMatrix + c = [0, 0, 1, 1] + GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::AMBIENT, c) + GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::DIFFUSE, c) + + GL.Translated( + y * SQUARE_DISTANCE, + AMPLITUDE * h2, + x * SQUARE_DISTANCE + ) + + GL.Begin(GL::TRIANGLE_STRIP) + GL.Normal(1.0, 0.0, 0.0) + GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.End + + GL.PopMatrix + + GL.PushMatrix + c = [0.0 + (x/10.0), 0.0 + (y/10.0), 0, 1] + GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::AMBIENT, c) + GL.Material(GL::FRONT, GL::DIFFUSE, c) + + GL.Translated( + y * SQUARE_DISTANCE, + 0, + x * SQUARE_DISTANCE + ) + + GL.Begin(GL::TRIANGLE_STRIP) + GL.Normal(1.0, 0.0, 0.0) + GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.Vertex(-SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, -SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.Vertex(+SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE, +SQUARE_SIZE) + GL.End + + GL.PopMatrix + end + end + + # Swap if it is double-buffered + if @glvisual.isDoubleBuffer + @glcanvas.swapBuffers + end + + # Make context non-current + @glcanvas.makeNonCurrent + end + + def initialize(app) + # Invoke the base class initializer + super(app, "OpenGL Test Application", nil, nil, DECOR_ALL, 0, 0, 1024, 768) + + # Construct the main window elements + frame = FXHorizontalFrame.new(self, LAYOUT_SIDE_TOP|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FILL_Y) + frame.padLeft, frame.padRight = 0, 0 + frame.padTop, frame.padBottom = 0, 0 + + # Left pane to contain the glcanvas + glcanvasFrame = FXVerticalFrame.new(frame, + LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FILL_Y|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT) + glcanvasFrame.padLeft, glcanvasFrame.padRight = 10, 10 + glcanvasFrame.padTop, glcanvasFrame.padBottom = 10, 10 + + # Label above the glcanvas + FXLabel.new(glcanvasFrame, "OpenGL Canvas Frame", nil, + JUSTIFY_CENTER_X|LAYOUT_FILL_X) + + # Horizontal divider line + FXHorizontalSeparator.new(glcanvasFrame, SEPARATOR_GROOVE|LAYOUT_FILL_X) + + # Drawing glcanvas + glpanel = FXVerticalFrame.new(glcanvasFrame, (FRAME_SUNKEN|FRAME_THICK| + LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FILL_Y|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT)) + glpanel.padLeft, glpanel.padRight = 0, 0 + glpanel.padTop, glpanel.padBottom = 0, 0 + + # A visual to draw OpenGL + @glvisual = FXGLVisual.new(getApp(), VISUAL_DOUBLEBUFFER) + + # Drawing glcanvas + @glcanvas = FXGLCanvas.new(glpanel, @glvisual, nil, 0, + LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_FILL_Y|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT) + @glcanvas.connect(SEL_PAINT) { + drawScene + } + @glcanvas.connect(SEL_CONFIGURE) { + if @glcanvas.makeCurrent + GL.Viewport(0, 0, @glcanvas.width, @glcanvas.height) + @glcanvas.makeNonCurrent + end + } + + # Right pane for the buttons + buttonFrame = FXVerticalFrame.new(frame, LAYOUT_FILL_Y|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT) + buttonFrame.padLeft, buttonFrame.padRight = 10, 10 + buttonFrame.padTop, buttonFrame.padBottom = 10, 10 + + # Label above the buttons + FXLabel.new(buttonFrame, "Button Frame", nil, + JUSTIFY_CENTER_X|LAYOUT_FILL_X) + + # Horizontal divider line + FXHorizontalSeparator.new(buttonFrame, SEPARATOR_RIDGE|LAYOUT_FILL_X) + + # Spin according to timer + spinTimerBtn = FXButton.new(buttonFrame, + "Spin &Timer\tSpin using interval timers\nNote the app + blocks until the interal has elapsed...", nil, + nil, 0, FRAME_THICK|FRAME_RAISED|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT) + spinTimerBtn.padLeft, spinTimerBtn.padRight = 10, 10 + spinTimerBtn.padTop, spinTimerBtn.padBottom = 5, 5 + spinTimerBtn.connect(SEL_COMMAND) { + @spinning = true + @timer = getApp().addTimeout(TIMER_INTERVAL, method(:onTimeout)) + } + spinTimerBtn.connect(SEL_UPDATE) { |sender, sel, ptr| + @spinning ? sender.disable : sender.enable + } + + # Spin according to chore + spinChoreBtn = FXButton.new(buttonFrame, + "Spin &Chore\tSpin as fast as possible using chores\nNote even though the + app is very responsive, it never blocks;\nthere is always something to + do...", nil, + nil, 0, FRAME_THICK|FRAME_RAISED|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT) + spinChoreBtn.padLeft, spinChoreBtn.padRight = 10, 10 + spinChoreBtn.padTop, spinChoreBtn.padBottom = 5, 5 + spinChoreBtn.connect(SEL_COMMAND) { + @spinning = true + @chore = getApp().addChore(method(:onChore)) + } + spinChoreBtn.connect(SEL_UPDATE) { |sender, sel, ptr| + @spinning ? sender.disable : sender.enable + } + + # Stop spinning + stopBtn = FXButton.new(buttonFrame, + "&Stop Spin\tStop this mad spinning, I'm getting dizzy", nil, + nil, 0, FRAME_THICK|FRAME_RAISED|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT) + stopBtn.padLeft, stopBtn.padRight = 10, 10 + stopBtn.padTop, stopBtn.padBottom = 5, 5 + stopBtn.connect(SEL_COMMAND) { + @spinning = false + if @timer + getApp().removeTimeout(@timer) + @timer = nil + end + if @chore + getApp().removeChore(@chore) + @chore = nil + end + } + stopBtn.connect(SEL_UPDATE) { |sender, sel, ptr| + @spinning ? sender.enable : sender.disable + } + + # Exit button + exitBtn = FXButton.new(buttonFrame, "&Exit\tExit the application", nil, + getApp(), FXApp::ID_QUIT, + FRAME_THICK|FRAME_RAISED|LAYOUT_FILL_X|LAYOUT_TOP|LAYOUT_LEFT) + exitBtn.padLeft, exitBtn.padRight = 10, 10 + exitBtn.padTop, exitBtn.padBottom = 5, 5 + + # Make a tooltip + FXTooltip.new(getApp()) + + # Initialize private variables + @spinning = false + @chore = nil + @timer = nil + @angle = 0.0 + @size = 0.5 + end + + # Create and initialize + def create + super + show(PLACEMENT_SCREEN) + end +end + +if __FILE__ == $0 + # Construct the application + application = FXApp.new("GLTest", "FoxTest") + + # To ensure that the chores-based spin will run as fast as possible, + # we can disable the chore in FXRuby's event loop that tries to schedule + # other threads. This is OK for this program because there aren't any + # other Ruby threads running. + + #application.disableThreads + + # Construct the main window + GLTestWindow.new(application) + + # Create the app's windows + application.create + + # Run the application + application.run +end + +class Facelet + attr_accessor :color + def initialize(color) + @color = color + end + + def to_s + @color + end +end + +class Edge + attr_accessor :facelets, :colors + + def initialize(facelets) + @facelets = facelets + @colors = @facelets.map { |fl| fl.color } + end + + def apply(edge) + @facelets.each_with_index { |fl, i| + fl.color = edge.colors[i] + } + end + + def inspect + "\n%s %s\n%s %s %s" % facelets + end +end + +class Side + attr_reader :num, :facelets + attr_accessor :sides + + def initialize(num) + @num = num + @sides = [] + @facelets = [] + @fl_by_side = {} + end + + # facelets & sides + # 0 + # 0 1 2 + # 3 3 4 5 1 + # 6 7 8 + # 2 + + def facelets=(facelets) + @facelets = facelets.map { |c| Facelet.new(c) } + init_facelet 0, 3,0 + init_facelet 1, 0 + init_facelet 2, 0,1 + init_facelet 3, 3 + init_facelet 5, 1 + init_facelet 6, 2,3 + init_facelet 7, 2 + init_facelet 8, 1,2 + end + + def <=>(side) + self.num <=> side.num + end + + def init_facelet(pos, *side_nums) + sides = side_nums.map { |num| @sides[num] }.sort + @fl_by_side[sides] = pos + end + + def []=(color, *sides) + @facelets[@fl_by_side[sides.sort]].color = color + end + + def values_at(*sides) + sides.map { |sides| @facelets[@fl_by_side[sides.sort]] } + end + + def inspect(range=nil) + if range + @facelets.values_at(*(range.to_a)).join(' ') + else + <<-EOS.gsub(/\d/) { |num| @facelets[num.to_i] }.gsub(/[ABCD]/) { |side| @sides[side[0]-?A].num.to_s } + A + 0 1 2 + D 3 4 5 B + 6 7 8 + C + EOS + end + end + + def get_edge(side) + trio = (-1..1).map { |x| (side + x) % 4 } + prev_side, this_side, next_side = @sides.values_at(*trio) + e = Edge.new( + self .values_at( [this_side], [this_side, next_side] ) + + this_side.values_at( [self, prev_side], [self ], [self, next_side] ) + ) + #puts 'Edge created for side %d: ' % side + e.inspect + e + end + + def turn(dir) + #p 'turn side %d in %d' % [num, dir] + edges = (0..3).map { |n| get_edge n } + for i in 0..3 + edges[i].apply edges[(i-dir) % 4] + end + end +end + +class Cube + def initialize + @sides = [] + %w(left front right back top bottom).each_with_index { |side, i| + eval("@sides[#{i}] = @#{side} = Side.new(#{i})") + } + @left.sides = [@top, @front, @bottom, @back] + @front.sides = [@top, @right, @bottom, @left] + @right.sides = [@top, @back, @bottom, @front] + @back.sides = [@top, @left, @bottom, @right] + @top.sides = [@back, @right, @front, @left] + @bottom.sides = [@front, @right, @back, @left] + end + + def read_facelets(fs) + pattern = Regexp.new(<<-EOP.gsub(/\w/, '\w').gsub(/\s+/, '\s*')) + (w w w) + (w w w) + (w w w) +(r r r) (g g g) (b b b) (o o o) +(r r r) (g g g) (b b b) (o o o) +(r r r) (g g g) (b b b) (o o o) + (y y y) + (y y y) + (y y y) + EOP + md = pattern.match(fs).to_a + + @top.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(1,2,3)) + @left.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(4,8,12)) + @front.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(5,9,13)) + @right.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(6,10,14)) + @back.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(7,11,15)) + @bottom.facelets = parse_facelets(md.values_at(16,17,18)) + end + + def turn(side, dir) + #p 'turn %d in %d' % [side, dir] + @sides[side].turn(dir) + #puts inspect + end + + def inspect + <<-EOF.gsub(/(\d):(\d)-(\d)/) { @sides[$1.to_i].inspect(Range.new($2.to_i, $3.to_i)) } + 4:0-2 + 4:3-5 + 4:6-8 +0:0-2 1:0-2 2:0-2 3:0-2 +0:3-5 1:3-5 2:3-5 3:3-5 +0:6-8 1:6-8 2:6-8 3:6-8 + 5:0-2 + 5:3-5 + 5:6-8 + EOF + end + +private + def parse_facelets(rows) + rows.join.delete(' ').split(//) + end +end + +#$stdin = DATA + +gets.to_i.times do |i| + puts "Scenario ##{i+1}:" + fs = '' + 9.times { fs << gets } + cube = Cube.new + cube.read_facelets fs + gets.to_i.times do |t| + side, dir = gets.split.map {|s| s.to_i} + cube.turn(side, dir) + end + puts cube.inspect + puts +end + +# 2004 by murphy <korny@cYcnus.de> +# GPL +class Scenario + class TimePoint + attr_reader :data + def initialize *data + @data = data + end + + def [] i + @data[i] or 0 + end + + include Comparable + def <=> tp + r = 0 + [@data.size, tp.data.size].max.times do |i| + r = self[i] <=> tp[i] + return r if r.nonzero? + end + 0 + end + + def - tp + r = [] + [@data.size, tp.data.size].max.times do |i| + r << self[i] - tp[i] + end + r + end + + def inspect + # 01/01/1800 00:00:00 + '%02d/%02d/%04d %02d:%02d:%02d' % @data.values_at(1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 5) + end + end + + ONE_HOUR = TimePoint.new 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 + + APPOINTMENT_PATTERN = / + ( \d{4} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s + ( \d{4} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) \s ( \d{2} ) + /x + + def initialize io + @team_size = io.gets.to_i + @data = [ [TimePoint.new(1800, 01, 01, 00, 00, 00), @team_size] ] + @team_size.times do # each team member + io.gets.to_i.times do # each appointment + m = APPOINTMENT_PATTERN.match io.gets + @data << [TimePoint.new(*m.captures[0,6].map { |x| x.to_i }), -1] + @data << [TimePoint.new(*m.captures[6,6].map { |x| x.to_i }), +1] + end + end + @data << [TimePoint.new(2200, 01, 01, 00, 00, 00), -@team_size] + end + + def print_time_plan + n = 0 + appointment = nil + no_appointment = true + @data.sort_by { |x| x[0] }.each do |x| + tp, action = *x + n += action + # at any time during the meeting, at least two team members need to be there + # and at most one team member is allowed to be absent + if n >= 2 and (@team_size - n) <= 1 + appointment ||= tp + else + if appointment + # the meeting should be at least one hour in length + if TimePoint.new(*(tp - appointment)) >= ONE_HOUR + puts 'appointment possible from %p to %p' % [appointment, tp] + no_appointment = false + end + appointment = false + end + end + end + puts 'no appointment possible' if no_appointment + end +end + +# read the data +DATA.gets.to_i.times do |si| # each scenario + puts 'Scenario #%d:' % (si + 1) + sc = Scenario.new DATA + sc.print_time_plan + puts +end + +#__END__ +2 +3 +3 +2002 06 28 15 00 00 2002 06 28 18 00 00 TUD Contest Practice Session +2002 06 29 10 00 00 2002 06 29 15 00 00 TUD Contest +2002 11 15 15 00 00 2002 11 17 23 00 00 NWERC Delft +4 +2002 06 25 13 30 00 2002 06 25 15 30 00 FIFA World Cup Semifinal I +2002 06 26 13 30 00 2002 06 26 15 30 00 FIFA World Cup Semifinal II +2002 06 29 13 00 00 2002 06 29 15 00 00 FIFA World Cup Third Place +2002 06 30 13 00 00 2002 06 30 15 00 00 FIFA World Cup Final +1 +2002 06 01 00 00 00 2002 06 29 18 00 00 Preparation of Problem Set +2 +1 +1800 01 01 00 00 00 2200 01 01 00 00 00 Solving Problem 8 +0 + +require 'token_consts' +require 'symbol' +require 'ctype' +require 'error' + +class Fixnum + # Treat char as a digit and return it's value as Fixnum. + # Returns nonsense for non-digits. + # Examples: + # <code> + # RUBY_VERSION[0].digit == '1.8.2'[0].digit == 1 + # </code> + # + # <code> + # ?6.digit == 6 + # </code> + # + # <code> + # ?A.digit == 17 + # </code> + def digit + self - ?0 + end +end + +## +# Stellt einen einfachen Scanner für die lexikalische Analyse der Sprache Pas-0 dar. +# +# @author Andreas Kunert +# Ruby port by murphy +class Scanner + + include TokenConsts + + attr_reader :line, :pos + + # To allow Scanner.new without parameters. + DUMMY_INPUT = 'dummy file' + def DUMMY_INPUT.getc + nil + end + + ## + # Erzeugt einen Scanner, der als Eingabe das übergebene IO benutzt. + def initialize input = DUMMY_INPUT + @line = 1 + @pos = 0 + + begin + @input = input + @next_char = @input.getc + rescue IOError # TODO show the reason! + Error.ioError + raise + end + end + + ## + # Liest das n + def read_next_char + begin + @pos += 1 + @current_char = @next_char + @next_char = @input.getc + rescue IOError + Error.ioError + raise + end + end + + ## + # Sucht das nächste Symbol, identifiziert es, instantiiert ein entsprechendes + # PascalSymbol-Objekt und gibt es zurück. + # @see Symbol + # @return das gefundene Symbol als PascalSymbol-Objekt + def get_symbol + current_symbol = nil + until current_symbol + read_next_char + + if @current_char.alpha? + identifier = @current_char.chr + while @next_char.alpha? or @next_char.digit? + identifier << @next_char + read_next_char + end + current_symbol = handle_identifier(identifier.upcase) + elsif @current_char.digit? + current_symbol = number + else + case @current_char + when ?\s + # ignore + when ?\n + new_line + when nil + current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new EOP + when ?{ + comment + + when ?: + if @next_char == ?= + read_next_char + current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new BECOMES + else + current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new COLON + end + + when ?< + if (@next_char == ?=) + read_next_char + current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new LEQSY + elsif (@next_char == ?>) + read_next_char + current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new NEQSY + else + current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new LSSSY + end + + when ?> + if (@next_char == ?=) + read_next_char + current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new GEQSY + else + current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new GRTSY + end + + when ?. then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new PERIOD + when ?( then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new LPARENT + when ?, then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new COMMA + when ?* then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new TIMES + when ?/ then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new SLASH + when ?+ then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new PLUS + when ?- then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new MINUS + when ?= then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new EQLSY + when ?) then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new RPARENT + when ?; then current_symbol = PascalSymbol.new SEMICOLON + else + Error.error(100, @line, @pos) if @current_char > ?\s + end + end + end + current_symbol + end + +private + ## + # Versucht, in dem gegebenen String ein Schlüsselwort zu erkennen. + # Sollte dabei ein Keyword gefunden werden, so gibt er ein PascalSymbol-Objekt zurück, das + # das entsprechende Keyword repräsentiert. Ansonsten besteht die Rückgabe aus + # einem SymbolIdent-Objekt (abgeleitet von PascalSymbol), das den String 1:1 enthält + # @see symbol + # @return falls Keyword gefunden, zugehöriges PascalSymbol, sonst SymbolIdent + def handle_identifier identifier + if sym = KEYWORD_SYMBOLS[identifier] + PascalSymbol.new sym + else + SymbolIdent.new identifier + end + end + + MAXINT = 2**31 - 1 + MAXINT_DIV_10 = MAXINT / 10 + MAXINT_MOD_10 = MAXINT % 10 + ## + # Versucht, aus dem gegebenen Zeichen und den folgenden eine Zahl zusammenzusetzen. + # Dabei wird der relativ intuitive Algorithmus benutzt, die endgültige Zahl bei + # jeder weiteren Ziffer mit 10 zu multiplizieren und diese dann mit der Ziffer zu + # addieren. Sonderfälle bestehen dann nur noch in der Behandlung von reellen Zahlen. + # <BR> + # Treten dabei kein Punkt oder ein E auf, so gibt diese Methode ein SymbolIntCon-Objekt + # zurück, ansonsten (reelle Zahl) ein SymbolRealCon-Objekt. Beide Symbole enthalten + # jeweils die Zahlwerte. + # <BR> + # Anmerkung: Diese Funktion ist mit Hilfe der Java/Ruby-API deutlich leichter zu realisieren. + # Sie wurde dennoch so implementiert, um den Algorithmus zu demonstrieren + # @see symbol + # @return SymbolIntcon- oder SymbolRealcon-Objekt, das den Zahlwert enthält + def number + is_integer = true + integer_too_long = false + exponent = 0 + exp_counter = -1 + exp_sign = 1 + + integer_mantisse = @current_char.digit + + while (@next_char.digit? and integer_mantisse < MAXINT_DIV_10) or + (integer_mantisse == MAXINT_DIV_10 and @next_char.digit <= MAXINT_MOD_10) + integer_mantisse *= 10 + integer_mantisse += @next_char.digit + read_next_char + end + + real_mantisse = integer_mantisse + + while @next_char.digit? + integer_too_long = true + real_mantisse *= 10 + real_mantisse += @next_char.digit + read_next_char + end + if @next_char == ?. + read_next_char + is_integer = false + unless @next_char.digit? + Error.error 101, @line, @pos + end + while @next_char.digit? + real_mantisse += @next_char.digit * (10 ** exp_counter) + read_next_char + exp_counter -= 1 + end + end + if @next_char == ?E + is_integer = false + read_next_char + if @next_char == ?- + exp_sign = -1 + read_next_char + end + unless @next_char.digit? + Error.error 101, @line, @pos + end + while @next_char.digit? + exponent *= 10 + exponent += @next_char.digit + read_next_char + end + end + + if is_integer + if integer_too_long + Error.error 102, @line, @pos + end + SymbolIntcon.new integer_mantisse + else + SymbolRealcon.new real_mantisse * (10 ** (exp_sign * exponent)) + end + end + + ## + # Sorgt für ein Ãœberlesen von Kommentaren. + # Es werden einfach alle Zeichen bis zu einer schließenden Klammer eingelesen + # und verworfen. + def comment + while @current_char != ?} + forbid_eop + new_line if @current_char == ?\n + read_next_char + end + end + + def new_line + @line += 1 + @pos = 0 + end + + def forbid_eop + if eop? + Error.error 103, @line, @pos + end + exit + end + + def eop? + @current_char.nil? + end +end + +## +# Läßt ein Testprogramm ablaufen. +# Dieses erzeugt sich ein Scanner-Objekt und ruft an diesem kontinuierlich bis zum Dateiende +# get_symbol auf. +if $0 == __FILE__ + scan = Scanner.new(File.new(ARGV[0] || 'test.pas')) + loop do + c = scan.get_symbol + puts c + break if c.typ == TokenConsts::EOP + end +end +# -*- ruby -*- + +# Local variables: +# indent-tabs-mode: nil +# ruby-indent-level: 4 +# End: + +# @@PLEAC@@_NAME +# @@SKIP@@ Ruby + +# @@PLEAC@@_WEB +# @@SKIP@@ http://www.ruby-lang.org + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.0 +string = '\n' # two characters, \ and an n +string = 'Jon \'Maddog\' Orwant' # literal single quotes + +string = "\n" # a "newline" character +string = "Jon \"Maddog\" Orwant" # literal double quotes + +string = %q/Jon 'Maddog' Orwant/ # literal single quotes + +string = %q[Jon 'Maddog' Orwant] # literal single quotes +string = %q{Jon 'Maddog' Orwant} # literal single quotes +string = %q(Jon 'Maddog' Orwant) # literal single quotes +string = %q<Jon 'Maddog' Orwant> # literal single quotes + +a = <<"EOF" +This is a multiline here document +terminated by EOF on a line by itself +EOF + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.1 +value = string[offset,count] +value = string[offset..-1] + +string[offset,count] = newstring +string[offset..-1] = newtail + +# in Ruby we can also specify intervals by their two offsets +value = string[offset..offs2] +string[offset..offs2] = newstring + +leading, s1, s2, trailing = data.unpack("A5 x3 A8 A8 A*") + +fivers = string.unpack("A5" * (string.length/5)) + +chars = string.unpack("A1" * string.length) + +string = "This is what you have" +# +012345678901234567890 Indexing forwards (left to right) +# 109876543210987654321- Indexing backwards (right to left) +# note that 0 means 10 or 20, etc. above + +first = string[0, 1] # "T" +start = string[5, 2] # "is" +rest = string[13..-1] # "you have" +last = string[-1, 1] # "e" +end_ = string[-4..-1] # "have" +piece = string[-8, 3] # "you" + +string[5, 2] = "wasn't" # change "is" to "wasn't" +string[-12..-1] = "ondrous" # "This wasn't wondrous" +string[0, 1] = "" # delete first character +string[-10..-1] = "" # delete last 10 characters + +if string[-10..-1] =~ /pattern/ + puts "Pattern matches in last 10 characters" +end + +string[0, 5].gsub!(/is/, 'at') + +a = "make a hat" +a[0, 1], a[-1, 1] = a[-1, 1], a[0, 1] + +a = "To be or not to be" +b = a.unpack("x6 A6") + +b, c = a.unpack("x6 A2 X5 A2") +puts "#{b}\n#{c}\n" + +def cut2fmt(*args) + template = '' + lastpos = 1 + for place in args + template += "A" + (place - lastpos).to_s + " " + lastpos = place + end + template += "A*" + return template +end + +fmt = cut2fmt(8, 14, 20, 26, 30) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.2 +# careful! "b is true" doesn't mean "b != 0" (0 is true in Ruby) +# thus no problem of "defined" later since only nil is false +# the following sets to `c' if `b' is nil or false +a = b || c + +# if you need Perl's behaviour (setting to `c' if `b' is 0) the most +# effective way is to use Numeric#nonzero? (thanks to Dave Thomas!) +a = b.nonzero? || c + +# you will still want to use defined? in order to test +# for scope existence of a given object +a = defined?(b) ? b : c + +dir = ARGV.shift || "/tmp" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.3 +v1, v2 = v2, v1 + +alpha, beta, production = %w(January March August) +alpha, beta, production = beta, production, alpha + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.4 +num = char[0] +char = num.chr + +# Ruby also supports having a char from character constant +num = ?r + +char = sprintf("%c", num) +printf("Number %d is character %c\n", num, num) + +ascii = string.unpack("C*") +string = ascii.pack("C*") + +hal = "HAL" +ascii = hal.unpack("C*") +# We can't use Array#each since we can't mutate a Fixnum +ascii.collect! { |i| + i + 1 # add one to each ASCII value +} +ibm = ascii.pack("C*") +puts ibm + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.5 +array = string.split('') + +array = string.unpack("C*") + +string.scan(/./) { |b| + # do something with b +} + +string = "an apple a day" +print "unique chars are: ", string.split('').uniq.sort, "\n" + +sum = 0 +for ascval in string.unpack("C*") # or use Array#each for a pure OO style :) + sum += ascval +end +puts "sum is #{sum & 0xffffffff}" # since Ruby will go Bignum if necessary + +# @@INCLUDE@@ include/ruby/slowcat.rb + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.6 +revbytes = string.reverse + +revwords = string.split(" ").reverse.join(" ") + +revwords = string.split(/(\s+)/).reverse.join + +# using the fact that IO is Enumerable, you can directly "select" it +long_palindromes = File.open("/usr/share/dict/words"). + select { |w| w.chomp!; w.reverse == w && w.length > 5 } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.7 +while string.sub!("\t+") { ' ' * ($&.length * 8 - $`.length % 8) } +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.8 +'You owe #{debt} to me'.gsub(/\#{(\w+)}/) { eval($1) } + +rows, cols = 24, 80 +text = %q(I am #{rows} high and #{cols} long) +text.gsub!(/\#{(\w+)}/) { eval("#{$1}") } +puts text + +'I am 17 years old'.gsub(/\d+/) { 2 * $&.to_i } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.9 +e = "bo peep".upcase +e.downcase! +e.capitalize! + +"thIS is a loNG liNE".gsub!(/\w+/) { $&.capitalize } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.10 +"I have #{n+1} guanacos." +print "I have ", n+1, " guanacos." + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.11 +var = <<'EOF'.gsub(/^\s+/, '') + your text + goes here +EOF + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.12 +string = "Folding and splicing is the work of an editor,\n"+ + "not a mere collection of silicon\n"+ + "and\n"+ + "mobile electrons!" + +def wrap(str, max_size) + all = [] + line = '' + for l in str.split + if (line+l).length >= max_size + all.push(line) + line = '' + end + line += line == '' ? l : ' ' + l + end + all.push(line).join("\n") +end + +print wrap(string, 20) +#=> Folding and +#=> splicing is the +#=> work of an editor, +#=> not a mere +#=> collection of +#=> silicon and mobile +#=> electrons! + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.13 +string = %q(Mom said, "Don't do that.") +string.gsub(/['"]/) { '\\'+$& } +string.gsub(/['"]/, '\&\&') +string.gsub(/[^A-Z]/) { '\\'+$& } +"is a test!".gsub(/\W/) { '\\'+$& } # no function like quotemeta? + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.14 +string.strip! + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.15 +def parse_csv(text) + new = text.scan(/"([^\"\\]*(?:\\.[^\"\\]*)*)",?|([^,]+),?|,/) + new << nil if text[-1] == ?, + new.flatten.compact +end + +line = %q<XYZZY,"","O'Reilly, Inc","Wall, Larry","a \"glug\" bit,",5,"Error, Core Dumped"> +fields = parse_csv(line) +fields.each_with_index { |v,i| + print "#{i} : #{v}\n"; +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.16 +# Use the soundex.rb Library from Michael Neumann. +# http://www.s-direktnet.de/homepages/neumann/rb_prgs/Soundex.rb +require 'Soundex' + +code = Text::Soundex.soundex(string) +codes = Text::Soundex.soundex(array) + +# substitution function for getpwent(): +# returns an array of user entries, +# each entry contains the username and the full name +def login_names + result = [] + File.open("/etc/passwd") { |file| + file.each_line { |line| + next if line.match(/^#/) + cols = line.split(":") + result.push([cols[0], cols[4]]) + } + } + result +end + +puts "Lookup user: " +user = STDIN.gets +user.chomp! +exit unless user +name_code = Text::Soundex.soundex(user) + +splitter = Regexp.new('(\w+)[^,]*\b(\w+)') +for username, fullname in login_names do + firstname, lastname = splitter.match(fullname)[1,2] + if name_code == Text::Soundex.soundex(username) + || name_code == Text::Soundex.soundex(firstname) + || name_code == Text::Soundex.soundex(lastname) + then + puts "#{username}: #{firstname} #{lastname}" + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.17 +# @@INCLUDE@@ include/ruby/fixstyle.rb + + +# @@PLEAC@@_1.18 +# @@INCLUDE@@ include/ruby/psgrep.rb + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.1 +# Matz tells that you can use Integer() for strict checked conversion. +Integer("abc") +#=> `Integer': invalid value for Integer: "abc" (ArgumentError) +Integer("567") +#=> 567 + +# You may use Float() for floating point stuff +Integer("56.7") +#=> `Integer': invalid value for Integer: "56.7" (ArgumentError) +Float("56.7") +#=> 56.7 + +# You may also use a regexp for that +if string =~ /^[+-]?\d+$/ + p 'is an integer' +else + p 'is not' +end + +if string =~ /^-?(?:\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\.\d+)$/ + p 'is a decimal number' +else + p 'is not' +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.2 +# equal(num1, num2, accuracy) : returns true if num1 and num2 are +# equal to accuracy number of decimal places +def equal(i, j, a) + sprintf("%.#{a}g", i) == sprintf("%.#{a}g", j) +end + +wage = 536 # $5.36/hour +week = 40 * wage # $214.40 +printf("One week's wage is: \$%.2f\n", week/100.0) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.3 +num.round # rounds to integer + +a = 0.255 +b = sprintf("%.2f", a) +print "Unrounded: #{a}\nRounded: #{b}\n" +printf "Unrounded: #{a}\nRounded: %.2f\n", a + +print "number\tint\tfloor\tceil\n" +a = [ 3.3 , 3.5 , 3.7, -3.3 ] +for n in a + printf("% .1f\t% .1f\t% .1f\t% .1f\n", # at least I don't fake my output :) + n, n.to_i, n.floor, n.ceil) +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.4 +def dec2bin(n) + [n].pack("N").unpack("B32")[0].sub(/^0+(?=\d)/, '') +end + +def bin2dec(n) + [("0"*32+n.to_s)[-32..-1]].pack("B32").unpack("N")[0] +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.5 +for i in x .. y + # i is set to every integer from x to y, inclusive +end + +x.step(y,7) { |i| + # i is set to every integer from x to y, stepsize = 7 +} + +print "Infancy is: " +(0..2).each { |i| + print i, " " +} +print "\n" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.6 +# We can add conversion methods to the Integer class, +# this makes a roman number just a representation for normal numbers. +class Integer + + @@romanlist = [["M", 1000], + ["CM", 900], + ["D", 500], + ["CD", 400], + ["C", 100], + ["XC", 90], + ["L", 50], + ["XL", 40], + ["X", 10], + ["IX", 9], + ["V", 5], + ["IV", 4], + ["I", 1]] + + def to_roman + remains = self + roman = "" + for sym, num in @@romanlist + while remains >= num + remains -= num + roman << sym + end + end + roman + end + + def Integer.from_roman(roman) + ustr = roman.upcase + sum = 0 + for entry in @@romanlist + sym, num = entry[0], entry[1] + while sym == ustr[0, sym.length] + sum += num + ustr.slice!(0, sym.length) + end + end + sum + end + +end + + +roman_fifteen = 15.to_roman +puts "Roman for fifteen is #{roman_fifteen}" +i = Integer.from_roman(roman_fifteen) +puts "Converted back, #{roman_fifteen} is #{i}" + +# check +for i in (1..3900) + r = i.to_roman + j = Integer.from_roman(r) + if i != j + puts "error: #{i} : #{r} - #{j}" + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.7 +random = rand(y-x+1)+x + +chars = ["A".."Z","a".."z","0".."9"].collect { |r| r.to_a }.join + %q(!@$%^&*) +password = (1..8).collect { chars[rand(chars.size)] }.pack("C*") + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.8 +srand # uses a combination of the time, the process id, and a sequence number +srand(val) # for repeatable behaviour + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.9 +# from the randomr lib: +# http://raa.ruby-lang.org/project/randomr/ +----> http://raa.ruby-lang.org/project/randomr/ + +require 'random/mersenne_twister' +mers = Random::MersenneTwister.new 123456789 +puts mers.rand(0) # 0.550321932544541 +puts mers.rand(10) # 2 + +# using online sources of random data via the realrand package: +# http://raa.ruby-lang.org/project/realrand/ +# **Note** +# The following online services are used in this package: +# http://www.random.org - source: atmospheric noise +# http://www.fourmilab.ch/hotbits - source: radioactive decay timings +# http://random.hd.org - source: entropy from local and network noise +# Please visit the sites and respect the rules of each service. + +require 'random/online' + +generator1 = Random::RandomOrg.new +puts generator1.randbyte(5).join(",") +puts generator1.randnum(10, 1, 6).join(",") # Roll dice 10 times. + +generator2 = Random::FourmiLab.new +puts generator2.randbyte(5).join(",") +# randnum is not supported. + +generator3 = Random::EntropyPool.new +puts generator3.randbyte(5).join(",") +# randnum is not supported. + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.10 +def gaussian_rand + begin + u1 = 2 * rand() - 1 + u2 = 2 * rand() - 1 + w = u1*u1 + u2*u2 + end while (w >= 1) + w = Math.sqrt((-2*Math.log(w))/w) + [ u2*w, u1*w ] +end + +mean = 25 +sdev = 2 +salary = gaussian_rand[0] * sdev + mean +printf("You have been hired at \$%.2f\n", salary) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.11 +def deg2rad(d) + (d/180.0)*Math::PI +end + +def rad2deg(r) + (r/Math::PI)*180 +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.12 +sin_val = Math.sin(angle) +cos_val = Math.cos(angle) +tan_val = Math.tan(angle) + +# AFAIK Ruby's Math module doesn't provide acos/asin +# While we're at it, let's also define missing hyperbolic functions +module Math + def Math.asin(x) + atan2(x, sqrt(1 - x**2)) + end + def Math.acos(x) + atan2(sqrt(1 - x**2), x) + end + def Math.atan(x) + atan2(x, 1) + end + def Math.sinh(x) + (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2 + end + def Math.cosh(x) + (exp(x) + exp(-x)) / 2 + end + def Math.tanh(x) + sinh(x) / cosh(x) + end +end + +# The support for Complex numbers is not built-in +y = Math.acos(3.7) +#=> in `sqrt': square root for negative number (ArgumentError) + +# There is an implementation of Complex numbers in 'complex.rb' in current +# Ruby distro, but it doesn't support atan2 with complex args, so it doesn't +# solve this problem. + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.13 +log_e = Math.log(val) +log_10 = Math.log10(val) + +def log_base(base, val) + Math.log(val)/Math.log(base) +end + +answer = log_base(10, 10_000) +puts "log10(10,000) = #{answer}" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.14 +require 'matrix.rb' + +a = Matrix[[3, 2, 3], [5, 9, 8]] +b = Matrix[[4, 7], [9, 3], [8, 1]] +c = a * b + +a.row_size +a.column_size + +c.det +a.transpose + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.15 +require 'complex.rb' +require 'rational.rb' + +a = Complex(3, 5) # 3 + 5i +b = Complex(2, -2) # 2 - 2i +puts "c = #{a*b}" + +c = a * b +d = 3 + 4*Complex::I + +printf "sqrt(#{d}) = %s\n", Math.sqrt(d) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.16 +number = hexadecimal.hex +number = octal.oct + +print "Gimme a number in decimal, octal, or hex: " +num = gets.chomp +exit unless defined?(num) +num = num.oct if num =~ /^0/ # does both oct and hex +printf "%d %x %o\n", num, num, num + +print "Enter file permission in octal: " +permissions = gets.chomp +raise "Exiting ...\n" unless defined?(permissions) +puts "The decimal value is #{permissions.oct}" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.17 +def commify(n) + n.to_s =~ /([^\.]*)(\..*)?/ + int, dec = $1.reverse, $2 ? $2 : "" + while int.gsub!(/(,|\.|^)(\d{3})(\d)/, '\1\2,\3') + end + int.reverse + dec +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.18 +printf "It took %d hour%s\n", time, time == 1 ? "" : "s" + +# dunno if an equivalent to Lingua::EN::Inflect exists... + + +# @@PLEAC@@_2.19 +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby +# bigfact - calculating prime factors +def factorize(orig) + factors = {} + factors.default = 0 # return 0 instead nil if key not found in hash + n = orig + i = 2 + sqi = 4 # square of i + while sqi <= n do + while n.modulo(i) == 0 do + n /= i + factors[i] += 1 + # puts "Found factor #{i}" + end + # we take advantage of the fact that (i +1)**2 = i**2 + 2*i +1 + sqi += 2 * i + 1 + i += 1 + end + + if (n != 1) && (n != orig) + factors[n] += 1 + end + factors +end + +def printfactorhash(orig, factorcount) + print format("%-10d ", orig) + if factorcount.length == 0 + print "PRIME" + else + # sorts after number, because the hash keys are numbers + factorcount.sort.each { |factor,exponent| + print factor + if exponent > 1 + print "**", exponent + end + print " " + } + end + puts +end + +for arg in ARGV + n = arg.to_i + mfactors = factorize(n) + printfactorhash(n, mfactors) +end +#----------------------------- + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.0 +puts Time.now + +print "Today is day ", Time.now.yday, " of the current year.\n" +print "Today is day ", Time.now.day, " of the current month.\n" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.1 +day, month, year = Time.now.day, Time.now.month, Time.now.year +# or +day, month, year = Time.now.to_a[3..5] + +tl = Time.now.localtime +printf("The current date is %04d %02d %02d\n", tl.year, tl.month, tl.day) + +Time.now.localtime.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.2 +Time.local(year, month, day, hour, minute, second).tv_sec +Time.gm(year, month, day, hour, minute, second).tv_sec + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.3 +sec, min, hour, day, month, year, wday, yday, isdst, zone = Time.at(epoch_secs).to_a + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.4 +when_ = now + difference # now -> Time ; difference -> Numeric (delta in seconds) +then_ = now - difference + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.5 +bree = 361535725 +nat = 96201950 + +difference = bree - nat +puts "There were #{difference} seconds between Nat and Bree" + +seconds = difference % 60 +difference = (difference - seconds) / 60 +minutes = difference % 60 +difference = (difference - minutes) / 60 +hours = difference % 24 +difference = (difference - hours) / 24 +days = difference % 7 +weeks = (difference - days) / 7 + +puts "(#{weeks} weeks, #{days} days, #{hours}:#{minutes}:#{seconds})" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.6 +monthday, weekday, yearday = date.mday, date.wday, date.yday + +# AFAIK the week number is not just a division since week boundaries are on sundays +weeknum = d.strftime("%U").to_i + 1 + +year = 1981 +month = "jun" # or `6' if you want to emulate a broken language +day = 16 +t = Time.mktime(year, month, day) +print "#{month}/#{day}/#{year} was a ", t.strftime("%A"), "\n" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.7 +yyyy, mm, dd = $1, $2, $3 if "1998-06-25" =~ /(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)/ + +epoch_seconds = Time.mktime(yyyy, mm, dd).tv_sec + +# dunno an equivalent to Date::Manip#ParseDate + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.8 +string = Time.at(epoch_secs) +Time.at(1234567890).gmtime # gives: Fri Feb 13 23:31:30 UTC 2009 + +time = Time.mktime(1973, "jan", 18, 3, 45, 50) +print "In localtime it gives: ", time.localtime, "\n" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.9 +# Ruby provides micro-seconds in Time object +Time.now.usec + +# Ruby gives the seconds in floating format when substracting two Time objects +before = Time.now +line = gets +elapsed = Time.now - before +puts "You took #{elapsed} seconds." + +# On my Celeron-400 with Linux-2.2.19-14mdk, average for three execs are: +# This Ruby version: average 0.00321 sec +# Cookbook's Perl version: average 0.00981 sec +size = 500 +number_of_times = 100 +total_time = 0 +number_of_times.times { + # populate array + array = [] + size.times { array << rand } + # sort it + begin_ = Time.now + array.sort! + time = Time.now - begin_ + total_time += time +} +printf "On average, sorting %d random numbers takes %.5f seconds\n", + size, (total_time/Float(number_of_times)) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.10 +sleep(0.005) # Ruby is definitely not as broken as Perl :) +# (may be interrupted by sending the process a SIGALRM) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_3.11 +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# hopdelta - feed mail header, produce lines +# showing delay at each hop. +require 'time' +class MailHopDelta + + def initialize(mail) + @head = mail.gsub(/\n\s+/,' ') + @topline = %w-Sender Recipient Time Delta- + @start_from = mail.match(/^From.*\@([^\s>]*)/)[1] + @date = Time.parse(mail.match(/^Date:\s+(.*)/)[1]) + end + + def out(line) + "%-20.20s %-20.20s %-20.20s %s" % line + end + + def hop_date(day) + day.strftime("%I:%M:%S %Y/%m/%d") + end + + def puts_hops + puts out(@topline) + puts out(['Start', @start_from, hop_date(@date),'']) + @head.split(/\n/).reverse.grep(/^Received:/).each do |hop| + hop.gsub!(/\bon (.*?) (id.*)/,'; \1') + whence = hop.match(/;\s+(.*)$/)[1] + unless whence + warn "Bad received line: #{hop}" + next + end + from = $+ if hop =~ /from\s+(\S+)|\((.*?)\)/ + by = $1 if hop =~ /by\s+(\S+\.\S+)/ + next unless now = Time.parse(whence).localtime + delta = now - @date + puts out([from, by, hop_date(now), hop_time(delta)]) + @date = now + end + end + + def hop_time(secs) + sign = secs < 0 ? -1 : 1 + days, secs = secs.abs.divmod(60 * 60 * 24) + hours,secs = secs.abs.divmod(60 * 60) + mins, secs = secs.abs.divmod(60) + rtn = "%3ds" % [secs * sign] + rtn << "%3dm" % [mins * sign] if mins != 0 + rtn << "%3dh" % [hours * sign] if hours != 0 + rtn << "%3dd" % [days * sign] if days != 0 + rtn + end +end + +$/ = "" +mail = MailHopDelta.new(ARGF.gets).puts_hops + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.0 +single_level = [ "this", "that", "the", "other" ] + +# Ruby directly supports nested arrays +double_level = [ "this", "that", [ "the", "other" ] ] +still_single_level = [ "this", "that", [ "the", "other" ] ].flatten + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.1 +a = [ "quick", "brown", "fox" ] +a = %w(Why are you teasing me?) + +lines = <<"END_OF_HERE_DOC".gsub(/^\s*(.+)/, '\1') + The boy stood on the burning deck, + It was as hot as glass. +END_OF_HERE_DOC + +bigarray = IO.readlines("mydatafile").collect { |l| l.chomp } + +name = "Gandalf" +banner = %Q(Speak, #{name}, and welcome!) + +host_info = `host #{his_host}` + +%x(ps #{$$}) + +banner = 'Costs only $4.95'.split(' ') + +rax = %w! ( ) < > { } [ ] ! + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.2 +def commify_series(a) + a.size == 0 ? '' : + a.size == 1 ? a[0] : + a.size == 2 ? a.join(' and ') : + a[0..-2].join(', ') + ', and ' + a[-1] +end + +array = [ "red", "yellow", "green" ] + +print "I have ", array, " marbles\n" +# -> I have redyellowgreen marbles + +# But unlike Perl: +print "I have #{array} marbles\n" +# -> I have redyellowgreen marbles +# So, needs: +print "I have #{array.join(' ')} marbles\n" +# -> I have red yellow green marbles + +def commify_series(a) + sepchar = a.select { |p| p =~ /,/ } != [] ? '; ' : ', ' + a.size == 0 ? '' : + a.size == 1 ? a[0] : + a.size == 2 ? a.join(' and ') : + a[0..-2].join(sepchar) + sepchar + 'and ' + a[-1] +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.3 +# (note: AFAIK Ruby doesn't allow gory change of Array length) +# grow the array by assigning nil to past the end of array +ary[new_size-1] = nil +# shrink the array by slicing it down +ary.slice!(new_size..-1) +# init the array with given size +Array.new(number_of_elems) +# assign to an element past the original end enlarges the array +ary[index_new_last_elem] = value + +def what_about_that_array(a) + print "The array now has ", a.size, " elements.\n" + # Index of last element is not really interesting in Ruby + print "Element #3 is `#{a[3]}'.\n" +end +people = %w(Crosby Stills Nash Young) +what_about_that_array(people) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.4 +# OO style +bad_users.each { |user| + complain(user) +} +# or, functional style +for user in bad_users + complain(user) +end + +for var in ENV.keys.sort + puts "#{var}=#{ENV[var]}" +end + +for user in all_users + disk_space = get_usage(user) + if (disk_space > MAX_QUOTA) + complain(user) + end +end + +for l in IO.popen("who").readlines + print l if l =~ /^gc/ +end + +# we can mimic the obfuscated Perl way +while fh.gets # $_ is set to the line just read + chomp # $_ has a trailing \n removed, if it had one + split.each { |w| # $_ is split on whitespace + # but $_ is not set to each chunk as in Perl + print w.reverse + } +end +# ...or use a cleaner way +for l in fh.readlines + l.chomp.split.each { |w| print w.reverse } +end + +# same drawback as in problem 1.4, we can't mutate a Numeric... +array.collect! { |v| v - 1 } + +a = [ .5, 3 ]; b = [ 0, 1 ] +for ary in [ a, b ] + ary.collect! { |v| v * 7 } +end +puts "#{a.join(' ')} #{b.join(' ')}" + +# we can mutate Strings, cool; we need a trick for the scalar +for ary in [ [ scalar ], array, hash.values ] + ary.each { |v| v.strip! } # String#strip rules :) +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.5 +# not relevant in Ruby since we have always references +for item in array + # do somethingh with item +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.6 +unique = list.uniq + +# generate a list of users logged in, removing duplicates +users = `who`.collect { |l| l =~ /(\w+)/; $1 }.sort.uniq +puts("users logged in: #{commify_series(users)}") # see 4.2 for commify_series + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.7 +a - b +# [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5 ] - [ 1, 2, 4 ] -> [3, 5] + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.8 +union = a | b +intersection = a & b +difference = a - b + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.9 +array1.concat(array2) +# if you will assign to another object, better use: +new_ary = array1 + array2 + +members = [ "Time", "Flies" ] +initiates = [ "An", "Arrow" ] +members += initiates + +members = [ "Time", "Flies" ] +initiates = [ "An", "Arrow" ] +members[2,0] = [ "Like", initiates ].flatten + +members[0] = "Fruit" +members[3,2] = "A", "Banana" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.10 +reversed = ary.reverse + +ary.reverse_each { |e| + # do something with e +} + +descending = ary.sort.reverse +descending = ary.sort { |a,b| b <=> a } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.11 +# remove n elements from front of ary (shift n) +front = ary.slice!(0, n) + +# remove n elements from the end of ary (pop n) +end_ = ary.slice!(-n .. -1) + +# let's extend the Array class, to make that useful +class Array + def shift2() + slice!(0 .. 1) # more symetric with pop2... + end + def pop2() + slice!(-2 .. -1) + end +end + +friends = %w(Peter Paul Mary Jim Tim) +this, that = friends.shift2 + +beverages = %w(Dew Jolt Cola Sprite Fresca) +pair = beverages.pop2 + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.12 +# use Enumerable#detect (or the synonym Enumerable#find) +highest_eng = employees.detect { |emp| emp.category == 'engineer' } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.13 +# use Enumerable#select (or the synonym Enumerable#find_all) +bigs = nums.select { |i| i > 1_000_000 } +pigs = users.keys.select { |k| users[k] > 1e7 } + +matching = `who`.select { |u| u =~ /^gnat / } + +engineers = employees.select { |e| e.position == 'Engineer' } + +secondary_assistance = applicants.select { |a| + a.income >= 26_000 && a.income < 30_000 +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.14 +# normally you would have an array of Numeric (Float or +# Fixnum or Bignum), so you would use: +sorted = unsorted.sort +# if you have strings representing Integers or Floats +# you may specify another sort method: +sorted = unsorted.sort { |a,b| a.to_f <=> b.to_f } + +# let's use the list of my own PID's +`ps ux`.split("\n")[1..-1]. + select { |i| i =~ /^#{ENV['USER']}/ }. + collect { |i| i.split[1] }. + sort { |a,b| a.to_i <=> b.to_i }.each { |i| puts i } +puts "Select a process ID to kill:" +pid = gets.chomp +raise "Exiting ... \n" unless pid && pid =~ /^\d+$/ +Process.kill('TERM', pid.to_i) +sleep 2 +Process.kill('KILL', pid.to_i) + +descending = unsorted.sort { |a,b| b.to_f <=> a.to_f } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.15 +ordered = unordered.sort { |a,b| compare(a,b) } + +precomputed = unordered.collect { |e| [compute, e] } +ordered_precomputed = precomputed.sort { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] } +ordered = ordered_precomputed.collect { |e| e[1] } + +ordered = unordered.collect { |e| [compute, e] }. + sort { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }. + collect { |e| e[1] } + +for employee in employees.sort { |a,b| a.name <=> b.name } + print employee.name, " earns \$ ", employee.salary, "\n" +end + +# Beware! `0' is true in Ruby. +# For chaining comparisons, you may use Numeric#nonzero?, which +# returns num if num is not zero, nil otherwise +sorted = employees.sort { |a,b| (a.name <=> b.name).nonzero? || b.age <=> a.age } + +users = [] +# getpwent is not wrapped in Ruby... let's fallback +IO.readlines('/etc/passwd').each { |u| users << u.split(':') } +users.sort! { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] } +for user in users + puts user[0] +end + +sorted = names.sort { |a,b| a[1, 1] <=> b[1, 1] } +sorted = strings.sort { |a,b| a.length <=> b.length } + +# let's show only the compact version +ordered = strings.collect { |e| [e.length, e] }. + sort { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }. + collect { |e| e[1] } + +ordered = strings.collect { |e| [/\d+/.match(e)[0].to_i, e] }. + sort { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }. + collect { |e| e[1] } + +print `cat /etc/passwd`.collect { |e| [e, e.split(':').indexes(3,2,0)].flatten }. + sort { |a,b| (a[1] <=> b[1]).nonzero? || (a[2] <=> b[2]).nonzero? || a[3] <=> b[3] }. + collect { |e| e[0] } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.16 +circular.unshift(circular.pop) # the last shall be first +circular.push(circular.shift) # and vice versa + +def grab_and_rotate(l) + l.push(ret = l.shift) + ret +end + +processes = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] +while (1) + process = grab_and_rotate(processes) + puts "Handling process #{process}" + sleep 1 +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.17 +def fisher_yates_shuffle(a) + (a.size-1).downto(1) { |i| + j = rand(i+1) + a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] if i != j + } +end + +def naive_shuffle(a) + for i in 0...a.size + j = rand(a.size) + a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.18 +#!/usr/bin/env ruby +# example 4-2 words +# words - gather lines, present in colums + +# class to encapsulate the word formatting from the input +class WordFormatter + def initialize(cols) + @cols = cols + end + + # helper to return the length of the longest word in the wordlist + def maxlen(wordlist) + max = 1 + for word in wordlist + if word.length > max + max = word.length + end + end + max + end + + # process the wordlist and print it formmated into columns + def output(wordlist) + collen = maxlen(wordlist) + 1 + columns = @cols / collen + columns = 1 if columns == 0 + rows = (wordlist.length + columns - 1) / columns + # now process each item, picking out proper piece for this position + 0.upto(rows * columns - 1) { |item| + target = (item % columns) * rows + (item / columns) + eol = ((item+1) % columns == 0) + piece = wordlist[target] || "" + piece = piece.ljust(collen) unless eol + print piece + puts if eol + } + # no need to finish it up, because eol is always true for the last element + end +end + +# get nr of chars that fit in window or console, see PLEAC 15.4 +# not portable -- linux only (?) +def getWinCharWidth() + buf = "\0" * 8 + $stdout.ioctl(0x5413, buf) + ws_row, ws_col, ws_xpixel, ws_ypixel = buf.unpack("$4") + ws_col || 80 +rescue + 80 +end + +# main program +cols = getWinCharWidth() +formatter = WordFormatter.new(cols) +words = readlines() +words.collect! { |line| + line.chomp +} +formatter.output(words) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_4.19 +# In ruby, Fixnum's are automatically converted to Bignum's when +# needed, so there is no need for an extra module +def factorial(n) + s = 1 + while n > 0 + s *= n + n -= 1 + end + s +end + +puts factorial(500) + +#--------------------------------------------------------- +# Example 4-3. tsc-permute +# tsc_permute: permute each word of input +def permute(items, perms) + unless items.length > 0 + puts perms.join(" ") + else + for i in items + newitems = items.dup + newperms = perms.dup + newperms.unshift(newitems.delete(i)) + permute(newitems, newperms) + end + end +end +# In ruby the main program must be after all definitions it is using +permute(ARGV, []) + +#--------------------------------------------------------- +# mjd_permute: permute each word of input + +def factorial(n) + s = 1 + while n > 0 + s *= n + n -= 1 + end + s +end + +# we use a class with a class variable store the private cache +# for the results of the factorial function. +class Factorial + @@fact = [ 1 ] + def Factorial.compute(n) + if @@fact[n] + @@fact[n] + else + @@fact[n] = n * Factorial.compute(n - 1) + end + end +end + +#--------------------------------------------------------- +# Example 4-4- mjd-permute +# n2pat(n, len): produce the N-th pattern of length len + +# We must use a lower case letter as parameter N, otherwise it is +# handled as constant Length is the length of the resulting +# array, not the index of the last element (length -1) like in +# the perl example. +def n2pat(n, length) + pat = [] + i = 1 + while i <= length + pat.push(n % i) + n /= i + i += 1 + end + pat +end + +# pat2perm(pat): turn pattern returned by n2pat() into +# permutation of integers. +def pat2perm(pat) + source = (0 .. pat.length - 1).to_a + perm = [] + perm.push(source.slice!(pat.pop)) while pat.length > 0 + perm +end + +def n2perm(n, len) + pat2perm(n2pat(n,len)) +end + +# In ruby the main program must be after all definitions +while gets + data = split + # the perl solution has used $#data, which is length-1 + num_permutations = Factorial.compute(data.length()) + 0.upto(num_permutations - 1) do |i| + # in ruby we can not use an array as selector for an array + # but by exchanging the two arrays, we can use the collect method + # which returns an array with the result of all block invocations + permutation = n2perm(i, data.length).collect { + |j| data[j] + } + puts permutation.join(" ") + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.0 +age = { "Nat", 24, + "Jules", 25, + "Josh", 17 } + +age["Nat"] = 24 +age["Jules"] = 25 +age["Josh"] = 17 + +food_color = { + "Apple" => "red", + "Banana" => "yellow", + "Lemon" => "yellow", + "Carrot" => "orange" + } + +# In Ruby, you cannot avoid the double or simple quoting +# while manipulatin hashes + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.1 +hash[key] = value + +food_color["Raspberry"] = "pink" +puts "Known foods:", food_color.keys + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.2 +# does hash have a value for key ? +if (hash.has_key?(key)) + # it exists +else + # it doesn't +end + +[ "Banana", "Martini" ].each { |name| + print name, " is a ", food_color.has_key?(name) ? "food" : "drink", "\n" +} + +age = {} +age['Toddler'] = 3 +age['Unborn'] = 0 +age['Phantasm'] = nil + +for thing in ['Toddler', 'Unborn', 'Phantasm', 'Relic'] + print "#{thing}: " + print "Has-key " if age.has_key?(thing) + print "True " if age[thing] + print "Nonzero " if age[thing] && age[thing].nonzero? + print "\n" +end + +#=> +# Toddler: Has-key True Nonzero +# Unborn: Has-key True +# Phantasm: Has-key +# Relic: + +# You use Hash#has_key? when you use Perl's exists -> it checks +# for existence of a key in a hash. +# All Numeric are "True" in ruby, so the test doesn't have the +# same semantics as in Perl; you would use Numeric#nonzero? to +# achieve the same semantics (false if 0, true otherwise). + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.3 +food_color.delete("Banana") + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.4 +hash.each { |key, value| + # do something with key and value +} + +hash.each_key { |key| + # do something with key +} + +food_color.each { |food, color| + puts "#{food} is #{color}" +} + +food_color.each_key { |food| + puts "#{food} is #{food_color[food]}" +} + +# IMO this demonstrates that OO style is by far more readable +food_color.keys.sort.each { |food| + puts "#{food} is #{food_color[food]}." +} + +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby +# countfrom - count number of messages from each sender + +# Default value is 0 +from = Hash.new(0) +while gets + /^From: (.*)/ and from[$1] += 1 +end + +# More useful to sort by number of received mail by person +from.sort {|a,b| b[1]<=>a[1]}.each { |v| + puts "#{v[1]}: #{v[0]}" +} +#----------------------------- + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.5 +# You may use the built-in 'inspect' method this way: +p hash + +# Or do it the Cookbook way: +hash.each { |k,v| puts "#{k} => #{v}" } + +# Sorted by keys +hash.sort.each { |e| puts "#{e[0]} => #{e[1]}" } +# Sorted by values +hash.sort{|a,b| a[1]<=>b[1]}.each { |e| puts "#{e[0]} => #{e[1]}" } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.7 +ttys = Hash.new +for i in `who` + user, tty = i.split + (ttys[user] ||= []) << tty # see problems_ruby for more infos +end +ttys.keys.sort.each { |k| + puts "#{k}: #{commify_series(ttys[k])}" # from 4.2 +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.8 +surname = { "Mickey" => "Mantle", "Babe" => "Ruth" } +puts surname.index("Mantle") + +# If you really needed to 'invert' the whole hash, use Hash#invert + +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# foodfind - find match for food or color + +given = ARGV.shift or raise "usage: foodfind food_or_color" + +color = { + "Apple" => "red", + "Banana" => "yellow", + "Lemon" => "yellow", + "Carrot" => "orange", +} + +if (color.has_key?(given)) + puts "#{given} is a food with color #{color[given]}." +end +if (color.has_value?(given)) + puts "#{color.index(given)} is a food with color #{given}." +end +#----------------------------- + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.9 +# Sorted by keys (Hash#sort gives an Array of pairs made of each key,value) +food_color.sort.each { |f| + puts "#{f[0]} is #{f[1]}." +} + +# Sorted by values +food_color.sort { |a,b| a[1] <=> b[1] }.each { |f| + puts "#{f[0]} is #{f[1]}." +} + +# Sorted by length of values +food_color.sort { |a,b| a[1].length <=> b[1].length }.each { |f| + puts "#{f[0]} is #{f[1]}." +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.10 +merged = a.clone.update(b) # because Hash#update changes object in place + +drink_color = { "Galliano" => "yellow", "Mai Tai" => "blue" } +ingested_color = drink_color.clone.update(food_color) + +substance_color = {} +for i in [ food_color, drink_color ] + i.each_key { |k| + if substance_color.has_key?(k) + puts "Warning: #{k} seen twice. Using the first definition." + next + end + substance_color[k] = 1 + } +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.11 +common = hash1.keys & hash2.keys + +this_not_that = hash1.keys - hash2.keys + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.12 +# no problem here, Ruby handles any kind of object for key-ing +# (it takes Object#hash, which defaults to Object#id) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.13 +# AFAIK, not possible in Ruby + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.14 +# Be careful, the following is possible only because Fixnum objects are +# special (documentation says: there is effectively only one Fixnum object +# instance for any given integer value). +count = Hash.new(0) +array.each { |e| + count[e] += 1 +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.15 +father = { + "Cain" , "Adam", + "Abel" , "Adam", + "Seth" , "Adam", + "Enoch" , "Cain", + "Irad" , "Enoch", + "Mehujael" , "Irad", + "Methusael" , "Mehujael", + "Lamech" , "Methusael", + "Jabal" , "Lamech", + "Jubal" , "Lamech", + "Tubalcain" , "Lamech", + "Enos" , "Seth", +} + +while gets + chomp + begin + print $_, " " + end while $_ = father[$_] + puts +end + +children = {} +father.each { |k,v| + (children[v] ||= []) << k +} +while gets + chomp + puts "#{$_} begat #{(children[$_] || ['Nobody']).join(', ')}.\n" +end + +includes = {} +files.each { |f| + begin + for l in IO.readlines(f) + next unless l =~ /^\s*#\s*include\s*<([^>]+)>/ + (includes[$1] ||= []) << f + end + rescue SystemCallError + $stderr.puts "#$! (skipping)" + end +} + +include_free = includes.values.flatten.uniq - includes.keys + + +# @@PLEAC@@_5.16 +# dutree - print sorted intented rendition of du output +#% dutree +#% dutree /usr +#% dutree -a +#% dutree -a /bin + +# The DuNode class collects all information about a directory, +# and provides some convenience methods +class DuNode + + attr_reader :name + attr_accessor :size + attr_accessor :kids + + def initialize(name) + @name = name + @kids = [] + @size = 0 + end + + # support for sorting nodes with side + def size_compare(node2) + @size <=> node2.size + end + + def basename + @name.sub(/.*\//, "") + end + + #returns substring before last "/", nil if not there + def parent + p = @name.sub(/\/[^\/]+$/,"") + if p == @name + nil + else + p + end + end + +end + +# The DuTree does the acdtual work of +# getting the input, parsing it, builging up a tree +# and format it for output +class Dutree + + attr_reader :topdir + + def initialize + @nodes = Hash.new + @dirsizes = Hash.new(0) + @kids = Hash.new([]) + end + + # get a node by name, create it if it does not exist yet + def get_create_node(name) + if @nodes.has_key?(name) + @nodes[name] + else + node = DuNode.new(name) + @nodes[name] = node + node + end + end + + # run du, read in input, save sizes and kids + # stores last directory read in instance variable topdir + def input(arguments) + name = "" + cmd = "du " + arguments.join(" ") + IO.popen(cmd) { |pipe| + pipe.each { |line| + size, name = line.chomp.split(/\s+/, 2) + node = get_create_node(name) + node.size = size.to_i + @nodes[name] = node + parent = node.parent + if parent + get_create_node(parent).kids.push(node) + end + } + } + @topdir = @nodes[name] + end + + # figure out how much is taken in each directory + # that isn't stored in the subdirectories. Add a new + # fake kid called "." containing that much. + def get_dots(node) + cursize = node.size + for kid in node.kids + cursize -= kid.size + get_dots(kid) + end + if node.size != cursize + newnode = get_create_node(node.name + "/.") + newnode.size = cursize + node.kids.push(newnode) + end + end + + # recursively output everything + # passing padding and number width as well + # on recursive calls + def output(node, prefix="", width=0) + line = sprintf("%#{width}d %s", node.size, node.basename) + puts(prefix + line) + prefix += line.sub(/\d /, "| ") + prefix.gsub!(/[^|]/, " ") + if node.kids.length > 0 # not a bachelor node + kids = node.kids + kids.sort! { |a,b| + b.size_compare(a) + } + width = kids[0].size.to_s.length + for kid in kids + output(kid, prefix, width) + end + end + end + +end + +tree = Dutree.new +tree.input(ARGV) +tree.get_dots(tree.topdir) +tree.output(tree.topdir) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.0 +# The verbose version are match, sub, gsub, sub! and gsub!; +# pattern needs to be a Regexp object; it yields a MatchData +# object. +pattern.match(string) +string.sub(pattern, replacement) +string.gsub(pattern, replacement) +# As usual in Ruby, sub! does the same as sub but also modifies +# the object, the same for gsub!/gsub. + +# Sugared syntax yields the position of the match (or nil if no +# match). Note that the object at the right of the operator needs +# not to be a Regexp object (it can be a String). The "dont +# match" operator yields true or false. +meadow =~ /sheep/ # position of the match, nil if no match +meadow !~ /sheep/ # true if doesn't match, false if it does +# There is no sugared version for the substitution + +meadow =~ /\bovines?\b/i and print "Here be sheep!" + +string = "good food" +string.sub!(/o*/, 'e') + +# % echo ababacaca | ruby -ne 'puts $& if /(a|ba|b)+(a|ac)+/' +# ababa + +# The "global" (or "multiple") match is handled by String#scan +scan (/(\d+)/) { + puts "Found number #{$1}" +} + +# String#scan yields an Array if not used with a block +numbers = scan(/\d+/) + +digits = "123456789" +nonlap = digits.scan(/(\d\d\d)/) +yeslap = digits.scan(/(?=(\d\d\d))/) +puts "Non-overlapping: #{nonlap.join(' ')}" +puts "Overlapping: #{yeslap.join(' ')}"; +# Non-overlapping: 123 456 789 +# Overlapping: 123 234 345 456 567 678 789 + +string = "And little lambs eat ivy" +string =~ /l[^s]*s/ +puts "(#$`) (#$&) (#$')" +# (And ) (little lambs) ( eat ivy) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.1 +# Ruby doesn't have the same problem: +dst = src.sub('this', 'that') + +progname = $0.sub('^.*/', '') + +bindirs = %w(/usr/bin /bin /usr/local/bin) +libdirs = bindirs.map { |l| l.sub('bin', 'lib') } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.3 +/\S+/ # as many non-whitespace bytes as possible +/[A-Za-z'-]+/ # as many letters, apostrophes, and hyphens + +/\b([A-Za-z]+)\b/ # usually best +/\s([A-Za-z]+)\s/ # fails at ends or w/ punctuation + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.4 +require 'socket' +str = 'www.ruby-lang.org and www.rubygarden.org' +re = / + ( # capture the hostname in $1 + (?: # these parens for grouping only + (?! [-_] ) # lookahead for neither underscore nor dash + [\w-] + # hostname component + \. # and the domain dot + ) + # now repeat that whole thing a bunch of times + [A-Za-z] # next must be a letter + [\w-] + # now trailing domain part + ) # end of $1 capture + /x # /x for nice formatting + +str.gsub! re do # pass a block to execute replacement + host = TCPsocket.gethostbyname($1) + "#{$1} [#{host[3]}]" +end + +puts str +#----------------------------- +# to match whitespace or #-characters in an extended re you need to escape +# them. + +foo = 42 +str = 'blah #foo# blah' +str.gsub! %r/ # replace + \# # a pound sign + (\w+) # the variable name + \# # another pound sign + /x do + eval $1 # with the value of a local variable + end +puts str # => blah 42 blah + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.5 +# The 'g' modifier doesn't exist in Ruby, a regexp can't be used +# directly in a while loop; instead, use String#scan { |match| .. } +fish = 'One fish two fish red fish blue fish' +WANT = 3 +count = 0 +fish.scan(/(\w+)\s+fish\b/i) { + if (count += 1) == WANT + puts "The third fish is a #{$1} one." + end +} + +if fish =~ /(?:\w+\s+fish\s+){2}(\w+)\s+fish/i + puts "The third fish is a #{$1} one." +end + +pond = 'One fish two fish red fish blue fish' +# String#scan without a block gives an array of matches, each match +# being an array of all the specified groups +colors = pond.scan(/(\w+)\s+fish\b/i).flatten # get all matches +color = colors[2] # then the one we want +# or without a temporary array +color = pond.scan(/(\w+)\s+fish\b/i).flatten[2] # just grab element 3 +puts "The third fish in the pond is #{color}." + +count = 0 +fishes = 'One fish two fish red fish blue fish' +evens = fishes.scan(/(\w+)\s+fish\b/i).select { (count+=1) % 2 == 0 } +print "Even numbered fish are #{evens.join(' ')}." + +count = 0 +fishes.gsub(/ + \b # makes next \w more efficient + ( \w+ ) # this is what we\'ll be changing + ( + \s+ fish \b + ) + /x) { + if (count += 1) == 4 + 'sushi' + $2 + else + $1 + $2 + end +} + +pond = 'One fish two fish red fish blue fish swim here.' +puts "Last fish is #{pond.scan(/\b(\w+)\s+fish\b/i).flatten[-1]}" + +/ + A # find some pattern A + (?! # mustn\'t be able to find + .* # something + A # and A + ) + $ # through the end of the string +/x + +# The "s" perl modifier is "m" in Ruby (not very nice since there is +# also an "m" in perl..) +pond = "One fish two fish red fish blue fish swim here." +if (pond =~ / + \b ( \w+) \s+ fish \b + (?! .* \b fish \b ) + /mix) + puts "Last fish is #{$1}." +else + puts "Failed!" +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.6 +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# killtags - very bad html killer +$/ = nil; # each read is whole file +while file = gets() do + file.gsub!(/<.*?>/m,''); # strip tags (terribly) + puts file # print file to STDOUT +end +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +#headerfy - change certain chapter headers to html +$/ = '' +while file = gets() do + pattern = / + \A # start of record + ( # capture in $1 + Chapter # text string + \s+ # mandatory whitespace + \d+ # decimal number + \s* # optional whitespace + : # a real colon + . * # anything not a newline till end of line + ) + /x + puts file.gsub(pattern,'<H1>\1</H1>') +end +#----------------------------- +#% ruby -00pe "gsub!(/\A(Chapter\s+\d+\s*:.*)/,'<H1>\1</H1>')" datafile + +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +#----------------------------- +for file in ARGV + file = File.open(ARGV.shift) + while file.gets('') do # each read is a paragraph + print "chunk #{$.} in $ARGV has <<#{$1}>>\n" while /^START(.*?)^END/m + end # /m activates the multiline mode +end +#----------------------------- + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.7 +#----------------------------- +$/ = nil; +file = File.open("datafile") +chunks = file.gets.split(/pattern/) +#----------------------------- +# .Ch, .Se and .Ss divide chunks of STDIN +chunks = gets(nil).split(/^\.(Ch|Se|Ss)$/) +print "I read #{chunks.size} chunks.\n" +#----------------------------- + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.8 +while gets + if ~/BEGIN/ .. ~/END/ + # line falls between BEGIN and END inclusive + end +end + +while gets + if ($. == firstnum) .. ($. == lastnum) + # operate between firstnum and lastnum line number + end +end + +# in ruby versions prior to 1.8, the above two conditional +# expressions could be shortened to: +# if /BEGIN/ .. /END/ +# and +# if firstnum .. lastnum +# but these now only work this way from the command line + +#----------------------------- + +while gets + if ~/BEGIN/ ... ~/END/ + # line falls between BEGIN and END on different lines + end +end + +while gets + if ($. == first) ... ($. == last) + # operate between first and last line number on different lines + end +end + +#----------------------------- +# command-line to print lines 15 through 17 inclusive (see below) +ruby -ne 'print if 15 .. 17' datafile + +# print out all <XMP> .. </XMP> displays from HTML doc +while gets + print if ~%r#<XMP>#i .. ~%r#</XMP>#i; +end + +# same, but as shell command +# ruby -ne 'print if %r#<XMP>#i .. %r#</XMP>#i' document.html +#----------------------------- +# ruby -ne 'BEGIN { $top=3; $bottom=5 }; \ +# print if $top .. $bottom' /etc/passwd # FAILS +# ruby -ne 'BEGIN { $top=3; $bottom=5 }; \ +# print if $. == $top .. $. == $bottom' /etc/passwd # works +# ruby -ne 'print if 3 .. 5' /etc/passwd # also works +#----------------------------- +print if ~/begin/ .. ~/end/; +print if ~/begin/ ... ~/end/; +#----------------------------- +while gets + $in_header = $. == 1 .. ~/^$/ ? true : false + $in_body = ~/^$/ .. ARGF.eof ? true : false +end +#----------------------------- +seen = {} +ARGF.each do |line| + next unless line =~ /^From:?\s/i .. line =~ /^$/; + line.scan(%r/([^<>(),;\s]+\@[^<>(),;\s]+)/).each do |addr| + puts addr unless seen[addr] + seen[addr] ||= 1 + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.9 +def glob2pat(globstr) + patmap = { + '*' => '.*', + '?' => '.', + '[' => '[', + ']' => ']', + } + globstr.gsub!(/(.)/) { |c| patmap[c] || Regexp::escape(c) } + '^' + globstr + '$' +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.10 +# avoid interpolating patterns like this if the pattern +# isn't going to change: +pattern = ARGV.shift +ARGF.each do |line| + print line if line =~ /#{pattern}/ +end + +# the above creates a new regex each iteration. Instead, +# use the /o modifier so the regex is compiled only once + +pattern = ARGV.shift +ARGF.each do |line| + print line if line =~ /#{pattern}/o +end + +#----------------------------- + +#!/usr/bin/ruby +# popgrep1 - grep for abbreviations of places that say "pop" +# version 1: slow but obvious way +popstates = %w(CO ON MI WI MN) +ARGF.each do |line| + popstates.each do |state| + if line =~ /\b#{state}\b/ + print line + last + end + end +end + +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby +# popgrep2 - grep for abbreviations of places that say "pop" +# version 2: eval strings; fast but hard to quote +popstates = %w(CO ON MI WI MN) +code = "ARGF.each do |line|\n" +popstates.each do |state| + code += "\tif line =~ /\\b#{state}\\b/; print(line); next; end\n" +end +code += "end\n" +print "CODE IS\n---\n#{code}\n---\n" if false # turn on for debugging +eval code + +# CODE IS +# --- +# ARGF.each do |line| +# if line =~ /\bCO\b/; print(line); next; end +# if line =~ /\bON\b/; print(line); next; end +# if line =~ /\bMI\b/; print(line); next; end +# if line =~ /\bWI\b/; print(line); next; end +# if line =~ /\bMN\b/; print(line); next; end +# end +# +# --- + +## alternatively, the same idea as above but compiling +## to a case statement: (not in perlcookbook) +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# popgrep2.5 - grep for abbreviations of places that say "pop" +# version 2.5: eval strings; fast but hard to quote +popstates = %w(CO ON MI WI MN) +code = "ARGF.each do |line|\n case line\n" +popstates.each do |state| + code += " when /\\b#{state}\\b/ : print line\n" +end +code += " end\nend\n" +print "CODE IS\n---\n#{code}\n---\n" if false # turn on for debugging +eval code + +# CODE IS +# --- +# ARGF.each do |line| +# case line +# when /\bCO\b/ : print line +# when /\bON\b/ : print line +# when /\bMI\b/ : print line +# when /\bWI\b/ : print line +# when /\bMN\b/ : print line +# end +# end +# +# --- + +# Note: (above) Ruby 1.8+ allows the 'when EXP : EXPR' on one line +# with the colon separator. + +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby +# popgrep3 - grep for abbreviations of places that say "pop" +# version3: build a match_any function +popstates = %w(CO ON MI WI MN) +expr = popstates.map{|e|"line =~ /\\b#{e}\\b/"}.join('||') +eval "def match_any(line); #{expr};end" +ARGF.each do |line| + print line if match_any(line) +end +#----------------------------- + +## building a match_all function is a trivial +## substitution of && for || +## here is a generalized example: +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +## grepauth - print lines that mention both foo and bar +class MultiMatch + def initialize(*patterns) + _any = build_match('||',patterns) + _all = build_match('&&',patterns) + eval "def match_any(line);#{_any};end\n" + eval "def match_all(line);#{_all};end\n" + end + def build_match(sym,args) + args.map{|e|"line =~ /#{e}/"}.join(sym) + end +end + +mm = MultiMatch.new('foo','bar') +ARGF.each do |line| + print line if mm.match_all(line) +end +#----------------------------- + +#!/usr/bin/ruby +# popgrep4 - grep for abbreviations of places that say "pop" +# version4: pretty fast, but simple: compile all re's first: +popstates = %w(CO ON MI WI MN) +popstates = popstates.map{|re| %r/\b#{re}\b/} +ARGF.each do |line| + popstates.each do |state_re| + if line =~ state_re + print line + break + end + end +end + +## speeds trials on the jargon file(412): 26006 lines, 1.3MB +## popgrep1 => 7.040s +## popgrep2 => 0.656s +## popgrep2.5 => 0.633s +## popgrep3 => 0.675s +## popgrep4 => 1.027s + +# unless speed is criticial, the technique in popgrep4 is a +# reasonable balance between speed and logical simplicity. + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.11 +begin + print "Pattern? " + pat = $stdin.gets.chomp + Regexp.new(pat) +rescue + warn "Invalid Pattern" + retry +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.13 +# uses the 'amatch' extension found on: +# http://raa.ruby-lang.org/project/amatch/ +require 'amatch' +matcher = Amatch.new('balast') +#$relative, $distance = 0, 1 +File.open('/usr/share/dict/words').each_line do |line| + print line if matcher.search(line) <= 1 +end +#__END__ +#CODE +ballast +ballasts +balustrade +balustrades +blast +blasted +blaster +blasters +blasting +blasts + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.14 +str.scan(/\G(\d)/).each do |token| + puts "found #{token}" +end +#----------------------------- +n = " 49 here" +n.gsub!(/\G /,'0') +puts n +#----------------------------- +str = "3,4,5,9,120" +str.scan(/\G,?(\d+)/).each do |num| + puts "Found number: #{num}" +end +#----------------------------- +# Ruby doesn't have the String.pos or a /c re modifier like Perl +# But it does have StringScanner in the standard library (strscn) +# which allows similar functionality: + +require 'strscan' +text = 'the year 1752 lost 10 days on the 3rd of September' +sc = StringScanner.new(text) +while sc.scan(/.*?(\d+)/) + print "found: #{sc[1]}\n" +end +if sc.scan(/\S+/) + puts "Found #{sc[0]} after last number" +end +#----------------------------- +# assuming continuing from above: +puts "The position in 'text' is: #{sc.pos}" +sc.pos = 30 +puts "The position in 'text' is: #{sc.pos}" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.15 +#----------------------------- +# greedy pattern +str.gsub!(/<.*>/m,'') # not good + +# non-greedy (minimal) pattern +str.gsub!(/<.*?>/m,'') # not great + + +#----------------------------- +#<b><i>this</i> and <i>that</i> are important</b> Oh, <b><i>me too!</i></b> +#----------------------------- +%r{ <b><i>(.*?)</i></b> }mx +#----------------------------- +%r/BEGIN((?:(?!BEGIN).)*)END/ +#----------------------------- +%r{ <b><i>( (?: (?!</b>|</i>). )* ) </i></b> }mx +#----------------------------- +%r{ <b><i>( (?: (?!</[ib]>). )* ) </i></b> }mx +#----------------------------- +%r{ + <b><i> + [^<]* # stuff not possibly bad, and not possibly the end. + (?: + # at this point, we can have '<' if not part of something bad + (?! </?[ib]> ) # what we can't have + < # okay, so match the '<' + [^<]* # and continue with more safe stuff + ) * + </i></b> + }mx + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.16 +#----------------------------- +$/ = "" +ARGF.each do |para| + para.scan %r/ + \b # start at word boundary + (\S+) # find chunk of non-whitespace + \b # until a word boundary + ( + \s+ # followed by whitespace + \1 # and that same chunk again + \b # and a word boundary + ) + # one or more times + /xi do + puts "dup word '#{$1}' at paragraph #{$.}" + end +end +#----------------------------- +astr = 'nobody' +bstr = 'bodysnatcher' +if "#{astr} #{bstr}" =~ /^(\w+)(\w+) \2(\w+)$/ + print "#{$2} overlaps in #{$1}-#{$2}-#{$3}" +end +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# prime_pattern -- find prime factors of argument using patterns +ARGV << 180 +cap = 'o' * ARGV.shift +while cap =~ /^(oo+?)\1+$/ + print $1.size, " " + cap.gsub!(/#{$1}/,'o') +end +puts cap.size +#----------------------------- +#diophantine +# solve for 12x + 15y + 16z = 281, maximizing x +if ('o' * 281).match(/^(o*)\1{11}(o*)\2{14}(o*)\3{15}$/) + x, y, z = $1.size, $2.size, $3.size + puts "One solution is: x=#{x}; y=#{y}; z=#{z}" +else + puts "No solution." +end +# => One solution is: x=17; y=3; z=2 + +#----------------------------- +# using different quantifiers: +('o' * 281).match(/^(o+)\1{11}(o+)\2{14}(o+)\3{15}$/) +# => One solution is: x=17; y=3; z=2 + +('o' * 281).match(/^(o*?)\1{11}(o*)\2{14}(o*)\3{15}$/) +# => One solution is: x=0; y=7; z=11 + +('o' * 281).match(/^(o+?)\1{11}(o*)\2{14}(o*)\3{15}$/) +# => One solution is: x=1; y=3; z=14 + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.17 +# alpha OR beta +%r/alpha|beta/ + +# alpha AND beta +%r/(?=.*alpha)(?=.*beta)/m + +# alpha AND beta, no overlap +%r/alpha.*beta|beta.*alpha/m + +# NOT beta +%r/^(?:(?!beta).)*$/m + +# NOT bad BUT good +%r/(?=(?:(?!BAD).)*$)GOOD/m +#----------------------------- + +if !(string =~ /pattern/) # ugly + something() +end + +if string !~ /pattern/ # preferred + something() +end + + +#----------------------------- +if string =~ /pat1/ && string =~ /pat2/ + something() +end +#----------------------------- +if string =~ /pat1/ || string =~ /pat2/ + something() +end +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# minigrep - trivial grep +pat = ARGV.shift +ARGF.each do |line| + print line if line =~ /#{pat}/o +end +#----------------------------- + "labelled" =~ /^(?=.*bell)(?=.*lab)/m +#----------------------------- +$string =~ /bell/ && $string =~ /lab/ +#----------------------------- +$murray_hill = "blah bell blah " +if $murray_hill =~ %r{ + ^ # start of string + (?= # zero-width lookahead + .* # any amount of intervening stuff + bell # the desired bell string + ) # rewind, since we were only looking + (?= # and do the same thing + .* # any amount of intervening stuff + lab # and the lab part + ) + }mx # /m means . can match newline + + print "Looks like Bell Labs might be in Murray Hill!\n"; +end +#----------------------------- +"labelled" =~ /(?:^.*bell.*lab)|(?:^.*lab.*bell)/ +#----------------------------- +$brand = "labelled"; +if $brand =~ %r{ + (?: # non-capturing grouper + ^ .*? # any amount of stuff at the front + bell # look for a bell + .*? # followed by any amount of anything + lab # look for a lab + ) # end grouper + | # otherwise, try the other direction + (?: # non-capturing grouper + ^ .*? # any amount of stuff at the front + lab # look for a lab + .*? # followed by any amount of anything + bell # followed by a bell + ) # end grouper + }mx # /m means . can match newline + print "Our brand has bell and lab separate.\n"; +end +#----------------------------- +$map =~ /^(?:(?!waldo).)*$/s +#----------------------------- +$map = "the great baldo" +if $map =~ %r{ + ^ # start of string + (?: # non-capturing grouper + (?! # look ahead negation + waldo # is he ahead of us now? + ) # is so, the negation failed + . # any character (cuzza /s) + ) * # repeat that grouping 0 or more + $ # through the end of the string + }mx # /m means . can match newline + print "There's no waldo here!\n"; +end +=begin + 7:15am up 206 days, 13:30, 4 users, load average: 1.04, 1.07, 1.04 + +USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT + +tchrist tty1 5:16pm 36days 24:43 0.03s xinit + +tchrist tty2 5:19pm 6days 0.43s 0.43s -tcsh + +tchrist ttyp0 chthon 7:58am 3days 23.44s 0.44s -tcsh + +gnat ttyS4 coprolith 2:01pm 13:36m 0.30s 0.30s -tcsh +=end +#% w | minigrep '^(?!.*ttyp).*tchrist' +#----------------------------- +%r{ + ^ # anchored to the start + (?! # zero-width look-ahead assertion + .* # any amount of anything (faster than .*?) + ttyp # the string you don't want to find + ) # end look-ahead negation; rewind to start + .* # any amount of anything (faster than .*?) + tchrist # now try to find Tom +}x +#----------------------------- +#% w | grep tchrist | grep -v ttyp +#----------------------------- +#% grep -i 'pattern' files +#% minigrep '(?i)pattern' files +#----------------------------- + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.20 +ans = $stdin.gets.chomp +re = %r/^#{Regexp.quote(ans)}/ +case + when "SEND" =~ re : puts "Action is send" + when "STOP" =~ re : puts "Action is stop" + when "ABORT" =~ re : puts "Action is abort" + when "EDIT" =~ re : puts "Action is edit" +end +#----------------------------- +require 'abbrev' +table = Abbrev.abbrev %w-send stop abort edit- +loop do + print "Action: " + ans = $stdin.gets.chomp + puts "Action for #{ans} is #{table[ans.downcase]}" +end + + +#----------------------------- +# dummy values are defined for 'file', 'PAGER', and +# the 'invoke_editor' and 'deliver_message' methods +# do not do anything interesting in this example. +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +require 'abbrev' + +file = 'pleac_ruby.data' +PAGER = 'less' + +def invoke_editor + puts "invoking editor" +end + +def deliver_message + puts "delivering message" +end + +actions = { + 'edit' => self.method(:invoke_editor), + 'send' => self.method(:deliver_message), + 'list' => proc {system(PAGER, file)}, + 'abort' => proc {puts "See ya!"; exit}, + "" => proc {puts "Unknown Command"} +} + +dtable = Abbrev.abbrev(actions.keys) +loop do + print "Action: " + ans = $stdin.gets.chomp.delete(" \t") + actions[ dtable[ans.downcase] || "" ].call +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.19 +#----------------------------- +# basically, the Perl Cookbook categorizes this as an +# unsolvable problem ... +#----------------------------- +1 while addr.gsub!(/\([^()]*\)/,'') +#----------------------------- +Dear someuser@host.com, + +Please confirm the mail address you gave us Wed May 6 09:38:41 +MDT 1998 by replying to this message. Include the string +"Rumpelstiltskin" in that reply, but spelled in reverse; that is, +start with "Nik...". Once this is done, your confirmed address will +be entered into our records. + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.21 +#----------------------------- +#% gunzip -c ~/mail/archive.gz | urlify > archive.urlified +#----------------------------- +#% urlify ~/mail/*.inbox > ~/allmail.urlified +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# urlify - wrap HTML links around URL-like constructs + +urls = '(https?|telnet|gopher|file|wais|ftp)'; +ltrs = '\w'; +gunk = '/#~:.?+=&%@!\-'; +punc = '.:?\-'; +any = "#{ltrs}#{gunk}#{punc}"; + +ARGF.each do |line| + line.gsub! %r/ + \b # start at word boundary + ( # begin $1 { + #{urls} : # need resource and a colon + [#{any}] +? # followed by on or more + # of any valid character, but + # be conservative and take only + # what you need to.... + ) # end $1 } + (?= # look-ahead non-consumptive assertion + [#{punc}]* # either 0 or more punctuation + [^#{any}] # followed by a non-url char + | # or else + $ # then end of the string + ) + /iox do + %Q|<A HREF="#{$1}">#{$1}</A>| + end + print line +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_6.23 +%r/^m*(d?c{0,3}|c[dm])(l?x{0,3}|x[lc])(v?i{0,3}|i[vx])$/i +#----------------------------- +str.sub!(/(\S+)(\s+)(\S+)/, '\3\2\1') +#----------------------------- +%r/(\w+)\s*=\s*(.*)\s*$/ # keyword is $1, value is $2 +#----------------------------- +%r/.{80,}/ +#----------------------------- +%r|(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+) (\d+):(\d+):(\d+)| +#----------------------------- +str.gsub!(%r|/usr/bin|,'/usr/local/bin') +#----------------------------- +str.gsub!(/%([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/){ $1.hex.chr } +#----------------------------- +str.gsub!(%r{ + /\* # Match the opening delimiter + .*? # Match a minimal number of characters + \*/ # Match the closing delimiter +}xm,'') +#----------------------------- +str.sub!(/^\s+/, '') +str.sub!(/\s+$/, '') + +# but really, in Ruby we'd just do: +str.strip! +#----------------------------- +str.gsub!(/\\n/,"\n") +#----------------------------- +str.sub!(/^.*::/, '') +#----------------------------- +%r/^([01]?\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.([01]?\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\. + ([01]?\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.([01]?\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])$/x +#----------------------------- +str.sub!(%r|^.*/|, '') +#----------------------------- +cols = ( (ENV['TERMCAP'] || " ") =~ /:co#(\d+):/ ) ? $1 : 80; +#----------------------------- +name = " #{$0} #{ARGV}".gsub(%r| /\S+/|, ' ') +#----------------------------- +require 'rbconfig' +include Config +raise "This isn't Linux" unless CONFIG['target_os'] =~ /linux/i; +#----------------------------- +str.gsub!(%r/\n\s+/, ' ') +#----------------------------- +nums = str.scan(/(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)/) +#----------------------------- +capwords = str.scan(%r/(\b[^\Wa-z0-9_]+\b)/) +#----------------------------- +lowords = str.scan(%r/(\b[^\WA-Z0-9_]+\b)/) +#----------------------------- +icwords = str.scan(%r/(\b[^\Wa-z0-9_][^\WA-Z0-9_]*\b)/) +#----------------------------- +links = str.scan(%r/<A[^>]+?HREF\s*=\s*["']?([^'" >]+?)[ '"]?>/mi) +#----------------------------- +initial = str =~ /^\S+\s+(\S)\S*\s+\S/ ? $1 : "" +#----------------------------- +str.gsub!(%r/"([^"]*)"/, %q-``\1''-) +#----------------------------- + +$/ = "" +sentences = [] +ARGF.each do |para| + para.gsub!(/\n/, ' ') + para.gsub!(/ {3,}/,' ') + sentences << para.scan(/(\S.*?[!?.])(?= |\Z)/) +end + +#----------------------------- +%r/(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d)/ # YYYY in $1, MM in $2, DD in $3 +#----------------------------- +%r/ ^ + (?: + 1 \s (?: \d\d\d \s)? # 1, or 1 and area code + | # ... or ... + \(\d\d\d\) \s # area code with parens + | # ... or ... + (?: \+\d\d?\d? \s)? # optional +country code + \d\d\d ([\s\-]) # and area code + ) + \d\d\d (\s|\1) # prefix (and area code separator) + \d\d\d\d # exchange + $ + /x +#----------------------------- +%r/\boh\s+my\s+gh?o(d(dess(es)?|s?)|odness|sh)\b/i +#----------------------------- +lines = [] +lines << $1 while input.sub!(/^([^\012\015]*)(\012\015?|\015\012?)/,'') + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.0 +# An IO object being Enumerable, we can use 'each' directly on it +File.open("/usr/local/widgets/data").each { |line| + puts line if line =~ /blue/ +} + +logfile = File.new("/var/log/rubylog.txt", "w") +mysub($stdin, logfile) + +# The method IO#readline is similar to IO#gets +# but throws an exception when it reaches EOF +f = File.new("bla.txt") +begin + while (line = f.readline) + line.chomp + $stdout.print line if line =~ /blue/ + end +rescue EOFError + f.close +end + +while $stdin.gets # reads from STDIN + unless (/\d/) + $stderr.puts "No digit found." # writes to STDERR + end + puts "Read: #{$_}" # writes to STDOUT +end + +logfile = File.new("/tmp/log", "w") + +logfile.close + +# $defout (or its synonym '$>') is the destination of output +# for Kernel#print, Kernel#puts, and family functions +logfile = File.new("log.txt", "w") +old = $defout +$defout = logfile # switch to logfile for output +puts "Countdown initiated ..." +$defout = old # return to original output +puts "You have 30 seconds to reach minimum safety distance." + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.1 +source = File.new(path, "r") # open file "path" for reading only +sink = File.new(path, "w") # open file "path" for writing only + +source = File.open(path, File::RDONLY) # open file "path" for reading only +sink = File.open(path, File::WRONLY) # open file "path" for writing only + +file = File.open(path, "r+") # open "path" for reading and writing +file = File.open(path, flags) # open "path" with the flags "flags" (see examples below for flags) + +# open file "path" read only +file = File.open(path, "r") +file = File.open(path, File::RDONLY) + +# open file "path" write only, create it if it does not exist +# truncate it to zero length if it exists +file = File.open(path, "w") +file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::TRUNC|File::CREAT) +file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::TRUNC|File::CREAT, 0666) # with permission 0666 + +# open file "path" write only, fails if file exists +file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::EXCL|File::CREAT) +file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::EXCL|File::CREAT, 0666) + +# open file "path" for appending +file = File.open(path, "a") +file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::APPEND|File::CREAT) +file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::APPEND|File::CREAT, 0666) + +# open file "path" for appending only when file exists +file = File.open(path, File::WRONLY|File::APPEND) + +# open file "path" for reading and writing +file = File.open(path, "r+") +file = File.open(path, File::RDWR) + +# open file for reading and writing, create a new file if it does not exist +file = File.open(path, File::RDWR|File::CREAT) +file = File.open(path, File::RDWR|File::CREAT, 0600) + +# open file "path" reading and writing, fails if file exists +file = File.open(path, File::RDWR|File::EXCL|File::CREAT) +file = File.open(path, File::RDWR|File::EXCL|File::CREAT, 0600) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.2 +# No problem with Ruby since the filename doesn't contain characters with +# special meaning; like Perl's sysopen +File.open(filename, 'r') + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.3 +File.expand_path('~root/tmp') +#=> "/root/tmp" +File.expand_path('~rpcuser') +#=> "/var/lib/nfs" + +# To expand ~/.. it explicitely needs the environment variable HOME +File.expand_path('~/tmp') +#=> "/home/gc/tmp" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.4 +# The exception raised in Ruby reports the filename +File.open('afile') + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.5 +# Standard Ruby distribution provides the following useful extension +require 'tempfile' +# With the Tempfile class, the file is automatically deleted on garbage +# collection, so you won't need to remove it, later on. +tf = Tempfile.new('tmp') # a name is required to create the filename + +# If you need to pass the filename to an external program you can use +# File#path, but don't forget to File#flush in order to flush anything +# living in some buffer somewhere. +tf.flush +system("/usr/bin/dowhatever #{tf.path}") + +fh = Tempfile.new('tmp') +fh.sync = true # autoflushes +10.times { |i| fh.puts i } +fh.rewind +puts 'Tmp file has: ', fh.readlines + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.6 +while (DATA.gets) do + # process the line +end +#__END__ +# your data goes here +# __DATA__ doesn't exist in Ruby + +#CODE +# get info about the script (size, date of last modification) +kilosize = DATA.stat.size / 1024 +last_modif = DATA.stat.mtime +puts "<P>Script size is #{kilosize}" +puts "<P>Last script update: #{last_modif}" +#__END__ +# DO NOT REMOVE THE PRECEEDING LINE. +# Everything else in this file will be ignored. +#CODE + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.7 +while line = gets do + # do something with line. +end + +# or +while gets do + # do something with $_ +end + +# or more rubyish +$stdun.each do |line| + # do stuff with line +end + + +# ARGF may makes this more easy +# this is skipped if ARGV.size==0 +ARGV.each do |filename| + # closing and exception handling are done by the block + open(filename) do |fd| + fd.each do |line| + # do stuff with line + end + end rescue abort("can't open %s" % filename) +end + +# globbing is done in the Dir module +ARGV = Dir["*.[Cch]"] if ARGV.empty? + +# note: optparse is the preferred way to handle this +if (ARGV[0] == '-c') + chop_first += 1 + ARGV.shift +end + + +# processing numerical options +if ARGV[0] =~ /^-(\d+)$/ + columns = $1 + ARGV.shift +end + +# again, better to use optparse: +require 'optparse' +nostdout = 0 +append = 0 +unbuffer = 0 +ignore_ints = 0 +ARGV.options do |opt| + opt.on('-n') { nostdout +=1 } + opt.on('-a') { append +=1 } + opt.on('-u') { unbuffer +=1 } + opt.on('-i') { ignore_ints +=1 } + opt.parse! +end or abort("usage: " + __FILE__ + " [-ainu] [filenames]") + +# no need to do undef $/, we have File.read +str = File.read(ARGV[0]) + +# again we have File.read +str = File.read(ARGV[0]) + +# not sure what this should do: +# I believe open the file, print filename, lineno and line: +ARGF.each_with_index do |line, idx| + print ARGF.filename, ":", idx, ";", line +end + +# print all the lines in every file passed via command line that contains login +ARGF.each do |line| + puts line if line =~ /login/ +end +# +# even this would fit +#%ruby -ne "print if /f/" 2.log +# + +ARGF.each { |l| puts l.downcase! } + +#------------------ +#!/usr/bin/ruby -p +# just like perl's -p +$_.downcase! +# + +# I don't know who should I trust. +# perl's version splits on \w+ while python's on \w. + +chunks = 0 + +File.read(ARGV[0]).split.each do |word| + next if word =~ /^#/ + break if ["__DATA__", "__END__"].member? word + chunks += 1 +end + +print "Found ", chunks, " chunks\n" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.8 +old = File.open(old_file) +new = File.open(new_file, "w") +while old.gets do + # change $_, then... + new.print $_ +end +old.close +new.close +File.rename(old_file, "old.orig") +File.rename(new_file, old_file) + +while old.gets do + if $. == 20 then # we are at the 20th line + new.puts "Extra line 1" + new.puts "Extra line 2" + end + new.print $_ +end + +while old.gets do + next if 20..30 # skip the 20th line to the 30th + # Ruby (and Perl) permit to write if 20..30 + # instead of if (20 <= $.) and ($. <= 30) + new.print $_ +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.9 +#% ruby -i.orig -pe 'FILTER COMMAND' file1 file2 file3 ... +# +#----------------------------- +##!/usr/bin/ruby -i.orig -p +# filter commands go here +#----------------------------- + +#% ruby -pi.orig -e 'gsub!(/DATE/){Time.now)' + +# effectively becomes: +ARGV << 'I' +oldfile = "" +while gets + if ARGF.filename != oldfile + newfile = ARGF.filename + File.rename(newfile, newfile + ".orig") + $stdout = File.open(newfile,'w') + oldfile = newfile + end + gsub!(/DATE/){Time.now} + print +end +$stdout = STDOUT +#----------------------------- +#% ruby -i.old -pe 'gsub!(%r{\bhisvar\b}, 'hervar')' *.[Cchy] + +#----------------------------- +# set up to iterate over the *.c files in the current directory, +# editing in place and saving the old file with a .orig extension +$-i = '.orig' # set up -i mode +ARGV.replace(Dir['*.[Cchy]']) +while gets + if $. == 1 + print "This line should appear at the top of each file\n" + end + gsub!(/\b(p)earl\b/i, '\1erl') # Correct typos, preserving case + print + ARGF.close if ARGF.eof +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.10 +File.open('itest', 'r+') do |f| # open file for update + lines = f.readlines # read into array of lines + lines.each do |it| # modify lines + it.gsub!(/foo/, 'QQQ') + end + f.pos = 0 # back to start + f.print lines # write out modified lines + f.truncate(f.pos) # truncate to new length +end # file is automatically closed +#----------------------------- +File.open('itest', 'r+') do |f| + out = "" + f.each do |line| + out << line.gsub(/DATE/) {Time.now} + end + f.pos = 0 + f.print out + f.truncate(f.pos) +end + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.11 +File.open('infile', 'r+') do |f| + f.flock File::LOCK_EX + # update file +end +#----------------------------- +File::LOCK_SH # shared lock (for reading) +File::LOCK_EX # exclusive lock (for writing) +File::LOCK_NB # non-blocking request +File::LOCK_UN # free lock +#----------------------------- +unless f.flock File::LOCK_EX | File::LOCK_NB + warn "can't get immediate lock: blocking ..." + f.flock File::LOCK_EX +end +#----------------------------- +File.open('numfile', File::RDWR|File::CREAT) do |f| + f.flock(File::LOCK_EX) + num = f.gets.to_i || 0 + f.pos = 0 + f.truncate 0 + f.puts num + 1q +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.12 +output_handle.sync = true +# Please note that like in Perl, $stderr is already unbuffered +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# seeme - demo stdio output buffering +$stdout.sync = ARGV.size > 0 +print "Now you don't see it..." +sleep 2 +puts "now you do" +#----------------------------- +$stderr.sync = true +afile.sync = false +#----------------------------- +# assume 'remote_con' is an interactive socket handle, +# but 'disk_file' is a handle to a regular file. +remote_con.sync = true # unbuffer for clarity +disk_file.sync = false # buffered for speed +#----------------------------- +require 'socket' +sock = TCPSocket.new('www.ruby-lang.org', 80) +sock.sync = true +sock.puts "GET /en/ HTTP/1.0 \n\n" +resp = sock.read +print "DOC IS: #{resp}\n" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_7.13 +#----------------------------- +# assumes fh1, fh2, fh2 are oen IO objects +nfound = select([$stdin, fh1, fh2, fh3], nil, nil, 0) +nfound[0].each do |file| + case file + when fh1 + # do something with fh1 + when fh2 + # do something with fh2 + when fh3 + # do something with fh3 + end +end +#----------------------------- +input_files = [] +# repeat next line for all in-files to poll +input_files << fh1 +if nfound = select(input_files, nil, nil, 0) + # input ready on files in nfound[0] +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_8.0 +#----------------------------- +# datafile is a file or IO object +datafile.readlines.each { |line| + line.chomp! + size = line.length + puts size +} +#----------------------------- +datafile.readlines.each { |line| + puts line.chomp!.length +} +#----------------------------- +lines = datafile.readlines +#----------------------------- +whole_file = file.read +#----------------------------- +# ruby -040 -e 'word = gets; puts "First word is #{word}"' +#----------------------------- +# ruby -ne 'BEGIN { $/="%%\n" }; $_.chomp; puts $_ if( $_=~/Unix/i)' fortune.dat +#----------------------------- +handle.print "one", "two", "three" # "onetwothree" +puts "Baa baa black sheep." # sent to $stdout +#----------------------------- +buffer = handle.read(4096) +rv = buffer.length +#----------------------------- +handle.truncate(length) +open("/tmp#{$$}.pid", 'w') { |handle| handle.truncate(length) } +#----------------------------- +pos = datafile.pos # tell is an alias of pos +puts "I'm #{pos} bytes from the start of datafile" +#----------------------------- +logfile.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END) +datafile.seek(pos) # IO::SEEK_SET is the default +out.seek(-20, IO::SEEK_CUR) +#----------------------------- +written = datafile.syswrite(mystring) +raise RunTimeError unless written == mystring.length +block = infile.sysread(256) # no equivalent to perl offset parameter in sysread +puts "only read #{block.length} bytes" if 256 != block.length +#----------------------------- +pos = handle.sysseek(0, IO::SEEK_CUR) # don't change position + + +# @@PLEAC@@_8.1 +while (line = fh.gets) + line.chomp! + nextline = nil + line.gsub!(/\\$/) { |match| nextline = fh.gets; '' } + if (nextline != nil) + line += nextline + redo + end + # process full record in line here +end +#----------------------------- +# DISTFILES = $(DIST_COMMON) $(SOURCES) $(HEADERS) \ +# $(TEXINFOS) $(INFOS) $(MANS) $(DATA) +# DEP_DISTFILES = $(DIST_COMMON) $(SOURCES) $(HEADERS) \ +# $(TEXINFOS) $(INFO_DEPS) $(MANS) $(DATA) \ +# $(EXTRA_DIST) +#----------------------------- +line.gsub!(/\\\s*$/, '') { + # as before +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_8.2 +#----------------------------- +count = `wc -l < #{filename}` +fail "wc failed: #{$?}" if $? != 0 +count.chomp! +#----------------------------- +count = 0 +File.open(file, 'r') { |fh| + count += 1 while fh.gets +} +# count now holds the number of lines read +#----------------------------- +count = 0 +while (chunk = file.sysread(2**16)) + count += chunk.count("\n") +end rescue EOFError +#----------------------------- +File.open(filename,'r') { |fh| + count += 1 while fh.gets +} +# count now holds the number of lines read +#----------------------------- +# As ruby doesn't quite have an equivalent to using a for +# statement as in perl, I threw this in +count = File.readlines(filename).size +#----------------------------- +1 while file.gets +count = $. +#----------------------------- +$/ = '' +open(filename, 'r') { |fh| + 1 while fh.gets + para_count = $. +} rescue fail("can't open #{filename}: $!") +#----------------------------- + + +# ^^PLEAC^^_8.3 +#----------------------------- +while (gets) + split.each { |chunk| + # do something with chunk + } +end +#----------------------------- +while (gets) + gsub(/(\w[\w'-]*)/) { |word| + # do something with word + } +end +#----------------------------- +# Make a word frequency count +# normally hashes can be created using {} or just Hash.new +# but we want the default value of an entry to be 0 instead +# of nil. (nil can't be incremented) +seen = Hash.new(0) +while (gets) + gsub(/(\w[\w'-]*)/) { |word| + seen[word.downcase] += 1 + } +end +# output hash in a descending numeric sort of its values +seen.sort { |a,b| b[1] <=> a[1] }.each do |k,v| + printf("%5d %s\n", v, k ) +end + +#----------------------------- +# Line frequency count +seen = Hash.new(0) +while (gets) + seen[$_.downcase] += 1 +end +seen.sort { |a,b| b[1] <=> a[1] }.each do |k,v| + printf("%5d %s\n", v, k ) +end +#----------------------------- + + +# @@PLEAC@@_8.4 +#----------------------------- +# instead of file handle FILE, we can just +# use a string containing the filename +File.readlines(file).each { |line| + # do something with line +} +#----------------------------- +File.readlines(file).reverse_each { |line| + # do something with line +} +#----------------------------- +# the variable lines might have been created +# this way +# lines = File.readlines(file) +# +# normally one would use the reverse_each, but +# if you insist on using a numerical index to +# iterate over the lines array... +(lines.size - 1).downto(0) { |i| + line = lines[i] +} +#----------------------------- +# the second readlines argument is a the +# record separator $/, just like perl, a blank +# separator splits the records into paragraphs +File.readlines(file, '').each { |paragraph| + # do something with paragraph + puts "->Paragraph #{paragraph}" +} +#----------------------------- + + +# @@PLEAC@@_8.6 + +$/ = "%\n"; +srand; + +File.open('/usr/share/fortune/humorists').each do |line| + adage = line if rand($.) < 1 +end + +puts adage; + + +# @@PLEAC@@_8.10 +begin + fh = File.open(file, "r+") + addr = fh.tell unless fh.eof while fh.gets + fh.truncate(addr) +rescue SystemCallError + $stderr.puts "#$!" +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.0 +entry = File.stat("/usr/bin/vi") +entry = File.stat("/usr/bin") +entry = File.stat(INFILE) + +entry = File.stat("/usr/bin/vi") +ctime = entry.ctime +size = entry.size + +f = File.open(filename, "r") + +## There is no -T equivalent in Ruby, but we can still test emptiness +if test(?s, filename) + puts "#{filename} doesn't have text in it." + exit +end + +Dir.new("/usr/bin").each do |filename| + puts "Inside /usr/bin is something called #{filename}" +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.1 +file = File.stat("filename") +readtime, writetime = file.atime, file.mtime +file.utime(readtime, writetime) + +SECONDS_PER_DAY = 60 * 60 * 24 +file = File.stat("filename") +atime, mtime = file.atime, file.mtime + +atime -= 7 * SECONDS_PER_DAY +mtime -= 7 * SECONDS_PER_DAY + +File.utime(atime, mtime, file) +mtime = File.stat(file).mtime +File.utime(Time.new, mtime, file) +File.utime(Time.new, File.stat("testfile").mtime, file) + +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +## uvi - vi a file without changing it's access times + +if ARGV.length != 1 + puts "usage: uvi filename" + exit +end +file = ARGV[0] +atime, mtime = File.stat(file).atime, File.stat(file).mtime +system(ENV["EDITOR"] || "vi", file) +File.utime(atime, mtime, file) +#----------------------------- + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.2 +File.unlink(FILENAME) + +err_flg = false +filenames.each do |file| + begin + File.unlink(file) + rescue + err_flg = $! + end +end +err_flg and raise "Couldn't unlink all of #{filenames.join(" ")}: #{err_flg}" + +File.unlink(file) + +count = filenames.length +filenames.each do |file| + begin + File.unlink(file) + rescue + count -= 1 + end +end +if count != filenames.length + STDERR.puts "could only delete #{count} of #{filenames.length} files" +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.3 +require "ftools" +File.copy(oldfile, newfile) + +infile = File.open(oldfile, "r") +outfile = File.open(newfile, "w") + +blksize = infile.stat.blksize +# This doesn't handle partial writes or ^Z +# like the Perl version does. +while (line = infile.read(blksize)) + outfile.write(line) +end + +infile.close +outfile.close + +system("cp #{oldfile} #{newfile}") # unix +system("copy #{oldfile} #{newfile}") # dos, vms + +require "ftools" +File.copy("datafile.dat", "datafile.bak") +File.move("datafile.new", "datafile.dat") + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.4 +$seen = {} # must use global var to be seen inside of method below + +def do_my_thing(filename) + dev, ino = File.stat(filename).dev, File.stat(filename).ino + unless $seen[[dev, ino]] + # do something with $filename because we haven't + # seen it before + end + $seen[[dev, ino]] = $seen[[dev, ino]].to_i + 1 +end + +files.each do |filename| + dev, ino = File.stat(filename).dev, File.stat(filename).ino + if !$seen.has_key?([dev, ino]) + $seen[[dev, ino]] = [] + end + $seen[[dev, ino]].push(filename) +end + +$seen.keys.sort.each do |devino| + ino, dev = devino + if $seen[devino].length > 1 + # $seen[devino] is a list of filenames for the same file + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.5 +Dir.open(dirname) do |dir| + dir.each do |file| + # do something with dirname/file + puts file + end +end +# Dir.close is automatic + +# No -T equivalent in Ruby + +dir.each do |file| + next if file =~ /^\.\.?$/ + # ... +end + +def plainfiles(dir) + dh = Dir.open(dir) + dh.entries.grep(/^[^.]/). + map {|file| "#{dir}/#{file}"}. + find_all {|file| test(?f, file)}. + sort +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.6 +list = Dir.glob("*.c") + +dir = Dir.open(path) +files = dir.entries.grep(/\.c$/) +dir.close + +files = Dir.glob("*.c") +files = Dir.open(path).entries.grep(/\.[ch]$/i) + +dir = Dir.new(path) +files = dir.entries.grep(/\.[ch]$/i) + +begin + d = Dir.open(dir) +rescue Errno::ENOENT + raise "Couldn't open #{dir} for reading: #{$!}" +end + +files = [] +d.each do |file| + puts file + next unless file =~ /\.[ch]$/i + + filename = "#{dir}/#{file}" + # There is no -T equivalent in Ruby, but we can still test emptiness + files.push(filename) if test(?s, filename) +end + +dirs.entries.grep(/^\d+$/). + map { |file| [file, "#{path}/#{file}"]} . + select { |file| test(?d, file[1]) }. + sort { |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }. + map { |file| file[1] } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.7 +require 'find' +Find.find(dirlist) do |file| + # do whatever +end + +require 'find' +argv = ARGV.empty? ? %w{.} : ARGV +Find.find(*argv) do |file| + print file, (test(?d, file) ? "/\n" : "\n") +end + +require 'find' +argv = ARGV.empty? ? %w{.} : ARGV +sum = 0 +Find.find(*argv) do |file| + size = test(?s, file) || 0 + sum += size +end +puts "#{argv.join(' ')} contains #{sum} bytes" + +require 'find' +argv = ARGV.empty? ? %w{.} : ARGV +saved_size, saved_name = -1, "" +Find.find(*argv) do |file| + size = test(?s, file) || 0 + next unless test(?f, file) && size > saved_size + saved_size = size + saved_name = file +end +puts "Biggest file #{saved_name} in #{argv.join(' ')} is #{saved_size}" + +require 'find' +argv = ARGV.empty? ? %w{.} : ARGV +age, name = nil +Find.find(*argv) do |file| + mtime = File.stat(file).mtime + next if age && age > mtime + age = mtime + name = file +end +puts "#{name} #{age}" + +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# fdirs - find all directories +require 'find' +argv = ARGV.empty? ? %w{.} : ARGV +File.find(*argv) { |file| puts file if test(?d, file) } +#----------------------------- + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.8 +require 'fileutils' + +puts "Usage #{$0} dir ..." if ARGV.empty? +ARGV.each do |dir| + FileUtils.rmtree(dir) +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.9 +require 'ftools' +names.each do |file| + newname = file + begin + File.move(file, newname) + rescue Errno::EPERM + $stderr.puts "Couldn't rename #{file} to #{newname}: #{$!}" + end +end + +require 'ftools' +op = ARGV.empty? ? (raise "Usage: rename expr [files]\n") : ARGV.shift +argv = ARGV.empty? ? $stdin.readlines.map { |f| f.chomp } : ARGV +argv.each do |file| + was = file + file = eval("file.#{op}") + File.move(was, file) unless was == file +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.10 +base = File.basename(path) +dir = File.dirname(path) +# ruby has no fileparse equivalent +dir, base = File.split(path) +ext = base.scan(/\..*$/).to_s + +path = '/usr/lib/libc.a' +file = File.basename(path) +dir = File.dirname(path) + +puts "dir is #{dir}, file is #{file}" +# dir is /usr/lib, file is libc.a + +path = '/usr/lib/libc.a' +dir, filename = File.split(path) +name, ext = filename.split(/(?=\.)/) +puts "dir is #{dir}, name is #{name}, ext is #{ext}" +# NOTE: The Ruby code prints +# dir is /usr/lib, name is libc, extension is .a +# while the Perl code prints a '/' after the directory name +# dir is /usr/lib/, name is libc, extension is .a + +# No fileparse_set_fstype() equivalent in ruby + +def extension(path) + ext = path.scan(/\..*$/).to_s + ext.sub(/^\./, "") +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.11 +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# symirror - build spectral forest of symlinks + +require 'find' +require 'fileutils' + +raise "usage: #{$0} realdir mirrordir" unless ARGV.size == 2 + +srcdir,dstdir = ARGV +srcmode = File::stat(srcdir).mode +Dir.mkdir(dstdir, srcmode & 07777) unless test(?d, dstdir) + +# fix relative paths +Dir.chdir(srcdir) {srcdir = Dir.pwd} +Dir.chdir(dstdir) {dstdir = Dir.pwd} + +Find.find(srcdir) do |srcfile| + if test(?d, srcfile) + dest = srcfile.sub(/^#{srcdir}/, dstdir) + dmode = File::stat(srcfile).mode & 07777 + Dir.mkdir(dest, dmode) unless test(?d, dest) + a = Dir["#{srcfile}/*"].reject{|f| test(?d, f)} + FileUtils.ln_s(a, dest) + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_9.12 +# we use the Getopt/Declare library here for convenience: +# http://raa.ruby-lang.org/project/getoptdeclare/ +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# lst - list sorted directory contents (depth first) + +require 'find' +require 'etc' +require "Getopt/Declare" + +# Note: in the option-spec below there must by at least one hard +# tab in between each -option and its description. For example +# -i <tab> read from stdin + +opts = Getopt::Declare.new(<<'EOPARAM') + ============ + Input Format: + -i read from stdin + ============ + Output Format: + -l long listing + -r reverse listing + ============ + Sort on: (one of) + -m mtime (modify time - default) + {$sort_criteria = :mtime} + -u atime (access time) + {$sort_criteria = :atime} + -c ctime (inode change time) + {$sort_criteria = :ctime} + -s size + {$sort_criteria = :size} + [mutex: -m -u -c -s] + +EOPARAM + +$sort_criteria ||= :mtime +files = {} +DIRS = opts['-i'] ? $stdin.readlines.map{|f|f.chomp!} : ARGV +DIRS.each do |dir| + Find.find(dir) do |ent| + files[ent] = File::stat(ent) + end +end +entries = files.keys.sort_by{|f| files[f].send($sort_criteria)} +entries = entries.reverse unless opts['-r'] + +entries.each do |ent| + unless opts['-l'] + puts ent + next + end + stats = files[ent] + ftime = stats.send($sort_criteria == :size ? :mtime : $sort_criteria) + printf "%6d %04o %6d %8s %8s %8d %s %s\n", + stats.ino, + stats.mode & 07777, + stats.nlink, + ETC::PASSWD[stats.uid].name, + ETC::GROUP[stats.gid].name, + stats.size, + ftime.strftime("%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"), + ent +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.0 +def hello + $greeted += 1 # in Ruby, a variable beginning with $ is global (can be any type of course) + puts "hi there!" +end + +# We need to initialize $greeted before it can be used, because "+=" is waiting a Numeric object +$greeted = 0 +hello # note that appending () is optional to function calls with no parameters + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.1 +# In Ruby, parameters are named anyway +def hypotenuse(side1, side2) + Math.sqrt(side1**2 + side2**2) # the sqrt function comes from the Math module +end +diag = hypotenuse(3, 4) + +puts hypotenuse(3, 4) + +a = [3, 4] +print hypotenuse(*a) # the star operator will magically convert an Array into a "tuple" + +both = men + women + +# In Ruby, all objects are references, so the same problem arises; we then return a new object +nums = [1.4, 3.5, 6.7] +def int_all(n) + n.collect { |v| v.to_i } +end +ints = int_all(nums) + +nums = [1.4, 3.5, 6.7] +def trunc_em(n) + n.collect! { |v| v.to_i } # the bang-version of collect modifies the object +end +trunc_em(nums) + +# Ruby has two chomp version: +# ``chomp'' chomps the record separator and returns what's expected +# ``chomp!'' does the same but also modifies the parameter object + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.2 +def somefunc + variable = something # variable is local by default +end + +name, age = ARGV +start = fetch_time + +a, b = pair # will succeed if pair is an Array object (like ARGV is) +c = fetch_time + +# In ruby, run_check can't access a, b, or c until they are +# explicitely defined global (using leading $), even if they are +# both defined in the same scope + +def check_x(x) + y = "whatever" + run_check + if $condition + puts "got $x" + end +end + +# The following will keep a reference to the array, though the +# results will be slightly different from perl: the last element +# of $global_array will be itself an array +def save_array(ary) + $global_array << ary +end + +# The following gives the same results as in Perl for $global_array, +# though it doesn't illustrate anymore the way to keep a reference +# to an object: $global_array is extended with the elements of ary +def save_array(ary) + $global_array += ary +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.3 +# In Ruby, AFAIK a method cannot access "local variables" defined +# upper scope; mostly because everything is an object, so you'll +# do the same by defining an attribute or a static attribute + +# In Ruby the BEGIN also exists: +BEGIN { puts "hello from BEGIN" } +puts "hello from main" +BEGIN { puts "hello from 2nd BEGIN" } +# gives: +# hello from BEGIN +# hello from 2nd BEGIN +# hello from main + +# In Ruby, it can be written as a static method and a static +# variable +class Counter + @@counter = 0 + def Counter.next_counter; @@counter += 1; end +end + +# There is no need of BEGIN since the variable will get +# initialized when parsing +class Counter + @@counter = 42 + def Counter.next_counter; @@counter += 1; end + def Counter.prev_counter; @@counter -= 1; end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.4 +# You can either get the whole trace as an array of strings, each +# string telling which file, line and method is calling: +caller + +# ...or only the last caller +caller[0] + +# We need to extract just the method name of the backtrace: +def whoami; caller()[0] =~ /in `([^']+)'/ ? $1 : '(anonymous)'; end +def whowasi; caller()[1] =~ /in `([^']+)'/ ? $1 : '(anonymous)'; end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.5 +# In Ruby, every value is a reference on an object, thus there is +# no such problem +array_diff(array1, array2) + +def add_vecpair(a1, a2) + results = [] + a1.each_index { |i| results << (a1[i] + a2[i]) } + results +end +a = [1, 2] +b = [5, 8] +c = add_vecpair(a, b) +p c + +# Add this to the beginning of the function to check if we were +# given two arrays +a1.type == Array && a2.type == Array or + raise "usage: add_vecpair array1 array2 (was used with: #{a1.type} #{a2.type})" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.6 +# There is no return context in Ruby + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.7 +# Like in Perl, we need to fake with a hash, but it's dirty :-( +def thefunc(param_args) + args = { 'INCREMENT' => '10s', 'FINISH' => '0', 'START' => 0 } + args.update(param_args) + if (args['INCREMENT'] =~ /m$/ ) + # ..... + end +end + +thefunc({ 'INCREMENT' => '20s', 'START' => '+5m', 'FINISH' => '+30m' }) +thefunc({}) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.8 +# there is no "undef" direct equivalent but there is the slice equiv: +a, c = func.indexes(0, 2) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.9 +# Ruby has no such limitation: +def somefunc + ary = [] + hash = {} + # ... + return ary, hash +end +arr, dict = somefunc + +array_of_hashes = fn +h1, h2, h3 = fn + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.10 +return +# or (equivalent) +return nil + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.11 +# You can't prototype in Ruby regarding types :-( +# Though, you can force the number of arguments: +def func_with_no_arg; end +def func_with_no_arg(); end +def func_with_one_arg(a1); end +def func_with_two_args(a1, a2); end +def func_with_any_number_of_args(*args); end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.12 +raise "some message" # raise exception + +begin + val = func +rescue Exception => msg + $stderr.puts "func raised an exception: #{msg}" +end + +# In Ruby the rescue statement uses an exception class, every +# exception which is not matched is still continuing +begin + val = func +rescue FullMoonError + ... +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.13 +# Saving Global Values +# Of course we can just save the value and restore it later: +def print_age + puts "Age is #{$age}" +end + +$age = 18 # global variable +print_age() +if condition + safeage = $age + $age = 23 + print_age() + $age = safeage +end + +# We can also use a method that saves the global variable and +# restores it automatically when the block is left: + +def local(var) + eval("save = #{var.id2name}") + begin + result = yield + ensure + # we want to call this even if we got an exception + eval("#{var.id2name} = save") + end + result +end + +condition = true +$age = 18 +print_age() +if condition + local(:$age) { + $age = 23 + print_age() + } +end +print_age() + +# There is no need to use local() for filehandles or directory +# handles in ruby because filehandles are normal objects. + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.14 +# In Ruby you may redefine a method [but not overload it :-(] +# just by defining again with the same name. +def foo; puts 'foo'; end +def foo; puts 'bar'; end +foo +#=> bar + +# You can also take a reference to an existing method before +# redefining a new one, using the `alias' keyword +def foo; puts 'foo'; end +alias foo_orig foo +def foo; puts 'bar'; end +foo_orig +foo +#=> foo +#=> bar + +# AFAIK, there is no direct way to create a new method whose name +# comes from a variable, so use "eval" +colors = %w(red blue green yellow orange purple violet) +colors.each { |c| + eval <<-EOS + def #{c}(*a) + "<FONT COLOR='#{c}'>" + a.to_s + "</FONT>" + end + EOS +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.15 +def method_missing(name, *args) + "<FONT COLOR='#{name}'>" + args.join(' ') + "</FONT>" +end +puts chartreuse("stuff") + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.16 +def outer(arg) + x = arg + 35 + inner = proc { x * 19 } + x + inner.call() +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_10.17 +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# mailsort - sort mbox by different criteria +require 'English' +require 'Date' + +# Objects of class Mail represent a single mail. +class Mail + attr_accessor :no + attr_accessor :subject + attr_accessor :fulltext + attr_accessor :date + + def initialize + @fulltext = "" + @subject = "" + end + + def append(para) + @fulltext << para + end + + # this is called if you call puts(mail) + def to_s + @fulltext + end +end + +# represents a list of mails. +class Mailbox < Array + + Subjectpattern = Regexp.new('Subject:\s*(?:Re:\s*)*(.*)\n') + Datepattern = Regexp.new('Date:\s*(.*)\n') + + # reads mails from open file and stores them + def read(file) + $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR = '' # paragraph reads + msgno = -1 + file.each { |para| + if para =~ /^From/ + mail = Mail.new + mail.no = (msgno += 1) + md = Subjectpattern.match(para) + if md + mail.subject = md[1] + end + md = Datepattern.match(para) + if md + mail.date = DateTime.parse(md[1]) + else + mail.date = DateTime.now + end + self.push(mail) + end + mail.append(para) if mail + } + end + + def sort_by_subject_and_no + self.sort_by { |m| + [m.subject, m.no] + } + end + + # sorts by a list of attributs of mail, given as symbols + def sort_by_attributs(*attrs) + # you can sort an Enumerable by an array of + # values, they would be compared + # from ary[0] to ary[n]t, say: + # ['b',1] > ['a',10] > ['a',9] + self.sort_by { |elem| + attrs.map { |attr| + elem.send(attr) + } + } + end + +end + +mailbox = Mailbox.new +mailbox.read(ARGF) + +# print only subjects sorted by subject and number +for m in mailbox.sort_by_subject_and_no + puts(m.subject) +end + +# print complete mails sorted by date, then subject, then number +for m in mailbox.sort_by_attributs(:date, :subject) + puts(m) +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_11.7 +def mkcounter(count) + start = count + bundle = { + "NEXT" => proc { count += 1 }, + "PREV" => proc { count -= 1 }, + "RESET" => proc { count = start } + } + bundle["LAST"] = bundle["PREV"] + return bundle +end + +c1 = mkcounter(20) +c2 = mkcounter(77) + +puts "next c1: #{c1["NEXT"].call}" # 21 +puts "next c2: #{c2["NEXT"].call}" # 78 +puts "next c1: #{c1["NEXT"].call}" # 22 +puts "last c1: #{c1["PREV"].call}" # 21 +puts "last c1: #{c1["LAST"].call}" # 20 +puts "old c2: #{c2["RESET"].call}" # 77 + + +# @@PLEAC@@_11.15 +class Binary_tree + def initialize(val) + @value = val + @left = nil + @right = nil + end + + # insert given value into proper point of + # provided tree. If no tree provided, + # use implicit pass by reference aspect of @_ + # to fill one in for our caller. + def insert(val) + if val < @value then + if @left then + @left.insert(val) + else + @left = Binary_tree.new(val) + end + elsif val > @value then + if @right then + @right.insert(val) + else + @right = Binary_tree.new(val) + end + else + puts "double" + # do nothing, no double values + end + end + + # recurse on left child, + # then show current value, + # then recurse on right child. + def in_order + @left.in_order if @left + print @value, " " + @right.in_order if @right + end + + # show current value, + # then recurse on left child, + # then recurse on right child. + def pre_order + print @value, " " + @left.pre_order if @left + @right.pre_order if @right + end + + # recurse on left child, + # then recurse on right child, + # then show current value. + def post_order + @left.post_order if @left + @right.post_order if @right + print @value, " " + end + + # find out whether provided value is in the tree. + # if so, return the node at which the value was found. + # cut down search time by only looking in the correct + # branch, based on current value. + def search(val) + if val == @value then + return self + elsif val < @value then + return @left.search(val) if @left + return nil + else + return @right.search(val) if @right + return nil + end + end +end + +# first generate 20 random inserts +test = Binary_tree.new(0) +for a in 0..20 + test.insert(rand(1000)) +end + +# now dump out the tree all three ways +print "Pre order: "; test.pre_order; puts "" +print "In order: "; test.in_order; puts "" +print "Post order: "; test.post_order; puts "" + +print "search?" +while gets + print test.search($_.to_i) + print "\nsearch?" +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.0 +# class and module names need to have the first letter capitalized +module Alpha + NAME = 'first' +end +module Omega + NAME = 'last' +end +puts "Alpha is #{Alpha::NAME}, Omega is #{Omega::NAME}" + +# ruby doesn't differentiate beteen compile-time and run-time +require 'getoptlong.rb' +require 'getoptlong' # assumes the .rb +require 'cards/poker.rb' +require 'cards/poker' # assumes the .rb +load 'cards/poker' # require only loads the file once + +module Cards + module Poker + @card_deck = Array.new # or @card_deck = [] + def shuffle + end + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.1 +# a module exports all of its functions +module Your_Module + def self.function + # this would be called as Your_Module.function + end + + def Your_Module.another + # this is the same as above, but more specific + end +end + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.2 +begin + require 'nonexistent' +rescue LoadError + puts "Couldn't load #{$!}" # $! contains the last error string +end + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.4 +# module variables are private unless access functions are defined +module Alpha + @aa = 10 + @bb = 11 + + def self.put_aa + puts @aa + end + + def self.bb=(val) + @bb = val + end +end + +Alpha.bb = 12 +# Alpha.aa = 10 # error, no aa=method + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.5 +# caller provides a backtrace of the call stack +module MyModule + def find_caller + caller + end + + def find_caller2(i) + caller(i) # an argument limits the size of the stack returned + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.6 +BEGIN { + $logfile = '/tmp/mylog' unless defined? $logfile + $LF = File.open($logfile, 'a') +} + +module Logger + def self.logmsg(msg) + $LF.puts msg + end + + logmsg('startup') +end + +END { + Logger::logmsg('shutdown') + $LF.close +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.7 +#----------------------------- +# results may be different on your system +# % ruby -e "$LOAD_PATH.each_index { |i| printf("%d %s\n", i, $LOAD_PATH[i] } +#0 /usr/local/lib/site_ruby/1.6 +#1 /usr/local/lib/site_ruby/1.6/i386-linux +#2 /usr/local/lib/site_ruby/ +#3 /usr/lib/ruby/1.6 +#4 /usr/lib/ruby/1.6/i136-linux +#5 . +#----------------------------- +# syntax for sh, bash, ksh, or zsh +#$ export RUBYLIB=$HOME/rubylib + +# syntax for csh or tcsh +# % setenv RUBYLIB ~/rubylib +#----------------------------- +$LOAD_PATH.unshift "/projects/spectre/lib"; + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.8 +# equivalents in ruby are mkmf, SWIG, or Ruby/DL depending on usage + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.9 +# no equivalent in ruby + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.10 +# no equivalent in ruby + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.11 +module FineTime + def self.time + # to be defined later + end +end + + +module FineTime + def self.time + "its a fine time" + end +end + +puts FineTime.time #=> "its a fine time" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.12 +def even_only(n) + raise "#{n} is not even" if (n & 1) != 0 # one way to test + # ... +end +def even_only(n) + $stderr.puts "#{n} is not even" if (n & 1) != 0 + # ... +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_12.17 +# The library archive for ruby is called Ruby Application archive, +# or shorter RAA, and can be found at http://raa.ruby-lang.org. +# A typical library is installed like this: +# % gunzip some-module-4.54.tar.gz +# % tar xf some-module-4.54.tar +# % cd some-module-4.54.tar +# % ruby install.rb config +# % ruby install.rb setup +# get superuser previleges here if needed for next step +# % ruby install.rb install + +# Some modules use a different process, +# you should find details in the documentation +# Here is an example of such a different process +# % ruby extconf.rb +# % make +# % make install + +# If you want the module installed in your own directory: +# For ruby version specific libraries +# % ruby install.rb config --site-ruby=~/lib +# For version independent libraries +# % ruby install.rb config --site-ruby-common=~/lib + +# Information about possible options for config +# % ruby install.rb --help + +# If you have your own complete distribution +# % ruby install.rb --prefix=path=~/ruby-private + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.0 +# Classes and objects in Ruby are rather straigthforward +class Person + # Class variables (also called static attributes) are prefixed by @@ + @@person_counter=0 + + # object constructor + def initialize(age, name, alive = true) # Default arg like in C++ + @age, @name, @alive = age, name, alive # Object attributes are prefixed by '@' + @@person_counter += 1 + # There is no '++' operator in Ruby. The '++'/'--' operators are in fact + # hidden assignments which affect variables, not objects. You cannot accomplish + # assignment via method. Since everything in Ruby is object, '++' and '--' + # contradict Ruby OO ideology. Instead '-=' and '+=' are used. + end + + attr_accessor :name, :age # This creates setter and getter methods for @name + # and @age. See 13.3 for detailes. + + # methods modifying the receiver object usually have the '!' suffix + def die! + @alive = false + puts "#{@name} has died at the age of #{@age}." + @alive + end + + def kill(anotherPerson) + print @name, ' is killing ', anotherPerson.name, ".\n" + anotherPerson.die! + end + + # methods used as queries + # usually have the '?' suffix + def alive? + @alive && true + end + + def year_of_birth + Time.now.year - @age + end + + # Class method (also called static method) + def Person.number_of_people + @@person_counter + end +end + +# Using the class: +# Create objects of class Person +lecter = Person.new(47, 'Hannibal') +starling = Person.new(29, 'Clarice', true) +pazzi = Person.new(40, 'Rinaldo', true) + +# Calling a class method +print "There are ", Person.number_of_people, " Person objects\n" + +print pazzi.name, ' is ', (pazzi.alive?) ? 'alive' : 'dead', ".\n" +lecter.kill(pazzi) +print pazzi.name, ' is ', (pazzi.alive?) ? 'alive' : 'dead', ".\n" + +print starling.name , ' was born in ', starling.year_of_birth, "\n" + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.1 +# If you don't need any initialisation in the constructor, +# you don't need to write a constructor. +class MyClass +end + +class MyClass + def initialize + @start = Time.new + @age = 0 + end +end + +class MyClass + def initialize(inithash) + @start = Time.new + @age = 0 + for key, value in inithash + instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value) + end + end +end + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.2 +# Objects are destroyed by the garbage collector. +# The time of destroying is not predictable. +# The ruby garbage collector can handle circular references, +# so there is no need to write destructor for that. + +# There is no direct support for destructor. +# You can call a custom function, or more specific a proc object, when the +# garbage collector is about to destruct the object, but it is unpredictable +# when this occurs. +# Also if such a finalizer object has a reference to the orignal object, +# this may prevent the original object to get garbage collected. +# Because of this problem the finalize method below is +# a class method and not a instance method. +# So if you need to free resources for an object, like +# closing a socket or kill a spawned subprocess, +# you should do it explicitly. + +class MyClass + def initialize + ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, + self.class.method(:finalize).to_proc) + end + def MyClass.finalize(id) + puts "Object #{id} dying at #{Time.new}" + end +end + +# test code +3.times { + MyClass.new +} +ObjectSpace.garbage_collect + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.3 +# You can write getter and setter methods in a natural way: +class Person + def name + @name + end + def name=(name) + @name = name + end +end + +# But there is a better and shorter way +class Person + attr_reader :age + attr_writer :name + # attr_reader and attr_writer are actually methods in class Class + # which set getter and setter methods for you. +end + +# There is also attr_accessor to create both setters and getters +class Person + attr_accessor :age, :name +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.4 +class Person + # Class variables (also called static attributes) are prefixed by @@ + @@person_counter = 0 + + def Person.population + @@person_counter + end + def initialize + @@person_counter += 1 + ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, + self.class.method(:finalize).to_proc) + end + def Person.finalize(id) + @@person_counter -= 1 + end +end +people = [] +10.times { + people.push(Person.new) +} +printf("There are %d people alive", Person.population) + + +FixedArray.class_max_bounds = 100 +alpha = FixedArray.new +puts "Bound on alpha is #{alpha.max_bounds}" + +beta = FixedArray.new +beta.max_bounds = 50 # calls the instance method +beta.class.class_max_bounds = 50 # alternative, calls the class method +puts "Bound on alpha is #{alpha.max_bounds}" + +class FixedArray + @@bounds = 7 + + def max_bounds + @@max_bounds + end + # instance method, which sets the class variable + def max_bounds=(value) + @@max_bounds = value + end + # class method. This can only be called on a class, + # but not on the instances + def FixedArray.class_max_bounds=(value) + @@max_bounds = value + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.5 +PersonStruct = Struct.new("Person", :name, :age, :peers) +# creates a class "Person::Struct", which is accessiable with the +# constant "PersonStruct" +p = PersonStruct.new +p = Struct::Person.new # alternative using the classname +p.name = "Jason Smythe" +p.age = 13 +p.peers = ["Wilbur", "Ralph", "Fred"] +p[:peers] = ["Wilbur", "Ralph", "Fred"] # alternative access using symbol +p["peers"] = ["Wilbur", "Ralph", "Fred"] # alternative access using name of field +p[2] = ["Wilbur", "Ralph", "Fred"] # alternative access using index of field +puts "At age #{p.age}, #{p.name}'s first friend is #{p.peers[0]}" + +# The fields of a struct have no special type, like other ruby variables +# you can put any objects in. Therefore the discussions how to specify +# the types of the fields do not apply to ruby. + +FamilyStruct = Struct.new("Family", :head, :address, :members) +folks = FamilyStruct.new +folks.head = PersonStruct.new +dad = folks.head +dad.name = "John" +dad.age = 34 + +# supply of own accessor method for the struct for error checking +class PersonStruct + def age=(value) + if !value.kind_of?(Integer) + raise(ArgumentError, "Age #{value} isn't an Integer") + elsif value > 150 + raise(ArgumentError, "Age #{value} is unreasonable") + end + @age = value + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.6 +# The ruby Object class defines a dup and a clone method. +# The dup method is recommended for prototype object creation. +# The default implementation makes a shallow copy, +# but each class can override it, for example to make a deep copy. + +# If you want to call 'new' directly on the instances, +# you can create a instance method "new", which returns a new duplicate. +# This method is distinct from the class method new. +# +class A + def new + dup + end +end + +ob1 = A.new +# later on +ob2 = ob1.new + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.7 +methname = 'flicker' +obj.send(methname, 10) # calls obj.flicker(10) + +# call three methods on the object, by name +['start', 'run', 'stop'].each do |method_string| + obj.send(method_string) +end + +# Another way is to create a Method object +method_obj = obj.method('flicker') +# And then call it +method_obj.call(10) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.8 +# All classes in Ruby inherit from class Object +# and thus all objects share methods defined in this class + +# the class of the object +puts any_object.type + +# Ruby classes are actually objects of class Class and they +# respond to methods defined in Object class as well + +# the superclass of this class +puts any_object.class.superclass + +# ask an object whether it is an instance of particular class +n = 4.7 +puts n.instance_of?(Float) # true +puts n.instance_of?(Numeric) # false + +# ask an object whether it is an instance of class, one of the +# superclasses of the object, or modules included in it +puts n.kind_of?(Float) # true (the class) +puts n.kind_of?(Numeric) # true (an ancestor class) +puts n.kind_of?(Comparable) # true (a mixin module) +puts n.kind_of?(String) # false + +# ask an object whether it can respond to a particular method +puts n.respond_to?('+') # true +puts n.respond_to?('length') # false + +# all methods an object can respond to +'just a string'.methods.each { |m| puts m } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.9 +# Actually any class in Ruby is inheritable +class Person + attr_accessor :age, :name + def initialize + @name + @age + end +end +#----------------------------- +dude = Person.new +dude.name = 'Jason' +dude.age = 23 +printf "%s is age %d.\n", dude.name, dude.age +#----------------------------- +# Inheriting from Person +class Employee < Person + attr_accessor :salary +end +#----------------------------- +empl = Employee.new +empl.name = 'Jason' +empl.age = 23 +empl.salary = 200 +printf "%s is age %d, the salary is %d.\n", empl.name, empl.age, empl.salary +#----------------------------- +# Any built-in class can be inherited the same way +class WeirdString < String + def initialize(obj) + super obj + end + def +(anotherObj) # + method in this class is overridden + # to return the sum of string lengths + self.length + anotherObj.length # 'self' can be omitted + end +end +#----------------------------- +a = WeirdString.new('hello') +b = WeirdString.new('bye') + +puts a + b # the overridden + +#=> 8 +puts a.length # method from the superclass, String +#=> 5 + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.11 +# In ruby you can override the method_missing method +# to have a solution similar to perls AUTOLOAD. +class Person + + def initialize + @ok_fields = %w(name age peers parent) + end + + def valid_attribute?(name) + @ok_fields.include?(name) + end + + def method_missing(namesymbol, *params) + name = namesymbol.to_s + return if name =~ /^A-Z/ + if name.to_s[-1] == ('='[0]) # we have a setter + isSetter = true + name.sub!(/=$/, '') + end + if valid_attribute?(name) + if isSetter + instance_variable_set("@#{name}", *params) + else + instance_variable_get("@#{name}", *params) + end + else + # if no annestor is responsible, + # the Object class will throw a NoMethodError exception + super(namesymbol, *params) + end + end + + def new + kid = Person.new + kid.parent = self + kid + end + +end + +dad = Person.new +dad.name = "Jason" +dad.age = 23 +kid = dad.new +kid.name = "Rachel" +kid.age = 2 +puts "Kid's parent is #{kid.parent.name}" +puts dad +puts kid + +class Employee < Person + def initialize + super + @ok_fields.push("salary", "boss") + end + def ok_fields + @ok_fields + end +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.13 +# The ruby garbage collector pretends to cope with circular structures. +# You can test it with this code: +class RingNode + attr_accessor :next + attr_accessor :prev + attr_reader :name + + def initialize(aName) + @name = aName + ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, + self.class.method(:finalize).to_proc) + end + + def RingNode.finalize(id) + puts "Node #{id} dying" + end + + def RingNode.show_all_objects + ObjectSpace.each_object {|id| + puts id.name if id.class == RingNode + } + end +end + +def create_test + a = RingNode.new("Node A") + b = RingNode.new("Node B") + c = RingNode.new("Node C") + a.next = b + b.next = c + c.next = a + a.prev = c + c.prev = b + b.prev = a + + a = nil + b = nil + c = nil +end + +create_test +RingNode.show_all_objects +ObjectSpace.garbage_collect +puts "After garbage collection" +RingNode.show_all_objects + + +# @@PLEAC@@_13.14 +class String + def <=>(other) + self.casecmp other + end +end + +# There is no way to directly overload the '""' (stringify) +# operator in Ruby. However, by convention, classes which +# can reasonably be converted to a String will define a +# 'to_s' method as in the TimeNumber class defined below. +# The 'puts' method will automatcally call an object's +# 'to_s' method as is demonstrated below. +# Furthermore, if a class defines a to_str method, an object of that +# class can be used most any place where the interpreter is looking +# for a String value. + +#--------------------------------------- +# NOTE: Ruby has a builtin Time class which would usually be used +# to manipulate time objects, the following is supplied for +# educational purposes to demonstrate operator overloading. +# +class TimeNumber + attr_accessor :hours,:minutes,:seconds + def initialize( hours, minutes, seconds) + @hours = hours + @minutes = minutes + @seconds = seconds + end + + def to_s + return sprintf( "%d:%02d:%02d", @hours, @minutes, @seconds) + end + + def to_str + to_s + end + + def +( other) + seconds = @seconds + other.seconds + minutes = @minutes + other.minutes + hours = @hours + other.hours + if seconds >= 60 + seconds %= 60 + minutes += 1 + end + if minutes >= 60 + minutes %= 60 + hours += 1 + end + return TimeNumber.new(hours, minutes, seconds) + end + + def -(other) + raise NotImplementedError + end + + def *(other) + raise NotImplementedError + end + + def /( other) + raise NotImplementedError + end +end + +t1 = TimeNumber.new(0, 58, 59) +sec = TimeNumber.new(0, 0, 1) +min = TimeNumber.new(0, 1, 0) +puts t1 + sec + min + min + +#----------------------------- +# StrNum class example: Ruby's builtin String class already has the +# capabilities outlined in StrNum Perl example, however the '*' operator +# on Ruby's String class acts differently: It creates a string which +# is the original string repeated N times. +# +# Using Ruby's String class as is in this example: +x = "Red"; y = "Black" +z = x+y +r = z*3 # r is "RedBlackRedBlackRedBlack" +puts "values are #{x}, #{y}, #{z}, and #{r}" +print "#{x} is ", x < y ? "LT" : "GE", " #{y}\n" +# prints: +# values are Red, Black, RedBlack, and RedBlackRedBlackRedBlack +# Red is GE Black + +#----------------------------- +class FixNum + REGEX = /(\.\d*)/ + DEFAULT_PLACES = 0 + attr_accessor :value, :places + def initialize(value, places = nil) + @value = value + if places + @places = places + else + m = REGEX.match(value.to_s) + if m + @places = m[0].length - 1 + else + @places = DEFAULT_PLACES + end + end + end + + def +(other) + FixNum.new(@value + other.value, max(@places, other.places)) + end + + def *(other) + FixNum.new(@value * other.value, max(@places, other.places)) + end + + def /(other) + puts "Divide: #{@value.to_f/other.value.to_f}" + result = FixNum.new(@value.to_f/other.value.to_f) + result.places = max(result.places,other.places) + result + end + + def to_s + sprintf("STR%s: %.*f", self.class.to_s , @places, @value) #. + end + + def to_str + to_s + end + + def to_i #convert to int + @value.to_i + end + + def to_f #convert to float` + @value.to_f + end + + private + def max(a,b) + a > b ? a : b + end +end + +def demo() + x = FixNum.new(40) + y = FixNum.new(12, 0) + + puts "sum of #{x} and #{y} is #{x+y}" + puts "product of #{x} and #{y} is #{x*y}" + + z = x/y + puts "#{z} has #{z.places} places" + unless z.places + z.places = 2 + end + + puts "div of #{x} by #{y} is #{z}" + puts "square of that is #{z*z}" +end + +if __FILE__ == $0 + demo() +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_14.1 +# There are dbm, sdbm, gdbm modules +# and the bdb module for accessing the berkeley db +# sdbm seem to be available on the most systems, +# so we use it here +# +require "sdbm" +SDBM.open("filename", 0666) { |dbobj| + # raises exception if open error + + # the returned sdbm-dbobj has most of the methods of a hash + v = dbobj["key"] + dbobj["key"] = "newvalue" + if dbobj.has_key?("key") + # ... + end + dbobj.delete("key2") +} +# database is open only inside the block. + +# It is also possible to use a open .. close pair: +dbobj = SDBM.open("filename", 0666) +#.. do something with dbobj +dbobj.close + +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# userstats - generate statistics on who is logged in +# call with usernames as argument to display the totals +# for the given usernames, call with "ALL" to display all users + +require "sdbm" +filename = '/tmp/userstats.db' +SDBM.open(filename, 0666) { |dbobj| + if ARGV.length > 0 + if ARGV[0] == "ALL" + # ARGV is constant, so we need the variable userlist + userlist = dbobj.keys().sort() + else + userlist = ARGV + end + userlist.each { |user| + print "#{user}\t#{dbobj[user]}\n" + } + else + who = `who` + who.split("\n").each { |line| + md = /^(\S+)/.match(line) + raise "Bad line from who: #{line}" unless md + # sdbm stores only strings, so "+=" doesn't work, + # we need to convert them expicitly back to integer. + if dbobj.has_key?(md[0]) + dbobj[md[0]] = dbobj[md[0]].to_i + 1 + else + dbobj[md[0]] = "1" + end + } + end +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_14.2 +# using open and clear +dbobj = SDBM.open("filename", 0666) +dbobj.clear() +dbobj.close() +# deleting file and recreating it +# the filenames depend on the flavor of dbm you use, +# for example sdbm has two files named filename.pag and filename.dir, +# so you need to delete both files +begin + File.delete("filename") + # raises Exception if not exist + dbobj = SDBM.open("filename", 0666) +rescue + # add error handling here +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_14.3 +# sdbm2gdbm: converts sdbm database to a gdbm database +require "sdbm" +require "gdbm" + +unless ARGV.length == 2 + fail "usage: sdbm2gdbm infile outfile" +end +infile = ARGV[0] +outfile = ARGV[1] + +sdb = SDBM.open(infile) +gdb = GDBM.open(outfile, 0666) +sdb.each { |key, val| + gdb[key] = val +} +gdb.close +sdb.close + + +# @@PLEAC@@_14.4 +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# dbmmerge: merges two dbm databases +require "sdbm" + +unless ARGV.length == 3 + fail "usage: dbmmerge indb1 indb2 outdb" +end +infile1 = ARGV[0] +infile2 = ARGV[0] +outfile = ARGV[2] + +in1 = SDBM.open(infile1, nil) +in2 = SDBM.open(infile2, nil) +outdb = SDBM.open(outfile, 0666) + +[in1, in2].each { |indb| + indb.each { |key, val| + if outdb.has_key?(key) + # decide which value to set. + # set outdb[key] if necessary + else + outdb[key] = val + end + } +} +in1.close +in2.close +outdb.close + + +# @@PLEAC@@_14.7 +# we write a tie method that extends the Array class. +# It reads the file into the memory, executes the code block +# in which you can manipulate the array as needed, and writes +# the array back to the file after the end of the block execution +class Array + def tie(filename, flags) + File.open(filename, flags) { |f| + f.each_line { |line| + self.push(line.chomp) + } + yield + f.rewind + each { |line| + if line + f.puts(line) + else + f.puts "" + end + } + } + end +end + +array = Array.new +array.tie("/tmp/textfile.txt", File::RDWR|File::CREAT) { + array[4] = "a new line 4" +} + +# The tied array can be manipulated like a normal array, +# so there is no need for a special API, and the recno_demo program +# to demonstrate is API is useless + + +# tied array demo: show how to use array with a tied file +filename = "db_file.txt" +lines = Array.new +File.unlink(filename) if File.exists?(filename) +lines.tie(filename, File::RDWR | File::CREAT) { + # first create a textfile to play with + lines[0] = "zero" + lines[1] = "one" + lines[2] = "two" + lines[3] = "three" + lines[4] = "four" + + # print the records in order. + # Opposed to perl, the tied array behaves exactly as a normal array + puts "\nOriginal" + for i in 0..(lines.length-1) + puts "#{i}: #{lines[i]}" + end + + #use push and pop + a = lines.pop + lines.push("last") + puts("The last line was [#{a}]") + + #use shift and unshift + a = lines.shift + lines.unshift("first") + puts("The first line was [#{a}]") + + # add record after record 2 + i = 2 + lines.insert(i + 1, "Newbie") + + # add record before record one + i = 1 + lines.insert(i, "New One") + + # delete record 3 + lines.delete_at(3) + + #now print the records in reverse order + puts "\nReverse" + (lines.length - 1).downto(0){ |i| + puts "#{i}: #{lines[i]}" + } + +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_14.8 +# example to store complex data in a database +# uses marshall from the standard library +require "sdbm" +db = SDBM.open("pleac14-8-database", 0666) + +# convert the Objects into strings and back by using the Marshal module. +# Most normal objects can be converted out of the box, +# but not special things like procedure objects, +# IO instance variables, singleton objects + +db["Tom Christiansen"] = Marshal.dump(["book author", "tchrist@perl.com"]) +db["Tom Boutell"] = Marshal.dump(["shareware author", +"boutell@boutell.com"]) + +name1 = "Tom Christiansen" +name2 = "Tom Boutell" + +tom1 = Marshal.load(db[name1]) +tom2 = Marshal.load(db[name2]) + +puts "Two Toming: #{tom1} #{tom2}" + +if tom1[0] == tom2[0] && tom1[1] == tom2[1] + puts "You're having runtime fun with one Tom made two." +else + puts "No two Toms are ever alike" +end + +# To change parts of an entry, get the whole entry, change the parts, +# and save the whole entry back +entry = Marshal.load(db["Tom Boutell"]) +entry[0] = "Poet Programmer" +db["Tom Boutell"] = Marshal.dump(entry) +db.close + + +# @@PLEAC@@_14.9 +# example to make data persistent +# uses Marshal from the standard lib +# Stores the data in a simple file, +# see 14.8 on how to store it in a dbm file + +# The BEGIN block is executed before the rest of the script +# we use global variables here because local variables +# will go out of scope and are not accessible from the main script + +BEGIN { + $persistent_store = "persitence.dat" + begin + File.open($persistent_store) do |f| + $stringvariable1 = Marshal.load(f) + $arrayvariable2 = Marshal.load(f) + end + rescue + puts "Can not open #{$persistent_store}" + # Initialisation if this script runs the first time + $stringvariable1 = "" + $arrayvariable2 = [] + end +} + +END { + File.open($persistent_store, "w+") do |f| + Marshal.dump($stringvariable1, f) + Marshal.dump($arrayvariable2, f) + end +} + +# simple test program +puts $stringvariable1 +puts $arrayvariable2 +$stringvariable1 = "Hello World" +$arrayvariable2.push(5) +puts $stringvariable1 +puts $arrayvariable2 + + +# @@PLEAC@@_14.10 +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# Ruby has a dbi module with an architecture similar +# to the Perl dbi module: the dbi module provides an unified +# interface and uses specialized drivers for each dbms vendor +# +begin + DBI.connect("DBI:driver:driverspecific", "username", "auth") { + |dbh| + + dbh.do(SQL1) + + dbh.prepare(SQL2){ |sth| + sth.execute + sth.fetch {|row| + # ... + } + } # end of block finishes the statement handle + } # end of block closes the database connection +rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e + puts "dbi error occurred" + puts "Error code: #{e.err}" + puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}" +end + +#!/usr/bin/ruby -w +# dbusers - example for mysql which creates a table, +# fills it with values, retrieves the values back, +# and finally destroys the table. + +require "dbi" + +# replacement for the User::pwnt module +def getpwent + result = [] + File.open("/etc/passwd") {|file| + file.each_line {|line| + next if line.match(/^#/) + cols = line.split(":") + result.push([cols[2], cols[0]]) + } + } + result +end + +begin + DBI.connect("DBI:Mysql:pleacdatabase", "pleac", "pleacpassword") { + |conn| + + conn.do("CREATE TABLE users (uid INT, login CHAR(8))") + + users = getpwent + + conn.prepare("INSERT INTO users VALUES (?,?)") {|sth| + users.each {|entry| + sth.execute(entry[0], entry[1]) + } + } + + conn.execute("SELECT uid, login FROM users WHERE uid < 50") {|sth| + sth.fetch {|row| + puts row.collect {|col| + if col.nil? + "(null)" + else + col + end + }.join(", ") + } + } + + conn.do("DROP TABLE users") + } +rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e + puts "dbi error occurred" + puts "Error code: #{e.err}" + puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}" +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_15.1 +# This test program demonstrates parsing program arguments. +# It uses the optparse library, which is included with ruby 1.8 +# It handles classic unix style and gnu style options +require 'optparse' + +@debugmode = false +@verbose = false + +ARGV.options do |opts| + opts.banner = "Usage: ruby #{$0} [OPTIONS] INPUTFILES" + + opts.on("-h", "--help", "show this message") { + puts opts + exit + } + # The OptionParser#on method is called with a specification of short + # options, of long options, a data type spezification and user help + # messages for this option. + # The method analyses the given parameter and decides what it is, + # so you can leave out the long option if you don't need it + opts.on("-v", "--[no-]verbose=[FLAG]", TrueClass, "run verbosly") { + |@verbose| # sets @verbose to true or false + } + opts.on("-D", "--DEBUG", TrueClass, "turns on debug mode" ){ + |@debugmode| # sets @debugmode to true + } + opts.on("-c", "--count=NUMBER", Integer, "how many times we do it" ){ + |@count| # sets @count to given integer + } + opts.on("-o", "--output=FILE", String, "file to write output to"){ + |@outputfile| # sets @outputfile to given string + } + opts.parse! +end + +# example to use the options in the main program +puts "Verbose is on" if @verbose +puts "Debugmode is on" if @debugmode +puts "Outfile is #{@outputfile}" if defined? @outputfile +puts "Count is #{@count}" if defined? @count +ARGV.each { |param| + puts "Got parameter #{param}" +} + + +# @@PLEAC@@_15.4 +buf = "\0" * 8 +$stdout.ioctl(0x5413, buf) +ws_row, ws_col, ws_xpixel, ws_ypixel = buf.unpack("S4") + +raise "You must have at least 20 characters" unless ws_col >= 20 +max = 0 +values = (1..5).collect { rand(20) } # generate an array[5] of rand values +for i in values + max = i if max < i +end +ratio = Float(ws_col-12)/max # chars per unit +for i in values + printf "%8.1f %s\n", i, "*" * (ratio*i) +end + +# gives, for example: +# 15.0 ******************************* +# 10.0 ********************* +# 5.0 ********** +# 14.0 ***************************** +# 18.0 ************************************** + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.1 +output = `program args` # collect output into one multiline string +output = `program args`.split # collect output into array, one line per +element + +readme = IO.popen("ls") +output = "" +while readme.gets do + output += $_ +end +readme.close + +`fsck -y /dev/rsd1a` # BAD AND SCARY in Perl because it's managed by the shell + # I donna in Ruby ... + +# so the "clean and secure" version +readme, writeme = IO.pipe +pid = fork { + # child + $stdout = writeme + readme.close + exec('find', '..') +} +# parent +Process.waitpid(pid, 0) +writeme.close +while readme.gets do + # do something with $_ +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.2 +status = system("xemacs #{myfile}") + +status = system("xemacs", myfile) + +system("cmd1 args | cmd2 | cmd3 >outfile") +system("cmd args <infile >outfile 2>errfile") + +# stop if the command fails +raise "$program exited funny: #{$?}" unless system("cmd", "args1", "args2") + +# get the value of the signal sent to the child +# even if it is a SIGINT or SIGQUIT +system(arglist) +raise "program killed by signal #{$?}" if ($? & 127) != 0 + +pid = fork { + trap("SIGINT", "IGNORE") + exec("sleep", "10") +} +trap ("SIGINT") { + puts "Tsk tsk, no process interruptus" +} +Process.waitpid(pid, 0) + +# Ruby doesn't permit to lie to the program called by a 'system'. +# (ie specify what return argv[0] in C, $0 in Perl/Ruby ...) +# A (dirty) way is to create a link (under Unix), run this link and +# erase it. Somebody has a best idea ? + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.3 +exec("archive *.data") + +exec("archive", "accounting.data") + +exec("archive accounting.data") + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.4 +# read the output of a program +IO.popen("ls") {|readme| + while readme.gets do + # ... + end +} +# or +readme = IO.popen("ls") +while readme.gets do + # ... +end +readme.close + +# "write" in a program +IO.popen("cmd args","w") {|pipe| + pipe.puts("data") + pipe.puts("foo") +} + +# close wait for the end of the process +read = IO.popen("sleep 10000") # child goes to sleep +read.close # and the parent goes to lala land + +writeme = IO.popen("cmd args", "w") +writeme.puts "hello" # program will get hello\n on STDIN +writeme.close # program will get EOF on STDIN + +# send in a pager (eg less) all output +$stdout = IO.popen("/usr/bin/less","w") +print "huge string\n" * 10000 + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.5 +#----------------------------- +def head(lines = 20) + pid = open("|-","w") + if pid == nil + return + else + while gets() do + pid.print + lines -= 1 + break if lines == 0 + end + end + exit +end + +head(100) +while gets() do + print +end +#----------------------------- +1: > Welcome to Linux, version 2.0.33 on a i686 + +2: > + +3: > "The software required `Windows 95 or better', + +4: > so I installed Linux." +#----------------------------- +> 1: Welcome to Linux, Kernel version 2.0.33 on a i686 + +> 2: + +> 3: "The software required `Windows 95 or better', + +> 4: so I installed Linux." +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby +# qnumcat - demo additive output filters + +def number() + pid = open("|-","w") + if pid == nil + return + else + while gets() do pid.printf("%d: %s", $., $_); end + end + exit +end + +def quote() + pid = open("|-","w") + if pid == nil + return + else + while gets() do pid.print "> #{$_}" end + end + exit +end + +number() +quote() + +while gets() do + print +end +$stdout.close +exit + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.6 +ARGV.map! { |arg| + arg =~ /\.(gz|Z)$/ ? "|gzip -dc #{arg}" : arg +} +for file in ARGV + fh = open(file) + while fh.gets() do + # ....... + end +end +#----------------------------- +ARGV.map! { |arg| + arg =~ %r#^\w+://# ? "|GET #{arg}" : arg # +} +for file in ARGV + fh = open(file) + while fh.gets() do + # ....... + end +end +#----------------------------- +pwdinfo = (`domainname` =~ /^(\(none\))?$/) ? '/etc/passwd' : '|ypcat passwd'; +pwd = open(pwdinfo); +#----------------------------- +puts "File, please? "; +file = gets().chomp(); +fh = open(file); + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.7 +output = `cmd 2>&1` # with backticks +# or +ph = open("|cmd 2>&1") # with an open pipe +while ph.gets() { } # plus a read +#----------------------------- +output = `cmd 2>/dev/null` # with backticks +# or +ph = open("|cmd 2>/dev/null") # with an open pipe +while ph.gets() { } # plus a read +#----------------------------- +output = `cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null` # with backticks +# or +ph = open("|cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null") # with an open pipe +while ph.gets() { } # plus a read +#----------------------------- +output = `cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-` # with backticks +# or +ph = open("|cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-") # with an open pipe +while ph.gets() { } # plus a read +#----------------------------- +system("program args 1>/tmp/program.stdout 2>/tmp/program.stderr") +#----------------------------- +output = `cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-` +#----------------------------- +fd3 = fd1 +fd1 = fd2 +fd2 = fd3 +fd3 = undef +#----------------------------- +system("prog args 1>tmpfile 2>&1") +system("prog args 2>&1 1>tmpfile") +#----------------------------- +# system ("prog args 1>tmpfile 2>&1") +fd1 = "tmpfile" # change stdout destination first +fd2 = fd1 # now point stderr there, too +#----------------------------- +# system("prog args 2>&1 1>tmpfile") +fd2 = fd1 # stderr same destination as stdout +fd1 = "tmpfile" # but change stdout destination +#----------------------------- +# It is often better not to rely on the shell, +# because of portability, possible security problems +# and bigger resource usage. So, it is often better to use the open3 library. +# See below for an example. +# opening stdin, stdout, stderr +require "open3" +stdin, stdout, stderr = Open3.popen('cmd') + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.8 +#----------------------------- +# Contrary to perl, we don't need to use a module in Ruby +fh = Kernel.open("|" + program, "w+") +fh.puts "here's your input\n" +output = fh.gets() +fh.close() +#----------------------------- +Kernel.open("|program"),"w+") # RIGHT ! +#----------------------------- +# Ruby has already object methods for I/O handles +#----------------------------- +begin + fh = Kernel.open("|" + program_and_options, "w+") +rescue + if ($@ ~= /^open/) + $stderr.puts "open failed : #{$!} \n #{$@} \n" + break + end + raise # reraise unforseen exception +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.13 +#% kill -l +#HUP INT QUIT ILL TRAP ABRT BUS FPE KILL USR1 SEGV USR2 PIPE +#ALRM TERM CHLD CONT STOP TSTP TTIN TTOU URG XCPU XFSZ VTALRM +#PROF WINCH POLL PWR +#----------------------------- +#% ruby -e 'puts Signal.list.keys.join(" ")' +#PWR USR1 BUS USR2 TERM SEGV KILL POLL STOP SYS TRAP IOT HUP INT # +#WINCH XCPU TTIN CLD TSTP FPE IO TTOU PROF CHLD CONT PIPE ABRT +#VTALRM QUIT ILL XFSZ URG ALRM +#----------------------------- +# After that, the perl script create an hash equivalent to Signal.list, +# and an array. The array can be obtained by : +signame = [] +Signal.list.each { |name, i| signame[i] = name } + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.14 +Process.kill(9, pid) # send $pid a signal 9 +Process.kill(-1, Process.getpgrp()) # send whole job a signal 1 +Process.kill("USR1", $$) # send myself a SIGUSR1 +Process.kill("HUP", pid1, pid2, pid3) # send a SIGHUP to processes in @pids +#----------------------------- +begin + Process.kill(0, minion) + puts "#{minion} is alive!" +rescue Errno::EPERM # changed uid + puts "#{minion} has escaped my control!"; +rescue Errno::ESRCH + puts "#{minion} is deceased."; # or zombied +rescue + puts "Odd; I couldn't check the status of #{minion} : #{$!}" +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.15 +Kernel.trap("QUIT", got_sig_quit) # got_sig_quit = Proc.new { puts "Quit\n" } +trap("PIPE", "got_sig_quit") # def got_sig_pipe ... +trap("INT") { ouch++ } # increment ouch for every SIGINT +#----------------------------- +trap("INT", "IGNORE") # ignore the signal INT +#----------------------------- +trap("STOP", "DEFAULT") # restore default STOP signal handling + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.16 +# the signal handler +def ding + trap("INT", "ding") + puts "\aEnter your name!" +end + +# prompt for name, overriding SIGINT +def get_name + save = trap("INT", "ding") + + puts "Kindly Stranger, please enter your name: " + name = gets().chomp() + trap("INT", save) + name +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_16.21 +# implemented thanks to http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/1760 +require 'timeout' + +# we'll do something vastly more useful than cookbook to demonstrate timeouts +begin + timeout(5) { + waitsec = rand(10) + puts "Let's see if a sleep of #{waitsec} seconds is longer than 5 seconds..." + system("sleep #{waitsec}") + } + puts "Timeout didn't occur" +rescue Timeout::Error + puts "Timed out!" +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_17.1 +# A basic TCP client connection +require 'socket' +begin + t = TCPSocket.new('www.ruby-lang.org', 'www') +rescue + puts "error: #{$!}" +else + # ... do something with the socket + t.print "GET / HTTP/1.0\n\n" + answer = t.gets(nil) + # and terminate the connection when we're done + t.close +end + +# Using the evil low level socket API +require 'socket' +# create a socket +s = Socket.new(Socket::AF_INET, Socket::SOCK_STREAM, 0) +# build the address of the remote machine +sockaddr_server = [Socket::AF_INET, 80, + Socket.gethostbyname('www.ruby-lang.org')[3], + 0, 0].pack("snA4NN") +# connect +begin + s.connect(sockaddr_server) +rescue + puts "error: #{$!}" +else + # ... do something with the socket + s.print "GET / HTTP/1.0\n\n" + # and terminate the connection when we're done + s.close +end + +# TCP connection with management of error (DNS) +require 'socket' +begin + client = TCPSocket.new('does not exists', 'www') +rescue + puts "error: #{$!}" +end + +# TCP connection with a time out +require 'socket' +require 'timeout' +begin + timeout(1) do #the server has one second to answer + client = TCPSocket.new('www.host.com', 'www') + end +rescue + puts "error: #{$!}" +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_17.12 +require 'socket' + +class Preforker + attr_reader (:child_count) + + def initialize(prefork, max_clients_per_child, port, client_handler) + @prefork = prefork + @max_clients_per_child = max_clients_per_child + @port = port + @child_count = 0 + + @reaper = proc { + trap('CHLD', @reaper) + pid = Process.wait + @child_count -= 1 + } + + @huntsman = proc { + trap('CHLD', 'IGNORE') + trap('INT', 'IGNORE') + Process.kill('INT', 0) + exit + } + + @client_handler=client_handler + end + + def child_handler + trap('INT', 'EXIT') + @client_handler.setUp + # wish: sigprocmask UNblock SIGINT + @max_clients_per_child.times { + client = @server.accept or break + @client_handler.handle_request(client) + client.close + } + @client_handler.tearDown + end + + def make_new_child + # wish: sigprocmask block SIGINT + @child_count += 1 + pid = fork do + child_handler + end + # wish: sigprocmask UNblock SIGINT + end + + def run + @server = TCPserver.open(@port) + trap('CHLD', @reaper) + trap('INT', @huntsman) + loop { + (@prefork - @child_count).times { |i| + make_new_child + } + sleep .1 + } + end +end + +#----------------------------- +#!/usr/bin/ruby + +require 'Preforker' + +class ClientHandler + def setUp + end + + def tearDown + end + + def handle_request(client) + # do stuff + end +end + +server = Preforker.new(1, 100, 3102, ClientHandler.new) +server.run + + +# @@PLEAC@@_18.2 +require 'net/ftp' + +begin + ftp = Net::FTP::new("ftp.host.com") + ftp.login(username,password) + ftp.chdir(directory) + ftp.get(filename) + ftp.put(filename) +rescue Net::FTPError + $stderr.print "FTP failed: " + $! +ensure + ftp.close() if ftp +end + +# A better solution for a local use could be : +Net::FTP::new("ftp.host.com") do |ftp| + ftp.login(username,password) + ftp.chdir(directory) + ftp.get(filename) + ftp.put(filename) +end + +# If you have only one file to get, there is a simple solution : +require 'open-uri' +open("ftp://www.ruby-lang.org/path/filename") do |fh| + # read from filehandle fh +end +#-------------------------------------------- +# to wait a defined time for the connection, +# use the timeout module +require 'timeout' +begin + timeout(30){ + ftp = Net::FTP::new("ftp.host.com") + ftp.debug_mode = true + } +rescue Net::FTPError + $stderr.puts "Couldn't connect." +rescue Timeout::Error + $stderr.puts "Timeout while connecting to server." +end + +begin + ftp.login() +rescue Net::FTPError + $stderr.print "Couldn't authentificate.\n" +end + +begin + ftp.login(username) +rescue Net::FTPError + $stderr.print "Still couldn't authenticate.\n" +end + +begin + ftp.login(username, password) +rescue Net::FTPError + $stderr.print "Couldn't authenticate, even with explicit + username and password.\n" +end + +begin + ftp.login(username, password, account) +rescue Net::FTPError + $stderr.print "No dice. It hates me.\n" +end +#----------------------------- +ftp.put(localfile, remotefile) +#----------------------------- +# Sending data from STDIN is not directly supported +# by the ftp library module. A possible way to do it is to use the +# storlines method directly to send raw commands to the ftp server. +#----------------------------- +ftp.get(remotefile, localfile) +#----------------------------- +ftp.get(remotefile) { |data| puts data } +#----------------------------- +ftp.chdir("/pub/ruby") +print "I'm in the directory ", ftp.pwd(), "\n" +#----------------------------- +ftp.mkdir("/pub/ruby/new_dir") +#----------------------------- +lines = ftp.ls("/pub/ruby/") +# => ["drwxr-xr-x 2 matz users 4096 July 17 1998 1.0", ... ] + +latest = ftp.dir("/pub/ruby/*.tgz").sort.last + +ftp.nlst("/pub/ruby") +# => ["/pub/ruby/1.0", ... ] +#----------------------------- +ftp.quit() + + +# @@PLEAC@@_18.6 +require 'net/telnet' +t = Net::Telnet::new( "Timeout" => 10, + "Prompt" => /%/, + "Host" => host ) +t.login(username, password) +files = t.cmd("ls") +t.print("top") +process_string = t.waitfor(/\d+ processes/) +t.close +#----------------------------- +/[$%#>] \z/n +#----------------------------- +# In case of an error, the telnet module throws an exception. +# For control of the behavior in case of an error, +# you just need to catch the exceptions and do your custom +# error handling. +#----------------------------- +begin + telnet.login(username, password) +rescue TimeoutError + fail "Login failed !\n" +end +#----------------------------- +telnet.waitfor('/--more--/') +#----------------------------- +telnet.waitfor(String => 'greasy smoke', Timeout => 30) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_18.7 +require 'ping' + +puts "#{host} is alive.\n" if Ping.pingecho(host); +#----------------------------- +# the ping module only use TCP ping, not ICMP even if we are root +if Ping.pingecho("kingkong.com") + puts "The giant ape lives!\n"; +else + puts "All hail mighty Gamera, friend of children!\n"; +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_19.1 +#!/usr/local/bin/ruby -w +# hiweb - load CGI class to decode information given by web server + +require 'cgi' + +cgi = CGI.new('html3') + +# get a parameter from a form +value = cgi.params['PARAM_NAME'][0] + +# output a document +cgi.out { + cgi.html { + cgi.head { cgi.title { "Howdy there!" } } + + cgi.body { cgi.p { "You typed: " + cgi.tt { + CGI.escapeHTML(value) } } } + } +} + +require 'cgi' +cgi = CGI.new +who = cgi.param["Name"][0] # first param in list +phone = cgi.param["Number"][0] +picks = cgi.param["Choices"] # complete list + +print cgi.header( 'type' => 'text/plain', + 'expires' => Time.now + (3 * 24 * 60 * 60) ) + + +# @@PLEAC@@_19.3 +#!/usr/local/bin/ruby -w +# webwhoami - show web user's id +require 'etc' +print "Content-Type: text/plain\n\n" +print "Running as " + Etc.getpwuid.name + "\n" + +# % ruby -wc cgi-script # just check syntax + +# % ruby -w cgi-script # params from stdin +# (offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input) +# name=joe +# number=10 +# ^D + +# % ruby -w cgi-script name=joe number=10 # run with mock form input +# % ruby -d cgi-script name=joe number=10 # ditto, under the debugger + +# POST method script in csh +# % (setenv HTTP_METHOD POST; ruby -w cgi-script name=joe number=10) +# POST method script in sh +# % HTTP_METHOD=POST perl -w cgi-script name=joe number=10 + + +# @@PLEAC@@_19.4 +# ruby has several security levels, the level "1" is similar to perls taint mode. +# It can be switched on by providing the -T command line parameter +# or by setting $SAFE to 1. Setting $SAFE to 2,3 or 4 restricts possible +# harmful operations further. + +#!/usr/bin/ruby -T +$SAFE = 1 +File.open(ARGV[0], "w") +# ruby warns with: +# taint1.rb:2:in `initialize': Insecure operation - initialize (SecurityError) + +$SAFE = 1 +file = ARGV[0] +unless /^([\w.-]+)$/.match(file) + raise "filename #{file} has invalid characters" +end +file = $1 +# In ruby, even the back reference from a regular expression stays tainted. +# you need to explicitly untaint the variable: +file.untaint +File.open(file, "w") + +# Race condition exists like in perl: +unless File.exists(filename) # Wrong because of race condition + File.open(filename, "w") +end + + + +# @@PLEAC@@_19.10 +preference_value = cgi.cookies["preference name"][0] + +packed_cookie = CGI::Cookie.new("name" => "preference name", + "value" => "whatever you'd like", + "expires" => Time.local(Time.now.year + 2, + Time.now.mon, Time.now.day, Time.now.hour, Time.now.min, Time.now.sec) ) + +cgi.header("cookie" => [packed_cookie]) + +#!/usr/local/bin/ruby -w +# ic_cookies - sample CGI script that uses a cookie +require 'cgi' + +cgi = CGI.new('html3') + +cookname = "favorite ice cream" +favorite = cgi.params["flavor"][0] +tasty = cgi.cookies[cookname][0] || 'mint' + +unless favorite + cgi.out { + cgi.html { + cgi.head { cgi.title { "Ice Cookies" } } + + cgi.body { + cgi.h1 { "Hello Ice Cream" } + + cgi.hr + + cgi.form { + cgi.p { "Please select a flavor: " + + cgi.text_field("flavor", tasty ) } + } + + cgi.hr + } + } + } +else + cookie = CGI::Cookie.new( "name" => cookname, + "value" => favorite, + "expires" => Time.local(Time.now.year + 2, +Time.now.mon, Time.now.day, Time.now.hour, Time.now.min, Time.now.sec) ) + cgi.out("cookie" => [cookie]) { + cgi.html { + cgi.head { cgi.title { "Ice Cookies" } } + + cgi.body { + cgi.h1 { "Hello Ice Cream" } + + cgi.p { "You chose as your favorite flavor `#{favorite}'." } + } + } + } +end + + +# @@PLEAC@@_20.9 +def templatefile(filename, fillings) + aFile = File.new(filename, "r") + text = aFile.read() + aFile.close() + pattern = Regexp.new('%%(.*?)%%') + text.gsub!(pattern) { + fillings[$1] || "" + } + text +end + +fields = { + 'username' => whats_his_name, + 'count' => login_count, + 'total' => minutes_used +} +puts templatefile('simple.template', fields) + +# @@INCOMPLETE@@ +# An example using databases is missing + |