17 files changed, 0 insertions, 13058 deletions
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/class.expected.raydebug b/test/scanners/php/class.expected.raydebug
deleted file mode 100644
index cdef7d4..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/class.expected.raydebug
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-comment(<!-- from http://www.php.net/manual/en/keyword.class.php -->)
-inline_delimiter(<?php)
-reserved(class) class(Cart) operator({)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($items)operator(;)  comment(// Items in our shopping cart)
-
-    comment(// Add $num articles of $artnr to the cart)
-
-    reserved(function) function(add_item)operator(()local_variable($artnr)operator(,) local_variable($num)operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(items)operator([)local_variable($artnr)operator(]) operator(+=) local_variable($num)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    comment(// Take $num articles of $artnr out of the cart)
-
-    reserved(function) function(remove_item)operator(()local_variable($artnr)operator(,) local_variable($num)operator(\)) operator({)
-        reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(items)operator([)local_variable($artnr)operator(]) operator(>) local_variable($num)operator(\)) operator({)
-            local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(items)operator([)local_variable($artnr)operator(]) operator(-=) local_variable($num)operator(;)
-            reserved(return) pre_constant(true)operator(;)
-        operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(items)operator([)local_variable($artnr)operator(]) operator(==) local_variable($num)operator(\)) operator({)
-            predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(items)operator([)local_variable($artnr)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-            reserved(return) pre_constant(true)operator(;)
-        operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-            reserved(return) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-        operator(})
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-
-inline_delimiter(<?php)
-reserved(class) class(Cart) operator({)
-    comment(/* None of these will work in PHP 4. */)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($todays_date) operator(=) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Y-m-d)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($name) operator(=) local_variable($firstname)operator(;)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($owner) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Fred )delimiter(')> operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(Jones)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-    comment(/* Arrays containing constant values will, though. */)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($items) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(VCR)delimiter(")>operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(TV)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(/* This is how it should be done. */)
-reserved(class) class(Cart) operator({)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($todays_date)operator(;)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($name)operator(;)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($owner)operator(;)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($items) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(VCR)delimiter(")>operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(TV)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    reserved(function) function(Cart)operator(()operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(todays_date) operator(=) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Y-m-d)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-        local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(name) operator(=) predefined($GLOBALS)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(firstname)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-        comment(/* etc. . . */)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-inline_delimiter(<?php)
-reserved(class) class(A)
-operator({)
-    reserved(function) function(foo)operator(()operator(\))
-    operator({)
-        reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($this)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-            predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content($this is defined ()delimiter(')>operator(;)
-            predefined(echo) predefined(get_class)operator(()local_variable($this)operator(\))operator(;)
-            predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(\))char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-        operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-            predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\$)content(this is not defined.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-        operator(})
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-reserved(class) class(B)
-operator({)
-    reserved(function) function(bar)operator(()operator(\))
-    operator({)
-        constant(A)operator(::)ident(foo)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(A)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($a)operator(->)ident(foo)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-constant(A)operator(::)ident(foo)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($b) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(B)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($b)operator(->)ident(bar)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-constant(B)operator(::)ident(bar)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/class.in.php b/test/scanners/php/class.in.php
deleted file mode 100644
index bfc9e2d..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/class.in.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-<!-- from http://www.php.net/manual/en/keyword.class.php -->
-<?php
-class Cart {
-    var $items;  // Items in our shopping cart
-
-    // Add $num articles of $artnr to the cart
-
-    function add_item($artnr, $num) {
-        $this->items[$artnr] += $num;
-    }
-
-    // Take $num articles of $artnr out of the cart
-
-    function remove_item($artnr, $num) {
-        if ($this->items[$artnr] > $num) {
-            $this->items[$artnr] -= $num;
-            return true;
-        } elseif ($this->items[$artnr] == $num) {
-            unset($this->items[$artnr]);
-            return true;
-        } else {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-}
-?>
-
-
-<?php
-class Cart {
-    /* None of these will work in PHP 4. */
-    var $todays_date = date("Y-m-d");
-    var $name = $firstname;
-    var $owner = 'Fred ' . 'Jones';
-    /* Arrays containing constant values will, though. */
-    var $items = array("VCR", "TV");
-}
-
-/* This is how it should be done. */
-class Cart {
-    var $todays_date;
-    var $name;
-    var $owner;
-    var $items = array("VCR", "TV");
-
-    function Cart() {
-        $this->todays_date = date("Y-m-d");
-        $this->name = $GLOBALS['firstname'];
-        /* etc. . . */
-    }
-}
-?>
-
-<?php
-class A
-{
-    function foo()
-    {
-        if (isset($this)) {
-            echo '$this is defined (';
-            echo get_class($this);
-            echo ")\n";
-        } else {
-            echo "\$this is not defined.\n";
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-class B
-{
-    function bar()
-    {
-        A::foo();
-    }
-}
-
-$a = new A();
-$a->foo();
-A::foo();
-$b = new B();
-$b->bar();
-B::bar();
-?>
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/elvis.expected.raydebug b/test/scanners/php/elvis.expected.raydebug
deleted file mode 100644
index 894ad01..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/elvis.expected.raydebug
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-local_variable($this)operator(?)local_variable($is)operator(+)constant(NO)operator(:)local_variable($label)operator(;)
-
-comment(// Two labels:)
-label(foo)operator(:) reserved(switch) operator(()constant(TYPE)operator(()ident(v)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-  reserved(case) constant(T_CLASS)operator(:) reserved(case) constant(T_MODULE)operator(:)
-    ident(rb_str_append)operator(()ident(s)operator(,) ident(rb_inspect)operator(()ident(v)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(break)operator(;)
-  reserved(default)operator(:)
-    label(bar)operator(:)
-    ident(rb_str_append)operator(()ident(s)operator(,) ident(rb_any_to_s)operator(()ident(v)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(break)operator(;)
-operator(})
-comment(// These are two more labels:)
-reserved(function)operator(()ident(call)operator(\))operator(;)
-label(label2)operator(:) ident(label3)operator(:) ident(a) operator(=) ident(b) operator(+) ident(c)operator(;)
-
-comment(// Another label:)
-reserved(if) operator(()integer(1)operator(\)) operator({)
-  label(label4)operator(:) ident(a) operator(=) ident(b) operator(+) ident(c)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Not a label.)
-ident(test)operator(()
-  ident(a)operator(?)
-  ident(b)operator(:)
-  ident(c)
-operator(\))
-\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/elvis.in.php b/test/scanners/php/elvis.in.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 4626a93..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/elvis.in.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-$this?$is+NO:$label;
-
-// Two labels:
-foo: switch (TYPE(v)) {
-  case T_CLASS: case T_MODULE:
-    rb_str_append(s, rb_inspect(v));
-    break;
-  default:
-    bar:
-    rb_str_append(s, rb_any_to_s(v));
-    break;
-}
-// These are two more labels:
-function(call);
-label2: label3: a = b + c;
-
-// Another label:
-if (1) {
-  label4: a = b + c;
-}
-
-// Not a label.
-test(
-  a?
-  b:
-  c
-)
-\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/html+php_faulty.expected.raydebug b/test/scanners/php/html+php_faulty.expected.raydebug
deleted file mode 100644
index 8bca346..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/html+php_faulty.expected.raydebug
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-inline_delimiter(<?php)
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/html+php_faulty.in.php b/test/scanners/php/html+php_faulty.in.php
deleted file mode 100644
index b3d9bbc..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/html+php_faulty.in.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<?php
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/labels.expected.raydebug b/test/scanners/php/labels.expected.raydebug
deleted file mode 100644
index a469cd6..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/labels.expected.raydebug
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-inline_delimiter(<?php)
-reserved(goto) ident(a)operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Foo)delimiter(')>operator(;)
- 
-label(a)operator(:)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Bar)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-inline_delimiter(<?php)
-
-local_variable($headers) operator(=) predefined(Array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(subject)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(bcc)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(to)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(cc)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(date)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(sender)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($position) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-
-label(hIterator)operator(:) operator({)
-
-    local_variable($c) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-    predefined(echo) local_variable($headers)operator([)local_variable($position)operator(]) operator(.) pre_constant(PHP_EOL)operator(;)
-
-    label(cIterator)operator(:) operator({)
-        predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($headers)operator([)local_variable($position)operator(])operator([)local_variable($c)operator(]) operator(.) pre_constant(PHP_EOL)operator(;)
-
-        reserved(if)operator(()operator(!)predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($headers)operator([)local_variable($position)operator(])operator([)operator(++)local_variable($c)operator(])operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-            reserved(goto) ident(cIteratorExit)operator(;)
-        operator(})
-        reserved(goto) ident(cIterator)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    label(cIteratorExit)operator(:) operator({)
-        reserved(if)operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($headers)operator([)operator(++)local_variable($position)operator(])operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-            reserved(goto) ident(hIterator)operator(;)
-        operator(})
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/labels.in.php b/test/scanners/php/labels.in.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 2839ecd..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/labels.in.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-goto a;
-echo 'Foo';
- 
-a:
-echo 'Bar';
-?>
-
-<?php
-
-$headers = Array('subject', 'bcc', 'to', 'cc', 'date', 'sender');
-$position = 0;
-
-hIterator: {
-
-    $c = 0;
-    echo $headers[$position] . PHP_EOL;
-
-    cIterator: {
-        echo ' ' . $headers[$position][$c] . PHP_EOL;
-
-        if(!isset($headers[$position][++$c])) {
-            goto cIteratorExit;
-        }
-        goto cIterator;
-    }
-
-    cIteratorExit: {
-        if(isset($headers[++$position])) {
-            goto hIterator;
-        }
-    }
-}
-?>
-\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/namespaces.expected.raydebug b/test/scanners/php/namespaces.expected.raydebug
deleted file mode 100644
index 47074a9..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/namespaces.expected.raydebug
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-inline_delimiter(<?php)
-reserved(namespace) ident(foo)operator(;)
-reserved(use) ident(blah)operator(\\)ident(blah) reserved(as) ident(foo)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) reserved(new) ident(my)operator(\\)ident(name)operator(()operator(\))operator(;) comment(// instantiates "foo\\my\\name" class)
-ident(foo)operator(\\)ident(bar)operator(::)ident(name)operator(()operator(\))operator(;) comment(// calls static method "name" in class "blah\\blah\\bar")
-ident(my)operator(\\)ident(bar)operator(()operator(\))operator(;) comment(// calls function "foo\\my\\bar")
-local_variable($a) operator(=) ident(my)operator(\\)constant(BAR)operator(;) comment(// sets $a to the value of constant "foo\\my\\BAR")
-inline_delimiter(?>)
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/namespaces.in.php b/test/scanners/php/namespaces.in.php
deleted file mode 100644
index ad6a1a1..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/namespaces.in.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-namespace foo;
-use blah\blah as foo;
-
-$a = new my\name(); // instantiates "foo\my\name" class
-foo\bar::name(); // calls static method "name" in class "blah\blah\bar"
-my\bar(); // calls function "foo\my\bar"
-$a = my\BAR; // sets $a to the value of constant "foo\my\BAR"
-?>
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/pleac.expected.raydebug b/test/scanners/php/pleac.expected.raydebug
deleted file mode 100644
index 1835cf5..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/pleac.expected.raydebug
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5516 +0,0 @@
-comment(# -*- php -*-)
-comment(# The examples are taken from the Perl Cookbook)
-comment(# By Tom Christiansen & Nathan Torkington)
-comment(# see http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/cookbook for more)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_NAME)
-comment(# @@SKIP@@ PHP)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_WEB)
-comment(# @@SKIP@@ http://php.net/)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.0)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(\\n)delimiter(')>operator(;)                     comment(# two characters, \\ and an n)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Jon )char(\\')content(Maddog)char(\\')content( Orwant)delimiter(')>operator(;)  comment(# literal single quotes)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Jon "Maddog" Orwant)delimiter(')>operator(;)    comment(# literal double quotes)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)                     comment(# a "newline" character)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(Jon )char(\\")content(Maddog)char(\\")content( Orwant)delimiter(")>operator(;)  comment(# literal double quotes)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(Jon 'Maddog' Orwant)delimiter(")>operator(;)    comment(# literal single quotes)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($a) operator(=) 
-string<delimiter(")content(This is a multiline
-here document)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) string<delimiter(<<<EOF)content(
-)content(This is a multiline here document)content(
-)content(terminated by EOF on a line by itself)content(
-)delimiter(EOF)>operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.1)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($value) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($offset)operator(,) local_variable($count)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($value) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($offset)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(substr_replace)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($newstring)operator(,) local_variable($offset)operator(,) local_variable($count)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(substr_replace)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($newtail)operator(,) local_variable($offset)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# get a 5-byte string, skip 3, then grab 2 8-byte strings, then the rest)
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($leading)operator(,) local_variable($s1)operator(,) local_variable($s2)operator(,) local_variable($trailing)operator(\)) operator(=)
-    predefined(array_values)operator(()predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(A5a/x3/A8b/A8c/A*d)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($data)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(# split at five byte boundaries)
-predefined(preg_match_all) operator(()string<delimiter(")content(/.)string({)content(5}/)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($data)operator(,) local_variable($f)operator(,) constant(PREG_PATTERN_ORDER)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($fivers) operator(=) local_variable($f)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(;)
-
-comment(# chop string into individual characters)
-local_variable($chars)  operator(=) local_variable($string)operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(This is what you have)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#         +012345678901234567890  Indexing forwards  (left to right\))
-comment(#          109876543210987654321- Indexing backwards (right to left\))
-comment(#           note that 0 means 10 or 20, etc. above)
-
-local_variable($first)  operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(# "T")
-local_variable($start)  operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) integer(5)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(# "is")
-local_variable($rest)   operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) integer(13)operator(\))operator(;)    comment(# "you have")
-local_variable($last)   operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)    comment(# "e")
-local_variable($end)    operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) operator(-)integer(4)operator(\))operator(;)    comment(# "have")
-local_variable($piece)  operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) operator(-)integer(8)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(;) comment(# "you")
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(This is what you have)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(print) local_variable($string)operator(;)
-comment(#This is what you have)
-
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(substr_replace)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(wasn't)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(5)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(# change "is" to "wasn't")
-comment(#This wasn't what you have)
-
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(substr_replace)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(ondrous)delimiter(")>operator(,) operator(-)integer(12)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(# "This wasn't wondrous")
-comment(#This wasn't wondrous)
-
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(substr_replace)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) string<delimiter(")delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)        comment(# delete first character)
-comment(#his wasn't wondrous)
-
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(substr_replace)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) string<delimiter(")delimiter(")>operator(,) operator(-)integer(10)operator(\))operator(;)         comment(# delete last 10 characters)
-comment(#his wasn')
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(/pattern/)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) operator(-)integer(10)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(print) string<delimiter(")content(Pattern matches in last 10 characters)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(# substitute "at" for "is", restricted to first five characters)
-local_variable($string)operator(=)operator(()predefined(substr_replace)operator(()predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(/is/)delimiter(")>operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(at)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,)integer(0)operator(,)integer(5)operator(\))operator(\))operator(,)integer(0)operator(,)integer(5)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# exchange the first and last letters in a string)
-local_variable($a) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(make a hat)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($a)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($a)operator([)predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(\))operator(-)integer(1)operator(])operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(Array)operator(()predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,)operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,)integer(0)operator(,)integer(1)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print) local_variable($a)operator(;)
-
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# extract column with unpack)
-local_variable($a) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(To be or not to be)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-local_variable($b) operator(=) predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(x6/A6a)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($a)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(# skip 6, grab 6)
-predefined(print) local_variable($b)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(a)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-
-local_variable($b) operator(=) predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(x6/A2b/X5/A2c)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($a)operator(\))operator(;) comment(# forward 6, grab 2; backward 5, grab 2)
-predefined(print) local_variable($b)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(b)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(.)string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(.)local_variable($b)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(c)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(.)string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-reserved(function) function(cut2fmt)operator(()operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($positions) operator(=) predefined(func_get_args)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($template)  operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-    local_variable($lastpos)   operator(=) integer(1)operator(;)
-    reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($positions) reserved(as) local_variable($place)operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($template) operator(.=) string<delimiter(")content(A)delimiter(")> operator(.) operator(()local_variable($place) operator(-) local_variable($lastpos)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(;)
-        local_variable($lastpos)   operator(=) local_variable($place)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    local_variable($template) operator(.=) string<delimiter(")content(A*)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-    reserved(return) local_variable($template)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($fmt) operator(=) ident(cut2fmt)operator(()integer(8)operator(,) integer(14)operator(,) integer(20)operator(,) integer(26)operator(,) integer(30)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print) string<delimiter(")local_variable($fmt)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#A7 A6 A6 A6 A4 A*)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.2)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# use $b if $b is true, else $c)
-local_variable($a) operator(=) local_variable($b)operator(?)local_variable($b)operator(:)local_variable($c)operator(;)
-
-comment(# set $x to $y unless $x is already true)
-local_variable($x) operator(||) local_variable($x)operator(=)local_variable($y)operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# use $b if $b is defined, else $c)
-local_variable($a) operator(=) predefined(defined)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(\)) operator(?) local_variable($b) operator(:) local_variable($c)operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) local_variable($bar) operator(||) local_variable($foo) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(DEFAULT VALUE)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($dir) operator(=) predefined(array_shift)operator(()predefined($_SERVER)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(argv)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\)) operator(||) local_variable($dir) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(/tmp)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($dir) operator(=) predefined($_SERVER)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(argv)delimiter(')>operator(])operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(||) local_variable($dir) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(/tmp)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($dir) operator(=) predefined(defined)operator(()predefined($_SERVER)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(argv)delimiter(')>operator(])operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(\)) operator(?) predefined(array_shift)operator(()predefined($_SERVER)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(argv)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\)) operator(:) string<delimiter(")content(/tmp)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($dir) operator(=) predefined(count)operator(()predefined($_SERVER)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(argv)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\)) operator(?) predefined($_SERVER)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(argv)delimiter(')>operator(])operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(:) string<delimiter(")content(/tmp)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($count)operator([)local_variable($shell)operator(?)local_variable($shell)operator(:)string<delimiter(")content(/bin/sh)delimiter(")>operator(])operator(++)operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# find the user name on Unix systems)
-local_variable($user) operator(=) predefined($_ENV)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(USER)delimiter(')>operator(])
-     operator(||) local_variable($user) operator(=) predefined($_ENV)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(LOGNAME)delimiter(')>operator(])
-     operator(||) local_variable($user) operator(=) predefined(posix_getlogin)operator(()operator(\))
-     operator(||) local_variable($user) operator(=) predefined(posix_getpwuid)operator(()predefined(posix_getuid)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator([)integer(0)operator(])
-     operator(||) local_variable($user) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(Unknown uid number )content($)content(<)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($starting_point) operator(||) local_variable($starting_point) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(Greenwich)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(\)) operator(||) local_variable($a) operator(=) local_variable($b)operator(;)          comment(# copy only if empty)
-local_variable($a) operator(=) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(\)) operator(?) local_variable($b) operator(:) local_variable($c)operator(;)          comment(# assign @b if nonempty, else @c)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.3)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($VAR1)operator(,) local_variable($VAR2)operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($VAR2)operator(,) local_variable($VAR1)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($temp)    operator(=) local_variable($a)operator(;)
-local_variable($a)       operator(=) local_variable($b)operator(;)
-local_variable($b)       operator(=) local_variable($temp)operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($a)       operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(alpha)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-local_variable($b)       operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(omega)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($b)operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(,) local_variable($a)operator(\))operator(;)        comment(# the first shall be last -- and versa vice)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($alpha)operator(,) local_variable($beta)operator(,) local_variable($production)operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(Array)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(January)delimiter(")>operator(,)string<delimiter(")content(March)delimiter(")>operator(,)string<delimiter(")content(August)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(# move beta       to alpha,)
-comment(# move production to beta,)
-comment(# move alpha      to production)
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($alpha)operator(,) local_variable($beta)operator(,) local_variable($production)operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($beta)operator(,) local_variable($production)operator(,) local_variable($alpha)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.4)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($num)  operator(=) predefined(ord)operator(()local_variable($char)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($char) operator(=) predefined(chr)operator(()local_variable($num)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($char) operator(=) predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%c)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($num)operator(\))operator(;)                comment(# slower than chr($num\))
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Number %d is character %c)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($num)operator(,) local_variable($num)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($ASCII) operator(=) predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(C*)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(eval)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($STRING = pack("C*", )delimiter(')>operator(.)predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(,)delimiter(')>operator(,)local_variable($ASCII)operator(\))operator(.)string<delimiter(')content(\);)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($ascii_value) operator(=) predefined(ord)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(e)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)    comment(# now 101)
-local_variable($character)   operator(=) predefined(chr)operator(()integer(101)operator(\))operator(;)    comment(# now "e")
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Number %d is character %c)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(101)operator(,) integer(101)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($ascii_character_numbers) operator(=) predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(C*)delimiter(")>operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(sample)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print) predefined(explode)operator(()string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(,)local_variable($ascii_character_numbers)operator(\))operator(.)string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-predefined(eval)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($word = pack("C*", )delimiter(')>operator(.)predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(,)delimiter(')>operator(,)local_variable($ascii_character_numbers)operator(\))operator(.)string<delimiter(')content(\);)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($word) operator(=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(C*)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(115)operator(,) integer(97)operator(,) integer(109)operator(,) integer(112)operator(,) integer(108)operator(,) integer(101)operator(\))operator(;)   comment(# same)
-predefined(print) string<delimiter(")local_variable($word)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($hal) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(HAL)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-local_variable($ascii) operator(=) predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(C*)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($hal)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($ascii) reserved(as) local_variable($val)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($val)operator(++)operator(;)                 comment(# add one to each ASCII value)
-operator(})
-predefined(eval)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($ibm = pack("C*", )delimiter(')>operator(.)predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(,)delimiter(')>operator(,)local_variable($ascii)operator(\))operator(.)string<delimiter(')content(\);)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print) string<delimiter(")local_variable($ibm)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)             comment(# prints "IBM")
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.5)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// using perl regexp)
-local_variable($array) operator(=) predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(//)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($string) operator(,)operator(-)integer(1)operator(,) constant(PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// using PHP function: $array = str_split($string\);)
-
-comment(// Cannot use unpack with a format of 'U*' in PHP.)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-reserved(for) operator(()local_variable($offset) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/(.\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($matches)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) local_variable($offset)operator(\)) operator(>) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($offset)operator(++)operator(\)) operator({)
-    comment(// $matches[1] has charcter, ord($matches[1]\) its number)
-operator(})
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($seen) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(an apple a day)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(str_split)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($char)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($char)operator(]) operator(=) integer(1)operator(;)
-operator(})
-local_variable($keys) operator(=) predefined(array_keys)operator(()local_variable($seen)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(sort)operator(()local_variable($keys)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print) string<delimiter(")content(unique chars are: )delimiter(")> operator(.) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($keys)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-ident(unique) ident(chars) ident(are)operator(:)  ident(adelnpy)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($seen) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(an apple a day)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-reserved(for) operator(()local_variable($offset) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/(.\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($matches)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) local_variable($offset)operator(\)) operator(>) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($offset)operator(++)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($matches)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(]) operator(=) integer(1)operator(;)
-operator(})
-local_variable($keys) operator(=) predefined(array_keys)operator(()local_variable($seen)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(sort)operator(()local_variable($keys)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print) string<delimiter(")content(unique chars are: )delimiter(")> operator(.) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($keys)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-ident(unique) ident(chars) ident(are)operator(:)  ident(adelnpy)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($sum) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(C*)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($byteval)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($sum) operator(+=) local_variable($byteval)operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(print) string<delimiter(")content(sum is )local_variable($sum)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(// prints "1248" if $string was "an apple a day")
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($sum) operator(=) predefined(array_sum)operator(()predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(C*)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(// sum - compute 16-bit checksum of all input files)
-local_variable($handle) operator(=) exception(@)predefined(fopen)operator(()predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($checksum) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($checksum) operator(+=) operator(()predefined(array_sum)operator(()predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(C*)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-local_variable($checksum) operator(%=) predefined(pow)operator(()integer(2)operator(,)integer(16)operator(\)) operator(-) integer(1)operator(;)
-predefined(print) string<delimiter(")local_variable($checksum)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(# @@INCLUDE@@ include/php/slowcat.php)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.6)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($revchars) operator(=) predefined(strrev)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($revwords) operator(=) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(array_reverse)operator(()predefined(explode)operator(()string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// reverse word order)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Yoda said, "can you see this?")delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($allwords)    operator(=) predefined(explode)operator(()string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($revwords)    operator(=) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(array_reverse)operator(()local_variable($allwords)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print) local_variable($revwords) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-ident(this)operator(?)string<delimiter(")content( see you )delimiter(")>ident(can) ident(said)operator(,) constant(Yoda)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($revwords) operator(=) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(array_reverse)operator(()predefined(explode)operator(()string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($revwords) operator(=) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(array_reverse)operator(()predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(/()content(\\s)content(+\)/)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($word) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(reviver)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-local_variable($is_palindrome) operator(=) operator(()local_variable($word) operator(===) predefined(strrev)operator(()local_variable($word)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// quite a one-liner since "php" does not have a -n switch)
-operator(%) ident(php) operator(-)ident(r) string<delimiter(')content(while (!feof(STDIN\)\) { $word = rtrim(fgets(STDIN\)\); if ($word == strrev($word\) && strlen($word\) > 5\) print $word; })delimiter(')> operator(<) operator(/)ident(usr)operator(/)ident(dict)operator(/)ident(words)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.8)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($text) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\$)content(()content(\\w)content(+\)/e)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content($$1)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($text)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($rows)operator(,) local_variable($cols)operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(Array)operator(()integer(24)operator(,) integer(80)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($text) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(I am $rows high and $cols long)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($text) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\$)content(()content(\\w)content(+\)/e)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content($$1)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($text)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print) local_variable($text)operator(;)
-
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($text) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(I am 17 years old)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-local_variable($text) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/()content(\\d)content(+\)/e)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(2*$1)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($text)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# expand variables in $text, but put an error message in)
-comment(# if the variable isn't defined)
-local_variable($text) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\$)content(()content(\\w)content(+\)/e)delimiter(')>operator(,)string<delimiter(')content(isset($$1\)?$$1:)char(\\')content([NO VARIABLE: $$1])char(\\')delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($text)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(// As PHP arrays are used as hashes too, separation of section 4)
-comment(// and section 5 makes little sense.)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.9)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($big) operator(=) predefined(strtoupper)operator(()local_variable($little)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($little) operator(=) predefined(strtolower)operator(()local_variable($big)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// PHP does not have the\\L and\\U string escapes.)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($big) operator(=) predefined(ucfirst)operator(()local_variable($little)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($little) operator(=) predefined(strtolower)operator(()predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($big)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(.) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($big)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($beast)   operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(dromedary)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(// capitalize various parts of $beast)
-local_variable($capit)   operator(=) predefined(ucfirst)operator(()local_variable($beast)operator(\))operator(;) comment(// Dromedar)
-comment(// PHP does not have the\\L and\\U string escapes.)
-local_variable($capall)  operator(=) predefined(strtoupper)operator(()local_variable($beast)operator(\))operator(;) comment(// DROMEDAR)
-comment(// PHP does not have the\\L and\\U string escapes.)
-local_variable($caprest) operator(=) predefined(strtolower)operator(()predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($beast)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(.) predefined(substr)operator(()predefined(strtoupper)operator(()local_variable($beast)operator(\))operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;) comment(// dROMEDAR)
-comment(// PHP does not have the\\L and\\U string escapes.)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// titlecase each word's first character, lowercase the rest)
-local_variable($text) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(thIS is a loNG liNE)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-local_variable($text) operator(=) predefined(ucwords)operator(()predefined(strtolower)operator(()local_variable($text)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print) local_variable($text)operator(;)
-constant(This) constant(Is) constant(A) constant(Long) constant(Line)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(strtoupper)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(\)) operator(==) predefined(strtoupper)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({) comment(// or strcasecmp($a, $b\) == 0)
-    predefined(print) string<delimiter(")content(a and b are the same)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# @@INCLUDE@@ include/php/randcap.php)
-
-comment(// % php randcap.php < genesis | head -9)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.10)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-predefined(echo) local_variable($var1) operator(.) ident(func)operator(()operator(\)) operator(.) local_variable($var2)operator(;) comment(// scalar only)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// PHP can only handle variable expression without operators)
-local_variable($answer) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(STRING )content($)string({)content([ VAR EXPR ]} MORE STRING)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($phrase) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(I have )delimiter(")> operator(.) operator(()local_variable($n) operator(+) integer(1)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")content( guanacos.)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(// PHP cannot handle the complex exression: ${\\($n + 1\)})
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// Rest of Discussion is not applicable to PHP)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// Interpolating functions not available in PHP)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.11)
-comment(# @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-comment(# @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.12)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($output) operator(=) predefined(wordwrap)operator(()local_variable($str)operator(,) local_variable($width)operator(,) local_variable($break)operator(,) local_variable($cut)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# @@INCLUDE@@ include/php/wrapdemo.php)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// merge multiple lines into one, then wrap one long line)
-predefined(print) predefined(wordwrap)operator(()predefined(str_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(file_get_contents)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(php://stdin)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-reserved(while)operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(print) predefined(wordwrap)operator(()predefined(str_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(,) ident(stream_get_line)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(print) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.13)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(//backslash)
-local_variable($var) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/([CHARLIST]\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')char(\\\\)content(\\$)content(1)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($var)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// double)
-local_variable($var) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/([CHARLIST]\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content($1$1)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($var)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($var) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/%/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(%%)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($var)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Mom said, "Don)char(\\')content(t do that.")delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/([)char(\\')content("]\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')char(\\\\)content(\\$)content(1)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// in PHP you can also use the addslashes(\) function)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Mom said, "Don)char(\\')content(t do that.")delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/([)char(\\')content("]\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content($1$1)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/([^A-Z]\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')char(\\\\)content(\\$)content(1)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// PHP does not have the \\Q and \\E string metacharacters)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(this is)char(\\\\)content( a)char(\\\\)content( test)char(\\\\)content(!)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-comment(// PHP's quotemeta(\) function is not the same as perl's quotemeta(\) function)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/()content(\\W)content(\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')char(\\\\)content(\\$)content(1)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(is a test!)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.14)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(trim)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// print what's typed, but surrounded by > < symbols)
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(print) string<delimiter(")content(>)delimiter(")> operator(.) predefined(substr)operator(()predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")content(<)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\s)content(+/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;) comment(// finally, collapse middle)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(trim)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\s)content(+/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// 1. trim leading and trailing white space)
-comment(// 2. collapse internal whitespace to single space each)
-reserved(function) function(sub_trim)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(trim)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($string) operator(=) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\s)content(+/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(return) local_variable($string)operator(;)
-operator(})
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.15)
-comment(# @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-comment(# @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.16)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($code) operator(=) predefined(soundex)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-local_variable($phoned_words) operator(=) predefined(metaphone)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Schwern)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// substitution function for getpwent(\):)
-comment(// returns an array of user entries,)
-comment(// each entry contains the username and the full name)
-reserved(function) function(getpwent)operator(()operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($pwents) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($handle) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(passwd)delimiter(")>operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(r)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(\))operator(;)
-        reserved(if) operator(()predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(/^#/)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(\)) reserved(continue)operator(;)
-        local_variable($cols) operator(=) predefined(explode)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(:)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(;)
-        local_variable($pwents)operator([)local_variable($cols)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($cols)operator([)integer(4)operator(])operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    reserved(return) local_variable($pwents)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(print) string<delimiter(")content(Lookup user: )delimiter(")>operator(;)
-local_variable($user) operator(=) predefined(rtrim)operator(()predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(empty)operator(()local_variable($user)operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(exit)operator(;)
-local_variable($name_code) operator(=) predefined(soundex)operator(()local_variable($user)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($pwents) operator(=) ident(getpwent)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($pwents) reserved(as) local_variable($username) operator(=>) local_variable($fullname)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(/()content(\\w)content(+\)[^,]*)content(\\b)content(()content(\\w)content(+\)/)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($fullname)operator(,) local_variable($matches)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(list)operator(()operator(,) local_variable($firstname)operator(,) local_variable($lastname)operator(\)) operator(=) local_variable($matches)operator(;)
-  
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($name_code) operator(==) predefined(soundex)operator(()local_variable($username)operator(\)) operator(||)
-        local_variable($name_code) operator(==) predefined(soundex)operator(()local_variable($lastname)operator(\)) operator(||)
-        local_variable($name_code) operator(==) predefined(soundex)operator(()local_variable($firstname)operator(\))operator(\))
-    operator({)
-        predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%s: %s %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($username)operator(,) local_variable($firstname)operator(,) local_variable($lastname)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_1.17)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# @@INCLUDE@@ include/php/fixstyle.php)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(# @@INCLUDE@@ include/php/fixstyle2.php)
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-comment(// very fast, but whitespace collapse)
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($input)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-  local_variable($i) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-  predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(/^()content(\\s)content(*\)(.*\)/)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($input)operator(\))operator(,) local_variable($matches)operator(\))operator(;) comment(// emit leading whitespace)
-  predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(,) local_variable($matches)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(/()content(\\s)content(+\)/)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($matches)operator([)integer(2)operator(])operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($token)operator(\)) operator({) comment(// preserve trailing whitespace)
-    predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(,) operator(()predefined(array_key_exists)operator(()local_variable($token)operator(,) local_variable($config)operator(\)) operator(?) local_variable($config)operator([)local_variable($token)operator(]) operator(:) local_variable($token)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")content( )delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-  predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(,) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-comment(#-----------------------------)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.0)
-comment(// As is the case under so many other languages floating point use under PHP is fraught)
-comment(// with dangers. Although the basic techniques shown below are valid, please refer to)
-comment(// the official PHP documentation for known issues, bugs, and alternate approaches )
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.1)
-comment(// Two basic approaches to numeric validation:)
-comment(// * Built-in functions like 'is_numeric', 'is_int', 'is_float' etc)
-comment(// * Regexes, as shown below)
-
-local_variable($s) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(12.345)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\D)content(/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($s)operator(\)) operator(&&) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(has nondigits)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/^)content(\\d)content(+$/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($s)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(not a natural number)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/^-?)content(\\d)content(+$/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($s)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(not an integer)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/^[+-]?)content(\\d)content(+$/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($s)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(not an integer)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/^-?)content(\\d)content(+)content(\\.)content(?)content(\\d)content(*$/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($s)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(not a decimal)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/^-?(?:)content(\\d)content(+(?:)content(\\.)content(\\d)content(*\)?|)content(\\.)content(\\d)content(+\)$/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($s)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(not a decimal)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/^([+-]?\)(?=)content(\\d)content(|)content(\\.)content(\\d)content(\))content(\\d)content(*()content(\\.)content(\\d)content(*\)?([Ee]([+-]?)content(\\d)content(+\)\)?$/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($s)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(not a C float)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(getnum)operator(()local_variable($s)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(sscanf)operator(()local_variable($s)operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(%D)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($number)operator(\))operator(;) reserved(return) predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($number)operator(\)) operator(?) local_variable($number) operator(:) integer(0)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(echo) ident(getnum)operator(()integer(123)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)   comment(// ok)
-predefined(echo) ident(getnum)operator(()hex(0xff)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)  comment(// ..)
-predefined(echo) ident(getnum)operator(()integer(044)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)   comment(// ..)
-
-predefined(echo) ident(getnum)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(x)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)   comment(// fail)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.2)
-comment(// In PHP floating point comparisions are 'safe' [meaning the '==' comparison operator)
-comment(// can be used] as long as the value consists of 14 digits or less [total digits, either)
-comment(// side of the decimal point e.g. xxxxxxx.xxxxxxx, xxxxxxxxxxxxxx., .xxxxxxxxxxxxxx]. If)
-comment(// values with more digits must be compared, then:)
-comment(//)
-comment(// * Represent as strings, and take care to avoid any implicit conversions e.g. don't pass)
-comment(//   a float as a float to a function and expect all digits to be retained - they won't be -)
-comment(//   then use 'strcmp' to compare the strings)
-comment(//)
-comment(// * Avoid float use; perhaps use arbitrary precision arithmetic. In this case, the)
-comment(//   'bccomp' function is relevant)
-
-comment(// Will work as long as each floating point value is 14 digits or less)
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($float_1) operator(==) local_variable($float_2)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Compare as strings)
-local_variable($cmp) operator(=) predefined(strcmp)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(123456789.123456789123456789)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(123456789.123456789123456788)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Use 'bccomp')
-local_variable($precision) operator(=) integer(5)operator(;) comment(// Number of significant comparison digits after decimal point)
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(bccomp)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(1.111117)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(1.111116)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($precision)operator(\))operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($precision) operator(=) integer(6)operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(bccomp)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(1.111117)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(1.111116)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($precision)operator(\))operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($wage) operator(=) integer(536)operator(;)
-local_variable($week) operator(=) local_variable($wage) operator(*) integer(40)operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(One week's wage is: )content($)content(%.2f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($week) operator(/) integer(100)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.3)
-comment(// Preferred approach)
-local_variable($rounded) operator(=) predefined(round)operator(()local_variable($unrounded)operator(,) local_variable($precision)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Possible alternate approach)
-local_variable($format) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(%[width].[prec]f)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($rounded) operator(=) predefined(sprintf)operator(()local_variable($format)operator(,) local_variable($unrounded)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) float(0.255)operator(;) local_variable($b) operator(=) predefined(round)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Unrounded: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($a)delimiter(})>char(\\n)content(Rounded: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($b)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) float(0.255)operator(;) local_variable($b) operator(=) predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%.2f)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($a)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Unrounded: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($a)delimiter(})>char(\\n)content(Rounded: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($b)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) float(0.255)operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Unrounded: %.f)char(\\n)content(Rounded: %.2f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($a)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(number)char(\\t)content(int)char(\\t)content(floor)char(\\t)content(ceil)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()float(3.3)operator(,) float(3.5)operator(,) float(3.7)operator(,) operator(-)float(3.3)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($number)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%.1f)char(\\t)content(%.1f)char(\\t)content(%.1f)char(\\t)content(%.1f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($number)operator(,) operator(()pre_type(int)operator(\)) local_variable($number)operator(,) predefined(floor)operator(()local_variable($number)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(ceil)operator(()local_variable($number)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.4)
-comment(// PHP offers the 'bindec' and 'decbin' functions to converting between binary and decimal)
-
-local_variable($num) operator(=) predefined(bindec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(0110110)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($binstr) operator(=) predefined(decbin)operator(()integer(54)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.5)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(range)operator(()local_variable($X)operator(,) local_variable($Y)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($i)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(range)operator(()local_variable($X)operator(,) local_variable($Y)operator(,) integer(7)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($i)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(for) operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) local_variable($X)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(<=) local_variable($Y)operator(;) local_variable($i)operator(++)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(for) operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) local_variable($X)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(<=) local_variable($Y)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(+=) integer(7)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Infancy is:)delimiter(')>operator(;) reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(range)operator(()integer(0)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($i)operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content( )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($i)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Toddling is:)delimiter(')>operator(;) reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(range)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(4)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($i)operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content( )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($i)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Childhood is:)delimiter(')>operator(;) reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(range)operator(()integer(5)operator(,) integer(12)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($i)operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content( )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($i)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.6)
-comment(// PHP offers no native support for Roman Numerals. However, a 'Numbers_Roman' class)
-comment(// is available for download from PEAR: [http://pear.php.net/package/Numbers_Roman].)
-comment(// Note the following 'include' directives are required:)
-comment(//)
-comment(//   include_once('Numbers/Roman.php'\);)
-
-local_variable($roman) operator(=) constant(Numbers_Roman)operator(::)ident(toNumeral)operator(()local_variable($arabic)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($arabic) operator(=) constant(Numbers_Roman)operator(::)ident(toNumber)operator(()local_variable($roman)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($roman_fifteen) operator(=) constant(Numbers_Roman)operator(::)ident(toNumeral)operator(()integer(15)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($arabic_fifteen) operator(=) constant(Numbers_Roman)operator(::)ident(toNumber)operator(()local_variable($roman_fifteen)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Roman for fifteen is: %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($roman_fifteen)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Arabic for fifteen is: %d)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($arabic_fifteen)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.7)
-comment(// Techniques used here simply mirror Perl examples, and are not an endorsement)
-comment(// of any particular RNG technique)
-
-comment(// In PHP do this ...)
-local_variable($random) operator(=) predefined(rand)operator(()local_variable($lowerbound)operator(,) local_variable($upperbound)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($random) operator(=) predefined(rand)operator(()local_variable($x)operator(,) local_variable($y)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(make_password)operator(()local_variable($chars)operator(,) local_variable($reqlen)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($len) operator(=) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($chars)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(for) operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(<) local_variable($reqlen)operator(;) local_variable($i)operator(++)operator(\)) local_variable($password) operator(.=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($chars)operator(,) predefined(rand)operator(()integer(0)operator(,) local_variable($len)operator(\))operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($password)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($chars) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(ABCDEfghijKLMNOpqrstUVWXYz)delimiter(')>operator(;) local_variable($reqlen) operator(=) integer(8)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($password) operator(=) ident(make_password)operator(()local_variable($chars)operator(,) local_variable($reqlen)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.8)
-comment(// PHP sports a large number of C Standard Library routines including the 'srand')
-comment(// function, used to re-seed the RNG used with calls to the 'rand' function. Thus,)
-comment(// as per Perl example:)
-
-reserved(while) operator(()pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($seed) operator(=) operator(()pre_type(int)operator(\)) predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(empty)operator(()local_variable($seed)operator(\))operator(\)) reserved(break)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(srand)operator(()local_variable($seed)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.9)
-comment(// The above is considered - for many reasons - a poor way of seeding the RNG. PHP)
-comment(// also offers alternate versions of the functions, 'mt_srand' and 'mt_rand',)
-comment(// which are described as faster, and more 'random', though key to obtaining a)
-comment(// more 'random' distribution of generated numbers seems to be through using)
-comment(// a combination of a previously saved random value in combination with an)
-comment(// unrepeatable value [like the current time in microseconds] that is multiplied)
-comment(// by a large prime number, or perhaps as part of a hash [examples available in)
-comment(// PHP documentation for 'srand' and 'mt_srand'])
-
-ident(mt_srand)operator(()local_variable($saved_random_value) operator(+) predefined(microtime)operator(()operator(\)) operator(*) integer(1000003)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// or)
-
-ident(mt_srand)operator(()operator(()local_variable($saved_random_value) operator(+) predefined(hexdec)operator(()predefined(substr)operator(()predefined(md5)operator(()predefined(microtime)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(,) operator(-)integer(8)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) operator(&) hex(0x7fffffff)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Use of 'mt_rand' together with an appropriate seeding approach should help better)
-comment(// approximate the generation of a 'truly random value')
-local_variable($truly_random_value) operator(=) ident(mt_rand)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.10)
-reserved(function) function(random)operator(()operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) operator(()pre_type(float)operator(\)) predefined(rand)operator(()operator(\)) operator(/) operator(()pre_type(float)operator(\)) predefined(getrandmax)operator(()operator(\))operator(;) operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(gaussian_rand)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($u1) operator(=) float(0.0)operator(;) local_variable($u2) operator(=) float(0.0)operator(;) local_variable($g1) operator(=) float(0.0)operator(;) local_variable($g2) operator(=) float(0.0)operator(;) local_variable($w) operator(=) float(0.0)operator(;)
-  
-  reserved(do)
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($u1) operator(=) float(2.0) operator(*) ident(random)operator(()operator(\)) operator(-) float(1.0)operator(;) local_variable($u2) operator(=) float(2.0) operator(*) ident(random)operator(()operator(\)) operator(-) float(1.0)operator(;)
-    local_variable($w) operator(=) local_variable($u1) operator(*) local_variable($u1) operator(+) local_variable($u2) operator(*) local_variable($u2)operator(;)
-  operator(}) reserved(while) operator(()local_variable($w) operator(>) float(1.0)operator(\))operator(;)
-  
-  local_variable($w) operator(=) predefined(sqrt)operator(()operator(()operator(-)float(2.0) operator(*) predefined(log)operator(()local_variable($w)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(/) local_variable($w)operator(\))operator(;) local_variable($g2) operator(=) local_variable($u1) operator(*) local_variable($w)operator(;) local_variable($g1) operator(=) local_variable($u2) operator(*) local_variable($w)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(return) local_variable($g1)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($mean) operator(=) float(25.0)operator(;) local_variable($sdev) operator(=) float(2.0)operator(;)
-local_variable($salary) operator(=) ident(gaussian_rand)operator(()operator(\)) operator(*) local_variable($mean) operator(+) local_variable($sdev)operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(You have been hired at: %.2f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($salary)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.11)
-comment(// 'deg2rad' and 'rad2deg' are actually PHP built-ins, but here is how you might implement)
-operator(/)  ident(them) reserved(if) ident(needed)
-reserved(function) function(deg2rad_)operator(()local_variable($deg)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) operator(()local_variable($deg) operator(/) float(180.0)operator(\)) operator(*) pre_constant(M_PI)operator(;) operator(})
-reserved(function) function(rad2deg_)operator(()local_variable($rad)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) operator(()local_variable($rad) operator(/) pre_constant(M_PI)operator(\)) operator(*) float(180.0)operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) ident(deg2rad_)operator(()float(180.0)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(deg2rad)operator(()float(180.0)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(degree_sin)operator(()local_variable($deg)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) predefined(sin)operator(()predefined(deg2rad)operator(()local_variable($deg)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($rad) operator(=) predefined(deg2rad)operator(()float(380.0)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(sin)operator(()local_variable($rad)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) ident(degree_sin)operator(()float(380.0)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.12)
-reserved(function) function(my_tan)operator(()local_variable($theta)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) predefined(sin)operator(()local_variable($theta)operator(\)) operator(/) predefined(cos)operator(()local_variable($theta)operator(\))operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($theta) operator(=) float(3.7)operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) ident(my_tan)operator(()local_variable($theta)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(tan)operator(()local_variable($theta)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.13)
-local_variable($value) operator(=) float(100.0)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($log_e) operator(=) predefined(log)operator(()local_variable($value)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($log_10) operator(=) predefined(log10)operator(()local_variable($value)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(log_base)operator(()local_variable($base)operator(,) local_variable($value)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) predefined(log)operator(()local_variable($value)operator(\)) operator(/) predefined(log)operator(()local_variable($base)operator(\))operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($answer) operator(=) ident(log_base)operator(()float(10.0)operator(,) float(10000.0)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(log(10, 10,000\) = %f)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($answer)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.14)
-comment(// PHP offers no native support for matrices. However, a 'Math_Matrix' class)
-comment(// is available for download from PEAR: [http://pear.php.net/package/Math_Matrix].)
-comment(// Note the following 'include' directives are required:)
-comment(//)
-comment(//  include_once('Math/Matrix.php'\);)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(Math_Matrix)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()integer(5)operator(,) integer(9)operator(,) integer(8)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($b) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(Math_Matrix)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()integer(4)operator(,) integer(7)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()integer(9)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()integer(8)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) local_variable($a)operator(->)ident(toString)operator(()operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) local_variable($b)operator(->)ident(toString)operator(()operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// NOTE: When I installed this package I had to rename the 'clone' method else)
-comment(// it would not load, so I chose to rename it to 'clone_', and this usage is)
-comment(// shown below. This bug may well be fixed by the time you obtain this package)
-
-local_variable($c) operator(=) local_variable($a)operator(->)ident(clone_)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($c)operator(->)ident(multiply)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) local_variable($c)operator(->)ident(toString)operator(()operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.15)
-comment(// PHP offers no native support for complex numbers. However, a 'Math_Complex' class)
-comment(// is available for download from PEAR: [http://pear.php.net/package/Math_Complex].)
-comment(// Note the following 'include' directives are required:)
-comment(//)
-comment(//   include_once('Math/Complex.php'\);)
-comment(//   include_once('Math/TrigOp.php'\);)
-comment(//   include_once('Math/ComplexOp.php'\);)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(Math_Complex)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(5)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($b) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(Math_Complex)operator(()integer(2)operator(,) operator(-)integer(2)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($c) operator(=) constant(Math_ComplexOp)operator(::)ident(mult)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) local_variable($c)operator(->)ident(toString)operator(()operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($d) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(Math_Complex)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(4)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($r) operator(=) constant(Math_ComplexOp)operator(::)predefined(sqrt)operator(()local_variable($d)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) local_variable($r)operator(->)ident(toString)operator(()operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.16)
-comment(// Like C, PHP supports decimal-alternate notations. Thus, for example, the integer)
-comment(// value, 867, is expressable in literal form as:)
-comment(//)
-comment(//   Hexadecimal -> 0x363)
-comment(//   Octal       -> 01543)
-comment(//)
-comment(// For effecting such conversions using strings there is 'sprintf' and 'sscanf'.)
-
-local_variable($dec) operator(=) integer(867)operator(;)
-local_variable($hex) operator(=) predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%x)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($dec)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($oct) operator(=) predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%o)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($dec)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($dec) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-local_variable($hex) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(363)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(sscanf)operator(()local_variable($hex)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(%x)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($dec)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($dec) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-local_variable($oct) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(1543)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(sscanf)operator(()local_variable($oct)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(%o)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($dec)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($number) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Gimme a number in decimal, octal, or hex: )delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(sscanf)operator(()predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(%D)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($number)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%d %x %o)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($number)operator(,) local_variable($number)operator(,) local_variable($number)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.17)
-comment(// PHP offers the 'number_format' built-in function to, among many other format tasks, )
-comment(// commify numbers. Perl-compatible [as well as extended] regexes are also available)
-
-reserved(function) function(commify_series)operator(()local_variable($s)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) predefined(number_format)operator(()local_variable($s)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(,)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($hits) operator(=) integer(3456789)operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Your website received %s accesses last month)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) ident(commify_series)operator(()local_variable($hits)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(commify)operator(()local_variable($s)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(return) predefined(strrev)operator(()predefined(preg_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/()content(\\d)content(\\d)content(\\d)content(\)(?=)content(\\d)content(\)(?!)content(\\d)content(*)content(\\.)content(\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(${1},)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(strrev)operator(()local_variable($s)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($hits) operator(=) integer(3456789)operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) ident(commify)operator(()predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Your website received %d accesses last month)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($hits)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.18)
-reserved(function) function(pluralise)operator(()local_variable($value)operator(,) local_variable($root)operator(,) local_variable($singular)operator(=)string<delimiter(')delimiter(')> operator(,) local_variable($plural)operator(=)string<delimiter(')content(s)delimiter(')>operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($root) operator(.) operator(()operator(()local_variable($value) operator(>) integer(1)operator(\)) operator(?) local_variable($plural) operator(:) local_variable($singular)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($duration) operator(=) integer(1)operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(It took %d %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($duration)operator(,) ident(pluralise)operator(()local_variable($duration)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(hour)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%d %s %s enough.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($duration)operator(,) ident(pluralise)operator(()local_variable($duration)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(hour)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-      ident(pluralise)operator(()local_variable($duration)operator(,) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(is)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(are)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($duration) operator(=) integer(5)operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(It took %d %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($duration)operator(,) ident(pluralise)operator(()local_variable($duration)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(hour)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%d %s %s enough.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($duration)operator(,) ident(pluralise)operator(()local_variable($duration)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(hour)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-      ident(pluralise)operator(()local_variable($duration)operator(,) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(is)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(are)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(plural)operator(()local_variable($singular)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($s2p) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/ss$/)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(sses)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/([psc]h\)$/)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(${1}es)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/z$/)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(zes)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-               string<delimiter(')content(/ff$/)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(ffs)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/f$/)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(ves)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/ey$/)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(eys)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-               string<delimiter(')content(/y$/)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(ies)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/ix$/)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(ices)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/([sx]\)$/)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content($1es)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-               string<delimiter(')content($)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(s)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($s2p) reserved(as) local_variable($s) operator(=>) local_variable($p)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    reserved(if) operator(()predefined(preg_match)operator(()local_variable($s)operator(,) local_variable($singular)operator(\))operator(\)) reserved(return) predefined(preg_replace)operator(()local_variable($s)operator(,) local_variable($p)operator(,) local_variable($singular)operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(mess)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(index)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(leaf)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(puppy)delimiter(')>operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($word)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%6s -> %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($word)operator(,) ident(plural)operator(()local_variable($word)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_2.19)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.0)
-comment(// PHP's date / time suport is quite extensive, and appears grouped into three areas of)
-comment(// functionality:)
-comment(//)
-comment(// * UNIX / C Library [libc]-based routines, which include [among others]:)
-comment(//   - localtime, gmtime)
-comment(//   - strftime, strptime, mktime)
-comment(//   - time, getdate, gettimeofday, )
-comment(//)
-comment(// * PHP 'native' functions, those date / time routines released in earlier versions,)
-comment(//   and which otherwise provide 'convenience' functionality; these include:)
-comment(//   - date)
-comment(//   - strtotime)
-comment(//)
-comment(// * 'DateTime' class-based. This facility appears [according to the PHP documentation])
-comment(//   to be extremely new / experimental, so whilst usage examples will be provided, they)
-comment(//   should not be taken to be 'official' examples, and obviously, subject to change.)
-comment(//   My own impression is that this facility is currently only partially implemented,)
-comment(//   so there is limited use for these functions. The functions included in this group)
-comment(//   are some of the 'date_'-prefixed functions; they are, however, not used standalone,)
-comment(//   but as methods in conjunction with an object. Typical usage:)
-comment(//)
-comment(//     $today = new DateTime(\);             // actually calls: date_create($today, ...\);)
-comment(//     echo $today->format('U'\) . "\\n";     // actually calls: date_format($today, ...\);)
-comment(//)
-comment(// Also worth mentioning is the PEAR [PHP Extension and Repository] package, 'Calendar',)
-comment(// which offers a rich set of date / time manipulation facilities. However, since it is)
-comment(// not currently shipped with PHP, no examples appear)
-
-comment(// Helper functions for performing date arithmetic )
-
-reserved(function) function(dateOffset)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(static) local_variable($tbl) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(sec)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(1)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(min)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(60)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(hou)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(3600)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(day)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(86400)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(wee)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(604800)operator(\))operator(;)
-  local_variable($delta) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(func_get_args)operator(()operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($arg)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($kv) operator(=) predefined(explode)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(=)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($arg)operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($delta) operator(+=) local_variable($kv)operator([)integer(1)operator(]) operator(*) local_variable($tbl)operator([)predefined(strtolower)operator(()predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($kv)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(\))operator(])operator(;)
-  operator(})
-
-  reserved(return) local_variable($delta)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(dateInterval)operator(()local_variable($intvltype)operator(,) local_variable($timevalue)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(static) local_variable($tbl) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(sec)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(1)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(min)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(60)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(hou)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(3600)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(day)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(86400)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(wee)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(604800)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) operator(()pre_type(int)operator(\)) predefined(round)operator(()local_variable($timevalue) operator(/) local_variable($tbl)operator([)predefined(strtolower)operator(()predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($intvltype)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(\))operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Extract indexed array from 'getdate')
-local_variable($today) operator(=) predefined(getdate)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Today is day %d of the current year)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(yday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Extract indexed, and associative arrays, respectively, from 'localtime')
-local_variable($today) operator(=) predefined(localtime)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Today is day %d of the current year)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($today)operator([)integer(7)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($today) operator(=) predefined(localtime)operator(()predefined(time)operator(()operator(\))operator(,) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Today is day %d of the current year)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(tm_yday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.1)
-predefined(define)operator(()constant(SEP)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(-)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($today) operator(=) predefined(getdate)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($day) operator(=) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(mday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($month) operator(=) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(mon)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($year) operator(=) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(year)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-comment(// Either do this to use interpolation:)
-local_variable($sep) operator(=) constant(SEP)operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Current date is: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($year)delimiter(})>inline<delimiter({)local_variable($sep)delimiter(})>inline<delimiter({)local_variable($month)delimiter(})>inline<delimiter({)local_variable($sep)delimiter(})>inline<delimiter({)local_variable($day)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// or simply concatenate:)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Current date is: )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($year) operator(.) constant(SEP) operator(.) local_variable($month) operator(.) constant(SEP) operator(.) local_variable($day) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($today) operator(=) predefined(localtime)operator(()predefined(time)operator(()operator(\))operator(,) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($day) operator(=) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(tm_mday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($month) operator(=) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(tm_mon)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(+) integer(1)operator(;)
-local_variable($year) operator(=) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(tm_year)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(+) integer(1900)operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Current date is: %4d%s%2d%s%2d)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($year)operator(,) constant(SEP)operator(,) local_variable($month)operator(,) constant(SEP)operator(,) local_variable($day)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($format) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Y)delimiter(')> operator(.) constant(SEP) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(n)delimiter(')> operator(.) constant(SEP) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(d)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($today) operator(=) predefined(date)operator(()local_variable($format)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Current date is: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($today)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($sep) operator(=) constant(SEP)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($today) operator(=) predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%Y)local_variable($sep)content(%m)local_variable($sep)content(%d)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Current date is: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($today)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.2)
-local_variable($timestamp) operator(=) predefined(mktime)operator(()local_variable($hour)operator(,) local_variable($min)operator(,) local_variable($sec)operator(,) local_variable($month)operator(,) local_variable($day)operator(,) local_variable($year)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($timestamp) operator(=) predefined(gmmktime)operator(()local_variable($hour)operator(,) local_variable($min)operator(,) local_variable($sec)operator(,) local_variable($month)operator(,) local_variable($day)operator(,) local_variable($year)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.3)
-local_variable($dmyhms) operator(=) predefined(getdate)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// timestamp: current date / time)
-
-local_variable($dmyhms) operator(=) predefined(getdate)operator(()local_variable($timestamp)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// timestamp: arbitrary)
-
-local_variable($day) operator(=) local_variable($dmyhms)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(mday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($month) operator(=) local_variable($dmyhms)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(mon)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($year) operator(=) local_variable($dmyhms)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(year)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-local_variable($hours) operator(=) local_variable($dmyhms)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(hours)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($minutes) operator(=) local_variable($dmyhms)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(minutes)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($seconds) operator(=) local_variable($dmyhms)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(seconds)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.4)
-comment(// Date arithmetic is probably most easily performed using timestamps [i.e. *NIX Epoch)
-comment(// Seconds]. Dates - in whatever form - are converted to timestamps, these are)
-comment(// arithmetically manipulated, and the result converted to whatever form required.)
-comment(// Note: use 'mktime' to create timestamps properly adjusted for daylight saving; whilst)
-comment(// 'strtotime' is more convenient to use, it does not, AFAIK, include this adjustment)
-
-local_variable($when) operator(=) local_variable($now) operator(+) local_variable($difference)operator(;)
-local_variable($then) operator(=) local_variable($now) operator(-) local_variable($difference)operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($now) operator(=) predefined(mktime)operator(()integer(0)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(8)operator(,) integer(6)operator(,) integer(2003)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($diff1) operator(=) ident(dateOffset)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(day=1)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;) local_variable($diff2) operator(=) ident(dateOffset)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(weeks=2)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Today is:                 )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Y-m-d)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($now)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(One day in the future is: )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Y-m-d)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($now) operator(+) local_variable($diff1)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Two weeks in the past is: )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Y-m-d)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($now) operator(-) local_variable($diff2)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Date arithmetic performed using a custom function, 'dateOffset'. Internally, offset may)
-comment(// be computed in one of several ways:)
-comment(// * Direct timestamp manipulation - fastest, but no daylight saving adjustment )
-comment(// * Via 'date' built-in function - slower [?], needs a base time from which to)
-comment(//   compute values, but has daylight saving adjustment )
-comment(// * Via 'strtotime' built-in function - as for 'date')
-comment(// * Via 'DateTime' class)
-comment(//)
-comment(// Approach used here is to utilise direct timestamp manipulation in 'dateOffset' [it's)
-comment(// performance can also be improved by replacing $tbl with a global definition etc],)
-comment(// and to illustrate how the other approaches might be used )
-
-comment(// 1. 'dateOffset')
-
-local_variable($birthtime) operator(=) predefined(mktime)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(45)operator(,) integer(50)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) integer(18)operator(,) integer(1973)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($interval) operator(=) ident(dateOffset)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(day=55)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(hours=2)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(min=17)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(sec=5)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($then) operator(=) local_variable($birthtime) operator(+) local_variable($interval)operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Birthtime is: %s)char(\\n)content(then is:      %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(date)operator(()constant(DATE_RFC1123)operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(date)operator(()constant(DATE_RFC1123)operator(,) local_variable($then)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// 2. 'date')
-
-comment(// Base values, and offsets, respectively)
-local_variable($hr) operator(=) integer(3)operator(;) local_variable($min) operator(=) integer(45)operator(;) local_variable($sec) operator(=) integer(50)operator(;) local_variable($mon) operator(=) integer(1)operator(;) local_variable($day) operator(=) integer(18)operator(;) local_variable($year) operator(=) integer(1973)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($yroff) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($monoff) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($dayoff) operator(=) integer(55)operator(;) local_variable($hroff) operator(=) integer(2)operator(;) local_variable($minoff) operator(=) integer(17)operator(;) local_variable($secoff) operator(=) integer(5)operator(;)
-
-comment(// Base date)
-local_variable($birthtime) operator(=) predefined(mktime)operator(()local_variable($hr)operator(,) local_variable($min)operator(,) local_variable($sec)operator(,) local_variable($mon)operator(,) local_variable($day)operator(,) local_variable($year)operator(,) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($year) operator(=) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Y)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(\)) operator(+) local_variable($yroff)operator(;)
-local_variable($mon) operator(=) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(m)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(\)) operator(+) local_variable($monoff)operator(;)
-local_variable($day) operator(=) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(d)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(\)) operator(+) local_variable($dayoff)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($hr) operator(=) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(H)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(\)) operator(+) local_variable($hroff)operator(;)
-local_variable($min) operator(=) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(i)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(\)) operator(+) local_variable($minoff)operator(;)
-local_variable($sec) operator(=) predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(s)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(\)) operator(+) local_variable($secoff)operator(;)
-
-comment(// Offset date)
-local_variable($then) operator(=) predefined(mktime)operator(()local_variable($hr)operator(,) local_variable($min)operator(,) local_variable($sec)operator(,) local_variable($mon)operator(,) local_variable($day)operator(,) local_variable($year)operator(,) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Birthtime is: %s)char(\\n)content(then is:      %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(date)operator(()constant(DATE_RFC1123)operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(date)operator(()constant(DATE_RFC1123)operator(,) local_variable($then)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// 3. 'strtotime')
-
-comment(// Generate timestamp whatever way is preferable)
-local_variable($birthtime) operator(=) predefined(mktime)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(45)operator(,) integer(50)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) integer(18)operator(,) integer(1973)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($birthtime) operator(=) predefined(strtotime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(1/18/1973 03:45:50)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($then) operator(=) predefined(strtotime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(+55 days 2 hours 17 minutes 2 seconds)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Birthtime is: %s)char(\\n)content(then is:      %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(date)operator(()constant(DATE_RFC1123)operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(date)operator(()constant(DATE_RFC1123)operator(,) local_variable($then)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// 4. 'DateTime' class)
-
-local_variable($birthtime) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(DateTime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(1/18/1973 03:45:50)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($then) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(DateTime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(1/18/1973 03:45:50)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($then)operator(->)ident(modify)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(+55 days 2 hours 17 minutes 2 seconds)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Birthtime is: %s)char(\\n)content(then is:      %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($birthtime)operator(->)ident(format)operator(()constant(DATE_RFC1123)operator(\))operator(,) local_variable($then)operator(->)ident(format)operator(()constant(DATE_RFC1123)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.5)
-comment(// Date intervals are most easily computed using timestamps [i.e. *NIX Epoch)
-comment(// Seconds] which, of course, gives the interval result is seconds from which)
-comment(// all other interval measures [days, weeks, months, years] may be derived.)
-comment(// Refer to previous section for discussion of daylight saving and other related)
-comment(// problems)
-
-local_variable($interval_seconds) operator(=) local_variable($recent) operator(-) local_variable($earlier)operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Conventional approach ...)
-local_variable($bree) operator(=) predefined(strtotime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(16 Jun 1981, 4:35:25)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($nat) operator(=) predefined(strtotime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(18 Jan 1973, 3:45:50)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ... or, with daylight saving adjustment)
-local_variable($bree) operator(=) predefined(mktime)operator(()integer(4)operator(,) integer(35)operator(,) integer(25)operator(,) integer(6)operator(,) integer(16)operator(,) integer(1981)operator(,) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($nat) operator(=) predefined(mktime)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(45)operator(,) integer(50)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) integer(18)operator(,) integer(1973)operator(,) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($difference) operator(=) local_variable($bree) operator(-) local_variable($nat)operator(;)
-
-comment(// 'dateInterval' custom function computes intervals in several measures given an)
-comment(// interval in seconds. Note, 'month' and 'year' measures not provided)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(There were %d seconds between Nat and Bree)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($difference)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(There were %d weeks between Nat and Bree)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) ident(dateInterval)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(weeks)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($difference)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(There were %d days between Nat and Bree)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) ident(dateInterval)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(days)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($difference)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(There were %d hours between Nat and Bree)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) ident(dateInterval)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(hours)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($difference)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(There were %d minutes between Nat and Bree)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) ident(dateInterval)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(mins)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($difference)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.6)
-comment(// 'getdate' accepts a timestamp [or implicitly calls 'time'] and returns an array of)
-comment(// date components. It returns much the same information as 'strptime' except that)
-comment(// the component names are different)
-
-local_variable($today) operator(=) predefined(getdate)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($weekday) operator(=) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(wday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($monthday) operator(=) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(mday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($yearday) operator(=) local_variable($today)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(yday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-local_variable($weeknumber) operator(=) operator(()pre_type(int)operator(\)) predefined(round)operator(()local_variable($yearday) operator(/) float(7.0)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Safter method of obtaining week number)
-local_variable($weeknumber) operator(=) predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%U)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(+) integer(1)operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-predefined(define)operator(()constant(SEP)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($day) operator(=) integer(16)operator(;)
-local_variable($month) operator(=) integer(6)operator(;)
-local_variable($year) operator(=) integer(1981)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($timestamp) operator(=) predefined(mktime)operator(()integer(0)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) local_variable($month)operator(,) local_variable($day)operator(,) local_variable($year)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($date) operator(=) predefined(getdate)operator(()local_variable($timestamp)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($weekday) operator(=) local_variable($date)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(wday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($monthday) operator(=) local_variable($date)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(mday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($yearday) operator(=) local_variable($date)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(yday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-local_variable($weeknumber) operator(=) operator(()pre_type(int)operator(\)) predefined(round)operator(()local_variable($yearday) operator(/) float(7.0)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($weeknumber) operator(=) predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%U)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($timestamp)operator(\)) operator(+) integer(1)operator(;)
-
-comment(// Interpolate ...)
-local_variable($sep) operator(=) constant(SEP)operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($month)delimiter(})>inline<delimiter({)local_variable($sep)delimiter(})>inline<delimiter({)local_variable($day)delimiter(})>inline<delimiter({)local_variable($sep)delimiter(})>inline<delimiter({)local_variable($year)delimiter(})>content( was a )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($date)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(weekday)delimiter(')>operator(])delimiter(})>content( in week )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($weeknumber)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ... or, concatenate)
-predefined(echo) local_variable($month) operator(.) constant(SEP) operator(.) local_variable($day) operator(.) constant(SEP) operator(.) local_variable($year) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content( was a )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($date)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(weekday)delimiter(')>operator(])
-     operator(.) string<delimiter(')content( in week )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($weeknumber) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.7)
-comment(// 'strtotime' parses a textual date expression by attempting a 'best guess' at)
-comment(// the format, and either fails, or generates a timestamp. Timestamp could be fed)
-comment(// into any one of the various functions; example:)
-local_variable($timestamp) operator(=) predefined(strtotime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(1998-06-03)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;) predefined(echo) predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%Y-%m-%d)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($timestamp)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// 'strptime' parses a textual date expression according to a specified format,)
-comment(// and returns an array of date components; components can be easily dumped)
-predefined(print_r)operator(()predefined(strptime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(1998-06-03)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(%Y-%m-%d)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Parse date string according to format)
-local_variable($darr) operator(=) predefined(strptime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(1998-06-03)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(%Y-%m-%d)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(empty)operator(()local_variable($darr)operator(\))operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Show date components in 'debug' form)
-  predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($darr)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  comment(// Check whether there was a parse error i.e. one or more components could not)
-  comment(// be extracted from the string)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(empty)operator(()local_variable($darr)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(unparsed)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    comment(// Properly parsed date, so validate required components using, 'checkdate')
-    reserved(if) operator(()predefined(checkdate)operator(()local_variable($darr)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(tm_mon)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(+) integer(1)operator(,) local_variable($darr)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(tm_mday)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(,) local_variable($darr)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(tm_year)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(+) integer(1900)operator(\))operator(\))
-      predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Parsed date verified as correct)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-    reserved(else)
-      predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Parsed date failed verification)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  operator(})
-  reserved(else)
-  operator({)
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Date string parse not complete; failed components: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($darr)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(unparsed)delimiter(')>operator(])delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-reserved(else)
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Date string could not be parsed)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.8)
-comment(// 'date' and 'strftime' both print a date string based on:)
-comment(// * Format String, describing layout of date components)
-comment(// * Timestamp [*NIX Epoch Seconds], either given explicitly, or implictly)
-comment(//   via a call to 'time' which retrieves current time value)
-
-local_variable($ts) operator(=) integer(1234567890)operator(;)
-
-predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Y/m/d)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($ts)operator(\))operator(;) 
-predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Y/m/d)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(mktime)operator(()local_variable($h)operator(,) local_variable($m)operator(,) local_variable($s)operator(,) local_variable($mth)operator(,) local_variable($d)operator(,) local_variable($y)operator(,) local_variable($is_dst)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) 
-
-predefined(date)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Y/m/d)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)         comment(// same as: date('Y/m/d', time(\)\);)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($ts) operator(=) integer(1234567890)operator(;)
-
-predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%Y/%m/%d)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($ts)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%Y/%m/%d)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(mktime)operator(()local_variable($h)operator(,) local_variable($m)operator(,) local_variable($s)operator(,) local_variable($mth)operator(,) local_variable($d)operator(,) local_variable($y)operator(,) local_variable($is_dst)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%Y/%m/%d)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// same as: strftime('%Y/%m/%d', time(\)\);)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// 'mktime' creates a local time timestamp)
-local_variable($t) operator(=) predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %z %Y)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(mktime)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(45)operator(,) integer(50)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) integer(18)operator(,) integer(73)operator(,) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($t)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// 'gmmktime' creates a GMT time timestamp)
-local_variable($t) operator(=) predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %z %Y)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(gmmktime)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(45)operator(,) integer(50)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) integer(18)operator(,) integer(73)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($t)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// 'strtotime' parses a textual date expression, and generates a timestamp )
-local_variable($t) operator(=) predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%A %D)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(strtotime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(18 Jan 1973, 3:45:50)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($t)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// This should generate output identical to previous example)
-local_variable($t) operator(=) predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%A %D)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(mktime)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(45)operator(,) integer(50)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) integer(18)operator(,) integer(73)operator(,) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($t)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.9)
-comment(// PHP 5 and above can use the built-in, 'microtime'. Crude implementation for ealier versions:)
-comment(// function microtime(\) { $t = gettimeofday(\); return (float\) ($t['sec'] + $t['usec'] / 1000000.0\); } )
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($before) operator(=) predefined(microtime)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($elapsed) operator(=) predefined(microtime)operator(()operator(\)) operator(-) local_variable($before)operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(You took %.3f seconds)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($elapsed)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-predefined(define)operator(()constant(NUMBER_OF_TIMES)operator(,) integer(100)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(define)operator(()constant(SIZE)operator(,) integer(500)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(for)operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(<) constant(NUMBER_OF_TIMES)operator(;) local_variable($i)operator(++)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($arr) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(for)operator(()local_variable($j) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($j) operator(<) constant(SIZE)operator(;) local_variable($j)operator(++)operator(\)) local_variable($arr)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) predefined(rand)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  local_variable($begin) operator(=) predefined(microtime)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-  predefined(sort)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(;)
-  local_variable($elapsed) operator(=) predefined(microtime)operator(()operator(\)) operator(-) local_variable($begin)operator(;)
-
-  local_variable($total_time) operator(+=) local_variable($elapsed)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(On average, sorting %d random numbers takes %.5f seconds)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) constant(SIZE)operator(,) local_variable($total_time) operator(/) operator(()pre_type(float)operator(\)) constant(NUMBER_OF_TIMES)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.10)
-comment(// Low-resolution: sleep time specified in seconds)
-predefined(sleep)operator(()integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// High-resolution: sleep time specified in microseconds [not reliable under Windows])
-predefined(usleep)operator(()integer(250000)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_3.11)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.0)
-comment(// Nested arrays are supported, and may be easily printed using 'print_r')
-
-local_variable($nested) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(this)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(that)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(the)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(other)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($nested) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(this)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(that)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(the)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(other)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($nested)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($tune) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(The)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Star-Spangled)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banner)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.1)
-comment(// PHP offers only the 'array' type which is actually an associative array, though)
-comment(// may be numerically indexed, to mimic vectors and matrices; there is no separate)
-comment(// 'list' type)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(quick)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(brown)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(fox)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) predefined(escapeshellarg)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Why are you teasing me?)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($lines) operator(=) string<delimiter(<<<END_OF_HERE_DOC)content(
-)content(    The boy stood on the burning deck,)content(
-)content(    it was as hot as glass.)content(
-)delimiter(END_OF_HERE_DOC)>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($bigarray) operator(=) predefined(array_map)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(rtrim)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(file)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(mydatafile)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($banner) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(The mines of Moria)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($banner) operator(=) predefined(escapeshellarg)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(The mines of Moria)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($name) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Gandalf)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($banner) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(Speak )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($name)delimiter(})>content(, and enter!)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($banner) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Speak )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(escapeshellarg)operator(()local_variable($name)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content( and welcome!)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($his_host) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(www.perl.com)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($host_info) operator(=) string<delimiter(`)content(nslookup )local_variable($his_host)delimiter(`)>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($cmd) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(ps )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(posix_getpid)operator(()operator(\))operator(;) local_variable($perl_info) operator(=) string<delimiter(`)local_variable($cmd)delimiter(`)>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($shell_info) operator(=) string<delimiter(`)content(ps )content($)content($)delimiter(`)>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($banner) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Costs)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(only)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content($4.95)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($banner) operator(=) predefined(array_map)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(escapeshellarg)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Costs only $4.95)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// AFAIK PHP doesn't support non-quoted strings ala Perl's 'q', 'qq' and 'qw', so arrays)
-comment(// created from strings must use quoted strings, and make use of 'split' [or equivalent].)
-comment(// A slew of functions exist for performing string quoting, including 'escapeshellarg',)
-comment(// 'quotemeta', and 'preg_quote')
-
-local_variable($brax) operator(=) predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(( \) < > { } [ ])delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Do this to quote each element within '..')
-comment(// $brax = array_map('escapeshellarg', split(' ', '( \) < > { } [ ]'\)\);)
-
-local_variable($rings) operator(=) predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Nenya Narya Vilya)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($tags) operator(=) predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(LI TABLE TR TD A IMG H1 P)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($sample) operator(=) predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(The vertical bar | looks and behaves like a pipe.)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.2)
-reserved(function) function(commify_series)operator(()local_variable($list)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($n) operator(=) predefined(str_word_count)operator(()local_variable($list)operator(\))operator(;) local_variable($series) operator(=) predefined(str_word_count)operator(()local_variable($list)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($n) operator(==) integer(0)operator(\)) reserved(return) pre_constant(NULL)operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($n) operator(==) integer(1)operator(\)) reserved(return) local_variable($series)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($n) operator(==) integer(2)operator(\)) reserved(return) local_variable($series)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content( and )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($series)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(;)
-  
-  reserved(return) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(, )delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($series)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(, and )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($series)operator([)local_variable($n) operator(-) integer(1)operator(])operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-predefined(echo) ident(commify_series)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) ident(commify_series)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(red yellow)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) ident(commify_series)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(red yellow green)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($mylist) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(red yellow green)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(I have )delimiter(')> operator(.) ident(commify_series)operator(()local_variable($mylist)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")content( marbles.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(commify_series)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($n) operator(=) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(;) local_variable($sepchar) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(,)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($arr) reserved(as) local_variable($str)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    reserved(if) operator(()predefined(strpos)operator(()local_variable($str)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(,)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) reserved(continue)operator(;)
-    local_variable($sepchar) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(;)delimiter(')>operator(;) reserved(break)operator(;) 
-  operator(})
-
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($n) operator(==) integer(0)operator(\)) reserved(return) pre_constant(NULL)operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($n) operator(==) integer(1)operator(\)) reserved(return) local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($n) operator(==) integer(2)operator(\)) reserved(return) local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content( and )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(;)
-  
-  reserved(return) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($sepchar)delimiter(})>content( )delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($sepchar)delimiter(})>content( and )delimiter(")> operator(.) local_variable($arr)operator([)local_variable($n) operator(-) integer(1)operator(])operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($lists) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()
-  predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(just one thing)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-  predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Mutt Jeff)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-  predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Peter Paul Mary)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-  predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(To our parents)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Mother Theresa)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(God)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-  predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(pastrami)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(ham and cheese)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(peanut butter and jelly)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(tuna)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-  predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(recycle tired, old phrases)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(ponder big, happy thoughts)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-  predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(recycle tired, old phrases)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(ponder big, happy thoughts)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(sleep and dream peacefully)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($lists) reserved(as) local_variable($arr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(The list is: )delimiter(')> operator(.) ident(commify_series)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")content(.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.3)
-comment(// AFAICT you cannot grow / shrink an array to an arbitrary size. However, you can:)
-comment(// * Grow an array by appending an element using subscrip notation, or using)
-comment(//   either 'array_unshift' or 'array_push' to add one or more elements)
-
-local_variable($arr)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(one)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-predefined(array_unshift)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(one)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(two)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(three)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(array_push)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(one)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(two)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(three)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// * Shrink an array by using 'unset' to remove one or more specific elements, or)
-comment(//   either 'array_shift' or 'array_pop' to remove an element from the ends)
-
-predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator([)local_variable($idx1)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($arr)operator([)local_variable($idx2)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($arr)operator([)local_variable($idx3)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($item) operator(=) predefined(array_shift)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($item) operator(=) predefined(array_pop)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(what_about_the_array)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(global) local_variable($people)operator(;)
-
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(The array now has )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($people)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")content( elements)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(The index value of the last element is )delimiter(')> operator(.) operator(()predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($people)operator(\)) operator(-) integer(1)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Element #3 is )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($people)operator([)integer(3)operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($people) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Crosby)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Stills)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Nash)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Young)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(what_about_the_array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(array_pop)operator(()local_variable($people)operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(what_about_the_array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Cannot, AFAICT, resize the array to an arbitrary size)
-
-comment(# @@PLEAC@@_4.4)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($list) reserved(as) local_variable($item)operator(\)) operator({)
-    comment(// do something with $item)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Environment listing example)
-
-comment(// PHP defines a superglobal $_ENV to provide access to environment)
-comment(// variables.)
-
-comment(// Beware, array assignment means copying in PHP. You need to use)
-comment(// the reference operator to avoid copying. But we want a copy here.)
-local_variable($env) operator(=) predefined($_ENV)operator(;)
-
-comment(// PHP can sort an array by key, so you don't need to get keys,)
-comment(// and then sort.)
-predefined(ksort)operator(()local_variable($env)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($env) reserved(as) local_variable($key) operator(=>) local_variable($value)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($key)delimiter(})>content(=)inline<delimiter({)local_variable($value)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Literal translation of Perl example would be:)
-local_variable($keys) operator(=) predefined(array_keys)operator(()predefined($_ENV)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(sort)operator(()local_variable($keys)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($keys) reserved(as) local_variable($key)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($key)delimiter(})>content(=)inline<delimiter({)predefined($_ENV)operator([)local_variable($key)operator(])delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// This assumes that MAX_QUOTA is a named constant.)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($all_users) reserved(as) local_variable($user)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($disk_space) operator(=) ident(get_usage)operator(()local_variable($user)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($disk_space) operator(>) constant(MAX_QUOTA)operator(\)) operator({)
-        ident(complain)operator(()local_variable($user)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// You can't modify array's elements in-place.)
-local_variable($array) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($newarray) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($array) reserved(as) local_variable($item)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($newarray)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($item) operator(-) integer(1)operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($newarray)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Before PHP 5, that is. You can precede the reference operator)
-comment(// before $item to get reference instead of copy.)
-local_variable($array) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($array) reserved(as) operator(&)local_variable($item)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($item)operator(--)operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// TODO: explain the old each(\) and list(\) iteration construct.)
-comment(// foreach is new in PHP 4, and there are subtle differences.)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.5)
-comment(// Conventional 'read-only' access)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($array) reserved(as) local_variable($item)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// Can access, but not update, array element referred to by '$item')
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-comment(// '&' makes '$item' a reference)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($array) reserved(as) operator(&)local_variable($item)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// Update array element referred to by '$item')
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($arraylen) operator(=) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(for)operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(<) local_variable($arraylen)operator(;) local_variable($i)operator(++)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// '$array' is updateable via subscript notation)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($fruits) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Raspberry)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($fruits) reserved(as) operator(&)local_variable($fruit)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($fruit)delimiter(})>content( tastes good in a pie.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($fruitlen) operator(=) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($fruits)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(for)operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(<) local_variable($fruitlen)operator(;) local_variable($i)operator(++)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($fruits)operator([)local_variable($i)operator(])delimiter(})>content( tastes good in a pie.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($rogue_cats) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Blackie)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Goldie)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Silkie)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Take care to assign reference to '$rogue_cats' array via '=&')
-local_variable($namelist)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(felines)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=&) local_variable($rogue_cats)operator(;)
-
-comment(// Take care to make '$cat' a reference via '&$' to allow updating)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($namelist)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(felines)delimiter(')>operator(]) reserved(as) operator(&)local_variable($cat)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($cat) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')content( [meow])delimiter(')>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Via array reference)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($namelist)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(felines)delimiter(')>operator(]) reserved(as) local_variable($cat)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($cat)delimiter(})>content( purrs hypnotically.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(---)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Original array)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($rogue_cats) reserved(as) local_variable($cat)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($cat)delimiter(})>content( purrs hypnotically.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.6)
-comment(// PHP offers the 'array_unique' function to perform this task. It works with both keyed,)
-comment(// and numerically-indexed arrays; keys / indexes are preserved; use of 'array_values' )
-comment(// is recommended to reindex numerically-indexed arrays since there will likely be missing)
-comment(// indexes)
-
-comment(// Remove duplicate values)
-local_variable($unique) operator(=) predefined(array_unique)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Remove duplicates, and reindex [for numerically-indexed arrays only])
-local_variable($unique) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()predefined(array_unique)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// or use:)
-local_variable($unique) operator(=) predefined(array_keys)operator(()predefined(array_flip)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Selected Perl 'seen' examples)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($list) reserved(as) local_variable($item)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($item)operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($item)operator(]) operator(=) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(;)
-    local_variable($unique)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($item)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($list) reserved(as) local_variable($item)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($item)operator(]) operator(||) operator(()operator(++)local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($item)operator(]) operator(&&) operator(()local_variable($unique)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($item)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(some_func)operator(()local_variable($item)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// Do something with '$item')
-operator(})
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($list) reserved(as) local_variable($item)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($item)operator(]) operator(||) operator(()operator(++)local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($item)operator(]) operator(&&) ident(some_func)operator(()local_variable($item)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array_slice)operator(()predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\n)content(/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(`)content(who)delimiter(`)>operator(\))operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($user_entry)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($user) operator(=) predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\s)content(/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($user_entry)operator(\))operator(;)
-  local_variable($ucnt)operator([)local_variable($user)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(])operator(++)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(ksort)operator(()local_variable($ucnt)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(users logged in:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($ucnt) reserved(as) local_variable($user) operator(=>) local_variable($cnt)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\t)inline<delimiter({)local_variable($user)delimiter(})>content( => )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($cnt)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.7)
-comment(// PHP offers the 'array_diff' and 'array_diff_assoc' functions to perform this task. Same)
-comment(// points as made about 'array_unique' apply here also)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(c)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(a)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(b)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(d)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($b) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(c)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(a)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(b)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(e)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($diff) operator(=) predefined(array_diff)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(;)                 comment(// $diff -> [3] 'd')
-local_variable($diff) operator(=) predefined(array_diff)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(,) local_variable($a)operator(\))operator(;)                 comment(// $diff -> [3] 'e')
-
-comment(// Numerically-indexed array, reindexed)
-local_variable($diff) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()predefined(array_diff)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)   comment(// $diff -> [0] 'd')
-local_variable($diff) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()predefined(array_diff)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(,) local_variable($a)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)   comment(// $diff -> [0] 'e')
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// 1st Perl 'seen' example only)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(k1)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(11)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(k2)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(12)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(k4)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(14)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($b) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(k1)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(11)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(k2)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(12)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(k3)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(13)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($b) reserved(as) local_variable($item) operator(=>) local_variable($value)operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($item)operator(]) operator(=) integer(1)operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// Stores key only e.g. $aonly[0] contains 'k4', same as Perl example)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($a) reserved(as) local_variable($item) operator(=>) local_variable($value)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($item)operator(])operator(\)) local_variable($aonly)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($item)operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// Stores key and value e.g. $aonly['k4'] contains 14, same entry as in $a)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($a) reserved(as) local_variable($item) operator(=>) local_variable($value)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($item)operator(])operator(\)) local_variable($aonly)operator([)local_variable($item)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($value)operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Conventional way: $hash = array('key1' => 1, 'key2' => 2\);)
-
-local_variable($hash)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(key1)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) integer(1)operator(;)
-local_variable($hash)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(key2)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) integer(2)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($hash) operator(=) predefined(array_combine)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(key1)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(key2)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($seen) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($seen) operator(=) predefined(array_combine)operator(()predefined(array_keys)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(array_fill)operator(()integer(0)operator(,) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.8)
-comment(// PHP offers a number of array-based 'set operation' functions:)
-comment(// * union:        array_unique(array_merge(...\)\))
-comment(// * intersection: array_intersect and family)
-comment(// * difference:   array_diff and family)
-comment(// which may be used for this type of task. Also, if returned arrays need to be)
-comment(// reindexed, 'array_slice($array, 0\)', or 'array_values($array\)' are useful)
-
-local_variable($a) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(3)operator(,) integer(5)operator(,) integer(6)operator(,) integer(7)operator(,) integer(8)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($b) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(,) integer(5)operator(,) integer(7)operator(,) integer(9)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($union) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()predefined(array_unique)operator(()predefined(array_merge)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) comment(// 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
-local_variable($isect) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()predefined(array_intersect)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)           comment(// 3, 5, 7)
-local_variable($diff) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()predefined(array_diff)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)                 comment(// 1, 8)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.9)
-comment(// PHP offers the 'array_merge' function to perform this task. Duplicate values are retained,)
-comment(// but if arrays are numerically-indexed, resulting array is reindexed)
-
-local_variable($arr1) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(c)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(a)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(b)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(d)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($arr2) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(c)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(a)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(b)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(e)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($new) operator(=) predefined(array_merge)operator(()local_variable($arr1)operator(,) local_variable($arr2)operator(\))operator(;)     comment(// $new -> 'c', 'a', 'b', 'd', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'd')
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($members) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Time)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Flies)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($initiates) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(An)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Arrow)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($members) operator(=) predefined(array_merge)operator(()local_variable($members)operator(,) local_variable($initiates)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($members) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Time)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Flies)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($initiates) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(An)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Arrow)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// 'array_splice' is the PHP equivalent to Perl's 'splice')
-predefined(array_splice)operator(()local_variable($members)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) predefined(array_merge)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Like)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,) local_variable($initiates)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($members)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-predefined(array_splice)operator(()local_variable($members)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Fruit)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(array_splice)operator(()local_variable($members)operator(,) operator(-)integer(2)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(A)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($members)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.10)
-local_variable($reversed) operator(=) predefined(array_reverse)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array_reverse)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($item)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ... do something with '$item' ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(for)operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\)) operator(-) integer(1)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(>=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($i)operator(--)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ... do something with '$array[$i]' ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-predefined(sort)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($array) operator(=) predefined(array_reverse)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-predefined(rsort)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.11)
-comment(// Array elements can be deleted using 'unset'; removing several elements would require applying)
-comment(// 'unset' several times, probably in a loop. However, they would most likely also need to be)
-comment(// reindexed, so a better approach would be to use 'array_slice' which avoids explicit looping.)
-comment(// Where elements need to be removed, and those elements also returned, it is probably best to)
-comment(// combine both operations in a function. This is the approach taken here in implementing both)
-comment(// 'shiftN' and 'popN', and it is these functions that are used in the examples)
-
-reserved(function) function(popN)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($n)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($ret) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) operator(-)operator(()local_variable($n)operator(\))operator(,) local_variable($n)operator(\))operator(;)
-  local_variable($arr) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\)) operator(-) local_variable($n)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($ret)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(shiftN)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($n)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($ret) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) local_variable($n)operator(\))operator(;)
-  local_variable($arr) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($n)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($ret)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Remove $n elements from the front of $array; return them in $fron)
-local_variable($front) operator(=) ident(shiftN)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(,) local_variable($n)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Remove $n elements from the end of $array; return them in $end)
-local_variable($end) operator(=) ident(popN)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(,) local_variable($n)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($friends) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Peter)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Paul)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Mary)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Jim)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Tim)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($this_)operator(,) local_variable($that)operator(\)) operator(=) ident(shiftN)operator(()local_variable($friends)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($this_)delimiter(})>content( )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($that)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($beverages) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Dew)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Jolt)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Cola)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Sprite)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Fresca)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($pair) operator(=) ident(popN)operator(()local_variable($beverages)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($pair)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.12)
-comment(// This section illustrates various 'find first' techniques. The Perl examples all use an)
-comment(// explicit loop and condition testing [also repeated here]. This is the simplest, and)
-comment(// [potentially] most efficient approach because the search can be terminated as soon as a)
-comment(// match is found. However, it is worth mentioning a few alternatives:)
-comment(// * 'array_search' performs a 'find first' using the element value rather than a condition)
-comment(//    check, so isn't really applicable here)
-comment(// * 'array_filter', whilst using a condition check, actually performs a 'find all', though)
-comment(//   all but the first returned element can be discarded. This approach is actually less error)
-comment(//   prone than using a loop, but the disadvantage is that each element is visited: there is no)
-comment(//   means of terminating the search once a match has been found. It would be nice if this)
-comment(//   function were to have a third parameter, a Boolean flag indicating whether to traverse)
-comment(//   the whole array, or quit after first match [next version, maybe :\) ?])
-
-local_variable($found) operator(=) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($array) reserved(as) local_variable($item)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Not found - skip to next item)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)local_variable($criterion)operator(\)) reserved(continue)operator(;)
-
-  comment(// Found - save and leave)
-  local_variable($match) operator(=) local_variable($item)operator(;)
-  local_variable($found) operator(=) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(;)
-  reserved(break)operator(;)  
-operator(})
-
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($found)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// do something with $match)
-operator(})
-reserved(else)
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// not found)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(predicate)operator(()local_variable($element)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()ident(criterion)operator(\)) reserved(return) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(;)
-  reserved(return) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($match) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()predefined(array_filter)operator(()local_variable($array)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(predicate)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($match)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// do something with $match[0])
-operator(})
-reserved(else)
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// $match is empty - not found)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(class) class(Employee)
-operator({)
-  reserved(public) local_variable($name)operator(,) local_variable($age)operator(,) local_variable($ssn)operator(,) local_variable($salary)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(public) reserved(function) function(__construct)operator(()local_variable($name)operator(,) local_variable($age)operator(,) local_variable($ssn)operator(,) local_variable($salary)operator(,) local_variable($category)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(name) operator(=) local_variable($name)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(age) operator(=) local_variable($age)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(ssn) operator(=) local_variable($ssn)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(salary) operator(=) local_variable($salary)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(category) operator(=) local_variable($category)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($employees) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()
-  reserved(new) constant(Employee)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(sdf)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(27)operator(,) integer(12345)operator(,) integer(47000)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Engineer)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-  reserved(new) constant(Employee)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(ajb)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(32)operator(,) integer(12376)operator(,) integer(51000)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Programmer)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-  reserved(new) constant(Employee)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(dgh)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(31)operator(,) integer(12355)operator(,) integer(45000)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Engineer)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(array_update)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($lambda)operator(,) local_variable($updarr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($arr) reserved(as) local_variable($key)operator(\)) local_variable($lambda)operator(()local_variable($updarr)operator(,) local_variable($key)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($updarr)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(highest_salaried_engineer)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($employee)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(static) local_variable($highest_salary) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-  
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($employee)operator(->)ident(category) operator(==) string<delimiter(')content(Engineer)delimiter(')>operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($employee)operator(->)ident(salary) operator(>) local_variable($highest_salary)operator(\))
-    operator({)
-      local_variable($highest_salary) operator(=) local_variable($employee)operator(->)ident(salary)operator(;)
-      local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($employee)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// 'array_update' custom function is modelled on 'array_reduce' except that it allows the)
-comment(// return of an array, contents and length of which are entirely dependant on what the)
-comment(// callback function does. Here, it is logically working in a 'find first' capacity)
-local_variable($highest_salaried_engineer) operator(=) ident(array_update)operator(()local_variable($employees)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(highest_salaried_engineer)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Highest paid engineer is: )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($highest_salaried_engineer)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(->)ident(name) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.13)
-comment(// PHP implements 'grep' functionality [as embodied in the current section] in the 'array_filter')
-comment(// function)
-
-reserved(function) function(predicate)operator(()local_variable($element)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()ident(criterion)operator(\)) reserved(return) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(;)
-  reserved(return) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($matching) operator(=) predefined(array_filter)operator(()local_variable($list)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(predicate)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($bigs) operator(=) predefined(array_filter)operator(()local_variable($nums)operator(,) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($n)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return $n > 1000000;)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(is_pig)operator(()local_variable($user)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($user_details) operator(=) predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/()content(\\s)content(\)+/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($user)operator(\))operator(;)
-  comment(// Assuming field 5 is the resource being compared)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($user_details)operator([)integer(5)operator(]) operator(>) float(1e7)operator(;)  
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($pigs) operator(=) predefined(array_filter)operator(()predefined(array_slice)operator(()predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\n)content(/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(`)content(who -u)delimiter(`)>operator(\))operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(is_pig)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($matching) operator(=) predefined(array_filter)operator(()predefined(array_slice)operator(()predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\n)content(/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(`)content(who)delimiter(`)>operator(\))operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(,)
-                         predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($user)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return preg_match()char(\\')content(/^gnat /)char(\\')content(, $user\);)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(class) class(Employee)
-operator({)
-  reserved(public) local_variable($name)operator(,) local_variable($age)operator(,) local_variable($ssn)operator(,) local_variable($salary)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(public) reserved(function) function(__construct)operator(()local_variable($name)operator(,) local_variable($age)operator(,) local_variable($ssn)operator(,) local_variable($salary)operator(,) local_variable($category)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(name) operator(=) local_variable($name)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(age) operator(=) local_variable($age)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(ssn) operator(=) local_variable($ssn)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(salary) operator(=) local_variable($salary)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(category) operator(=) local_variable($category)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($employees) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()
-  reserved(new) constant(Employee)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(sdf)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(27)operator(,) integer(12345)operator(,) integer(47000)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Engineer)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-  reserved(new) constant(Employee)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(ajb)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(32)operator(,) integer(12376)operator(,) integer(51000)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Programmer)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-  reserved(new) constant(Employee)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(dgh)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(31)operator(,) integer(12355)operator(,) integer(45000)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Engineer)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($engineers) operator(=) predefined(array_filter)operator(()local_variable($employees)operator(,)
-                          predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($employee)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return $employee->category == "Engineer";)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.14)
-comment(// PHP offers a rich set of sorting functions. Key features:)
-comment(// * Inplace sorts; the original array, not a a copy, is sorted)
-comment(// * Separate functions exist for sorting [both ascending and descending order]:)
-comment(//   - By value, assign new keys / indices [sort, rsort])
-comment(//   - By key   [ksort, krsort] (for non-numerically indexed arrays\))
-comment(//   - By value [asort, arsort])
-comment(//   - As above, but using a user-defined comparator [i.e. callback function])
-comment(//     [usort, uasort, uksort])
-comment(//   - Natural order sort [natsort])
-comment(// * Significantly, if sorting digit-only elements, whether strings or numbers,)
-comment(//   'natural order' [i.e. 1 before 10 before 100 (ascending\)] is retained. If)
-comment(//   the elements are alphanumeric e.g. 'z1', 'z10' then 'natsort' should be)
-comment(//   used [note: beware of 'natsort' with negative numbers; prefer 'sort' or 'asort'])
-
-local_variable($unsorted) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(7)operator(,) integer(12)operator(,) operator(-)integer(13)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(100)operator(,) integer(5)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) operator(-)integer(2)operator(,) integer(23)operator(,) integer(3)operator(,) integer(6)operator(,) integer(4)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(sort)operator(()local_variable($unsorted)operator(\))operator(;)                 comment(// -13, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 100)
-predefined(rsort)operator(()local_variable($unsorted)operator(\))operator(;)                comment(// 100, 23, 12, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -2, -13)
-
-predefined(asort)operator(()local_variable($unsorted)operator(\))operator(;)                comment(// -13, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 100)
-predefined(arsort)operator(()local_variable($unsorted)operator(\))operator(;)               comment(// 100, 23, 12, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -2, -13)
-
-predefined(natsort)operator(()local_variable($unsorted)operator(\))operator(;)              comment(// -2, -13, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 100)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(ascend)operator(()local_variable($left)operator(,) local_variable($right)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) local_variable($left) operator(>) local_variable($right)operator(;) operator(})
-reserved(function) function(descend)operator(()local_variable($left)operator(,) local_variable($right)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) local_variable($left) operator(<) local_variable($right)operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-predefined(usort)operator(()local_variable($unsorted)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(ascend)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)      comment(// -13, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 100)
-predefined(usort)operator(()local_variable($unsorted)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(descend)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)     comment(// 100, 23, 12, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -2, -13)
-
-predefined(uasort)operator(()local_variable($unsorted)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(ascend)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)     comment(// -13, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 100)
-predefined(uasort)operator(()local_variable($unsorted)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(descend)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)    comment(// 100, 23, 12, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -2, -13)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(kill_process)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Is 'killable' ?)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(posix_kill)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(\)) reserved(return)operator(;)
-
-  comment(// Ok, so kill in two stages)
-  predefined(posix_kill)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) integer(15)operator(\))operator(;) comment(// SIGTERM)
-  predefined(sleep)operator(()integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-  predefined(posix_kill)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) integer(9)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// SIGKILL)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(pid)operator(()local_variable($pentry)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($p) operator(=) predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\s)content(/)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(trim)operator(()local_variable($pentry)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($p)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($processes) operator(=) predefined(array_map)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(pid)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array_slice)operator(()predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\n)content(/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(`)content(ps ax)delimiter(`)>operator(\))operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(sort)operator(()local_variable($processes)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( ,)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($processes)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Enter a pid to kill: )delimiter(')>operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()operator(()local_variable($pid) operator(=) predefined(trim)operator(()predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))
-  ident(kill_process)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.15)
-comment(// Tasks in this section would typically use the PHP 'usort' family of functions)
-comment(// which are used with a comparator function so as to perform custom comparisions.)
-comment(// A significant difference from the Perl examples is that these functions are)
-comment(// inplace sorters, so it is the original array that is modified. Where this must)
-comment(// be prevented a copy of the array can be made and sorted)
-
-reserved(function) function(comparator)operator(()local_variable($left)operator(,) local_variable($right)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// Compare '$left' with '$right' returning result)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($ordered) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($unordered)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(usort)operator(()local_variable($ordered)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(comparator)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// The Perl example looks like it is creating a hash using computed values as the key,)
-comment(// array values as the value, sorting on the computed key, then extracting the sorted)
-comment(// values and placing them back into an array)
-
-reserved(function) function(compute)operator(()local_variable($value)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// Return computed value utilising '$value')
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Original numerically-indexed array [sample data used])
-local_variable($unordered) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(5)operator(,) integer(3)operator(,) integer(7)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) integer(4)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(6)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Create hash using 'compute' function to generate the keys. This example assumes that)
-comment(// each value in the '$unordered' array is used in generating the corresponding '$key')
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($unordered) reserved(as) local_variable($value)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($precomputed)operator([)ident(compute)operator(()local_variable($value)operator(\))operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($value)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Copy the hash, and sort it by key)
-local_variable($ordered_precomputed) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($precomputed)operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;) predefined(ksort)operator(()local_variable($ordered_precomputed)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Extract the values of the hash in current order placing them in a new numerically-indexed)
-comment(// array)
-local_variable($ordered) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()local_variable($ordered_precomputed)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// As above, except uses 'array_update' and 'accum' to help create hash)
-
-reserved(function) function(array_update)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($lambda)operator(,) local_variable($updarr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($arr) reserved(as) local_variable($key)operator(\)) local_variable($lambda)operator(()local_variable($updarr)operator(,) local_variable($key)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($updarr)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(accum)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($value)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($arr)operator([)ident(compute)operator(()local_variable($value)operator(\))operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($value)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(compute)operator(()local_variable($value)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// Return computed value utilising '$value')
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Original numerically-indexed array [sample data used])
-local_variable($unordered) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(5)operator(,) integer(3)operator(,) integer(7)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) integer(4)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(6)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Create hash)
-local_variable($precomputed) operator(=) ident(array_update)operator(()local_variable($unordered)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(accum)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Copy the hash, and sort it by key)
-local_variable($ordered_precomputed) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($precomputed)operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;) predefined(ksort)operator(()local_variable($ordered_precomputed)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Extract the values of the hash in current order placing them in a new numerically-indexed)
-comment(// array)
-local_variable($ordered) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()local_variable($ordered_precomputed)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(class) class(Employee)
-operator({)
-  reserved(public) local_variable($name)operator(,) local_variable($age)operator(,) local_variable($ssn)operator(,) local_variable($salary)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(public) reserved(function) function(__construct)operator(()local_variable($name)operator(,) local_variable($age)operator(,) local_variable($ssn)operator(,) local_variable($salary)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(name) operator(=) local_variable($name)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(age) operator(=) local_variable($age)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(ssn) operator(=) local_variable($ssn)operator(;)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(salary) operator(=) local_variable($salary)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($employees) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()
-  reserved(new) constant(Employee)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(sdf)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(27)operator(,) integer(12345)operator(,) integer(47000)operator(\))operator(,)
-  reserved(new) constant(Employee)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(ajb)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(32)operator(,) integer(12376)operator(,) integer(51000)operator(\))operator(,)
-  reserved(new) constant(Employee)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(dgh)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(31)operator(,) integer(12355)operator(,) integer(45000)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($ordered) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($employees)operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(usort)operator(()local_variable($ordered)operator(,) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($left, $right)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return $left->name > $right->name;)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($sorted_employees) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($employees)operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(usort)operator(()local_variable($sorted_employees)operator(,) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($left, $right)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return $left->name > $right->name;)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($bonus) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(12376) operator(=>) integer(5000)operator(,) integer(12345) operator(=>) integer(6000)operator(,) integer(12355) operator(=>) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($sorted_employees) reserved(as) local_variable($employee)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($employee)operator(->)ident(name)delimiter(})>content( earns )char(\\$)inline<delimiter({)local_variable($employee)operator(->)ident(salary)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($sorted_employees) reserved(as) local_variable($employee)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(()local_variable($amount) operator(=) local_variable($bonus)operator([)local_variable($employee)operator(->)ident(ssn)operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($employee)operator(->)ident(name)delimiter(})>content( got a bonus of: )char(\\$)inline<delimiter({)local_variable($amount)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($sorted) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($employees)operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(usort)operator(()local_variable($sorted)operator(,) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($left, $right)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return $left->name > $right->name || $left->age != $right->age;)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// PHP offers a swag of POSIX functions for obtaining user information [i.e. they all read)
-comment(// the '/etc/passwd' file for the relevant infroamtion], and it is these that should rightly)
-comment(// be used for this purpose. However, since the intent of this section is to illustrate array)
-comment(// manipulation, these functions won't be used. Instead a custom function mimicing Perl's)
-comment(// 'getpwent' function will be implemented so the code presented here can more faithfully match)
-comment(// the Perl code)
-
-reserved(function) function(get_pw_entries)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(function) function(normal_users_only)operator(()local_variable($e)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($entry) operator(=) predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(:)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($e)operator(\))operator(;) reserved(return) local_variable($entry)operator([)integer(2)operator(]) operator(>) integer(100) operator(&&) local_variable($entry)operator([)integer(2)operator(]) operator(<) integer(32768)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array_filter)operator(()predefined(file)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/etc/passwd)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(normal_users_only)delimiter(')>operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($entry)operator(\))
-    local_variable($users)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(:)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(trim)operator(()local_variable($entry)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  reserved(return) local_variable($users)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($users) operator(=) ident(get_pw_entries)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(usort)operator(()local_variable($users)operator(,) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($left, $right)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return $left[0] > $right[0];)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($users) reserved(as) local_variable($user)operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($user)operator([)integer(0)operator(])delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($names) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(sdf)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(ajb)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(dgh)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($sorted) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($names)operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(usort)operator(()local_variable($sorted)operator(,) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($left, $right)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return substr($left, 1, 1\) > substr($right, 1, 1\);)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($strings) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(bbb)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(aa)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(c)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($sorted) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()local_variable($strings)operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(usort)operator(()local_variable($sorted)operator(,) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($left, $right)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return strlen($left\) > strlen($right\);)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(array_update)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($lambda)operator(,) local_variable($updarr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($arr) reserved(as) local_variable($key)operator(\)) local_variable($lambda)operator(()local_variable($updarr)operator(,) local_variable($key)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($updarr)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(accum)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($value)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($arr)operator([)predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($value)operator(\))operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($value)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-local_variable($strings) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(bbb)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(aa)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(c)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($temp) operator(=) ident(array_update)operator(()local_variable($strings)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(accum)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(ksort)operator(()local_variable($temp)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($sorted) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()local_variable($temp)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(array_update)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($lambda)operator(,) local_variable($updarr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($arr) reserved(as) local_variable($key)operator(\)) local_variable($lambda)operator(()local_variable($updarr)operator(,) local_variable($key)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($updarr)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(accum)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($value)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/()content(\\d)content(+\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($value)operator(,) local_variable($matches)operator(\))operator(\))
-    local_variable($arr)operator([)local_variable($matches)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($value)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-local_variable($fields) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(b1b2b)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(a4a)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(c9)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(ddd)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(a)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($temp) operator(=) ident(array_update)operator(()local_variable($fields)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(accum)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(ksort)operator(()local_variable($temp)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($sorted_fields) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()local_variable($temp)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.16)
-predefined(array_unshift)operator(()local_variable($a1)operator(,) predefined(array_pop)operator(()local_variable($a1)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// last -> first)
-predefined(array_push)operator(()local_variable($a1)operator(,) predefined(array_shift)operator(()local_variable($a1)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)   comment(// first -> last)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(grab_and_rotate)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($item) operator(=) local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(;)
-  predefined(array_push)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) predefined(array_shift)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($item)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($processes) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(,) integer(4)operator(,) integer(5)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(while) operator(()pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($process) operator(=) ident(grab_and_rotate)operator(()local_variable($processes)operator(\))operator(;)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Handling process )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($process)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  predefined(sleep)operator(()integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.17)
-comment(// PHP offers the 'shuffle' function to perform this task)
-
-local_variable($arr) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(,) integer(4)operator(,) integer(5)operator(,) integer(6)operator(,) integer(7)operator(,) integer(8)operator(,) integer(9)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(shuffle)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($arr)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Perl example equivalents)
-reserved(function) function(fisher_yates_shuffle)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($a)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($size) operator(=) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(\)) operator(-) integer(1)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(for)operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) local_variable($size)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(>=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($i)operator(--)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    reserved(if) operator(()operator(()local_variable($j) operator(=) predefined(rand)operator(()integer(0)operator(,) local_variable($i)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(!=) local_variable($i)operator(\))
-      predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($a)operator([)local_variable($i)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($a)operator([)local_variable($j)operator(])operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($a)operator([)local_variable($j)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($a)operator([)local_variable($i)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(naive_shuffle)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($a)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($size) operator(=) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  reserved(for)operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(<) local_variable($size)operator(;) local_variable($i)operator(++)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($j) operator(=) predefined(rand)operator(()integer(0)operator(,) local_variable($size) operator(-) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($a)operator([)local_variable($i)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($a)operator([)local_variable($j)operator(])operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($a)operator([)local_variable($j)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($a)operator([)local_variable($i)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($arr) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(,) integer(4)operator(,) integer(5)operator(,) integer(6)operator(,) integer(7)operator(,) integer(8)operator(,) integer(9)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-ident(fisher_yates_shuffle)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($arr)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-ident(naive_shuffle)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($arr)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.18)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_4.19)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.0)
-comment(// PHP uses the term 'array' to refer to associative arrays - referred to in Perl)
-comment(// as 'hashes' - and for the sake of avoiding confusion, the Perl terminology will)
-comment(// be used. As a matter of interest, PHP does not sport a vector, matrix, or list)
-comment(// type: the 'array' [Perl 'hash'] serves all these roles)
-
-local_variable($age) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Nat)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(24)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Jules)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(25)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Josh)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(17)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($age)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Nat)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) integer(24)operator(;)
-local_variable($age)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Jules)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) integer(25)operator(;)
-local_variable($age)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Josh)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) integer(17)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($age) operator(=) predefined(array_combine)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Nat)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Jules)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Josh)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()integer(24)operator(,) integer(25)operator(,) integer(17)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($food_colour)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(;) local_variable($food_colour)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($food_colour)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(;) local_variable($food_colour)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array_combine)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-                             predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.1)
-local_variable($hash)operator([)local_variable($key)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($value)operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($food_colour)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Raspberry)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(pink)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Known foods:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($food_colour) reserved(as) local_variable($food) operator(=>) local_variable($colour)operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.2)
-comment(// Returns TRUE on all existing entries with non-NULL values)
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator([)local_variable($key)operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator(;) comment(// entry exists  )
-reserved(else)
-  operator(;) comment(// no such entry )
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Returns TRUE on all existing entries regardless of attached value)
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(array_key_exists)operator(()local_variable($key)operator(,) local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator(;) comment(// entry exists  )
-reserved(else)
-  operator(;) comment(// no such entry )
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Martini)delimiter(')>operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($name)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator([)local_variable($name)operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($name)delimiter(})>content( is a food.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  reserved(else)
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($name)delimiter(})>content( is a drink.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($age) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Toddler)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(3)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Unborn)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(0)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Phantasm)delimiter(')> operator(=>) pre_constant(NULL)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Toddler)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Unborn)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Phantasm)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Relic)delimiter(')>operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($thing)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($thing)delimiter(})>content(:)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(array_key_exists)operator(()local_variable($thing)operator(,) local_variable($age)operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content( exists)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($age)operator([)local_variable($thing)operator(])operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content( non-NULL)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($age)operator([)local_variable($thing)operator(])operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content( TRUE)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.3)
-comment(// Remove one, or more, hash entries)
-predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator([)local_variable($key)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator([)local_variable($key1)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($hash)operator([)local_variable($key2)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($hash)operator([)local_variable($key3)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Remove entire hash)
-predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(print_foods)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Perl example uses a global variable)
-  reserved(global) local_variable($food_colour)operator(;)
-
-  local_variable($foods) operator(=) predefined(array_keys)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Foods:)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($foods) reserved(as) local_variable($food)operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content( )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food)delimiter(})>delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)content(Values:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($foods) reserved(as) local_variable($food)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($colour) operator(=) local_variable($food_colour)operator([)local_variable($food)operator(])operator(;)
-
-    reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($colour)operator(\))operator(\))
-      predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(  )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($colour)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-    reserved(else)
-      predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(  nullified or removed)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Initially:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;) ident(print_foods)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Nullify an entry)
-local_variable($food_colour)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) pre_constant(NULL)operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)content(With 'Banana' nullified)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-ident(print_foods)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Remove an entry)
-predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)content(With 'Banana' removed)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-ident(print_foods)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Destroy the hash)
-predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.4)
-comment(// Access keys and values)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($hash) reserved(as) local_variable($key) operator(=>) local_variable($value)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Access keys only)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array_keys)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($key)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Access values only)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($hash) reserved(as) local_variable($value)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($food_colour) reserved(as) local_variable($food) operator(=>) local_variable($colour)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food)delimiter(})>content( is )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($colour)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array_keys)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($food)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food)delimiter(})>content( is )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food_colour)operator([)local_variable($food)operator(])delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// 'countfrom' - count number of messages from each sender)
-
-local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/^From: (.*\)/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($line)operator(,) local_variable($matches)operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($from)operator([)local_variable($matches)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-      local_variable($from)operator([)local_variable($matches)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(]) operator(+=) integer(1)operator(;)
-    reserved(else)
-      local_variable($from)operator([)local_variable($matches)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(]) operator(=) integer(1)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-
-  local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($from)operator(\))operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Senders:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)  
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($from) reserved(as) local_variable($sender) operator(=>) local_variable($count)operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($sender)delimiter(})>content( : )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($count)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-reserved(else)
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(No valid data entered)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.5)
-comment(// PHP offers, 'print_r', which prints hash contents in 'debug' form; it also)
-comment(// works recursively, printing any contained arrays in similar form)
-comment(//     Array)
-comment(//     ()
-comment(//         [key1] => value1 )
-comment(//         [key2] => value2)
-comment(//         ...)
-comment(//     \))
-
-predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Based on Perl example; non-recursive, so contained arrays not printed correctly)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($hash) reserved(as) local_variable($key) operator(=>) local_variable($value)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($key)delimiter(})>content( => )local_variable($value)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Sorted by keys)
-
-comment(// 1. Sort the original hash)
-predefined(ksort)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// 2. Extract keys, sort, traverse original in key order)
-local_variable($keys) operator(=) predefined(array_keys)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(;) predefined(sort)operator(()local_variable($keys)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($keys) reserved(as) local_variable($key)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($key)delimiter(})>content( => )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($hash)operator([)local_variable($key)operator(])delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Sorted by values)
-
-comment(// 1. Sort the original hash)
-predefined(asort)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// 2. Extract values, sort, traverse original in value order [warning: finds )
-comment(//    only first matching key in the case where duplicate values exist])
-local_variable($values) operator(=) predefined(array_values)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(;) predefined(sort)operator(()local_variable($values)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($values) reserved(as) local_variable($value)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) local_variable($value) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content( <= )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(array_search)operator(()local_variable($value)operator(,) local_variable($hash)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.6)
-comment(// Unless sorted, hash elements remain in the order of insertion. If care is taken to)
-comment(// always add a new element to the end of the hash, then element order is the order)
-comment(// of insertion. The following function, 'array_push_associative' [modified from original)
-comment(// found at 'array_push' section of PHP documentation], does just that)
-reserved(function) function(array_push_associative)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(func_get_args)operator(()operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($arg)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_array)operator(()local_variable($arg)operator(\))operator(\))
-      reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($arg) reserved(as) local_variable($key) operator(=>) local_variable($value)operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($arr)operator([)local_variable($key)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($value)operator(;) local_variable($ret)operator(++)operator(;) operator(})
-    reserved(else)
-      local_variable($arr)operator([)local_variable($arg)operator(]) operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-  operator(})
-
-  reserved(return) local_variable($ret)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Individual calls, or ...)
-ident(array_push_associative)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Yellow)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(array_push_associative)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Green)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(array_push_associative)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Yellow)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ... one call, one array; physical order retained)
-comment(// array_push_associative($food_colour, array('Banana' => 'Yellow', 'Apple' => 'Green', 'Lemon' => 'Yellow'\)\);)
-
-predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)content(In insertion order:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($food_colour) reserved(as) local_variable($food) operator(=>) local_variable($colour)operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(  )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food)delimiter(})>content( => )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($colour)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($foods) operator(=) predefined(array_keys)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)content(Still in insertion order:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($foods) reserved(as) local_variable($food)operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(  )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food)delimiter(})>content( => )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food_colour)operator([)local_variable($food)operator(])delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.7)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array_slice)operator(()predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\n)content(/)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(`)content(who)delimiter(`)>operator(\))operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($entry)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($user)operator(,) local_variable($tty)operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(preg_split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/)content(\\s)content(/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($entry)operator(\))operator(;)
-  local_variable($ttys)operator([)local_variable($user)operator(])operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($tty)operator(;)
-
-  comment(// Could instead do this:)
-  comment(// $user = array_slice(preg_split('/\\s/', $entry\), 0, 2\);)
-  comment(// $ttys[$user[0]][] = $user[1];)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(ksort)operator(()local_variable($ttys)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($ttys) reserved(as) local_variable($user) operator(=>) local_variable($all_ttys)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($user)delimiter(})>content(: )delimiter(")> operator(.) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($all_ttys)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($ttys) reserved(as) local_variable($user) operator(=>) local_variable($all_ttys)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($user)delimiter(})>content(: )delimiter(")> operator(.) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($all_ttys)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($all_ttys) reserved(as) local_variable($tty)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($stat) operator(=) predefined(stat)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/dev/$tty)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($pwent) operator(=) predefined(posix_getpwuid)operator(()local_variable($stat)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(uid)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($user) operator(=) predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($pwent)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(name)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\)) operator(?) local_variable($pwent)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(name)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(:) string<delimiter(')content(Not available)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($tty)delimiter(})>content( owned by: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($user)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.8)
-comment(// PHP offers the 'array_flip' function to perform the task of exchanging the keys / values)
-comment(// of a hash i.e. invert or 'flip' a hash)
-
-local_variable($reverse) operator(=) predefined(array_flip)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($surname) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Babe)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Ruth)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Mickey)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Mantle)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;) 
-local_variable($first_name) operator(=) predefined(array_flip)operator(()local_variable($surname)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($first_name)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(Mantle)delimiter(')>operator(])delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-predefined($argc) operator(==) integer(2) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(usage: )inline<delimiter({)predefined($argv)operator([)integer(0)operator(])delimiter(})>content( food|colour)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($given) operator(=) predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(;)
-
-local_variable($colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($food) operator(=) predefined(array_flip)operator(()local_variable($colour)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($colour)operator([)local_variable($given)operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($given)delimiter(})>content( is a food with colour: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($colour)operator([)local_variable($given)operator(])delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($food)operator([)local_variable($given)operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food)operator([)local_variable($given)operator(])delimiter(})>content( is a food with colour: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($given)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($food_colour) reserved(as) local_variable($food) operator(=>) local_variable($colour)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($foods_with_colour)operator([)local_variable($colour)operator(])operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($food)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($colour) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(foods with colour )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($colour)delimiter(})>content( were: )delimiter(")> operator(.) predefined(join)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($foods_with_colour)operator([)local_variable($colour)operator(])operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.9)
-comment(// PHP implements a swag of sorting functions, most designed to work with numerically-indexed)
-comment(// arrays. For sorting hashes, the 'key' sorting functions are required:)
-comment(// * 'ksort', 'krsort', 'uksort')
-
-comment(// Ascending order)
-predefined(ksort)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Descending order [i.e. reverse sort])
-predefined(krsort)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Comparator-based sort)
-
-reserved(function) function(comparator)operator(()local_variable($left)operator(,) local_variable($right)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Compare left key with right key)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($left) operator(>) local_variable($right)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(uksort)operator(()local_variable($hash)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(comparator)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-predefined(ksort)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($food_colour) reserved(as) local_variable($food) operator(=>) local_variable($colour)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food)delimiter(})>content( is )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($colour)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-predefined(uksort)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(,) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($left, $right)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return $left > $right;)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($food_colour) reserved(as) local_variable($food) operator(=>) local_variable($colour)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($food)delimiter(})>content( is )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($colour)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.10)
-comment(// PHP offers the 'array_merge' function for this task [a related function, 'array_combine',)
-comment(// may be used to create a hash from an array of keys, and one of values, respectively])
-
-comment(// Merge two, or more, arrays)
-local_variable($merged) operator(=) predefined(array_merge)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($b)operator(,) local_variable($c)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Create a hash from array of keys, and of values, respectively)
-local_variable($hash) operator(=) predefined(array_combine)operator(()local_variable($keys)operator(,) local_variable($values)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Can always merge arrays manually )
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($h1)operator(,) local_variable($h2)operator(,) local_variable($h3)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($hash)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($hash) reserved(as) local_variable($key) operator(=>) local_variable($value)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    comment(// If same-key values differ, only latest retained)
-    local_variable($merged)operator([)local_variable($key)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($value)operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Do this to append values for that key)
-    comment(// $merged[$key][] = $value;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($drink_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Galliano)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Mai Tai)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(blue)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($ingested_colour) operator(=) predefined(array_merge)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(,) local_variable($drink_colour)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($substance_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(,) local_variable($drink_colour)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($hash)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($hash) reserved(as) local_variable($substance) operator(=>) local_variable($colour)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    reserved(if) operator(()predefined(array_key_exists)operator(()local_variable($substance)operator(,) local_variable($substance_colour)operator(\))operator(\))
-    operator({)
-      predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Warning )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($substance_colour)operator([)local_variable($substance)operator(])delimiter(})>content( seen twice. Using first definition.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-      reserved(continue)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    local_variable($substance_colour)operator([)local_variable($substance)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($colour)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.11)
-comment(// PHP offers a number of array-based 'set operation' functions:)
-comment(// * union:        array_merge)
-comment(// * intersection: array_intersect and family)
-comment(// * difference:   array_diff and family)
-comment(// which may be used for this type of task)
-
-comment(// Keys occurring in both hashes)
-local_variable($common) operator(=) predefined(array_intersect_key)operator(()local_variable($h1)operator(,) local_variable($h2)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Keys occurring in the first hash [left side], but not in the second hash)
-local_variable($this_not_that) operator(=) predefined(array_diff_key)operator(()local_variable($h1)operator(,) local_variable($h2)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($food_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($citrus_colour) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Orange)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Lime)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(green)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($non_citrus) operator(=) predefined(array_diff_key)operator(()local_variable($food_colour)operator(,) local_variable($citrus_colour)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.12)
-comment(// PHP implements a special type known as a 'resource' that encompasses things like file handles,)
-comment(// sockets, database connections, and many others. The 'resource' type is, essentially, a)
-comment(// reference variable that is not readily serialisable. That is to say:)
-comment(// * A 'resource' may be converted to a string representation via the 'var_export' function)
-comment(// * That same string cannot be converted back into a 'resource')
-comment(// So, in terms of array handling, 'resource' types may be stored as array reference values,)
-comment(// but cannot be used as keys. )
-comment(//)
-comment(// I suspect it is this type of problem that the Perl::Tie package helps resolve. However, since)
-comment(// PHP doesn't, AFAIK, sport a similar facility, the examples in this section cannot be)
-comment(// implemented using file handles as keys)
-
-local_variable($filenames) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/etc/termcap)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/vmlinux)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/bin/cat)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($filenames) reserved(as) local_variable($filename)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)operator(()local_variable($fh) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) reserved(continue)operator(;)
-
-  comment(// Cannot do this as required by the Perl code:)
-  comment(// $name[$fh] = $filename;)
-
-  comment(// Ok)
-  local_variable($name)operator([)local_variable($filename)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($fh)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Would traverse array via:)
-comment(//)
-comment(// foreach(array_keys($name\) as $fh\))
-comment(// ...)
-comment(// or)
-comment(//)
-comment(// foreach($name as $fh => $filename\))
-comment(// ...)
-comment(// but since '$fh' cannot be a key, either of these will work:)
-comment(//)
-comment(// foreach($name as $filename => $fh\))
-comment(// or)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(array_values)operator(()local_variable($name)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($fh)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($fh)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.13)
-comment(// PHP hashes are dynamic expanding and contracting as entries are added, and removed,)
-comment(// respectively. Thus, there is no need to presize a hash, nor is there, AFAIK, any)
-comment(// means of doing so except by the number of datums used when defining the hash)
-
-comment(// zero elements)
-local_variable($hash) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)            
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// three elements)
-local_variable($hash) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Apple)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Lemon)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Carrot)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.14)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($array) reserved(as) local_variable($element)operator(\)) local_variable($count)operator([)local_variable($element)operator(]) operator(+=) integer(1)operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.15)
-local_variable($father) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Cain)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Adam)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Abel)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Adam)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Seth)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Adam)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Enoch)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Cain)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                string<delimiter(')content(Irad)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Enoch)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Mehujael)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Irad)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Methusael)delimiter(')>operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Mehujael)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                string<delimiter(')content(Lamech)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Methusael)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Jabal)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Lamech)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Jubal)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Lamech)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                string<delimiter(')content(Tubalcain)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Lamech)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Enos)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Seth)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($name) operator(=) predefined(trim)operator(()predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(while) operator(()pre_constant(TRUE)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")local_variable($name)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Can use either:)
-    reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($father)operator([)local_variable($name)operator(])operator(\))operator(\)) reserved(break)operator(;)
-    local_variable($name) operator(=) local_variable($father)operator([)local_variable($name)operator(])operator(;)
-
-    comment(// or:)
-    comment(// if (!key_exists($name, $father\)\) break;)
-    comment(// $name = $father[$name];)
-
-    comment(// or combine the two lines:)
-    comment(// if (!($name = $father[$name]\)\) break;)
-  operator(})
-
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  local_variable($name) operator(=) predefined(trim)operator(()predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-predefined(define)operator(()constant(SEP)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($father) reserved(as) local_variable($child) operator(=>) local_variable($parent)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)local_variable($children)operator([)local_variable($parent)operator(])operator(\))
-    local_variable($children)operator([)local_variable($parent)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($child)operator(;)
-  reserved(else)
-    local_variable($children)operator([)local_variable($parent)operator(]) operator(.=) constant(SEP) operator(.) local_variable($child)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($name) operator(=) predefined(trim)operator(()predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) local_variable($name) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content( begat )delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)local_variable($children)operator([)local_variable($name)operator(])operator(\))
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Nothing)char(\\n)delimiter(")>
-  reserved(else)
-    predefined(echo) predefined(str_replace)operator(()constant(SEP)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(, )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($children)operator([)local_variable($name)operator(])operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-  local_variable($name) operator(=) predefined(trim)operator(()predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-predefined(define)operator(()constant(SEP)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($files) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/a)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/b)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/c)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($files) reserved(as) local_variable($file)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(is_file)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Skipping )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($file)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;) reserved(continue)operator(;) operator(})
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)operator(()local_variable($fh) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) operator({) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Skipping )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($file)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;) reserved(continue)operator(;) operator(})
-
-  local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($fh)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($fh)operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    reserved(if) operator(()predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/^)content(\\s)content(*#)content(\\s)content(*include)content(\\s)content(*<([^>]+\)>/)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($line)operator(,) local_variable($matches)operator(\))operator(\))
-    operator({)
-      reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($includes)operator([)local_variable($matches)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-        local_variable($includes)operator([)local_variable($matches)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(]) operator(.=) constant(SEP) operator(.) local_variable($file)operator(;)
-      reserved(else)
-        local_variable($includes)operator([)local_variable($matches)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($file)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($fh)operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-
-  predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($fh)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($includes)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_5.16)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.0)
-local_variable($entry) operator(=) predefined(stat)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/bin/vi)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($entry) operator(=) predefined(stat)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/usr/bin)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($entry) operator(=) predefined(stat)operator(()predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($entry) operator(=) predefined(stat)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/bin/vi)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($ctime) operator(=) local_variable($entry)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(ctime)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($size) operator(=) local_variable($entry)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(size)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// For the simple task of determining whether a file contains, text', a simple)
-comment(// function that searches for a newline could be implemented. Not exactly)
-comment(// foolproof, but very simple, low overhead, no installation headaches ...)
-reserved(function) function(containsText)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($status) operator(=) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(()local_variable($fp) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    reserved(while) operator(()pre_constant(FALSE) operator(!==) operator(()local_variable($char) operator(=) predefined(fgetc)operator(()local_variable($fp)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))
-    operator({)
-      reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($char) operator(==) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($status) operator(=) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(;) reserved(break)operator(;) operator(})
-    operator(})
-
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($fp)operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-
-  reserved(return) local_variable($status)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// PHP offers the [currently experimental] Fileinfo group of functions to)
-comment(// determine file types based on their contents / 'magic numbers'. This)
-comment(// is functionality similar to the *NIX, 'file' utility. Note that it must)
-comment(// first be installed using the PEAR utility [see PHP documentation] )
-reserved(function) function(isTextFile)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Note: untested code, but I believe this is how it is supposed to work)
-  local_variable($finfo) operator(=) ident(finfo_open)operator(()constant(FILEINFO_NONE)operator(\))operator(;)
-  local_variable($status) operator(=) operator(()ident(finfo_file)operator(()local_variable($finfo)operator(,) local_variable($file)operator(\)) operator(==) string<delimiter(')content(ASCII text)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-  ident(finfo_close)operator(()local_variable($finfo)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($status)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Alternatively, use the *NIX utility, 'file', directly)
-reserved(function) function(isTextFile)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(return) predefined(exec)operator(()predefined(trim)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(file -bN )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(escapeshellarg)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) operator(==) string<delimiter(')content(ASCII text)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-ident(containsText)operator(()predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(File )inline<delimiter({)predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])delimiter(})>content( doesn't have any text in it)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-ident(isTextFile)operator(()predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(File )inline<delimiter({)predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])delimiter(})>content( doesn't have any text in it)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($dirname) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/usr/bin/)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-operator(()local_variable($dirhdl) operator(=) predefined(opendir)operator(()local_variable($dirname)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Couldn't open )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($dirname)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(()local_variable($file) operator(=) predefined(readdir)operator(()local_variable($dirhdl)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(!==) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Inside %s is something called: %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($dirname)operator(,) local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(closedir)operator(()local_variable($dirhdl)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.1)
-local_variable($filename) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(example.txt)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Get the file's current access and modification time, respectively)
-local_variable($fs) operator(=) predefined(stat)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($readtime) operator(=) local_variable($fs)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(atime)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($writetime) operator(=) local_variable($fs)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(mtime)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-comment(// Alter $writetime, and $readtime ...)
-
-comment(// Update file timestamp)
-predefined(touch)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(,) local_variable($writetime)operator(,) local_variable($readtime)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($filename) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(example.txt)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Get the file's current access and modification time, respectively)
-local_variable($fs) operator(=) predefined(stat)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($atime) operator(=) local_variable($fs)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(atime)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($mtime) operator(=) local_variable($fs)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(mtime)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-comment(// Dedicated functions also exist to retrieve this information:)
-comment(//)
-comment(// $atime = $fileatime($filename\);)
-comment(// $mtime = $filemtime($filename\);)
-comment(//)
-
-comment(// Perform date arithmetic. Traditional approach where arithmetic is performed)
-comment(// directly with Epoch Seconds [i.e. the *NIX time stamp value] will work ...)
-
-predefined(define)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(SECONDS_PER_DAY)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(60) operator(*) integer(60) operator(*) integer(24)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Set file's access and modification times to 1 week ago)
-local_variable($atime) operator(-=) integer(7) operator(*) constant(SECONDS_PER_DAY)operator(;)
-local_variable($mtime) operator(-=) integer(7) operator(*) constant(SECONDS_PER_DAY)operator(;)
-
-comment(// ... but care must be taken to account for daylight saving. Therefore, the)
-comment(// recommended approach is to use library functions to perform such tasks:)
-
-local_variable($atime) operator(=) predefined(strtotime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(-7 days)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($atime)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($mtime) operator(=) predefined(strtotime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(-7 days)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($mtime)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Update file timestamp)
-predefined(touch)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(,) local_variable($mtime)operator(,) local_variable($atime)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Good idea to clear the cache after such updates have occurred so fresh)
-comment(// values will be retrieved on next access)
-predefined(clearstatcache)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-predefined($argc) operator(==) integer(2) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(usage: )inline<delimiter({)predefined($argv)operator([)integer(0)operator(])delimiter(})>content( filename)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($filename) operator(=) predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($fs) operator(=) predefined(stat)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($atime) operator(=) local_variable($fs)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(atime)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($mtime) operator(=) local_variable($fs)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(mtime)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-comment(// Careful here: since interactive, use, 'system', not 'exec', to launch [latter)
-comment(// does not work under *NIX - at least, not for me :\)])
-predefined(system)operator(()predefined(trim)operator(()predefined(getenv)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(EDITOR)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content( vi )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(escapeshellarg)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(\))operator(,) local_variable($retcode)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(touch)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(,) local_variable($mtime)operator(,) local_variable($atime)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Error updating timestamp on file, )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($filename)delimiter(})>content(!)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.2)
-comment(// The 'unlink' function is used to delete regular files, whilst the 'rmdir' function)
-comment(// does the same on non-empty directories. AFAIK, no recursive-deletion facility)
-comment(// exists, and must be manually programmed)
-
-local_variable($filename) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(...)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-exception(@)predefined(unlink)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Can't delete, )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($filename)delimiter(})>content(!)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($files) operator(=) predefined(glob)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(...)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($problem) operator(=) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(;)
-
-comment(// Could simply use a foreach loop)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($files) reserved(as) local_variable($filename)operator(\)) operator({) exception(@)predefined(unlink)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\)) operator(||) local_variable($problem) operator(=) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(//)
-comment(// Alternatively, an applicative approach could be used, one closer in spirit to)
-comment(// largely-functional languages like Scheme)
-comment(//)
-comment(// function is_all_deleted($deleted, $filename\) { return @unlink($filename\) && $deleted; })
-comment(// $problem = !array_reduce($files, 'is_all_deleted', TRUE\);)
-comment(//)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($problem)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(fwrite)operator(()constant(STDERR)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Could not delete all of:)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($files) reserved(as) local_variable($filename)operator(\)) operator({) predefined(fwrite)operator(()constant(STDERR)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(;) operator(})
-  predefined(fwrite)operator(()constant(STDERR)operator(,) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;) predefined(exit)operator(()integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) 
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(rmAll)operator(()local_variable($files)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($count) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($files) reserved(as) local_variable($filename)operator(\)) operator({) exception(@)predefined(unlink)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\)) operator(&&) local_variable($count)operator(++)operator(;) operator(})operator(;)
-
-  reserved(return) local_variable($count)operator(;)
-
-comment(// An applicative alternative using 'create_function', PHP's rough equivalent of 'lambda' ...)
-comment(//)
-comment(//  return array_reduce($files,)
-comment(//    create_function('$count, $filename', 'return @unlink($filename\) && $count++;'\), 0\);)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-local_variable($files) operator(=) predefined(glob)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(...)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($toBeDeleted) operator(=) predefined(sizeof)operator(()local_variable($files)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($count) operator(=) ident(rmAll)operator(()local_variable($files)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-operator(()local_variable($count) operator(==) local_variable($toBeDeleted)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Could only delete )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($count)delimiter(})>content( of )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($toBeDeleted)delimiter(})>content( files)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.3)
-local_variable($oldfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(;) local_variable($newfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/new)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(copy)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(,) local_variable($newfile)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Error copying file)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// All the following copy a file by copying its contents. Examples do so in a single)
-comment(// operation, but it is also possible to copy arbitrary blocks, or, line-by-line in )
-comment(// the case of 'text' files)
-local_variable($oldfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(;) local_variable($newfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/new)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_file)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(\))operator(\))
-  predefined(file_put_contents)operator(()local_variable($newfile)operator(,) predefined(file_get_contents)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(else)
-  predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Problem copying file )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($oldfile)delimiter(})>content( to file )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($newfile)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($oldfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(;) local_variable($newfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/new)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(fwrite)operator(()operator(()local_variable($nh) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()local_variable($newfile)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(wb)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(,) predefined(fread)operator(()operator(()local_variable($oh) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(rb)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(,) predefined(filesize)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($oh)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($nh)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// As above, but with some error checking / handling)
-local_variable($oldfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(;) local_variable($newfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/new)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-operator(()local_variable($oh) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(rb)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Problem opening input file )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($oldfile)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(()local_variable($nh) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()local_variable($newfile)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(wb)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Problem opening output file )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($newfile)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()operator(()local_variable($filesize) operator(=) predefined(filesize)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(>) integer(0)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($nh)operator(,) predefined(fread)operator(()local_variable($oh)operator(,) local_variable($filesize)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Problem reading / writing file data)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($oh)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($nh)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Should there be platform-specfic problems copying 'very large' files, it is)
-comment(// a simple matter to call a system command utility via, 'exec')
-
-comment(// *NIX-specific example. Could check whether, 'exec', succeeded, but checking whether)
-comment(// a file exists after the operation might be a better approach)
-local_variable($oldfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(;) local_variable($newfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/new)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(is_file)operator(()local_variable($newfile)operator(\)) operator(&&) predefined(unlink)operator(()local_variable($newfile)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(exec)operator(()predefined(trim)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cp --force )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(escapeshellarg)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(escapeshellarg)operator(()local_variable($newfile)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(is_file)operator(()local_variable($newfile)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Problem copying file )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($oldfile)delimiter(})>content( to file )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($newfile)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// For other operating systems just change:)
-comment(// * filenames)
-comment(// * command being 'exec'ed)
-comment(// as the rest of the code is platform independant)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.4)
-reserved(function) function(makeDevInodePair)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)operator(()local_variable($fs) operator(=) exception(@)predefined(stat)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) reserved(return) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(;)
-  reserved(return) predefined(strval)operator(()local_variable($fs)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(dev)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(.) local_variable($fs)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(ino)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(do_my_thing)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Using a global variable to mimic Perl example, but could easily have passed)
-  comment(// '$seen' as an argument)
-  reserved(global) local_variable($seen)operator(;)
-
-  local_variable($devino) operator(=) ident(makeDevInodePair)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  comment(// Process $filename if it has not previously been seen, else just increment)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($devino)operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    comment(// ... process $filename ...)
-
-    comment(// Set initial count)
-    local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($devino)operator(]) operator(=) integer(1)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-  reserved(else)
-  operator({)
-    comment(// Otherwise, just increment the count)
-    local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($devino)operator(]) operator(+=) integer(1)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-comment(// Simple example)
-local_variable($seen) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-ident(do_my_thing)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(do_my_thing)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(do_my_thing)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(do_my_thing)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/new)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($seen) reserved(as) local_variable($devino) operator(=>) local_variable($count)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($devino)delimiter(})>content( -> )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($count)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// A variation on the above avoiding use of global variables, and illustrating use of)
-comment(// easily-implemented 'higher order' techniques)
-
-comment(// Helper function loosely modelled on, 'array_reduce', but using an array as)
-comment(// 'accumulator', which is returned on completion)
-reserved(function) function(array_update)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($lambda)operator(,) local_variable($updarr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($arr) reserved(as) local_variable($key)operator(\)) local_variable($lambda)operator(()local_variable($updarr)operator(,) local_variable($key)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($updarr)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(do_my_thing)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($seen)operator(,) local_variable($filename)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(array_key_exists)operator(()operator(()local_variable($devino) operator(=) ident(makeDevInodePair)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(\))operator(,) local_variable($seen)operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    comment(// ... processing $filename ...)
-
-    comment(// Update $seen)
-    local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($devino)operator(]) operator(=) integer(1)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-  reserved(else)
-  operator({)
-    comment(// Update $seen)
-    local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($devino)operator(]) operator(+=) integer(1)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-comment(// Simple example)
-local_variable($files) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/new)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Could do this ...)
-local_variable($seen) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(array_update)operator(()local_variable($files)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(do_my_thing)delimiter(')>operator(,) operator(&)local_variable($seen)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// or this:)
-local_variable($seen) operator(=) ident(array_update)operator(()local_variable($files)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(do_my_thing)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// or a 'lambda' could be used:)
-ident(array_update)operator(()local_variable($files)operator(,)
-             predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($seen, $filename)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(... code not shown ...)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-             operator(&)local_variable($seen)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($seen) reserved(as) local_variable($devino) operator(=>) local_variable($count)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($devino)delimiter(})>content( -> )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($count)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($files) operator(=) predefined(glob)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/*)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(define)operator(()constant(SEP)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(;)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($seen) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($files) reserved(as) local_variable($filename)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(array_key_exists)operator(()operator(()local_variable($devino) operator(=) ident(makeDevInodePair)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(\))operator(,) local_variable($seen)operator(\))operator(\))
-    local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($devino)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($filename)operator(;)
-  reserved(else)
-    local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($devino)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($devino)operator(]) operator(.) constant(SEP) operator(.) local_variable($filename)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($devino) operator(=) predefined(array_keys)operator(()local_variable($seen)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(sort)operator(()local_variable($devino)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($devino) reserved(as) local_variable($key)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) local_variable($key) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(:)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(split)operator(()constant(SEP)operator(,) local_variable($seen)operator([)local_variable($key)operator(])operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($filename)operator(\)) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($filename)operator(;)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.5)
-comment(// Conventional POSIX-like approach to directory traversal)
-local_variable($dirname) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/usr/bin/)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-operator(()local_variable($dirhdl) operator(=) predefined(opendir)operator(()local_variable($dirname)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Couldn't open )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($dirname)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(()local_variable($file) operator(=) predefined(readdir)operator(()local_variable($dirhdl)operator(\))operator(\)) operator(!==) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ... do something with $dirname/$file)
-    comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-predefined(closedir)operator(()local_variable($dirhdl)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Newer [post PHP 4], 'applicative' approach - an array of filenames is)
-comment(// generated that may be processed via external loop ...)
-
-local_variable($dirname) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/usr/bin/)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(scandir)operator(()local_variable($dirname)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($file)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ... do something with $dirname/$file)
-    comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// .. or, via callback application, perhaps after massaging by one of the)
-comment(// 'array' family of functions [also uses, 'array_update', from earlier section])
-
-local_variable($newlist) operator(=) ident(array_update)operator(()predefined(array_reverse)operator(()predefined(scandir)operator(()local_variable($dirname)operator(\))operator(\))operator(,)
-                        predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($filelist, $file)delimiter(')>operator(,)  string<delimiter(')content( ; )delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-                        predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// And don't forget that the old standby, 'glob', that returns an array of)
-comment(// paths filtered using the Bourne Shell-based wildcards, '?' and '*', is)
-comment(// also available)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(glob)operator(()local_variable($dirname) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(*)delimiter(')>operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($path)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ... do something with $path)
-    comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Uses, 'isTextFile', from an earlier section)
-local_variable($dirname) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/usr/bin/)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Text files in )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($dirname)delimiter(})>content(:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(scandir)operator(()local_variable($dirname)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($file)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Take care when constructing paths to ensure cross-platform operability )
-  local_variable($path) operator(=) local_variable($dirname) operator(.) local_variable($file)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_file)operator(()local_variable($path)operator(\)) operator(&&) ident(isTextFile)operator(()local_variable($path)operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(echo) local_variable($path) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(plain_files)operator(()local_variable($dirname)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(()local_variable($dirlist) operator(=) predefined(glob)operator(()local_variable($dirname) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(*)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Couldn't glob )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($dirname)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  comment(// Pass function name directly if only a single function performs filter test)
-  reserved(return) predefined(array_filter)operator(()local_variable($dirlist)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(is_file)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  comment(// Use, 'create_function', if a multi-function test is needed)
-  comment(//)
-  comment(// return array_filter($dirlist, create_function('$path', 'return is_file($path\);'\)\);)
-  comment(//)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()ident(plain_files)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/)delimiter(')>operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($path)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(echo) local_variable($path) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.6)
-local_variable($dirname) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Full paths)
-local_variable($pathlist) operator(=) predefined(glob)operator(()local_variable($dirname) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(*.c)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// File names only - glob-based matching)
-local_variable($filelist) operator(=) predefined(array_filter)operator(()predefined(scandir)operator(()local_variable($dirname)operator(\))operator(,)
-                         predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($file)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return fnmatch("*.c", $file\);)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($dirname) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// File names only - regex-based matching [case-insensitive])
-local_variable($filelist) operator(=) predefined(array_filter)operator(()predefined(scandir)operator(()local_variable($dirname)operator(\))operator(,)
-                         predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($file)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return eregi(")content(\\.)content([ch]$", $file\);)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($dirname) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Directory names - all-digit names)
-local_variable($dirs) operator(=) predefined(array_filter)operator(()predefined(glob)operator(()local_variable($dirname) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(*)delimiter(')>operator(,) constant(GLOB_ONLYDIR)operator(\))operator(,)
-                     predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($path)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return ereg("^[0-9]+$", basename($path\)\);)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.7)
-comment(// Recursive directory traversal function and helper: traverses a directory tree)
-comment(// applying a function [and a variable number of accompanying arguments] to each)
-comment(// file)
-
-reserved(class) class(Accumulator)
-operator({)
-  reserved(public) local_variable($value)operator(;)
-  reserved(public) reserved(function) function(__construct)operator(()local_variable($start_value)operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(value) operator(=) local_variable($start_value)operator(;) operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(process_directory_)operator(()local_variable($op)operator(,) local_variable($func_args)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_dir)operator(()local_variable($func_args)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($current) operator(=) local_variable($func_args)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(;)
-    reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined(scandir)operator(()local_variable($current)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($entry)operator(\))
-    operator({)
-      reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($entry) operator(==) string<delimiter(')content(.)delimiter(')> operator(||) local_variable($entry) operator(==) string<delimiter(')content(..)delimiter(')>operator(\)) reserved(continue)operator(;)
-      local_variable($func_args)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($current) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(/)delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($entry)operator(;)
-      ident(process_directory_)operator(()local_variable($op)operator(,) local_variable($func_args)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-  operator(})
-  reserved(else)
-  operator({)
-    predefined(call_user_func_array)operator(()local_variable($op)operator(,) local_variable($func_args)operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(process_directory)operator(()local_variable($op)operator(,) local_variable($dir)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(is_dir)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(\)) reserved(return) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(;)
-  local_variable($func_args) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()predefined(func_get_args)operator(()operator(\))operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-  ident(process_directory_)operator(()local_variable($op)operator(,) local_variable($func_args)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(return) pre_constant(TRUE)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($dirlist) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/d1)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/d2)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/d3)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Do something with each directory in the list)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($dirlist) reserved(as) local_variable($dir)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;)
-  comment(// Delete directory [if empty]     -> rmdir($dir\); )
-  comment(// Make it the 'current directory' -> chdir($dir\);)
-  comment(// Get list of files it contains   -> $filelist = scandir($dir\);)
-  comment(// Get directory metadata          -> $ds = stat($dir\);)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($dirlist) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/d1)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/d2)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/d3)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(function) function(pf)operator(()local_variable($path)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// ... do something to the file or directory ...)
-  predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($path)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// For each directory in the list ...)
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($dirlist) reserved(as) local_variable($dir)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Is this a valid directory ?)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(is_dir)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({) predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%s does not exist)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(;) reserved(continue)operator(;) operator(})
-
-  comment(// Ok, so get all the directory's entries)
-  local_variable($filelist) operator(=) predefined(scandir)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  comment(// An 'empty' directory will contain at least two entries: '..' and '.')
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($filelist)operator(\)) operator(==) integer(2)operator(\)) operator({) predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%s is empty)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(;) reserved(continue)operator(;) operator(})
-
-  comment(// For each file / directory in the directory ...)
-  reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($filelist) reserved(as) local_variable($file)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    comment(// Ignore '..' and '.' entries)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($file) operator(==) string<delimiter(')content(.)delimiter(')> operator(||) local_variable($file) operator(==) string<delimiter(')content(..)delimiter(')>operator(\)) reserved(continue)operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Apply function to process the file / directory)
-    ident(pf)operator(()local_variable($dir) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(/)delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(accum_filesize)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(,) local_variable($accum)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(is_file)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\)) operator(&&) operator(()local_variable($accum)operator(->)ident(value) operator(+=) predefined(filesize)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Verify arguments ...)
-predefined($argc) operator(==) integer(2) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(usage: )inline<delimiter({)predefined($argv)operator([)integer(0)operator(])delimiter(})>content( dir)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($dir) operator(=) predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(;)
-
-predefined(is_dir)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($dir)delimiter(})>content( does not exist / not a directory)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Collect data [use an object to accumulate results])
-local_variable($dirsize) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(Accumulator)operator(()integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(process_directory)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(accum_filesize)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($dir)operator(,) local_variable($dirsize)operator(\))operator(;) 
-
-comment(// Report results)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(%s contains %d bytes)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($dir)operator(,) local_variable($dirsize)operator(->)ident(value)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(biggest_file)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(,) local_variable($accum)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_file)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($fs) operator(=) predefined(filesize)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($accum)operator(->)ident(value)operator([)integer(1)operator(]) operator(<) local_variable($fs)operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($accum)operator(->)ident(value)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($file)operator(;) local_variable($accum)operator(->)ident(value)operator([)integer(1)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($fs)operator(;) operator(})
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Verify arguments ...)
-predefined($argc) operator(==) integer(2) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(usage: )inline<delimiter({)predefined($argv)operator([)integer(0)operator(])delimiter(})>content( dir)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($dir) operator(=) predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(;)
-
-predefined(is_dir)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($dir)delimiter(})>content( does not exist / not a directory)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Collect data [use an object to accumulate results])
-local_variable($biggest) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(Accumulator)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(process_directory)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(biggest_file)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($dir)operator(,) local_variable($biggest)operator(\))operator(;) 
-
-comment(// Report results)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Biggest file is %s containing %d bytes)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($biggest)operator(->)ident(value)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($biggest)operator(->)ident(value)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(youngest_file)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(,) local_variable($accum)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_file)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($fct) operator(=) predefined(filectime)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($accum)operator(->)ident(value)operator([)integer(1)operator(]) operator(>) local_variable($fct)operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($accum)operator(->)ident(value)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($file)operator(;) local_variable($accum)operator(->)ident(value)operator([)integer(1)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($fct)operator(;) operator(})
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Verify arguments ...)
-predefined($argc) operator(==) integer(2) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(usage: )inline<delimiter({)predefined($argv)operator([)integer(0)operator(])delimiter(})>content( dir)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($dir) operator(=) predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(;)
-
-predefined(is_dir)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($dir)delimiter(})>content( does not exist / not a directory)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Collect data [use an object to accumulate results])
-local_variable($youngest) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(Accumulator)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(2147483647)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(process_directory)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(youngest_file)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($dir)operator(,) local_variable($youngest)operator(\))operator(;) 
-
-comment(// Report results)
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Youngest file is %s dating %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($youngest)operator(->)ident(value)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(,) predefined(date)operator(()constant(DATE_ATOM)operator(,) local_variable($youngest)operator(->)ident(value)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.8)
-comment(// AFAICT, there is currently no library function that recursively removes a)
-comment(// directory tree [i.e. a directory, it's subdirectories, and any other files])
-comment(// with a single call. Such a function needs to be custom built. PHP tools)
-comment(// with which to do this:)
-comment(// * 'unlink', 'rmdir', 'is_dir', and 'is_file' functions, will all take care)
-comment(//   of the file testing and deletion)
-comment(// * Actual directory traversal requires obtaining directory / subdirectory)
-comment(//   lists, and here there is much choice available, though care must be taken)
-comment(//   as each has it's own quirks)
-comment(//   - 'opendir', 'readdir', 'closedir')
-comment(//   - 'scandir')
-comment(//   - 'glob')
-comment(//   - SPL 'directory iterator' classes [newish / experimental - not shown here])
-comment(//)
-comment(// The PHP documentation for 'rmdir' contains several examples, each illustrating)
-comment(// one of each approach; the example shown here is loosely based on one of these)
-comment(// examples)
-
-comment(// Recursor - recursively traverses directory tree)
-reserved(function) function(rmtree_)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($dir) operator(=) string<delimiter(")local_variable($dir)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($dh) operator(=) predefined(opendir)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    reserved(while) operator(()pre_constant(FALSE) operator(!==) operator(()local_variable($item) operator(=) predefined(readdir)operator(()local_variable($dh)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))
-    operator({)
-      reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($item) operator(!=) string<delimiter(')content(.)delimiter(')> operator(&&) local_variable($item) operator(!=) string<delimiter(')content(..)delimiter(')>operator(\))
-      operator({)
-        local_variable($subdir) operator(=) local_variable($dir) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(/)delimiter(')> operator(.) string<delimiter(")local_variable($item)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-        reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_dir)operator(()local_variable($subdir)operator(\))operator(\)) ident(rmtree_)operator(()local_variable($subdir)operator(\))operator(;)
-        reserved(else) exception(@)predefined(unlink)operator(()local_variable($subdir)operator(\))operator(;)
-      operator(})
-    operator(})
-
-    predefined(closedir)operator(()local_variable($dh)operator(\))operator(;) exception(@)predefined(rmdir)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Launcher - performs validation then starts recursive routine)
-reserved(function) function(rmtree)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_dir)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    operator(()predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\)) operator(==) string<delimiter(')content(/)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(&&) operator(()local_variable($dir) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    ident(rmtree_)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(;) reserved(return) operator(!)predefined(is_dir)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-
-  reserved(return) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-predefined($argc) operator(==) integer(2) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(usage: rmtree dir)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-ident(rmtree)operator(()predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Could not remove directory )inline<delimiter({)predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.9)
-local_variable($filepairs) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(x.txt)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(x2.txt)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(y.txt)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(y.doc)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(zxc.txt)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(cxz.txt)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($filepairs) reserved(as) local_variable($oldfile) operator(=>) local_variable($newfile)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  exception(@)predefined(rename)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(,) local_variable($newfile)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(fwrite)operator(()constant(STDERR)operator(,) predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Could not rename %s to %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($oldfile)operator(,) local_variable($newfile)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Call a system command utility via, 'exec'. *NIX-specific example. Could check whether,)
-comment(// 'exec', succeeded, but checking whether a renamed file exists after the operation might)
-comment(// be a better approach)
-
-local_variable($oldfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/old)delimiter(')>operator(;) local_variable($newfile) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/new)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(is_file)operator(()local_variable($newfile)operator(\)) operator(&&) predefined(unlink)operator(()local_variable($newfile)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(exec)operator(()predefined(trim)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(mv --force )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(escapeshellarg)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')> operator(.) predefined(escapeshellarg)operator(()local_variable($newfile)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(is_file)operator(()local_variable($oldfile)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Problem renaming file )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($oldfile)delimiter(})>content( to file )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($newfile)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// For other operating systems just change:)
-comment(// * filenames)
-comment(// * command being 'exec'ed)
-comment(// as the rest of the code is platform independant)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// A modified implementation of Larry's Filename Fixer. Rather than passing)
-comment(// a single expression, a 'from' regexp is passed; each match in the file)
-comment(// name(s\) is changed to the value of 'to'. It otherwise behaves the same)
-comment(//)
-
-predefined($argc) operator(>) integer(2) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(usage: rename from to [file ...])char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($from) operator(=) predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($to) operator(=) predefined($argv)operator([)integer(2)operator(])operator(;) 
-
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(count)operator(()operator(()predefined($argv) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()predefined($argv)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) operator(<) integer(1)operator(\))
-  reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\)) predefined($argv)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach)operator(()predefined($argv) reserved(as) local_variable($file)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($was) operator(=) local_variable($file)operator(;)
-  local_variable($file) operator(=) ident(ereg_replace)operator(()local_variable($from)operator(,) local_variable($to)operator(,) local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(strcmp)operator(()local_variable($was)operator(,) local_variable($file)operator(\)) operator(!=) integer(0)operator(\))
-    exception(@)predefined(rename)operator(()local_variable($was)operator(,) local_variable($file)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(fwrite)operator(()constant(STDERR)operator(,) predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Could not rename %s to %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($was)operator(,) local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.10)
-local_variable($base) operator(=) predefined(basename)operator(()local_variable($path)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($dir) operator(=) predefined(dirname)operator(()local_variable($path)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// PHP's equivalent to Perl's 'fileparse')
-local_variable($pathinfo) operator(=) predefined(pathinfo)operator(()local_variable($path)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($base) operator(=) local_variable($pathinfo)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(basename)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($dir) operator(=) local_variable($pathinfo)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(dirname)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-local_variable($ext) operator(=) local_variable($pathinfo)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(extension)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($path) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/usr/lib/libc.a)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(dir is %s, file is %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(dirname)operator(()local_variable($path)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(basename)operator(()local_variable($path)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($path) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/usr/lib/libc.a)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($pathinfo) operator(=) predefined(pathinfo)operator(()local_variable($path)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(dir is %s, name is %s, extension is %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($pathinfo)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(dirname)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(,) local_variable($pathinfo)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(basename)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(,) local_variable($pathinfo)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(extension)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Handle Mac example as a simple parse task. However, AFAIK, 'pathinfo' is cross-platform,)
-comment(// so should handle file path format differences transparently)
-local_variable($path) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Hard%20Drive:System%20Folder:README.txt)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($macp) operator(=) predefined(array_combine)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(drive)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(folder)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(filename)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,) predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(\\:)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(str_replace)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%20)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($path)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($macf) operator(=) predefined(array_combine)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(name)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(extension)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,) predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(\\.)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($macp)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(filename)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) 
-
-predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(dir is %s, name is %s, extension is %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) operator(()local_variable($macp)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(drive)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(:)delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($macp)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(folder)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(,) local_variable($macf)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(name)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(,) operator(()string<delimiter(')content(.)delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($macf)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(extension)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Not really necessary since we have, 'pathinfo', but better matches Perl example)
-reserved(function) function(file_extension)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(,) local_variable($separator) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(.)delimiter(')>operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(return) predefined(end)operator(()predefined(split)operator(()operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\\\)delimiter(")> operator(.) local_variable($separator)operator(\))operator(,) local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-predefined(echo) ident(file_extension)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(readme.txt)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.11)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_9.12)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.0)
-comment(// Since defined at outermost scope, $greeted may be considered a global variable)
-local_variable($greeted) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Must use, 'global', keyword to inform functions that $greeted already exists as)
-comment(// a global variable. If this is not done, a local variable of that name is implicitly)
-comment(// defined)
-reserved(function) function(howManyGreetings)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(global) local_variable($greeted)operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($greeted)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(hello)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(global) local_variable($greeted)operator(;)
-  local_variable($greeted)operator(++)operator(;)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(high there!, this procedure has been called )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($greeted)delimiter(})>content( times)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-ident(hello)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($greetings) operator(=) ident(howManyGreetings)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(bye there!, there have been )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($greetings)delimiter(})>content( greetings so far)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.1)
-comment(// Conventionally-defined function together with parameter list)
-reserved(function) function(hypotenuse)operator(()local_variable($side1)operator(,) local_variable($side2)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(return) predefined(sqrt)operator(()predefined(pow)operator(()local_variable($side1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\)) operator(+) predefined(pow)operator(()local_variable($side2)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-comment(// Alternative is to define the function without parameter list, then use)
-comment(// 'func_get_arg' to extract arguments)
-reserved(function) function(hypotenuse)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Could check number of arguments passed with: 'func_num_args', which)
-  comment(// would be the approach used if dealing with variable number of arguments)
-  local_variable($side1) operator(=) predefined(func_get_arg)operator(()integer(0)operator(\))operator(;) local_variable($side2) operator(=) predefined(func_get_arg)operator(()integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  reserved(return) predefined(sqrt)operator(()predefined(pow)operator(()local_variable($side1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\)) operator(+) predefined(pow)operator(()local_variable($side2)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// 1. Conventional function call)
-local_variable($diag) operator(=) ident(hypotenuse)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(4)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// 2. Function call using, 'call_user_func' library routines)
-local_variable($funcname) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(hypotenuse)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// a. Pass function name, and variable number of arguments)
-local_variable($diag) operator(=) ident(call_user_func)operator(()local_variable($funcname)operator(,) integer(3)operator(,) integer(4)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// b. Package arguments as array, pass together with function name)
-local_variable($args) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(4)operator(\))operator(;) 
-local_variable($diag) operator(=) predefined(call_user_func_array)operator(()local_variable($funcname)operator(,) local_variable($args)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($nums) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()float(1.4)operator(,) float(3.5)operator(,) float(6.7)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Pass-by-value)
-reserved(function) function(int_all)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(return) predefined(array_map)operator(()predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($n)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(return (int\) $n;)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,) local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Pass-by-reference)
-reserved(function) function(trunc_em)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($n)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($n) reserved(as) operator(&)local_variable($value)operator(\)) local_variable($value) operator(=) operator(()pre_type(int)operator(\)) local_variable($value)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// $nums untouched; $ints is new array)
-local_variable($ints) operator(=) ident(int_all)operator(()local_variable($nums)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// $nums updated)
-ident(trunc_em)operator(()local_variable($nums)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.2)
-comment(// Strictly-speaking, PHP is neither lexically [no environment capture] nor)
-comment(// dynamically [no variable shadowing] scoped. A script in which several)
-comment(// functions have been defined has two, entirely separate, scopes:)
-comment(//)
-comment(// * A 'top-level' scope i.e. everything outside each function)
-comment(//)
-comment(// * A 'local scope' within each function; each function is a self-contained)
-comment(//   entity and cannot [via conventional means] access variables outside its)
-comment(//   local scope. Accessing a variable that has not been locally defined)
-comment(//   serves to define it i.e. accessing a variable assumed to be global)
-comment(//   sees a local variable of that name defined)
-comment(//)
-comment(// The way 'global' variables are provided is via a predefined array of)
-comment(// variable names, $GLOBALS [it is one of a special set of variables known)
-comment(// as 'superglobals'; such variables *are* accessable in all scopes]. Each)
-comment(// entry in this array is a 'global' variable name, and may be freely)
-comment(// accessed / updated. A more convenient means of accessing such variables)
-comment(// is via the 'global' keyword: one or more variables within a function is)
-comment(// declared 'global', and those names are then taken to refer to entries)
-comment(// in the $GLOBALS array rather than seeing local variables of that name)
-comment(// accessed or defined)
-
-reserved(function) function(some_func)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Variables declared within a function are local to that function)
-  local_variable($variable) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(something)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Top-level declared variables)
-local_variable($name) operator(=) predefined($argv)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(;) local_variable($age) operator(=) predefined($argv)operator([)integer(2)operator(])operator(;)
-
-local_variable($c) operator(=) ident(fetch_time)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($condition) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(run_check)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// The globally-declared variable, '$condition', is not accessable within)
-  comment(// the function unless it declared as 'global. Had this not been done then)
-  comment(// attempts to access, '$condition', would have seen a local variable)
-  comment(// of that name declared and updated. Same applies to other variables)
-  reserved(global) local_variable($condition)operator(,) local_variable($name)operator(,) local_variable($age)operator(,) local_variable($c)operator(;)
-
-  local_variable($condition) operator(=) integer(1)operator(;)
-  comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(check_x)operator(()local_variable($x)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($y) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(whatever)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-  comment(// This function only has access to the parameter, '$x', and the locally)
-  comment(// declared variable, '$y'.)
-
-  comment(// Whilst 'run_check' has access to several global variables, the current)
-  comment(// function does not. For it to access the global variable, '$condition',)
-  comment(// it must be declared 'global')
-  ident(run_check)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  reserved(global) local_variable($condition)operator(;)
-
-  comment(// 'run_check' will have updated, '$condition', and since it has been)
-  comment(// declared 'global' here, it is accessable)
-
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($condition)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    operator(;) comment(// ...)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.3)
-comment(// Local scopes are not created in the same way as in Perl [by simply enclosing)
-comment(// within braces]: only via the creation of functions are local scopes created)
-
-comment(// Doesn't create a local scope; '$myvariable' is created at top-level)
-operator({)
-  local_variable($myvariable) operator(=) integer(7)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// '$myvariable' is accessable here)
-predefined(echo) local_variable($myvariable) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-operator({)
-  local_variable($counter) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-
-  comment(// Local scope created within function, but not within surrounding braces)
-  comment(// so:)
-  comment(// * '$counter' is actually a top-level variable, so globally accessable)
-  comment(// * 'next_counter' has no implict access to '$counter'; must be granted)
-  comment(//   via 'global' keyword)
-
-  reserved(function) function(next_counter)operator(()operator(\)) operator({) reserved(global) local_variable($counter)operator(;) local_variable($counter)operator(++)operator(;) operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// PHP doesn't, AFAIK, offer an equivalent to Perl's BEGIN block. Similar)
-comment(// behaviour may be obtained by defining a class, and including such code)
-comment(// in its constructor)
-
-reserved(class) class(BEGIN)
-operator({)
-  reserved(private) local_variable($myvariable)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(function) function(__construct)operator(()operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(myvariable) operator(=) integer(5)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-
-  reserved(function) function(othersub)operator(()operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    predefined(echo) local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(myvariable) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($b) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(BEGIN)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($b)operator(->)ident(othersub)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// PHP, like C, supports 'static' local variables, that is, those that upon)
-comment(// first access are initialised, and thence retain their value between function)
-comment(// calls. However, the 'counter' example is better implemented as a class)
-
-reserved(class) class(Counter)
-operator({)
-  reserved(private) local_variable($counter)operator(;)
-
-  reserved(function) function(__construct)operator(()local_variable($counter_init)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(counter) operator(=) local_variable($counter_init)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-
-  reserved(function) function(next_counter)operator(()operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(counter)operator(++)operator(;) reserved(return) local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(counter)operator(;) operator(})
-  reserved(function) function(prev_counter)operator(()operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(counter)operator(;) reserved(return) local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(counter)operator(;) operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($counter) operator(=) reserved(new) constant(Counter)operator(()integer(42)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) local_variable($counter)operator(->)ident(next_counter)operator(()operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) local_variable($counter)operator(->)ident(next_counter)operator(()operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) local_variable($counter)operator(->)ident(prev_counter)operator(()operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.4)
-comment(// AFAICT there is no means of obtaining the name of the currently executing)
-comment(// function, or, for that matter, perform any stack / activation record,)
-comment(// inspection. It *is* possible to:)
-comment(//)
-comment(// * Obtain a list of the currently-defined functions ['get_defined_functions'])
-comment(// * Check whether a specific function exists ['function_exists'])
-comment(// * Use the 'Reflection API')
-comment(//)
-comment(// So, to solve this problem would seem to require adopting a convention where)
-comment(// a string representing the function name is passed as an argument, or a local)
-comment(// variable [perhaps called, '$name'] is so set [contrived, and of limited use])
-
-reserved(function) function(whoami)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($name) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(whoami)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(I am: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($name)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-ident(whoami)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.5)
-comment(// In PHP all items exist as 'memory references' [i.e. non-modifiable pointers],)
-comment(// so when passing an item as a function argument, or returning an item from)
-comment(// a function, it is this 'memory reference' that is passed, and *not* the)
-comment(// contents of that item. Should several references to an item exist [e.g. if)
-comment(// passed to a function then at least two such references would exist in)
-comment(// different scopes] they would all be refering to the same copy of the item.)
-comment(// However, if an attempt is made to alter the item is made, a copy is made)
-comment(// and it is the copy that is altered, leaving the original intact.)
-comment(// )
-comment(// The PHP reference mechanism is used to selectively prevent this behaviour,)
-comment(// and ensure that if a change is made to an item that no copy is made, and that)
-comment(// it is the original item that is changed. Importantly, there is no efficiency)
-comment(// gain from passing function parameters using references if the parameter item)
-comment(// is not altered.)
-
-comment(// A copy of the item referred to by, '$arr', is made, and altered; original)
-comment(// remains intact)
-reserved(function) function(array_by_value)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(=) integer(7)operator(;)
-  predefined(echo) local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;) 
-operator(})
-
-comment(// No copy is made; original item referred to by, '$arr', is altered)
-reserved(function) function(array_by_ref)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(=) integer(7)operator(;)
-  predefined(echo) local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;) 
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($arr) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)         comment(// output: 1 )
-ident(array_by_value)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(;)        comment(// output: 7)
-predefined(echo) local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)         comment(// output: 1 )
-
-local_variable($arr) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)         comment(// output: 1 )
-ident(array_by_ref)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(\))operator(;)          comment(// output: 7)
-predefined(echo) local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(0)operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)         comment(// output: 7 )
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Since, 'add_vecpair', does not attempt to alter either, '$x' or '$y', it makes)
-comment(// no difference whether they are 'passed by value', or 'passed by reference')
-reserved(function) function(add_vecpair)operator(()local_variable($x)operator(,) local_variable($y)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($r) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-  local_variable($length) operator(=) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($x)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(for)operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(<) local_variable($length)operator(;) local_variable($i)operator(++)operator(\)) local_variable($r)operator([)local_variable($i)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($x)operator([)local_variable($i)operator(]) operator(+) local_variable($y)operator([)local_variable($i)operator(])operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($r)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ...)
-predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($arr1)operator(\)) operator(==) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($arr2)operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(usage: add_vecpair ARR1 ARR2)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// 'passed by value')
-local_variable($arr3) operator(=) ident(add_vecpair)operator(()local_variable($arr1)operator(,) local_variable($arr2)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// 'passed by reference' [also possible to override default 'passed by value')
-comment(// if required])
-local_variable($arr3) operator(=) ident(add_vecpair)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr1)operator(,) operator(&)local_variable($arr2)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.6)
-comment(// PHP can be described as a dynamically typed language because variables serve)
-comment(// as identifiers, and the same variable may refer to data of various types.)
-comment(// As such, the set of arguments passed to a function may vary in type between)
-comment(// calls, as can the type of return value. Where this is likely to occur type)
-comment(// checking should be performed either / both within the function body, and)
-comment(// when obtaining it's return value. As for Perl-style 'return context', I)
-comment(// don't believe it is supported by PHP)
-
-comment(// Can return any type)
-reserved(function) function(mysub)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// ...)
-  reserved(return) integer(5)operator(;)
-  comment(// ...)
-  reserved(return) predefined(array)operator(()integer(5)operator(\))operator(;)
-  comment(// ...)
-  reserved(return) string<delimiter(')content(5)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Throw away return type [i.e. returns a 'void' type ?])
-ident(mysub)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Check return type. Can do via:)
-comment(// * gettype($var\))
-comment(// * is_xxx e.g. is_array($var\), is_muneric($var\), ...)
-local_variable($ret) operator(=) ident(mysub)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_numeric)operator(()local_variable($ret)operator(\))operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_array)operator(()local_variable($ret)operator(\))operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_string)operator(()local_variable($ret)operator(\))operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.7)
-comment(// PHP doesn't directly support named / keyword parameters, but these can be)
-comment(// easily mimiced using a class of key / value pairs, and passing a variable)
-comment(// number of arguments)
-
-reserved(class) class(KeyedValue)
-operator({)
-  reserved(public) local_variable($key)operator(,) local_variable($value)operator(;)
-  reserved(public) reserved(function) function(__construct)operator(()local_variable($key)operator(,) local_variable($value)operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($this)operator(->)predefined(key) operator(=) local_variable($key)operator(;) local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(value) operator(=) local_variable($value)operator(;) operator(})
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(the_func)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(func_get_args)operator(()operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($arg)operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Key: %10s|Value:%10s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($arg)operator(->)predefined(key)operator(,) local_variable($arg)operator(->)ident(value)operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-ident(the_func)operator(()reserved(new) constant(KeyedValue)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(name)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Bob)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-         reserved(new) constant(KeyedValue)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(age)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(36)operator(\))operator(,)
-         reserved(new) constant(KeyedValue)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(income)delimiter(')>operator(,) integer(51000)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Alternatively, an associative array of key / value pairs may be constructed.)
-comment(// With the aid of the 'extract' built-in function, the key part of this array)
-comment(// may be intsntiated to a variable name, thus more closely approximating the)
-comment(// behaviour of true named parameters)
-
-reserved(function) function(the_func)operator(()local_variable($var_array)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(extract)operator(()local_variable($var_array)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($name)operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Name:   %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($name)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($age)operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Age:    %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($age)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($income)operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Income: %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($income)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-ident(the_func)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(name)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(Bob)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(age)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(36)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(income)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(51000)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(class) class(RaceTime)
-operator({)
-  reserved(public) local_variable($time)operator(,) local_variable($dim)operator(;)
-  reserved(public) reserved(function) function(__construct)operator(()local_variable($time)operator(,) local_variable($dim)operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($this)operator(->)predefined(time) operator(=) local_variable($time)operator(;) local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(dim) operator(=) local_variable($dim)operator(;) operator(})
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(the_func)operator(()local_variable($var_array)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  predefined(extract)operator(()local_variable($var_array)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($start_time)operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(start:  %d - %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($start_time)operator(->)predefined(time)operator(,) local_variable($start_time)operator(->)ident(dim)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($finish_time)operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(finish: %d - %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($finish_time)operator(->)predefined(time)operator(,) local_variable($finish_time)operator(->)ident(dim)operator(\))operator(;)
-  reserved(if) operator(()predefined(isset)operator(()local_variable($incr_time)operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(incr:   %d - %s)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($incr_time)operator(->)predefined(time)operator(,) local_variable($incr_time)operator(->)ident(dim)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-ident(the_func)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(start_time)delimiter(')> operator(=>) reserved(new) constant(RaceTime)operator(()integer(20)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(s)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-               string<delimiter(')content(finish_time)delimiter(')> operator(=>) reserved(new) constant(RaceTime)operator(()integer(5)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(m)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-               string<delimiter(')content(incr_time)delimiter(')> operator(=>) reserved(new) constant(RaceTime)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(m)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-ident(the_func)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(start_time)delimiter(')> operator(=>) reserved(new) constant(RaceTime)operator(()integer(5)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(m)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-               string<delimiter(')content(finish_time)delimiter(')> operator(=>) reserved(new) constant(RaceTime)operator(()integer(30)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(m)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-ident(the_func)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(start_time)delimiter(')> operator(=>) reserved(new) constant(RaceTime)operator(()integer(30)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(m)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.8)
-comment(// The 'list' keyword [looks like a function but is actually a special language)
-comment(// construct] may be used to perform multiple assignments from a numerically)
-comment(// indexed array of values, and offers the added bonus of being able to skip)
-comment(// assignment of one, or more, of those values)
-
-reserved(function) function(func)operator(()operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) predefined(array)operator(()integer(3)operator(,) integer(6)operator(,) integer(9)operator(\))operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($b)operator(,) local_variable($c)operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(6)operator(,) integer(7)operator(,) integer(8)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Provided 'func' returns an numerically-indexed array, the following)
-comment(// multiple assignment will work)
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,) local_variable($b)operator(,) local_variable($c)operator(\)) operator(=) ident(func)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Any existing variables no longer wanted would need to be 'unset')
-predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($b)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// As above, but second element of return array discarded)
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($a)operator(,)operator(,)local_variable($c)operator(\)) operator(=) ident(func)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Care needed to ensure returned array is numerically-indexed)
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($dev)operator(,) local_variable($ino)operator(,)operator(,)operator(,)local_variable($uid)operator(\)) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()predefined(array_values)operator(()predefined(stat)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(\))operator(\))operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) integer(13)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.9)
-comment(// Multiple return values are possible via packing a set of values within a)
-comment(// numerically-indexed array and using 'list' to extract them)
-
-reserved(function) function(some_func)operator(()operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) predefined(array)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(a)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(1)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(b)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(2)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($hash)operator(\)) operator(=) ident(some_func)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(some_func)operator(()operator(&)local_variable($arr)operator(,) operator(&)local_variable($hash)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($hash)operator(\))operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($arrin) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()integer(1)operator(,) integer(2)operator(,) integer(3)operator(\))operator(;) local_variable($hashin) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(a)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(1)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(b)delimiter(')> operator(=>) integer(2)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($arr)operator(,) local_variable($hash)operator(\)) operator(=) ident(some_func)operator(()local_variable($arrin)operator(,) local_variable($hashin)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.10)
-comment(// AFAICT, most of the PHP library functions are designed to return some required )
-comment(// value on success, and FALSE on exit. Whilst it is possible to return NULL, or)
-comment(// one of the recognised 'empty' values [e.g. '' or 0 or an empty array etc],)
-comment(// FALSE actually seems to be the preferred means of indicating failure)
-
-reserved(function) function(a_func)operator(()operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) pre_constant(FALSE)operator(;) operator(})
-
-ident(a_func)operator(()operator(\)) operator(||) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Function failed)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)ident(a_func)operator(()operator(\))operator(\)) predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Function failed)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.11)
-comment(// Whether PHP is seen to support prototyping depends on the accepted)
-comment(// definition of this term:)
-comment(//)
-comment(// * Prototyping along the lines used in Ada, Modula X, and even C / C++,)
-comment(//   in which a function's interface is declared separately from its)
-comment(//   implementation, is *not* supported)
-comment(//)
-comment(// * Prototyping in which, as part of the function definition, parameter)
-comment(//   information must be supplied. In PHP a function definition neither)
-comment(//   parameter, nor return type, information needs to be supplied, though)
-comment(//   it is usual to see a parameter list supplied [indicates the number,)
-comment(//   positional order, and optionally, whether a parameter is passed by)
-comment(//   reference; no type information is present]. In short, prototyping in)
-comment(//   PHP is optional, and limited)
-
-reserved(function) function(func_with_one_arg)operator(()local_variable($arg1)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(func_with_two_arg)operator(()local_variable($arg1)operator(,) local_variable($arg2)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(func_with_three_arg)operator(()local_variable($arg1)operator(,) local_variable($arg2)operator(,) local_variable($arg3)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// The following may be interpreted as meaning a function accepting no)
-comment(// arguments:)
-reserved(function) function(func_with_no_arg)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// whilst the following may mean a function taking zero or more arguments)
-reserved(function) function(func_with_no_arg_information)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.12)
-comment(// Unlike in Perl, PHP's 'die' [actually an alias for 'exit'] doesn't throw)
-comment(// an exception, but instead terminates the script, optionally either)
-comment(// returning an integer value to the operating system, or printing a message.)
-comment(// So, the following, does not exhibit the same behaviour as the Perl example)
-
-predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(some message)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;) 
-
-comment(// Instead, like so many modern languages, PHP implements exception handling)
-comment(// via the 'catch' and 'throw' keywords. Furthermore, a C++ or Java programmer)
-comment(// would find PHP's exception handling facility remarkably similar to those)
-comment(// of their respective languages. A simple, canonical example follows:)
-
-comment(// Usual to derive new exception classes from the built-in, 'Exception',)
-comment(// class)
-reserved(class) class(MyException) reserved(extends) pre_constant(Exception)
-operator({)
-  comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ...)
-
-reserved(try)
-operator({)
-  comment(// ...)
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($some_problem_detected)operator(\)) reserved(throw) reserved(new) constant(MyException)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(some message)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($some_error_code)operator(\))operator(;)
-  comment(// ..)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(catch) operator(()constant(MyException) local_variable($e)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator(;) comment(// ... handle the problem ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(class) class(FullMoonException) reserved(extends) pre_constant(Exception)
-operator({)
-  comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ...)
-
-reserved(try)
-operator({)
-  comment(// ...)
-  reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($some_problem_detected)operator(\)) reserved(throw) reserved(new) constant(FullMoonException)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(...)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($full_moon_error_code)operator(\))operator(;)
-  comment(// ..)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(catch) operator(()constant(FullMoonException) local_variable($e)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// ... rethrow the exception - will propagate to higher level ...)
-  reserved(throw) local_variable($e)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.13)
-comment(// Please refer to discussion about PHP scope in section two of this chapter.)
-comment(// Briefly, PHP assumes a variable name within a function to be local unless)
-comment(// it has been specifically declared with the, 'global', keyword, in which)
-comment(// case it refers to a variable in the 'superglobal' array, '$GLOBALS'. Thus,)
-comment(// inadvertant variable name shadowing cannot occur since it is it not possible )
-comment(// to use the same name to refer to both a local and a global variable. If)
-comment(// accessing a global variable care should be taken to not accidentally update)
-comment(// it. The techniques used in this section are simply not required.)
-
-comment(// *** NOT TRANSLATED ***)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.14)
-comment(// In PHP once a function has been defined it remains defined. In other words,)
-comment(// it cannot be undefined / deleted, nor can that particular function name be)
-comment(// reused to reference another function body. Even the lambda-like functions)
-comment(// created via the 'create_function' built-in, cannot be undefined [they exist)
-comment(// until script termination, thus creating too many of these can actually)
-comment(// exhaust memory !]. However, since the latter can be assigned to variables,)
-comment(// the same variable name can be used to reference difference functions [and)
-comment(// when this is done the reference to the previous function is lost (unless)
-comment(// deliberately saved\), though the function itself continues to exist].)
-comment(//)
-comment(// If, however, all that is needed is a simple function aliasing facility,)
-comment(// then just assign the function name to a variable, and execute using the)
-comment(// variable name)
-
-comment(// Original function)
-reserved(function) function(expand)operator(()operator(\)) operator({) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(expand)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// Prove that function exists)
-predefined(echo) operator(()predefined(function_exists)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(expand)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(?) string<delimiter(')content(yes)delimiter(')> operator(:) string<delimiter(')content(no)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Use a variable to alias it)
-local_variable($grow) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(expand)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Call function via original name, and variable, respectively)
-ident(expand)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($grow)operator(()operator(\))operator(;) 
-
-comment(// Remove alias variable)
-predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($grow)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(fred)operator(()operator(\)) operator({) predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(fred)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;) operator(})
-
-local_variable($barney) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(fred)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-local_variable($barney)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($barney)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-ident(fred)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($fred) operator(=) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(echo "fred)content(\\n)content(";)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($barney) operator(=) local_variable($fred)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($barney)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(unset)operator(()local_variable($barney)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($fred)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(red)operator(()local_variable($text)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) string<delimiter(")content(<FONT COLOR='red'>)local_variable($text)content(</FONT>)delimiter(")>operator(;) operator(})
-
-predefined(echo) ident(red)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(careful here)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-local_variable($colour) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-operator($)local_variable($colour) operator(=) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($text)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(global $colour;
-return "<FONT COLOR=)char(\\')content($colour)char(\\')content(>$text</FONT>";)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) operator($)local_variable($colour)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(careful here)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-predefined(unset)operator(()operator($)local_variable($colour)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ----)
-
-local_variable($colours) operator(=) predefined(split)operator(()string<delimiter(')content( )delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(red blue green yellow orange purple violet)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($colours) reserved(as) local_variable($colour)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator($)local_variable($colour) operator(=) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($text)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(global $colour;
-  return "<FONT COLOR=)char(\\')content($colour)char(\\')content(>$text</FONT>";)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($colours) reserved(as) local_variable($colour)operator(\)) operator({) predefined(echo) operator($)local_variable($colour)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Careful with this )local_variable($colour)content(, James)delimiter(")>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;) operator(})
-
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($colours) reserved(as) local_variable($colour)operator(\)) operator({) predefined(unset)operator(()operator($)local_variable($colour)operator(\))operator(;) operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.15)
-comment(// PHP sports an AUTOLOAD facility that is quite easy to use, but, AFAICT, is geared)
-comment(// towards the detection of unavailable classes rather than for individual functions.)
-comment(// Here is a rudimentary example:)
-
-reserved(function) function(__autoload)operator(()local_variable($classname)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(file_exists)operator(()local_variable($classname)operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    comment(// Class file does not exist, so handle situation; in this case,)
-    comment(// issue error message, and exit program)
-    predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(File for class: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($classname)delimiter(})>content( not found - aborting)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-  reserved(else)
-  operator({)
-    comment(// Class file exists, so load it)
-    predefined(require_once) local_variable($classname)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------)
-
-comment(// Attempt to instantiate object of undefined class )
-reserved(new) constant(UnknownClassObject)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Execution continues here if class exists)
-comment(// ...)
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-comment(// It is also possible to perform [quite extensive] introspection on functions,)
-comment(// variables etc, so it is possible to check whether a function exists before)
-comment(// executing it, thus allowing a non-existent functions to be searched for and)
-comment(// loaded from a source file, or perhaps dynamically defined. An example of what)
-comment(// could be described as a custom autoload facility appears below.)
-
-local_variable($colours) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(blue)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(green)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(orange)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(purple)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(violet)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($colours) reserved(as) local_variable($colour)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  operator($)local_variable($colour) operator(=) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($text)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(global $colour;
-  return "<FONT COLOR=)char(\\')content($colour)char(\\')content(>$text</FONT>";)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Let's add a new colour to the list)
-predefined(array_push)operator(()local_variable($colours)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(chartreuse)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;) 
-
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($colours) reserved(as) local_variable($colour)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  comment(// Checking whether function is defined)
-  reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)predefined(function_exists)operator(()operator($)local_variable($colour)operator(\))operator(\))
-  operator({)
-    comment(// Doesn't exist, so dynamically define it)
-    operator($)local_variable($colour) operator(=) predefined(create_function)operator(()string<delimiter(')content($text)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(global $colour;
-    return "<FONT COLOR=)char(\\')content($colour)char(\\')content(>$text</FONT>";)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Alternatively, if it exists in a source file, 'include' the file:)
-    comment(// include 'newcolours.php')
-  operator(})
-
-  predefined(echo) operator($)local_variable($colour)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Careful with this )local_variable($colour)content(, James)delimiter(")>operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($colours) reserved(as) local_variable($colour)operator(\)) predefined(unset)operator(()operator($)local_variable($colour)operator(\))operator(;) 
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.16)
-comment(// *** Warning *** Whilst PHP *does* allow functions to be defined within other)
-comment(// functions it needs to be clearly understood that these 'inner' functions:)
-comment(// * Do not exist until the outer function is called a first time, at which time)
-comment(//   they then remain defined)
-comment(// * Are global in scope, so are accessable outside the function by their name;)
-comment(//   the fact that they are nested within another function has, AFAICT, no bearing)
-comment(//   on name resolution)
-comment(// * Do not form a closure: the inner function is merely 'parked' within the)
-comment(//   outer function, and has no implicit access to the outer function's variables)
-comment(//   or other inner functions)
-
-reserved(function) function(outer)operator(()local_variable($arg)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($x) operator(=) local_variable($arg) operator(+) integer(35)operator(;)
-  reserved(function) function(inner)operator(()operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) local_variable($x) operator(*) integer(19)operator(;) operator(})
-
-  comment(// *** wrong *** 'inner' returns 0 * 19, not ($arg + 35\) * 19)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($x) operator(+) ident(inner)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ----------------------------)
-
-reserved(function) function(outer)operator(()local_variable($arg)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($x) operator(=) local_variable($arg) operator(+) integer(35)operator(;)
-
-  comment(// No implicit access to outer function scope; any required data must be)
-  comment(// explicity passed)
-  reserved(function) function(inner)operator(()local_variable($x)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(return) local_variable($x) operator(*) integer(19)operator(;) operator(})
-
-  reserved(return) local_variable($x) operator(+) ident(inner)operator(()local_variable($x)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// ------------ )
-
-comment(// Equivalent to previously-shown code)
-reserved(function) function(inner)operator(()local_variable($x)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($x) operator(*) integer(19)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) function(outer)operator(()local_variable($arg)operator(\))
-operator({)
-  local_variable($x) operator(=) local_variable($arg) operator(+) integer(35)operator(;)
-  reserved(return) local_variable($x) operator(+) ident(inner)operator(()local_variable($x)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_10.17)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-comment(// @@INCOMPLETE@@)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.1)
-comment(// Run a command and return its results as a string.)
-local_variable($output_string) operator(=) predefined(shell_exec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(program args)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Same as above, using backtick operator.)
-local_variable($output_string) operator(=) string<delimiter(`)content(program args)delimiter(`)>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Run a command and return its results as a list of strings,)
-comment(// one per line.)
-local_variable($output_lines) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(exec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(program args)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($output_lines)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// The only way to execute a program without using the shell is to)
-comment(// use pcntl_exec(\). However, there is no way to do redirection, so)
-comment(// you can't capture its output.)
-
-local_variable($pid) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_fork)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($pid) operator(==) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cannot fork)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(pcntl_waitpid)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-    comment(// Note that pcntl_exec(\) automatically prepends the program name)
-    comment(// to the array of arguments; the program name cannot be spoofed.)
-    predefined(pcntl_exec)operator(()local_variable($program)operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($arg1)operator(,) local_variable($arg2)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.2)
-comment(// Run a simple command and retrieve its result code.)
-predefined(exec)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(vi )local_variable($myfile)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($output)operator(,) local_variable($result_code)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Use the shell to perform redirection.)
-predefined(exec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cmd1 args | cmd2 | cmd3 >outfile)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(exec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cmd args <infile >outfile 2>errfile)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Run a command, handling its result code or signal.)
-local_variable($pid) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_fork)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($pid) operator(==) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cannot fork)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(pcntl_waitpid)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()predefined(pcntl_wifexited)operator(()local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($status) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_wexitstatus)operator(()local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(;)
-        predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(program exited with status )local_variable($status)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-    operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()predefined(pcntl_wifsignaled)operator(()local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($signal) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_wtermsig)operator(()local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(;)
-        predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(program killed by signal )local_variable($signal)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-    operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()predefined(pcntl_wifstopped)operator(()local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($signal) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_wstopsig)operator(()local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(;)
-        predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(program stopped by signal )local_variable($signal)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-    predefined(pcntl_exec)operator(()local_variable($program)operator(,) local_variable($args)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Run a command while blocking interrupt signals.)
-local_variable($pid) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_fork)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($pid) operator(==) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cannot fork)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(\)) operator({)
-    comment(// parent catches INT and berates user)
-    reserved(declare)operator(()ident(ticks) operator(=) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(function) function(handle_sigint)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\)) operator({)
-        predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Tsk tsk, no process interruptus)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(handle_sigint)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(pcntl_waitpid)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) local_variable($status)operator(,) constant(WNOHANG)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)operator(})
-operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-    comment(// child ignores INT and does its thing)
-    predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) constant(SIG_IGN)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(pcntl_exec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/bin/sleep)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(10)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Since there is no direct access to execv(\) and friends, and)
-comment(// pcntl_exec(\) won't let us supply an alternate program name)
-comment(// in the argument list, there is no way to run a command with)
-comment(// a different name in the process table.)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.3)
-comment(// Transfer control to the shell to run another program.)
-predefined(pcntl_exec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/bin/sh)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(-c)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(archive *.data)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// Transfer control directly to another program.)
-predefined(pcntl_exec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/path/to/archive)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(accounting.data)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.4)
-comment(// Handle each line in the output of a process.)
-local_variable($readme) operator(=) predefined(popen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(program arguments)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($readme)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($readme)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($line) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) reserved(break)operator(;)
-    comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-predefined(pclose)operator(()local_variable($readme)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Write to the input of a process.)
-local_variable($writeme) operator(=) predefined(popen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(program arguments)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(w)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($writeme)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(data)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(pclose)operator(()local_variable($writeme)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Wait for a process to complete.)
-local_variable($f) operator(=) predefined(popen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(sleep 1000000)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// child goes to sleep)
-predefined(pclose)operator(()local_variable($f)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// and parent goes to lala land)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($writeme) operator(=) predefined(popen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(program arguments)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(w)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($writeme)operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(hello)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// program will get hello\\n on STDIN)
-predefined(pclose)operator(()local_variable($writeme)operator(\))operator(;)             comment(// program will get EOF on STDIN)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Output buffering callback that sends output to the pager.)
-reserved(function) function(ob_pager)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(,) local_variable($mode)operator(\)) operator({)
-    reserved(static) local_variable($pipe)operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($mode) operator(&) pre_constant(PHP_OUTPUT_HANDLER_START)operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($pager) operator(=) predefined(getenv)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(PAGER)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-        reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)local_variable($pager)operator(\)) local_variable($pager) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(/usr/bin/less)delimiter(')>operator(;)  comment(// XXX: might not exist)
-        local_variable($pipe) operator(=) predefined(popen)operator(()local_variable($pager)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(w)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($pipe)operator(,) local_variable($output)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($mode) operator(&) pre_constant(PHP_OUTPUT_HANDLER_END)operator(\)) operator({)
-        predefined(pclose)operator(()local_variable($pipe)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Redirect standard output to the pager.)
-ident(ob_start)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(ob_pager)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Do something useful that writes to standard output, then)
-comment(// close the output buffer.)
-comment(// ...)
-ident(ob_end_flush)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.5)
-comment(// Output buffering: Only display a certain number of lines of output.)
-reserved(class) class(Head) operator({)
-    reserved(function) function(Head)operator(()local_variable($lines)operator(=)integer(20)operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(lines) operator(=) local_variable($lines)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    reserved(function) function(filter)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(,) local_variable($mode)operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($result) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-        local_variable($newline) operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-        reserved(if) operator(()predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(\)) operator(>) integer(0) operator(&&) local_variable($output)operator([)predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(\)) operator(-) integer(1)operator(]) operator(==) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\)) operator({)
-            local_variable($newline) operator(=) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-            local_variable($output) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-        operator(})
-        reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(explode)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($output)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($i) operator(=>) local_variable($line)operator(\)) operator({)
-            reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(lines) operator(>) integer(0)operator(\)) operator({)
-                local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(lines)operator(--)operator(;)
-                local_variable($result)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($line)operator(;)
-            operator(})
-        operator(})
-        reserved(return) local_variable($result) operator(?) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($result)operator(\)) operator(.) local_variable($newline) operator(:) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Output buffering: Prepend line numbers to each line of output.)
-reserved(class) class(Number) operator({)
-    reserved(function) function(Number)operator(()operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(line_number) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    reserved(function) function(filter)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(,) local_variable($mode)operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($result) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-        local_variable($newline) operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-        reserved(if) operator(()predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(\)) operator(>) integer(0) operator(&&) local_variable($output)operator([)predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(\)) operator(-) integer(1)operator(]) operator(==) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\)) operator({)
-            local_variable($newline) operator(=) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-            local_variable($output) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-        operator(})
-        reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(explode)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($output)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($i) operator(=>) local_variable($line)operator(\)) operator({)
-            local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(line_number)operator(++)operator(;)
-            local_variable($result)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(line_number) operator(.) string<delimiter(')content(: )delimiter(')> operator(.) local_variable($line)operator(;)
-        operator(})
-        reserved(return) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($result)operator(\)) operator(.) local_variable($newline)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Output buffering: Prepend "> " to each line of output.)
-reserved(class) class(Quote) operator({)
-    reserved(function) function(Quote)operator(()operator(\)) operator({)
-    operator(})
-
-    reserved(function) function(filter)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(,) local_variable($mode)operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($result) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-        local_variable($newline) operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-        reserved(if) operator(()predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(\)) operator(>) integer(0) operator(&&) local_variable($output)operator([)predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(\)) operator(-) integer(1)operator(]) operator(==) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\)) operator({)
-            local_variable($newline) operator(=) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-            local_variable($output) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($output)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-        operator(})
-        reserved(foreach) operator(()predefined(explode)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($output)operator(\)) reserved(as) local_variable($i) operator(=>) local_variable($line)operator(\)) operator({)
-            local_variable($result)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(> )local_variable($line)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-        operator(})
-        reserved(return) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($result)operator(\)) operator(.) local_variable($newline)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Use arrays as callbacks to register filter methods.)
-ident(ob_start)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()reserved(new) constant(Head)operator(()integer(100)operator(\))operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(filter)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(ob_start)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()reserved(new) constant(Number)operator(()operator(\))operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(filter)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(ob_start)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()reserved(new) constant(Quote)operator(()operator(\))operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(filter)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Act like /bin/cat.)
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($line) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) reserved(break)operator(;)
-    predefined(echo) local_variable($line)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Should match number of calls to ob_start(\).)
-ident(ob_end_flush)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(ob_end_flush)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-ident(ob_end_flush)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.6)
-comment(// Process command-line arguments using fopen(\). PHP supports URLs for)
-comment(// filenames as long as the "allow_url_fopen" configuration option is set.)
-comment(//)
-comment(// Valid URL protocols include:)
-comment(//   - http://www.myserver.com/myfile.html)
-comment(//   - ftp://ftp.myserver.com/myfile.txt)
-comment(//   - compress.zlib://myfile.gz)
-comment(//   - php://stdin)
-comment(//)
-comment(// See http://www.php.net/manual/en/wrappers.php for details.)
-comment(//)
-local_variable($filenames) operator(=) predefined(array_slice)operator(()predefined($argv)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)local_variable($filenames)operator(\)) local_variable($filenames) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(php://stdin)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($filenames) reserved(as) local_variable($filename)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($handle) operator(=) exception(@)predefined(fopen)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(\)) operator({)
-        reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-            local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(\))operator(;)
-            reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($line) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) reserved(break)operator(;)
-            comment(// ...)
-        operator(})
-        predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-        predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(can't open )local_variable($filename)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.7)
-local_variable($output) operator(=) string<delimiter(`)content(cmd 2>&1)delimiter(`)>operator(;)                          comment(// with backticks)
-comment(// or)
-local_variable($ph) operator(=) predefined(popen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cmd 2>&1)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)                       comment(// with an open pipe)
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($ph)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($ph)operator(\))operator(;) operator(})     comment(// plus a read)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-local_variable($output) operator(=) string<delimiter(`)content(cmd 2>/dev/null)delimiter(`)>operator(;)                   comment(// with backticks)
-comment(// or)
-local_variable($ph) operator(=) predefined(popen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cmd 2>/dev/null)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)                comment(// with an open pipe)
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($ph)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($ph)operator(\))operator(;) operator(})     comment(// plus a read)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-local_variable($output) operator(=) string<delimiter(`)content(cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null)delimiter(`)>operator(;)              comment(// with backticks)
-comment(// or)
-local_variable($ph) operator(=) predefined(popen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)           comment(// with an open pipe)
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($ph)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($ph)operator(\))operator(;) operator(})     comment(// plus a read)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-local_variable($output) operator(=) string<delimiter(`)content(cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-)delimiter(`)>operator(;)           comment(// with backticks)
-comment(// or)
-local_variable($ph) operator(=) predefined(popen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-|)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)       comment(// with an open pipe)
-reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($ph)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({) local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($ph)operator(\))operator(;) operator(})     comment(// plus a read)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-predefined(exec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(program args 1>/tmp/program.stdout 2>/tmp/program.stderr)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-local_variable($output) operator(=) string<delimiter(`)content(cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-)delimiter(`)>operator(;)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-local_variable($fd3) operator(=) local_variable($fd1)operator(;)
-local_variable($fd1) operator(=) local_variable($fd2)operator(;)
-local_variable($fd2) operator(=) local_variable($fd3)operator(;)
-local_variable($fd3) operator(=) pre_constant(null)operator(;)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-predefined(exec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(prog args 1>tmpfile 2>&1)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(exec)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(prog args 2>&1 1>tmpfile)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-comment(// exec('prog args 1>tmpfile 2>&1'\);)
-local_variable($fd1) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(tmpfile)delimiter(")>operator(;)        comment(// change stdout destination first)
-local_variable($fd2) operator(=) local_variable($fd1)operator(;)             comment(// now point stderr there, too)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-comment(// exec('prog args 2>&1 1>tmpfile'\);)
-local_variable($fd2) operator(=) local_variable($fd1)operator(;)             comment(// stderr same destination as stdout)
-local_variable($fd1) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(tmpfile)delimiter(")>operator(;)        comment(// but change stdout destination)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.8)
-comment(// Connect to input and output of a process.)
-local_variable($proc) operator(=) ident(proc_open)operator(()local_variable($program)operator(,)
-                  predefined(array)operator(()integer(0) operator(=>) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(pipe)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-                        integer(1) operator(=>) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(pipe)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(w)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(,)
-                  local_variable($pipes)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_resource)operator(()local_variable($proc)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(here's your input)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(echo) ident(stream_get_contents)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($result_code) operator(=) ident(proc_close)operator(()local_variable($proc)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")local_variable($result_code)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($all) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($outlines) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($errlines) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(exec)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(( )local_variable($cmd)content( | sed -e 's/^/stdout: /' \) 2>&1)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($all)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($all) reserved(as) local_variable($line)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($pos) operator(=) predefined(strpos)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(stdout: )delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($pos) operator(!==) pre_constant(false) operator(&&) local_variable($pos) operator(==) integer(0)operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($outlines)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(,) integer(8)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-        local_variable($errlines)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($line)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-predefined(print)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(STDOUT:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($outlines)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(STDERR:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($errlines)operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(print)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.9)
-local_variable($proc) operator(=) ident(proc_open)operator(()local_variable($cmd)operator(,)
-                  predefined(array)operator(()integer(0) operator(=>) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(pipe)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-                        integer(1) operator(=>) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(pipe)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(w)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-                        integer(2) operator(=>) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(pipe)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(w)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(,)
-                  local_variable($pipes)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_resource)operator(()local_variable($proc)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    comment(// give end of file to kid, or feed him)
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// read till EOF)
-    local_variable($outlines) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-        reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($line) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) reserved(break)operator(;)
-        local_variable($outlines)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) predefined(rtrim)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    comment(// XXX: block potential if massive)
-    local_variable($errlines) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(2)operator(])operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(2)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-        reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($line) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) reserved(break)operator(;)
-        local_variable($errlines)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) predefined(rtrim)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(2)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-    ident(proc_close)operator(()local_variable($proc)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    predefined(print)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(STDOUT:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($outlines)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(print)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(print)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(STDERR:)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(print_r)operator(()local_variable($errlines)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(print)operator(()string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// cmd3sel - control all three of kids in, out, and error.)
-local_variable($cmd) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(grep vt33 /none/such - /etc/termcap)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-local_variable($proc) operator(=) ident(proc_open)operator(()local_variable($cmd)operator(,)
-                  predefined(array)operator(()integer(0) operator(=>) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(pipe)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-                        integer(1) operator(=>) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(pipe)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(w)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(,)
-                        integer(2) operator(=>) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(pipe)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(w)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))operator(,)
-                  local_variable($pipes)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(is_resource)operator(()local_variable($proc)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(This line has a vt33 lurking in it)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    local_variable($readers) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(,) local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(2)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(while) operator(()ident(stream_select)operator(()local_variable($read)operator(=)local_variable($readers)operator(,)
-                         local_variable($write)operator(=)pre_constant(null)operator(,)
-                         local_variable($except)operator(=)pre_constant(null)operator(,)
-                         integer(0)operator(,) integer(200000)operator(\)) operator(>) integer(0)operator(\)) operator({)
-        reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($read) reserved(as) local_variable($stream)operator(\)) operator({)
-            local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($stream)operator(\))operator(;)
-            reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($line) operator(!==) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) operator({)
-                reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($stream) operator(===) local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\)) operator({)
-                    predefined(print) string<delimiter(")content(STDOUT: )local_variable($line)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-                operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-                    predefined(print) string<delimiter(")content(STDERR: )local_variable($line)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-                operator(})
-            operator(})
-            reserved(if) operator(()predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($stream)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-                local_variable($readers) operator(=) predefined(array_diff)operator(()local_variable($readers)operator(,) predefined(array)operator(()local_variable($stream)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-            operator(})
-        operator(})
-    operator(})
-
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(1)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($pipes)operator([)integer(2)operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-    ident(proc_close)operator(()local_variable($proc)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.10)
-comment(// PHP supports fork/exec/wait but not pipe. However, it does)
-comment(// support socketpair, which can do everything pipes can as well)
-comment(// as bidirectional communication. The original recipes have been)
-comment(// modified here to use socketpair only.)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// pipe1 - use socketpair and fork so parent can send to child)
-local_variable($sockets) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)ident(socket_create_pair)operator(()constant(AF_UNIX)operator(,) constant(SOCK_STREAM)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) local_variable($sockets)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()ident(socket_strerror)operator(()ident(socket_last_error)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($reader)operator(,) local_variable($writer)operator(\)) operator(=) local_variable($sockets)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($pid) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_fork)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($pid) operator(==) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cannot fork)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(\)) operator({)
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($reader)operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Parent Pid %d is sending this)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(getmypid)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)ident(socket_write)operator(()local_variable($writer)operator(,) local_variable($line)operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($writer)operator(\))operator(;)
-        predefined(die)operator(()ident(socket_strerror)operator(()ident(socket_last_error)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($writer)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(pcntl_waitpid)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($writer)operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) ident(socket_read)operator(()local_variable($reader)operator(,) integer(1024)operator(,) constant(PHP_NORMAL_READ)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Child Pid %d just read this: `%s')char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(getmypid)operator(()operator(\))operator(,) predefined(rtrim)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($reader)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// this will happen anyway)
-    predefined(exit)operator(()integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// pipe2 - use socketpair and fork so child can send to parent)
-local_variable($sockets) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)ident(socket_create_pair)operator(()constant(AF_UNIX)operator(,) constant(SOCK_STREAM)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) local_variable($sockets)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()ident(socket_strerror)operator(()ident(socket_last_error)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($reader)operator(,) local_variable($writer)operator(\)) operator(=) local_variable($sockets)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($pid) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_fork)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($pid) operator(==) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cannot fork)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(\)) operator({)
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($writer)operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) ident(socket_read)operator(()local_variable($reader)operator(,) integer(1024)operator(,) constant(PHP_NORMAL_READ)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Parent Pid %d just read this: `%s')char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(getmypid)operator(()operator(\))operator(,) predefined(rtrim)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($reader)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(pcntl_waitpid)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($reader)operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Child Pid %d is sending this)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(getmypid)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)ident(socket_write)operator(()local_variable($writer)operator(,) local_variable($line)operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($writer)operator(\))operator(;)
-        predefined(die)operator(()ident(socket_strerror)operator(()ident(socket_last_error)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($writer)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// this will happen anyway)
-    predefined(exit)operator(()integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// pipe3 and pipe4 demonstrate the use of perl's "forking open")
-comment(// feature to reimplement pipe1 and pipe2. pipe5 uses two pipes)
-comment(// to simulate socketpair. Since PHP supports socketpair but not)
-comment(// pipe, and does not have a "forking open" feature, these)
-comment(// examples are skipped here.)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// pipe6 - bidirectional communication using socketpair)
-local_variable($sockets) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)ident(socket_create_pair)operator(()constant(AF_UNIX)operator(,) constant(SOCK_STREAM)operator(,) integer(0)operator(,) local_variable($sockets)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()ident(socket_strerror)operator(()ident(socket_last_error)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(list)operator(()local_variable($child)operator(,) local_variable($parent)operator(\)) operator(=) local_variable($sockets)operator(;)
-
-local_variable($pid) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_fork)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($pid) operator(==) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cannot fork)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(\)) operator({)
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($parent)operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Parent Pid %d is sending this)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(getmypid)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)ident(socket_write)operator(()local_variable($child)operator(,) local_variable($line)operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($child)operator(\))operator(;)
-        predefined(die)operator(()ident(socket_strerror)operator(()ident(socket_last_error)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) ident(socket_read)operator(()local_variable($child)operator(,) integer(1024)operator(,) constant(PHP_NORMAL_READ)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Parent Pid %d just read this: `%s')char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(getmypid)operator(()operator(\))operator(,) predefined(rtrim)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($child)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(pcntl_waitpid)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) local_variable($status)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($child)operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) ident(socket_read)operator(()local_variable($parent)operator(,) integer(1024)operator(,) constant(PHP_NORMAL_READ)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(printf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Child Pid %d just read this: `%s')char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(getmypid)operator(()operator(\))operator(,) predefined(rtrim)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(sprintf)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Child Pid %d is sending this)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(getmypid)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()operator(!)ident(socket_write)operator(()local_variable($parent)operator(,) local_variable($line)operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($line)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($parent)operator(\))operator(;)
-        predefined(die)operator(()ident(socket_strerror)operator(()ident(socket_last_error)operator(()operator(\))operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    ident(socket_close)operator(()local_variable($parent)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(exit)operator(()integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.11)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-comment(// % mkfifo /path/to/named.pipe)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($fifo) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/path/to/named.pipe)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($fifo) operator(!==) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) operator({)
-    reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)predefined(feof)operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($line) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(\))operator(;)
-        reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($line) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) reserved(break)operator(;)
-        predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Got: )local_variable($line)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(could not open fifo for read)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-local_variable($fifo) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/path/to/named.pipe)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(w)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($fifo) operator(!==) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(,) string<delimiter(")content(Smoke this.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-    predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(could not open fifo for write)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-comment(// % mkfifo ~/.plan                    #  isn't this everywhere yet?)
-comment(// % mknod  ~/.plan p                  #  in case you don't have mkfifo)
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// dateplan - place current date and time in .plan file)
-reserved(while) operator(()pre_constant(true)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($home) operator(=) predefined(getenv)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(HOME)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    local_variable($fifo) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()string<delimiter(")local_variable($home)content(/.plan)delimiter(")>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(w)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($fifo) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) operator({)
-        predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Couldn't open )local_variable($home)content(/.plan for writing.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(,)
-           string<delimiter(')content(The current time is )delimiter(')>
-           operator(.) predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z)delimiter(')>operator(\))
-           operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(sleep)operator(()integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// fifolog - read and record log msgs from fifo)
-
-local_variable($fifo) operator(=) pre_constant(null)operator(;)
-
-reserved(declare)operator(()ident(ticks) operator(=) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(function) function(handle_alarm)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\)) operator({)
-    reserved(global) local_variable($fifo)operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(\)) predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(\))operator(;)   comment(// move on to the next queued process)
-operator(})
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGALRM)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(handle_alarm)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(while) operator(()pre_constant(true)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(pcntl_alarm)operator(()integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)             comment(// turn off alarm for blocking open)
-    local_variable($fifo) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/tmp/log)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(r)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($fifo) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) operator({)
-        predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(can't open /tmp/log)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    predefined(pcntl_alarm)operator(()integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)             comment(// you have 1 second to log)
-
-    local_variable($service) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($service) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) reserved(continue)operator(;) comment(// interrupt or nothing logged)
-    local_variable($service) operator(=) predefined(rtrim)operator(()local_variable($service)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    local_variable($message) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()local_variable($fifo)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($message) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) reserved(continue)operator(;) comment(// interrupt or nothing logged)
-    local_variable($message) operator(=) predefined(rtrim)operator(()local_variable($message)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    predefined(pcntl_alarm)operator(()integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)             comment(// turn off alarms for message processing)
-
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($service) operator(==) string<delimiter(')content(http)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator({)
-        comment(// ignoring)
-    operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()local_variable($service) operator(==) string<delimiter(')content(login)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator({)
-        comment(// log to /var/log/login)
-        local_variable($log) operator(=) predefined(fopen)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(/var/log/login)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(a)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-        reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($log) operator(!==) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) operator({)
-            predefined(fwrite)operator(()local_variable($log)operator(,)
-                   predefined(strftime)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z)delimiter(')>operator(\))
-                   operator(.) string<delimiter(")content( )local_variable($service)content( )local_variable($message)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-            predefined(fclose)operator(()local_variable($log)operator(\))operator(;)
-        operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-            predefined(trigger_error)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(Couldn't log )local_variable($service)content( )local_variable($message)content( to /var/log/login)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(,)
-                          exception(E_USER_WARNING)operator(\))operator(;)
-        operator(})
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.12)
-comment(// sharetest - test shared variables across forks)
-
-local_variable($SHM_KEY) operator(=) predefined(ftok)operator(()pre_constant(__FILE__)operator(,) predefined(chr)operator(()integer(1)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($handle) operator(=) ident(sem_get)operator(()local_variable($SHM_KEY)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($buffer) operator(=) ident(shm_attach)operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(,) integer(1024)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// The original recipe has an INT signal handler here. However, it)
-comment(// causes erratic behavior with PHP, and PHP seems to do the right)
-comment(// thing without it.)
-
-reserved(for) operator(()local_variable($i) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;) local_variable($i) operator(<) integer(10)operator(;) local_variable($i)operator(++)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($child) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_fork)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($child) operator(==) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) operator({)
-        predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(cannot fork)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(}) reserved(elseif) operator(()local_variable($child)operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($kids)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($child)operator(;) comment(// in case we care about their pids)
-    operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-        ident(squabble)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-        predefined(exit)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-reserved(while) operator(()pre_constant(true)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(print) string<delimiter(')content(Buffer is )delimiter(')> operator(.) ident(shm_get_var)operator(()local_variable($buffer)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-    predefined(sleep)operator(()integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Not reached)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(function) function(squabble)operator(()operator(\)) operator({)
-    reserved(global) local_variable($handle)operator(;)
-    reserved(global) local_variable($buffer)operator(;)
-    local_variable($i) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-    local_variable($pid) operator(=) predefined(getmypid)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(while) operator(()pre_constant(true)operator(\)) operator({)
-        reserved(if) operator(()predefined(preg_match)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(/^)local_variable($pid)char(\\\\)content(b/)delimiter(")>operator(,) ident(shm_get_var)operator(()local_variable($buffer)operator(,) integer(1)operator(\))operator(\))operator(\)) reserved(continue)operator(;)
-        ident(sem_acquire)operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(\))operator(;)
-        local_variable($i)operator(++)operator(;)
-        ident(shm_put_var)operator(()local_variable($buffer)operator(,) integer(1)operator(,) string<delimiter(")local_variable($pid)content( )local_variable($i)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-        ident(sem_release)operator(()local_variable($handle)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Buffer is 14357 1)
-comment(// Buffer is 14355 3)
-comment(// Buffer is 14355 4)
-comment(// Buffer is 14354 5)
-comment(// Buffer is 14353 6)
-comment(// Buffer is 14351 8)
-comment(// Buffer is 14351 9)
-comment(// Buffer is 14350 10)
-comment(// Buffer is 14348 11)
-comment(// Buffer is 14348 12)
-comment(// Buffer is 14357 10)
-comment(// Buffer is 14357 11)
-comment(// Buffer is 14355 13)
-comment(// ...)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.13)
-comment(// Available signal constants)
-operator(%) ident(php) operator(-)ident(r) string<delimiter(')content(print_r(get_defined_constants(\)\);)delimiter(')> operator(|) ident(grep) string<delimiter(')content(\\[)content(SIG)delimiter(')> operator(|) ident(grep) operator(-)ident(v) ident(_)
-    operator([)constant(SIGHUP)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(1)
-    operator([)constant(SIGINT)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(2)
-    operator([)constant(SIGQUIT)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(3)
-    operator([)constant(SIGILL)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(4)
-    operator([)constant(SIGTRAP)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(5)
-    operator([)constant(SIGABRT)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(6)
-    operator([)constant(SIGIOT)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(6)
-    operator([)constant(SIGBUS)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(7)
-    operator([)constant(SIGFPE)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(8)
-    operator([)constant(SIGKILL)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(9)
-    operator([)constant(SIGUSR1)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(10)
-    operator([)constant(SIGSEGV)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(11)
-    operator([)constant(SIGUSR2)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(12)
-    operator([)constant(SIGPIPE)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(13)
-    operator([)constant(SIGALRM)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(14)
-    operator([)constant(SIGTERM)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(15)
-    operator([)constant(SIGSTKFLT)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(16)
-    operator([)constant(SIGCLD)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(17)
-    operator([)constant(SIGCHLD)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(17)
-    operator([)constant(SIGCONT)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(18)
-    operator([)constant(SIGSTOP)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(19)
-    operator([)constant(SIGTSTP)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(20)
-    operator([)constant(SIGTTIN)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(21)
-    operator([)constant(SIGTTOU)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(22)
-    operator([)constant(SIGURG)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(23)
-    operator([)constant(SIGXCPU)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(24)
-    operator([)constant(SIGXFSZ)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(25)
-    operator([)constant(SIGVTALRM)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(26)
-    operator([)constant(SIGPROF)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(27)
-    operator([)constant(SIGWINCH)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(28)
-    operator([)constant(SIGPOLL)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(29)
-    operator([)constant(SIGIO)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(29)
-    operator([)constant(SIGPWR)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(30)
-    operator([)constant(SIGSYS)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(31)
-    operator([)constant(SIGBABY)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(31)
-
-comment(// Predefined signal handler constants)
-operator(%) ident(php) operator(-)ident(r) string<delimiter(')content(print_r(get_defined_constants(\)\);)delimiter(')> operator(|) ident(grep) string<delimiter(')content(\\[)content(SIG)delimiter(')> operator(|) ident(grep) ident(_)
-    operator([)constant(SIG_IGN)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(1)
-    operator([)constant(SIG_DFL)operator(]) operator(=>) integer(0)
-    operator([)constant(SIG_ERR)operator(]) operator(=>) operator(-)integer(1)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.14)
-comment(// send pid a signal 9)
-predefined(posix_kill)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) integer(9)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// send whole job a signal 1)
-predefined(posix_kill)operator(()local_variable($pgrp)operator(,) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// send myself a SIGUSR1)
-predefined(posix_kill)operator(()predefined(getmypid)operator(()operator(\))operator(,) constant(SIGUSR1)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// send a SIGHUP to processes in pids)
-reserved(foreach) operator(()local_variable($pids) reserved(as) local_variable($pid)operator(\)) predefined(posix_kill)operator(()local_variable($pid)operator(,) constant(SIGHUP)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-comment(// Use kill with pseudo-signal 0 to see if process is alive.)
-reserved(if) operator(()predefined(posix_kill)operator(()local_variable($minion)operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")local_variable($minion)content( is alive!)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")local_variable($minion)content( is deceased.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.15)
-comment(// call got_sig_quit for every SIGQUIT)
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGQUIT)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(got_sig_quit)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// call got_sig_pipe for every SIGPIPE)
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGPIPE)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(got_sig_pipe)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// increment ouch for every SIGINT)
-reserved(function) function(got_sig_int)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\)) operator({) reserved(global) local_variable($ouch)operator(;) local_variable($ouch)operator(++)operator(;) operator(})
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(got_sig_int)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// ignore the signal INT)
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) constant(SIG_IGN)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// restore default STOP signal handling)
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGSTOP)operator(,) constant(SIG_DFL)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.16)
-comment(// the signal handler)
-reserved(function) function(ding)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(fwrite)operator(()constant(STDERR)operator(,) string<delimiter(")char(\\x07)content(Enter your name!)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// prompt for name, overriding SIGINT)
-reserved(function) function(get_name)operator(()operator(\)) operator({)
-    reserved(declare)operator(()ident(ticks) operator(=) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(ding)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Kindly Stranger, please enter your name: )delimiter(")>operator(;)
-    reserved(while) operator(()operator(!)exception(@)ident(stream_select)operator(()local_variable($read)operator(=)predefined(array)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(,)
-                           local_variable($write)operator(=)pre_constant(null)operator(,)
-                           local_variable($except)operator(=)pre_constant(null)operator(,)
-                           integer(1)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        comment(// allow signals to be observed)
-    operator(})
-    local_variable($name) operator(=) predefined(fgets)operator(()constant(STDIN)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Since pcntl_signal(\) doesn't return the old signal handler, the)
-    comment(// best we can do here is set it back to the default behavior.)
-    predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) constant(SIG_DFL)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    reserved(return) local_variable($name)operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.17)
-reserved(function) function(got_int)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(got_int)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// but not for SIGCHLD!)
-    comment(// ...)
-operator(})
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(got_int)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-reserved(declare)operator(()ident(ticks) operator(=) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($interrupted) operator(=) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-
-reserved(function) function(got_int)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\)) operator({)
-    reserved(global) local_variable($interrupted)operator(;)
-    local_variable($interrupted) operator(=) pre_constant(true)operator(;)
-    comment(// The third argument to pcntl_signal(\) determines if system calls)
-    comment(// should be restarted after a signal. It defaults to true.)
-    predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(got_int)delimiter(')>operator(,) pre_constant(false)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// or SIG_IGN)
-operator(})
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(got_int)delimiter(')>operator(,) pre_constant(false)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// ... long-running code that you don't want to restart)
-
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($interrupted)operator(\)) operator({)
-    comment(// deal with the signal)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.18)
-comment(// ignore signal INT)
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) constant(SIG_IGN)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// install signal handler)
-reserved(declare)operator(()ident(ticks) operator(=) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(function) function(tsktsk)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\)) operator({)
-    predefined(fwrite)operator(()constant(STDERR)operator(,) string<delimiter(")char(\\x07)content(The long habit of living indisposeth us for dying.)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(tsktsk)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGINT)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(tsktsk)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.19)
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGCHLD)operator(,) constant(SIG_IGN)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-reserved(declare)operator(()ident(ticks) operator(=) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(function) function(reaper)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($pid) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_waitpid)operator(()operator(-)integer(1)operator(,) local_variable($status)operator(,) constant(WNOHANG)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($pid) operator(>) integer(0)operator(\)) operator({)
-        comment(// ...)
-        ident(reaper)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    comment(// install *after* calling waitpid)
-    predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGCHLD)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(reaper)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGCHLD)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(reaper)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// -----------------------------)
-
-reserved(declare)operator(()ident(ticks) operator(=) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(function) function(reaper)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($pid) operator(=) predefined(pcntl_waitpid)operator(()operator(-)integer(1)operator(,) local_variable($status)operator(,) constant(WNOHANG)operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($pid) operator(==) operator(-)integer(1)operator(\)) operator({)
-        comment(// No child waiting. Ignore it.)
-    operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-        reserved(if) operator(()predefined(pcntl_wifexited)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-            predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(Process )local_variable($pid)content( exited.)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-        operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-            predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(False alarm on )local_variable($pid)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-        operator(})
-        ident(reaper)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-    predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGCHLD)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(reaper)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGCHLD)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(reaper)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.20)
-comment(// PHP does not support sigprocmask(\).)
-
-comment(// @@PLEAC@@_16.21)
-reserved(declare)operator(()ident(ticks) operator(=) integer(1)operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($aborted) operator(=) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-
-reserved(function) function(handle_alarm)operator(()local_variable($signal)operator(\)) operator({)
-    reserved(global) local_variable($aborted)operator(;)
-    local_variable($aborted) operator(=) pre_constant(true)operator(;)
-operator(})
-predefined(pcntl_signal)operator(()constant(SIGALRM)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(handle_alarm)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-predefined(pcntl_alarm)operator(()integer(3600)operator(\))operator(;)
-comment(// long-time operations here)
-predefined(pcntl_alarm)operator(()integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)
-reserved(if) operator(()local_variable($aborted)operator(\)) operator({)
-    comment(// timed out - do what you will here)
-operator(})
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/pleac.in.php b/test/scanners/php/pleac.in.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 4bd0300..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/pleac.in.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5516 +0,0 @@
-# -*- php -*-
-# The examples are taken from the Perl Cookbook
-# By Tom Christiansen & Nathan Torkington
-# see http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/cookbook for more
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_NAME
-# @@SKIP@@ PHP
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_WEB
-# @@SKIP@@ http://php.net/
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.0
-#-----------------------------
-$string = '\n';                     # two characters, \ and an n
-$string = 'Jon \'Maddog\' Orwant';  # literal single quotes
-$string = 'Jon "Maddog" Orwant';    # literal double quotes
-#-----------------------------
-$string = "\n";                     # a "newline" character
-$string = "Jon \"Maddog\" Orwant";  # literal double quotes
-$string = "Jon 'Maddog' Orwant";    # literal single quotes
-#-----------------------------
-$a = 
-"This is a multiline
-here document";
-
-$a = <<<EOF
-This is a multiline here document
-terminated by EOF on a line by itself
-EOF;
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.1
-#-----------------------------
-$value = substr($string, $offset, $count);
-$value = substr($string, $offset);
-
-$string = substr_replace($string, $newstring, $offset, $count);
-$string = substr_replace($string, $newtail, $offset);
-#-----------------------------
-# get a 5-byte string, skip 3, then grab 2 8-byte strings, then the rest
-list($leading, $s1, $s2, $trailing) =
-    array_values(unpack("A5a/x3/A8b/A8c/A*d", $data);
-
-# split at five byte boundaries
-preg_match_all ("/.{5}/", $data, $f, PREG_PATTERN_ORDER);
-$fivers = $f[0];
-
-# chop string into individual characters
-$chars  = $string;
-#-----------------------------
-$string = "This is what you have";
-#         +012345678901234567890  Indexing forwards  (left to right)
-#          109876543210987654321- Indexing backwards (right to left)
-#           note that 0 means 10 or 20, etc. above
-
-$first  = substr($string, 0, 1);  # "T"
-$start  = substr($string, 5, 2);  # "is"
-$rest   = substr($string, 13);    # "you have"
-$last   = substr($string, -1);    # "e"
-$end    = substr($string, -4);    # "have"
-$piece  = substr($string, -8, 3); # "you"
-#-----------------------------
-$string = "This is what you have";
-print $string;
-#This is what you have
-
-$string = substr_replace($string, "wasn't", 5, 2);  # change "is" to "wasn't"
-#This wasn't what you have
-
-$string = substr_replace($string, "ondrous", -12);  # "This wasn't wondrous"
-#This wasn't wondrous
-
-$string = substr_replace($string, "", 0, 1);        # delete first character
-#his wasn't wondrous
-
-$string = substr_replace($string, "", -10);         # delete last 10 characters
-#his wasn'
-#-----------------------------
-if (preg_match("/pattern/", substr($string, -10)) {
-    print "Pattern matches in last 10 characters\n";
-}
-
-# substitute "at" for "is", restricted to first five characters
-$string=(substr_replace(preg_replace("/is/", "at", substr($string,0,5)),0,5);
-#-----------------------------
-# exchange the first and last letters in a string
-$a = "make a hat";
-list($a[0], $a[strlen($a)-1]) = Array(substr($a,-1), substr($a,0,1));
-print $a;
-
-#-----------------------------
-# extract column with unpack
-$a = "To be or not to be";
-$b = unpack("x6/A6a", $a);  # skip 6, grab 6
-print $b['a'];
-
-
-$b = unpack("x6/A2b/X5/A2c", $a); # forward 6, grab 2; backward 5, grab 2
-print $b['b']."\n".$b['c']."\n";
-
-#-----------------------------
-function cut2fmt() {
-    $positions = func_get_args();
-    $template  = '';
-    $lastpos   = 1;
-    foreach($positions as $place) {
-        $template .= "A" . ($place - $lastpos) . " ";
-        $lastpos   = $place;
-    }
-    $template .= "A*";
-    return $template;
-}
-
-$fmt = cut2fmt(8, 14, 20, 26, 30);
-print "$fmt\n";
-#A7 A6 A6 A6 A4 A*
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.2
-#-----------------------------
-# use $b if $b is true, else $c
-$a = $b?$b:$c;
-
-# set $x to $y unless $x is already true
-$x || $x=$y;
-#-----------------------------
-# use $b if $b is defined, else $c
-$a = defined($b) ? $b : $c;
-#-----------------------------
-$foo = $bar || $foo = "DEFAULT VALUE";
-#-----------------------------
-$dir = array_shift($_SERVER['argv']) || $dir = "/tmp";
-#-----------------------------
-$dir = $_SERVER['argv'][0] || $dir = "/tmp";
-#-----------------------------
-$dir = defined($_SERVER['argv'][0]) ? array_shift($_SERVER['argv']) : "/tmp";
-#-----------------------------
-$dir = count($_SERVER['argv']) ? $_SERVER['argv'][0] : "/tmp";
-#-----------------------------
-$count[$shell?$shell:"/bin/sh"]++;
-#-----------------------------
-# find the user name on Unix systems
-$user = $_ENV['USER']
-     || $user = $_ENV['LOGNAME']
-     || $user = posix_getlogin()
-     || $user = posix_getpwuid(posix_getuid())[0]
-     || $user = "Unknown uid number $<";
-#-----------------------------
-$starting_point || $starting_point = "Greenwich";
-#-----------------------------
-count($a) || $a = $b;          # copy only if empty
-$a = count($b) ? $b : $c;          # assign @b if nonempty, else @c
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.3
-#-----------------------------
-list($VAR1, $VAR2) = array($VAR2, $VAR1);
-#-----------------------------
-$temp    = $a;
-$a       = $b;
-$b       = $temp;
-#-----------------------------
-$a       = "alpha";
-$b       = "omega";
-list($a, $b) = array($b, $a);        # the first shall be last -- and versa vice
-#-----------------------------
-list($alpha, $beta, $production) = Array("January","March","August");
-# move beta       to alpha,
-# move production to beta,
-# move alpha      to production
-list($alpha, $beta, $production) = array($beta, $production, $alpha);
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.4
-#-----------------------------
-$num  = ord($char);
-$char = chr($num);
-#-----------------------------
-$char = sprintf("%c", $num);                # slower than chr($num)
-printf("Number %d is character %c\n", $num, $num);
-#-----------------------------
-$ASCII = unpack("C*", $string);
-eval('$STRING = pack("C*", '.implode(',',$ASCII).');');
-#-----------------------------
-$ascii_value = ord("e");    # now 101
-$character   = chr(101);    # now "e"
-#-----------------------------
-printf("Number %d is character %c\n", 101, 101);
-#-----------------------------
-$ascii_character_numbers = unpack("C*", "sample");
-print explode(" ",$ascii_character_numbers)."\n";
-
-eval('$word = pack("C*", '.implode(',',$ascii_character_numbers).');');
-$word = pack("C*", 115, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101);   # same
-print "$word\n";
-#-----------------------------
-$hal = "HAL";
-$ascii = unpack("C*", $hal);
-foreach ($ascii as $val) {
-    $val++;                 # add one to each ASCII value
-}
-eval('$ibm = pack("C*", '.implode(',',$ascii).');');
-print "$ibm\n";             # prints "IBM"
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.5
-#-----------------------------
-// using perl regexp
-$array = preg_split('//', $string ,-1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
-// using PHP function: $array = str_split($string);
-
-// Cannot use unpack with a format of 'U*' in PHP.
-#-----------------------------
-for ($offset = 0; preg_match('/(.)/', $string, $matches, 0, $offset) > 0; $offset++) {
-    // $matches[1] has charcter, ord($matches[1]) its number
-}
-#-----------------------------
-$seen = array();
-$string = "an apple a day";
-foreach (str_split($string) as $char) {
-    $seen[$char] = 1;
-}
-$keys = array_keys($seen);
-sort($keys);
-print "unique chars are: " . implode('', $keys)) . "\n";
-unique chars are:  adelnpy
-#-----------------------------
-$seen = array();
-$string = "an apple a day";
-for ($offset = 0; preg_match('/(.)/', $string, $matches, 0, $offset) > 0; $offset++) {
-    $seen[$matches[1]] = 1;
-}
-$keys = array_keys($seen);
-sort($keys);
-print "unique chars are: " . implode('', $keys) . "\n";
-unique chars are:  adelnpy
-#-----------------------------
-$sum = 0;
-foreach (unpack("C*", $string) as $byteval) {
-    $sum += $byteval;
-}
-print "sum is $sum\n";
-// prints "1248" if $string was "an apple a day"
-#-----------------------------
-$sum = array_sum(unpack("C*", $string));
-#-----------------------------
-
-// sum - compute 16-bit checksum of all input files
-$handle = @fopen($argv[1], 'r');
-$checksum = 0;
-while (!feof($handle)) {
-    $checksum += (array_sum(unpack("C*", fgets($handle))));
-}
-$checksum %= pow(2,16) - 1;
-print "$checksum\n";
-
-# @@INCLUDE@@ include/php/slowcat.php
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.6
-#-----------------------------
-$revchars = strrev($string);
-#-----------------------------
-$revwords = implode(" ", array_reverse(explode(" ", $string)));
-#-----------------------------
-// reverse word order
-$string = 'Yoda said, "can you see this?"';
-$allwords    = explode(" ", $string);
-$revwords    = implode(" ", array_reverse($allwords));
-print $revwords . "\n";
-this?" see you "can said, Yoda
-#-----------------------------
-$revwords = implode(" ", array_reverse(explode(" ", $string)));
-#-----------------------------
-$revwords = implode(" ", array_reverse(preg_split("/(\s+)/", $string)));
-#-----------------------------
-$word = "reviver";
-$is_palindrome = ($word === strrev($word));
-#-----------------------------
-// quite a one-liner since "php" does not have a -n switch
-% php -r 'while (!feof(STDIN)) { $word = rtrim(fgets(STDIN)); if ($word == strrev($word) && strlen($word) > 5) print $word; }' < /usr/dict/words
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.8
-#-----------------------------
-$text = preg_replace('/\$(\w+)/e', '$$1', $text);
-#-----------------------------
-list($rows, $cols) = Array(24, 80);
-$text = 'I am $rows high and $cols long';
-$text = preg_replace('/\$(\w+)/e', '$$1', $text);
-print $text;
-
-#-----------------------------
-$text = "I am 17 years old";
-$text = preg_replace('/(\d+)/e', '2*$1', $text);
-#-----------------------------
-# expand variables in $text, but put an error message in
-# if the variable isn't defined
-$text = preg_replace('/\$(\w+)/e','isset($$1)?$$1:\'[NO VARIABLE: $$1]\'', $text);
-#-----------------------------
-
-// As PHP arrays are used as hashes too, separation of section 4
-// and section 5 makes little sense.
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.9
-#-----------------------------
-$big = strtoupper($little);
-$little = strtolower($big);
-// PHP does not have the\L and\U string escapes.
-#-----------------------------
-$big = ucfirst($little);
-$little = strtolower(substr($big, 0, 1)) . substr($big, 1);
-#-----------------------------
-$beast   = "dromedary";
-// capitalize various parts of $beast
-$capit   = ucfirst($beast); // Dromedar
-// PHP does not have the\L and\U string escapes.
-$capall  = strtoupper($beast); // DROMEDAR
-// PHP does not have the\L and\U string escapes.
-$caprest = strtolower(substr($beast, 0, 1)) . substr(strtoupper($beast), 1); // dROMEDAR
-// PHP does not have the\L and\U string escapes.
-#-----------------------------
-// titlecase each word's first character, lowercase the rest
-$text = "thIS is a loNG liNE";
-$text = ucwords(strtolower($text));
-print $text;
-This Is A Long Line
-#-----------------------------
-if (strtoupper($a) == strtoupper($b)) { // or strcasecmp($a, $b) == 0
-    print "a and b are the same\n";
-}
-#-----------------------------
-# @@INCLUDE@@ include/php/randcap.php
-
-// % php randcap.php < genesis | head -9
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.10
-#-----------------------------
-echo $var1 . func() . $var2; // scalar only
-#-----------------------------
-// PHP can only handle variable expression without operators
-$answer = "STRING ${[ VAR EXPR ]} MORE STRING";
-#-----------------------------
-$phrase = "I have " . ($n + 1) . " guanacos.";
-// PHP cannot handle the complex exression: ${\($n + 1)}
-#-----------------------------
-// Rest of Discussion is not applicable to PHP
-#-----------------------------
-// Interpolating functions not available in PHP
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.11
-# @@INCOMPLETE@@
-# @@INCOMPLETE@@
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.12
-#-----------------------------
-$output = wordwrap($str, $width, $break, $cut);
-#-----------------------------
-# @@INCLUDE@@ include/php/wrapdemo.php
-#-----------------------------
-// merge multiple lines into one, then wrap one long line
-print wordwrap(str_replace("\n", " ", file_get_contents('php://stdin')));
-#-----------------------------
-while(!feof(STDIN)) {
-    print wordwrap(str_replace("\n", " ", stream_get_line(STDIN, 0, "\n\n")));
-    print "\n\n";
-}
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.13
-#-----------------------------
-//backslash
-$var = preg_replace('/([CHARLIST])/', '\\\$1', $var);
-// double
-$var = preg_replace('/([CHARLIST])/', '$1$1', $var);
-#-----------------------------
-$var = preg_replace('/%/', '%%', $var);
-#-----------------------------
-$string = 'Mom said, "Don\'t do that."';
-$string = preg_replace('/([\'"])/', '\\\$1', $string);
-// in PHP you can also use the addslashes() function
-#-----------------------------
-$string = 'Mom said, "Don\'t do that."';
-$string = preg_replace('/([\'"])/', '$1$1', $string);
-#-----------------------------
-$string = preg_replace('/([^A-Z])/', '\\\$1', $string);
-#-----------------------------
-// PHP does not have the \Q and \E string metacharacters
-$string = "this is\\ a\\ test\\!";
-// PHP's quotemeta() function is not the same as perl's quotemeta() function
-$string = preg_replace('/(\W)/', '\\\$1', 'is a test!');
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.14
-#-----------------------------
-$string = trim($string);
-#-----------------------------
-// print what's typed, but surrounded by > < symbols
-while (!feof(STDIN)) {
-    print ">" . substr(fgets(STDIN), 0, -1) . "<\n";
-}
-#-----------------------------
-$string = preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', $string); // finally, collapse middle
-#-----------------------------
-$string = trim($string);
-$string = preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', $string);
-#-----------------------------
-// 1. trim leading and trailing white space
-// 2. collapse internal whitespace to single space each
-function sub_trim($string) {
-    $string = trim($string);
-    $string = preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', $string);
-    return $string;
-}
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.15
-# @@INCOMPLETE@@
-# @@INCOMPLETE@@
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.16
-#-----------------------------
-$code = soundex($string);
-#-----------------------------
-$phoned_words = metaphone("Schwern");
-#-----------------------------
-// substitution function for getpwent():
-// returns an array of user entries,
-// each entry contains the username and the full name
-function getpwent() {
-    $pwents = array();
-    $handle = fopen("passwd", "r");
-    while (!feof($handle)) {
-        $line = fgets($handle);
-        if (preg_match("/^#/", $line)) continue;
-        $cols = explode(":", $line);
-        $pwents[$cols[0]] = $cols[4];
-    }
-    return $pwents;
-}
-
-print "Lookup user: ";
-$user = rtrim(fgets(STDIN));
-if (empty($user)) exit;
-$name_code = soundex($user);
-$pwents = getpwent();
-foreach($pwents as $username => $fullname) {
-    preg_match("/(\w+)[^,]*\b(\w+)/", $fullname, $matches);
-    list(, $firstname, $lastname) = $matches;
-  
-    if ($name_code == soundex($username) ||
-        $name_code == soundex($lastname) ||
-        $name_code == soundex($firstname))
-    {
-        printf("%s: %s %s\n", $username, $firstname, $lastname);
-    }
-}
-#-----------------------------
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_1.17
-#-----------------------------
-# @@INCLUDE@@ include/php/fixstyle.php
-#-----------------------------
-# @@INCLUDE@@ include/php/fixstyle2.php
-#-----------------------------
-// very fast, but whitespace collapse
-while (!feof($input)) {
-  $i = 0;
-  preg_match("/^(\s*)(.*)/", fgets($input), $matches); // emit leading whitespace
-  fwrite($output, $matches[1]);
-  foreach (preg_split("/(\s+)/", $matches[2]) as $token) { // preserve trailing whitespace
-    fwrite($output, (array_key_exists($token, $config) ? $config[$token] : $token) . " ");
-  }
-  fwrite($output, "\n");
-}
-#-----------------------------
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.0
-// As is the case under so many other languages floating point use under PHP is fraught
-// with dangers. Although the basic techniques shown below are valid, please refer to
-// the official PHP documentation for known issues, bugs, and alternate approaches 
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.1
-// Two basic approaches to numeric validation:
-// * Built-in functions like 'is_numeric', 'is_int', 'is_float' etc
-// * Regexes, as shown below
-
-$s = '12.345';
-
-preg_match('/\D/', $s) && die("has nondigits\n");
-preg_match('/^\d+$/', $s) || die("not a natural number\n");
-preg_match('/^-?\d+$/', $s) || die("not an integer\n");
-preg_match('/^[+-]?\d+$/', $s) || die("not an integer\n");
-preg_match('/^-?\d+\.?\d*$/', $s) || die("not a decimal\n");
-preg_match('/^-?(?:\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\.\d+)$/', $s) || die("not a decimal\n");
-preg_match('/^([+-]?)(?=\d|\.\d)\d*(\.\d*)?([Ee]([+-]?\d+))?$/', $s) || die("not a C float\n");
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function getnum($s)
-{
-  sscanf($s, "%D", $number); return isset($number) ? $number : 0;
-}
-
-echo getnum(123) . "\n";   // ok
-echo getnum(0xff) . "\n";  // ..
-echo getnum(044) . "\n";   // ..
-
-echo getnum('x') . "\n";   // fail
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.2
-// In PHP floating point comparisions are 'safe' [meaning the '==' comparison operator
-// can be used] as long as the value consists of 14 digits or less [total digits, either
-// side of the decimal point e.g. xxxxxxx.xxxxxxx, xxxxxxxxxxxxxx., .xxxxxxxxxxxxxx]. If
-// values with more digits must be compared, then:
-//
-// * Represent as strings, and take care to avoid any implicit conversions e.g. don't pass
-//   a float as a float to a function and expect all digits to be retained - they won't be -
-//   then use 'strcmp' to compare the strings
-//
-// * Avoid float use; perhaps use arbitrary precision arithmetic. In this case, the
-//   'bccomp' function is relevant
-
-// Will work as long as each floating point value is 14 digits or less
-if ($float_1 == $float_2)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-// Compare as strings
-$cmp = strcmp('123456789.123456789123456789', '123456789.123456789123456788');
-
-// Use 'bccomp'
-$precision = 5; // Number of significant comparison digits after decimal point
-if (bccomp('1.111117', '1.111116', $precision))
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-$precision = 6;
-if (bccomp('1.111117', '1.111116', $precision))
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$wage = 536;
-$week = $wage * 40;
-printf("One week's wage is: $%.2f\n", $week / 100);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.3
-// Preferred approach
-$rounded = round($unrounded, $precision);
-
-// Possible alternate approach
-$format = '%[width].[prec]f';
-$rounded = sprintf($format, $unrounded);
-
-// ------------
-
-$a = 0.255; $b = round($a, 2);
-echo "Unrounded: {$a}\nRounded: {$b}\n";
-
-$a = 0.255; $b = sprintf('%.2f', $a);
-echo "Unrounded: {$a}\nRounded: {$b}\n";
-
-$a = 0.255;
-printf("Unrounded: %.f\nRounded: %.2f\n", $a, $a);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-echo "number\tint\tfloor\tceil\n";
-
-foreach(array(3.3, 3.5, 3.7, -3.3) as $number)
-{
-  printf("%.1f\t%.1f\t%.1f\t%.1f\n", $number, (int) $number, floor($number), ceil($number));
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.4
-// PHP offers the 'bindec' and 'decbin' functions to converting between binary and decimal
-
-$num = bindec('0110110');
-
-$binstr = decbin(54);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.5
-foreach (range($X, $Y) as $i)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-foreach (range($X, $Y, 7) as $i)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-for ($i = $X; $i <= $Y; $i++)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-for ($i = $X; $i <= $Y; $i += 7)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-echo 'Infancy is:'; foreach(range(0, 2) as $i) echo " {$i}\n";
-echo 'Toddling is:'; foreach(range(3, 4) as $i) echo " {$i}\n";
-echo 'Childhood is:'; foreach(range(5, 12) as $i) echo " {$i}\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.6
-// PHP offers no native support for Roman Numerals. However, a 'Numbers_Roman' class
-// is available for download from PEAR: [http://pear.php.net/package/Numbers_Roman].
-// Note the following 'include' directives are required:
-//
-//   include_once('Numbers/Roman.php');
-
-$roman = Numbers_Roman::toNumeral($arabic);
-$arabic = Numbers_Roman::toNumber($roman);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$roman_fifteen = Numbers_Roman::toNumeral(15);
-
-$arabic_fifteen = Numbers_Roman::toNumber($roman_fifteen);
-
-printf("Roman for fifteen is: %s\n", $roman_fifteen);
-printf("Arabic for fifteen is: %d\n", $arabic_fifteen);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.7
-// Techniques used here simply mirror Perl examples, and are not an endorsement
-// of any particular RNG technique
-
-// In PHP do this ...
-$random = rand($lowerbound, $upperbound);
-$random = rand($x, $y);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function make_password($chars, $reqlen)
-{
-  $len = strlen($chars);
-  for ($i = 0; $i < $reqlen; $i++) $password .= substr($chars, rand(0, $len), 1);
-  return $password;
-}
-
-$chars = 'ABCDEfghijKLMNOpqrstUVWXYz'; $reqlen = 8;
-
-$password = make_password($chars, $reqlen);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.8
-// PHP sports a large number of C Standard Library routines including the 'srand'
-// function, used to re-seed the RNG used with calls to the 'rand' function. Thus,
-// as per Perl example:
-
-while (TRUE)
-{
-  $seed = (int) fgets(STDIN);
-  if (!empty($seed)) break;
-}
-
-srand($seed);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.9
-// The above is considered - for many reasons - a poor way of seeding the RNG. PHP
-// also offers alternate versions of the functions, 'mt_srand' and 'mt_rand',
-// which are described as faster, and more 'random', though key to obtaining a
-// more 'random' distribution of generated numbers seems to be through using
-// a combination of a previously saved random value in combination with an
-// unrepeatable value [like the current time in microseconds] that is multiplied
-// by a large prime number, or perhaps as part of a hash [examples available in
-// PHP documentation for 'srand' and 'mt_srand']
-
-mt_srand($saved_random_value + microtime() * 1000003);
-
-// or
-
-mt_srand(($saved_random_value + hexdec(substr(md5(microtime()), -8))) & 0x7fffffff);
-
-// Use of 'mt_rand' together with an appropriate seeding approach should help better
-// approximate the generation of a 'truly random value'
-$truly_random_value = mt_rand();
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.10
-function random() { return (float) rand() / (float) getrandmax(); }
-
-function gaussian_rand()
-{
-  $u1 = 0.0; $u2 = 0.0; $g1 = 0.0; $g2 = 0.0; $w = 0.0;
-  
-  do
-  {
-    $u1 = 2.0 * random() - 1.0; $u2 = 2.0 * random() - 1.0;
-    $w = $u1 * $u1 + $u2 * $u2;
-  } while ($w > 1.0);
-  
-  $w = sqrt((-2.0 * log($w)) / $w); $g2 = $u1 * $w; $g1 = $u2 * $w;
-
-  return $g1;
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$mean = 25.0; $sdev = 2.0;
-$salary = gaussian_rand() * $mean + $sdev;
-
-printf("You have been hired at: %.2f\n", $salary);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.11
-// 'deg2rad' and 'rad2deg' are actually PHP built-ins, but here is how you might implement
-/  them if needed
-function deg2rad_($deg) { return ($deg / 180.0) * M_PI; }
-function rad2deg_($rad) { return ($rad / M_PI) * 180.0; }
-
-// ------------
-
-printf("%f\n", deg2rad_(180.0));
-printf("%f\n", deg2rad(180.0));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function degree_sin($deg) { return sin(deg2rad($deg)); }
-
-// ------------
-
-$rad = deg2rad(380.0);
-
-printf("%f\n", sin($rad));
-printf("%f\n", degree_sin(380.0));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.12
-function my_tan($theta) { return sin($theta) / cos($theta); }
-
-// ------------
-
-$theta = 3.7;
-
-printf("%f\n", my_tan($theta));
-printf("%f\n", tan($theta));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.13
-$value = 100.0;
-
-$log_e = log($value);
-$log_10 = log10($value);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function log_base($base, $value) { return log($value) / log($base); }
-
-// ------------
-
-$answer = log_base(10.0, 10000.0);
-
-printf("log(10, 10,000) = %f\n", $answer);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.14
-// PHP offers no native support for matrices. However, a 'Math_Matrix' class
-// is available for download from PEAR: [http://pear.php.net/package/Math_Matrix].
-// Note the following 'include' directives are required:
-//
-//  include_once('Math/Matrix.php');
-
-$a = new Math_Matrix(array(array(3, 2, 3), array(5, 9, 8)));
-$b = new Math_Matrix(array(array(4, 7), array(9, 3), array(8, 1)));
-
-echo $a->toString() . "\n";
-echo $b->toString() . "\n";
-
-// NOTE: When I installed this package I had to rename the 'clone' method else
-// it would not load, so I chose to rename it to 'clone_', and this usage is
-// shown below. This bug may well be fixed by the time you obtain this package
-
-$c = $a->clone_();
-$c->multiply($b);
-
-echo $c->toString() . "\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.15
-// PHP offers no native support for complex numbers. However, a 'Math_Complex' class
-// is available for download from PEAR: [http://pear.php.net/package/Math_Complex].
-// Note the following 'include' directives are required:
-//
-//   include_once('Math/Complex.php');
-//   include_once('Math/TrigOp.php');
-//   include_once('Math/ComplexOp.php');
-
-$a = new Math_Complex(3, 5);
-$b = new Math_Complex(2, -2);
-
-$c = Math_ComplexOp::mult($a, $b);
-
-echo $c->toString() . "\n";
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$d = new Math_Complex(3, 4);
-$r = Math_ComplexOp::sqrt($d);
-
-echo $r->toString() . "\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.16
-// Like C, PHP supports decimal-alternate notations. Thus, for example, the integer
-// value, 867, is expressable in literal form as:
-//
-//   Hexadecimal -> 0x363
-//   Octal       -> 01543
-//
-// For effecting such conversions using strings there is 'sprintf' and 'sscanf'.
-
-$dec = 867;
-$hex = sprintf('%x', $dec);
-$oct = sprintf('%o', $dec);
-
-// ------------
-
-$dec = 0;
-$hex = '363';
-
-sscanf($hex, '%x', $dec);
-
-// ------------
-
-$dec = 0;
-$oct = '1543';
-
-sscanf($oct, '%o', $dec);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$number = 0;
-
-printf('Gimme a number in decimal, octal, or hex: ');
-sscanf(fgets(STDIN), '%D', $number);
-
-printf("%d %x %o\n", $number, $number, $number);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.17
-// PHP offers the 'number_format' built-in function to, among many other format tasks, 
-// commify numbers. Perl-compatible [as well as extended] regexes are also available
-
-function commify_series($s) { return number_format($s, 0, '', ','); }
-
-// ------------
-
-$hits = 3456789;
-
-printf("Your website received %s accesses last month\n", commify_series($hits));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function commify($s)
-{
-  return strrev(preg_replace('/(\d\d\d)(?=\d)(?!\d*\.)/', '${1},', strrev($s)));
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$hits = 3456789;
-
-echo commify(sprintf("Your website received %d accesses last month\n", $hits));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.18
-function pluralise($value, $root, $singular='' , $plural='s')
-{
-  return $root . (($value > 1) ? $plural : $singular);
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$duration = 1;
-printf("It took %d %s\n", $duration, pluralise($duration, 'hour'));
-printf("%d %s %s enough.\n", $duration, pluralise($duration, 'hour'),
-      pluralise($duration, '', 'is', 'are'));
-
-$duration = 5;
-printf("It took %d %s\n", $duration, pluralise($duration, 'hour'));
-printf("%d %s %s enough.\n", $duration, pluralise($duration, 'hour'),
-      pluralise($duration, '', 'is', 'are'));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function plural($singular)
-{
-  $s2p = array('/ss$/' => 'sses', '/([psc]h)$/' => '${1}es', '/z$/' => 'zes',
-               '/ff$/' => 'ffs', '/f$/' => 'ves', '/ey$/' => 'eys',
-               '/y$/' => 'ies', '/ix$/' => 'ices', '/([sx])$/' => '$1es',
-               '$' => 's');
-
-  foreach($s2p as $s => $p)
-  {
-    if (preg_match($s, $singular)) return preg_replace($s, $p, $singular);
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-foreach(array('mess', 'index', 'leaf', 'puppy') as $word)
-{
-  printf("%6s -> %s\n", $word, plural($word));
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_2.19
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.0
-// PHP's date / time suport is quite extensive, and appears grouped into three areas of
-// functionality:
-//
-// * UNIX / C Library [libc]-based routines, which include [among others]:
-//   - localtime, gmtime
-//   - strftime, strptime, mktime
-//   - time, getdate, gettimeofday, 
-//
-// * PHP 'native' functions, those date / time routines released in earlier versions,
-//   and which otherwise provide 'convenience' functionality; these include:
-//   - date
-//   - strtotime
-//
-// * 'DateTime' class-based. This facility appears [according to the PHP documentation]
-//   to be extremely new / experimental, so whilst usage examples will be provided, they
-//   should not be taken to be 'official' examples, and obviously, subject to change.
-//   My own impression is that this facility is currently only partially implemented,
-//   so there is limited use for these functions. The functions included in this group
-//   are some of the 'date_'-prefixed functions; they are, however, not used standalone,
-//   but as methods in conjunction with an object. Typical usage:
-//
-//     $today = new DateTime();             // actually calls: date_create($today, ...);
-//     echo $today->format('U') . "\n";     // actually calls: date_format($today, ...);
-//
-// Also worth mentioning is the PEAR [PHP Extension and Repository] package, 'Calendar',
-// which offers a rich set of date / time manipulation facilities. However, since it is
-// not currently shipped with PHP, no examples appear
-
-// Helper functions for performing date arithmetic 
-
-function dateOffset()
-{
-  static $tbl = array('sec' => 1, 'min' => 60, 'hou' => 3600, 'day' => 86400, 'wee' => 604800);
-  $delta = 0;
-
-  foreach (func_get_args() as $arg)
-  {
-    $kv = explode('=', $arg);
-    $delta += $kv[1] * $tbl[strtolower(substr($kv[0], 0, 3))];
-  }
-
-  return $delta;
-}
-
-function dateInterval($intvltype, $timevalue)
-{
-  static $tbl = array('sec' => 1, 'min' => 60, 'hou' => 3600, 'day' => 86400, 'wee' => 604800);
-  return (int) round($timevalue / $tbl[strtolower(substr($intvltype, 0, 3))]);
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Extract indexed array from 'getdate'
-$today = getdate();
-printf("Today is day %d of the current year\n", $today['yday']);
-
-// Extract indexed, and associative arrays, respectively, from 'localtime'
-$today = localtime();
-printf("Today is day %d of the current year\n", $today[7]);
-
-$today = localtime(time(), TRUE);
-printf("Today is day %d of the current year\n", $today['tm_yday']);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.1
-define(SEP, '-');
-
-// ------------
-
-$today = getdate();
-
-$day = $today['mday'];
-$month = $today['mon'];
-$year = $today['year'];
-
-// Either do this to use interpolation:
-$sep = SEP;
-echo "Current date is: {$year}{$sep}{$month}{$sep}{$day}\n";
-
-// or simply concatenate:
-echo 'Current date is: ' . $year . SEP . $month . SEP . $day . "\n";
-
-// ------------
-
-$today = localtime(time(), TRUE);
-
-$day = $today['tm_mday'];
-$month = $today['tm_mon'] + 1;
-$year = $today['tm_year'] + 1900;
-
-printf("Current date is: %4d%s%2d%s%2d\n", $year, SEP, $month, SEP, $day);
-
-// ------------
-
-$format = 'Y' . SEP . 'n' . SEP . 'd';
-
-$today = date($format);
-
-echo "Current date is: {$today}\n";
-
-// ------------
-
-$sep = SEP;
-
-$today = strftime("%Y$sep%m$sep%d");
-
-echo "Current date is: {$today}\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.2
-$timestamp = mktime($hour, $min, $sec, $month, $day, $year);
-
-$timestamp = gmmktime($hour, $min, $sec, $month, $day, $year);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.3
-$dmyhms = getdate();            // timestamp: current date / time
-
-$dmyhms = getdate($timestamp);  // timestamp: arbitrary
-
-$day = $dmyhms['mday'];
-$month = $dmyhms['mon'];
-$year = $dmyhms['year'];
-
-$hours = $dmyhms['hours'];
-$minutes = $dmyhms['minutes'];
-$seconds = $dmyhms['seconds'];
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.4
-// Date arithmetic is probably most easily performed using timestamps [i.e. *NIX Epoch
-// Seconds]. Dates - in whatever form - are converted to timestamps, these are
-// arithmetically manipulated, and the result converted to whatever form required.
-// Note: use 'mktime' to create timestamps properly adjusted for daylight saving; whilst
-// 'strtotime' is more convenient to use, it does not, AFAIK, include this adjustment
-
-$when = $now + $difference;
-$then = $now - $difference;
-
-// ------------
-
-$now = mktime(0, 0, 0, 8, 6, 2003);
-
-$diff1 = dateOffset('day=1'); $diff2 = dateOffset('weeks=2');
-
-echo 'Today is:                 ' . date('Y-m-d', $now) . "\n";
-echo 'One day in the future is: ' . date('Y-m-d', $now + $diff1) . "\n";
-echo 'Two weeks in the past is: ' . date('Y-m-d', $now - $diff2) . "\n";
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Date arithmetic performed using a custom function, 'dateOffset'. Internally, offset may
-// be computed in one of several ways:
-// * Direct timestamp manipulation - fastest, but no daylight saving adjustment 
-// * Via 'date' built-in function - slower [?], needs a base time from which to
-//   compute values, but has daylight saving adjustment 
-// * Via 'strtotime' built-in function - as for 'date'
-// * Via 'DateTime' class
-//
-// Approach used here is to utilise direct timestamp manipulation in 'dateOffset' [it's
-// performance can also be improved by replacing $tbl with a global definition etc],
-// and to illustrate how the other approaches might be used 
-
-// 1. 'dateOffset'
-
-$birthtime = mktime(3, 45, 50, 1, 18, 1973);
-
-$interval = dateOffset('day=55', 'hours=2', 'min=17', 'sec=5');
-
-$then = $birthtime + $interval;
-
-printf("Birthtime is: %s\nthen is:      %s\n", date(DATE_RFC1123, $birthtime), date(DATE_RFC1123, $then));
-
-// ------------
-
-// 2. 'date'
-
-// Base values, and offsets, respectively
-$hr = 3; $min = 45; $sec = 50; $mon = 1; $day = 18; $year = 1973;
-
-$yroff = 0; $monoff = 0; $dayoff = 55; $hroff = 2; $minoff = 17; $secoff = 5;
-
-// Base date
-$birthtime = mktime($hr, $min, $sec, $mon, $day, $year, TRUE);
-
-$year = date('Y', $birthtime) + $yroff;
-$mon = date('m', $birthtime) + $monoff;
-$day = date('d', $birthtime) + $dayoff;
-
-$hr = date('H', $birthtime) + $hroff;
-$min = date('i', $birthtime) + $minoff;
-$sec = date('s', $birthtime) + $secoff;
-
-// Offset date
-$then = mktime($hr, $min, $sec, $mon, $day, $year, TRUE);
-
-printf("Birthtime is: %s\nthen is:      %s\n", date(DATE_RFC1123, $birthtime), date(DATE_RFC1123, $then));
-
-// ------------
-
-// 3. 'strtotime'
-
-// Generate timestamp whatever way is preferable
-$birthtime = mktime(3, 45, 50, 1, 18, 1973);
-$birthtime = strtotime('1/18/1973 03:45:50');
-
-$then = strtotime('+55 days 2 hours 17 minutes 2 seconds', $birthtime);
-
-printf("Birthtime is: %s\nthen is:      %s\n", date(DATE_RFC1123, $birthtime), date(DATE_RFC1123, $then));
-
-// ------------
-
-// 4. 'DateTime' class
-
-$birthtime = new DateTime('1/18/1973 03:45:50');
-$then = new DateTime('1/18/1973 03:45:50');
-$then->modify('+55 days 2 hours 17 minutes 2 seconds');
-
-printf("Birthtime is: %s\nthen is:      %s\n", $birthtime->format(DATE_RFC1123), $then->format(DATE_RFC1123));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.5
-// Date intervals are most easily computed using timestamps [i.e. *NIX Epoch
-// Seconds] which, of course, gives the interval result is seconds from which
-// all other interval measures [days, weeks, months, years] may be derived.
-// Refer to previous section for discussion of daylight saving and other related
-// problems
-
-$interval_seconds = $recent - $earlier;
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Conventional approach ...
-$bree = strtotime('16 Jun 1981, 4:35:25');
-$nat = strtotime('18 Jan 1973, 3:45:50');
-
-// ... or, with daylight saving adjustment
-$bree = mktime(4, 35, 25, 6, 16, 1981, TRUE);
-$nat = mktime(3, 45, 50, 1, 18, 1973, TRUE);
-
-$difference = $bree - $nat;
-
-// 'dateInterval' custom function computes intervals in several measures given an
-// interval in seconds. Note, 'month' and 'year' measures not provided
-printf("There were %d seconds between Nat and Bree\n", $difference);
-printf("There were %d weeks between Nat and Bree\n", dateInterval('weeks', $difference));
-printf("There were %d days between Nat and Bree\n", dateInterval('days', $difference));
-printf("There were %d hours between Nat and Bree\n", dateInterval('hours', $difference));
-printf("There were %d minutes between Nat and Bree\n", dateInterval('mins', $difference));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.6
-// 'getdate' accepts a timestamp [or implicitly calls 'time'] and returns an array of
-// date components. It returns much the same information as 'strptime' except that
-// the component names are different
-
-$today = getdate();
-
-$weekday = $today['wday'];
-$monthday = $today['mday'];
-$yearday = $today['yday'];
-
-$weeknumber = (int) round($yearday / 7.0);
-
-// Safter method of obtaining week number
-$weeknumber = strftime('%U') + 1;
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-define(SEP, '/');
-
-$day = 16;
-$month = 6;
-$year = 1981;
-
-$timestamp = mktime(0, 0, 0, $month, $day, $year);
-
-$date = getdate($timestamp);
-
-$weekday = $date['wday'];
-$monthday = $date['mday'];
-$yearday = $date['yday'];
-
-$weeknumber = (int) round($yearday / 7.0);
-
-$weeknumber = strftime('%U', $timestamp) + 1;
-
-// Interpolate ...
-$sep = SEP;
-echo "{$month}{$sep}{$day}{$sep}{$year} was a {$date['weekday']} in week {$weeknumber}\n";
-
-// ... or, concatenate
-echo $month . SEP . $day . SEP . $year . ' was a ' . $date['weekday']
-     . ' in week ' . $weeknumber . "\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.7
-// 'strtotime' parses a textual date expression by attempting a 'best guess' at
-// the format, and either fails, or generates a timestamp. Timestamp could be fed
-// into any one of the various functions; example:
-$timestamp = strtotime('1998-06-03'); echo strftime('%Y-%m-%d', $timestamp) . "\n";
-
-// 'strptime' parses a textual date expression according to a specified format,
-// and returns an array of date components; components can be easily dumped
-print_r(strptime('1998-06-03', '%Y-%m-%d'));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Parse date string according to format
-$darr = strptime('1998-06-03', '%Y-%m-%d');
-
-if (!empty($darr))
-{
-  // Show date components in 'debug' form
-  print_r($darr);
-
-  // Check whether there was a parse error i.e. one or more components could not
-  // be extracted from the string
-  if (empty($darr['unparsed']))
-  {
-    // Properly parsed date, so validate required components using, 'checkdate'
-    if (checkdate($darr['tm_mon'] + 1, $darr['tm_mday'], $darr['tm_year'] + 1900))
-      echo "Parsed date verified as correct\n";
-    else
-      echo "Parsed date failed verification\n";
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    echo "Date string parse not complete; failed components: {$darr['unparsed']}\n";
-  }
-}
-else
-{
-  echo "Date string could not be parsed\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.8
-// 'date' and 'strftime' both print a date string based on:
-// * Format String, describing layout of date components
-// * Timestamp [*NIX Epoch Seconds], either given explicitly, or implictly
-//   via a call to 'time' which retrieves current time value
-
-$ts = 1234567890;
-
-date('Y/m/d', $ts); 
-date('Y/m/d', mktime($h, $m, $s, $mth, $d, $y, $is_dst)); 
-
-date('Y/m/d');         // same as: date('Y/m/d', time());
-
-// ------------
-
-$ts = 1234567890;
-
-strftime('%Y/%m/%d', $ts);
-strftime('%Y/%m/%d', mktime($h, $m, $s, $mth, $d, $y, $is_dst));
-
-strftime('%Y/%m/%d');  // same as: strftime('%Y/%m/%d', time());
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// 'mktime' creates a local time timestamp
-$t = strftime('%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %z %Y', mktime(3, 45, 50, 1, 18, 73, TRUE));
-echo "{$t}\n";
-
-// 'gmmktime' creates a GMT time timestamp
-$t = strftime('%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %z %Y', gmmktime(3, 45, 50, 1, 18, 73));
-echo "{$t}\n";
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// 'strtotime' parses a textual date expression, and generates a timestamp 
-$t = strftime('%A %D', strtotime('18 Jan 1973, 3:45:50'));
-echo "{$t}\n";
-
-// This should generate output identical to previous example
-$t = strftime('%A %D', mktime(3, 45, 50, 1, 18, 73, TRUE));
-echo "{$t}\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.9
-// PHP 5 and above can use the built-in, 'microtime'. Crude implementation for ealier versions:
-// function microtime() { $t = gettimeofday(); return (float) ($t['sec'] + $t['usec'] / 1000000.0); } 
-
-// ------------
-
-$before = microtime();
-
-$line = fgets(STDIN);
-
-$elapsed = microtime() - $before;
-
-printf("You took %.3f seconds\n", $elapsed);
-
-// ------------
-
-define(NUMBER_OF_TIMES, 100);
-define(SIZE, 500);
-
-for($i = 0; $i < NUMBER_OF_TIMES; $i++)
-{
-  $arr = array();
-  for($j = 0; $j < SIZE; $j++) $arr[] = rand();
-
-  $begin = microtime();
-  sort($arr);
-  $elapsed = microtime() - $begin;
-
-  $total_time += $elapsed;
-}
-
-printf("On average, sorting %d random numbers takes %.5f seconds\n", SIZE, $total_time / (float) NUMBER_OF_TIMES);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.10
-// Low-resolution: sleep time specified in seconds
-sleep(1);
-
-// High-resolution: sleep time specified in microseconds [not reliable under Windows]
-usleep(250000);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_3.11
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.0
-// Nested arrays are supported, and may be easily printed using 'print_r'
-
-$nested = array('this', 'that', 'the', 'other');
-
-$nested = array('this', 'that', array('the', 'other')); print_r($nested);
-
-$tune = array('The', 'Star-Spangled', 'Banner');
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.1
-// PHP offers only the 'array' type which is actually an associative array, though
-// may be numerically indexed, to mimic vectors and matrices; there is no separate
-// 'list' type
-
-$a = array('quick', 'brown', 'fox');
-
-// ------------
-
-$a = escapeshellarg('Why are you teasing me?');
-
-// ------------
-
-$lines = <<<END_OF_HERE_DOC
-    The boy stood on the burning deck,
-    it was as hot as glass.
-END_OF_HERE_DOC;
-
-// ------------
-
-$bigarray = array_map('rtrim', file('mydatafile'));
-
-// ------------
-
-$banner = 'The mines of Moria';
-
-$banner = escapeshellarg('The mines of Moria');
-
-// ------------
-
-$name = 'Gandalf';
-
-$banner = "Speak {$name}, and enter!";
-
-$banner = 'Speak ' . escapeshellarg($name) . ' and welcome!';
-
-// ------------
-
-$his_host = 'www.perl.com';
-
-$host_info = `nslookup $his_host`;
-
-$cmd = 'ps ' . posix_getpid(); $perl_info = `$cmd`;
-
-$shell_info = `ps $$`;
-
-// ------------
-
-$banner = array('Costs', 'only', '$4.95');
-
-$banner = array_map('escapeshellarg', split(' ', 'Costs only $4.95'));
-
-// ------------
-
-// AFAIK PHP doesn't support non-quoted strings ala Perl's 'q', 'qq' and 'qw', so arrays
-// created from strings must use quoted strings, and make use of 'split' [or equivalent].
-// A slew of functions exist for performing string quoting, including 'escapeshellarg',
-// 'quotemeta', and 'preg_quote'
-
-$brax = split(' ', '( ) < > { } [ ]');
-
-// Do this to quote each element within '..'
-// $brax = array_map('escapeshellarg', split(' ', '( ) < > { } [ ]'));
-
-$rings = split(' ', 'Nenya Narya Vilya');
-
-$tags = split(' ', 'LI TABLE TR TD A IMG H1 P');
-
-$sample = split(' ', 'The vertical bar | looks and behaves like a pipe.');
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.2
-function commify_series($list)
-{
-  $n = str_word_count($list); $series = str_word_count($list, 1);
-
-  if ($n == 0) return NULL;
-  if ($n == 1) return $series[0];
-  if ($n == 2) return $series[0] . ' and ' . $series[1];
-  
-  return join(', ', array_slice($series, 0, -1)) . ', and ' . $series[$n - 1];
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-echo commify_series('red') . "\n";
-echo commify_series('red yellow') . "\n";
-echo commify_series('red yellow green') . "\n";
-
-$mylist = 'red yellow green';
-echo 'I have ' . commify_series($mylist) . " marbles.\n";
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function commify_series($arr)
-{
-  $n = count($arr); $sepchar = ',';
-
-  foreach($arr as $str)
-  {
-    if (strpos($str, ',') === false) continue;
-    $sepchar = ';'; break; 
-  }
-
-  if ($n == 0) return NULL;
-  if ($n == 1) return $arr[0];
-  if ($n == 2) return $arr[0] . ' and ' . $arr[1];
-  
-  return join("{$sepchar} ", array_slice($arr, 0, -1)) . "{$sepchar} and " . $arr[$n - 1];
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$lists = array(
-  array('just one thing'),
-  split(' ', 'Mutt Jeff'),
-  split(' ', 'Peter Paul Mary'),
-  array('To our parents', 'Mother Theresa', 'God'),
-  array('pastrami', 'ham and cheese', 'peanut butter and jelly', 'tuna'),
-  array('recycle tired, old phrases', 'ponder big, happy thoughts'),
-  array('recycle tired, old phrases', 'ponder big, happy thoughts', 'sleep and dream peacefully'));
-
-foreach($lists as $arr)
-{
-  echo 'The list is: ' . commify_series($arr) . ".\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.3
-// AFAICT you cannot grow / shrink an array to an arbitrary size. However, you can:
-// * Grow an array by appending an element using subscrip notation, or using
-//   either 'array_unshift' or 'array_push' to add one or more elements
-
-$arr[] = 'one';
-array_unshift($arr, 'one', 'two', 'three');
-array_push($arr, 'one', 'two', 'three');
-
-// * Shrink an array by using 'unset' to remove one or more specific elements, or
-//   either 'array_shift' or 'array_pop' to remove an element from the ends
-
-unset($arr[$idx1], $arr[$idx2], $arr[$idx3]);
-$item = array_shift($arr);
-$item = array_pop($arr);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function what_about_the_array()
-{
-  global $people;
-
-  echo 'The array now has ' . count($people) . " elements\n";
-  echo 'The index value of the last element is ' . (count($people) - 1) . "\n";
-  echo 'Element #3 is ' . $people[3] . "\n";
-}
-
-$people = array('Crosby', 'Stills', 'Nash', 'Young');
-what_about_the_array();
-
-array_pop($people);
-what_about_the_array();
-
-// Cannot, AFAICT, resize the array to an arbitrary size
-
-# @@PLEAC@@_4.4
-foreach ($list as $item) {
-    // do something with $item
-}
-
-// Environment listing example
-
-// PHP defines a superglobal $_ENV to provide access to environment
-// variables.
-
-// Beware, array assignment means copying in PHP. You need to use
-// the reference operator to avoid copying. But we want a copy here.
-$env = $_ENV;
-
-// PHP can sort an array by key, so you don't need to get keys,
-// and then sort.
-ksort($env);
-
-foreach ($env as $key => $value) {
-    echo "{$key}={$value}\n";
-}
-
-// Literal translation of Perl example would be:
-$keys = array_keys($_ENV);
-sort($keys);
-foreach ($keys as $key) {
-    echo "{$key}={$_ENV[$key]}\n";
-}
-
-// This assumes that MAX_QUOTA is a named constant.
-foreach ($all_users as $user) {
-    $disk_space = get_usage($user);
-    if ($disk_space > MAX_QUOTA) {
-        complain($user);
-    }
-}
-
-// You can't modify array's elements in-place.
-$array = array(1, 2, 3);
-$newarray = array();
-foreach ($array as $item) {
-    $newarray[] = $item - 1;
-}
-print_r($newarray);
-
-// Before PHP 5, that is. You can precede the reference operator
-// before $item to get reference instead of copy.
-$array = array(1, 2, 3);
-foreach ($array as &$item) {
-    $item--;
-}
-print_r($array);
-
-// TODO: explain the old each() and list() iteration construct.
-// foreach is new in PHP 4, and there are subtle differences.
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.5
-// Conventional 'read-only' access
-foreach($array as $item)
-{
-  ; // Can access, but not update, array element referred to by '$item'
-}
-
-// ----
-
-// '&' makes '$item' a reference
-foreach($array as &$item)
-{
-  ; // Update array element referred to by '$item'
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$arraylen = count($array);
-
-for($i = 0; $i < $arraylen; $i++)
-{
-  ; // '$array' is updateable via subscript notation
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$fruits = array('Apple', 'Raspberry');
-
-foreach($fruits as &$fruit)
-{
-  echo "{$fruit} tastes good in a pie.\n";
-}
-
-$fruitlen = count($fruits);
-
-for($i = 0; $i < $fruitlen; $i++)
-{
-  echo "{$fruits[$i]} tastes good in a pie.\n";
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$rogue_cats = array('Blackie', 'Goldie', 'Silkie');
-
-// Take care to assign reference to '$rogue_cats' array via '=&'
-$namelist['felines'] =& $rogue_cats;
-
-// Take care to make '$cat' a reference via '&$' to allow updating
-foreach($namelist['felines'] as &$cat)
-{
-  $cat .= ' [meow]';
-}
-
-// Via array reference
-foreach($namelist['felines'] as $cat)
-{
-  echo "{$cat} purrs hypnotically.\n";
-}
-
-echo "---\n";
-
-// Original array
-foreach($rogue_cats as $cat)
-{
-  echo "{$cat} purrs hypnotically.\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.6
-// PHP offers the 'array_unique' function to perform this task. It works with both keyed,
-// and numerically-indexed arrays; keys / indexes are preserved; use of 'array_values' 
-// is recommended to reindex numerically-indexed arrays since there will likely be missing
-// indexes
-
-// Remove duplicate values
-$unique = array_unique($array);
-
-// Remove duplicates, and reindex [for numerically-indexed arrays only]
-$unique = array_values(array_unique($array));
-
-// or use:
-$unique = array_keys(array_flip($array));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Selected Perl 'seen' examples
-foreach($list as $item)
-{
-  if (!isset($seen[$item]))
-  {
-    $seen[$item] = TRUE;
-    $unique[] = $item;
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-foreach($list as $item)
-{
-  $seen[$item] || (++$seen[$item] && ($unique[] = $item));
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-function some_func($item)
-{
-  ; // Do something with '$item'
-}
-
-foreach($list as $item)
-{
-  $seen[$item] || (++$seen[$item] && some_func($item));
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-foreach(array_slice(preg_split('/\n/', `who`), 0, -1) as $user_entry)
-{
-  $user = preg_split('/\s/', $user_entry);
-  $ucnt[$user[0]]++;
-}
-
-ksort($ucnt);
-
-echo "users logged in:\n";
-
-foreach($ucnt as $user => $cnt)
-{
-  echo "\t{$user} => {$cnt}\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.7
-// PHP offers the 'array_diff' and 'array_diff_assoc' functions to perform this task. Same
-// points as made about 'array_unique' apply here also
-
-$a = array('c', 'a', 'b', 'd');
-$b = array('c', 'a', 'b', 'e');
-
-$diff = array_diff($a, $b);                 // $diff -> [3] 'd'
-$diff = array_diff($b, $a);                 // $diff -> [3] 'e'
-
-// Numerically-indexed array, reindexed
-$diff = array_values(array_diff($a, $b));   // $diff -> [0] 'd'
-$diff = array_values(array_diff($b, $a));   // $diff -> [0] 'e'
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// 1st Perl 'seen' example only
-
-$a = array('k1' => 11, 'k2' => 12, 'k4' => 14);
-$b = array('k1' => 11, 'k2' => 12, 'k3' => 13);
-
-foreach($b as $item => $value) { $seen[$item] = 1; }
-
-// Stores key only e.g. $aonly[0] contains 'k4', same as Perl example
-foreach($a as $item => $value) { if (!$seen[$item]) $aonly[] = $item; }
-
-// Stores key and value e.g. $aonly['k4'] contains 14, same entry as in $a
-foreach($a as $item => $value) { if (!$seen[$item]) $aonly[$item] = $value; }
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Conventional way: $hash = array('key1' => 1, 'key2' => 2);
-
-$hash['key1'] = 1;
-$hash['key2'] = 2;
-
-$hash = array_combine(array('key1', 'key2'), array(1, 2));
-
-// ------------
-
-$seen = array_slice($b, 0);
-
-$seen = array_combine(array_keys($b), array_fill(0, count($b), 1));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.8
-// PHP offers a number of array-based 'set operation' functions:
-// * union:        array_unique(array_merge(...))
-// * intersection: array_intersect and family
-// * difference:   array_diff and family
-// which may be used for this type of task. Also, if returned arrays need to be
-// reindexed, 'array_slice($array, 0)', or 'array_values($array)' are useful
-
-$a = array(1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8);
-$b = array(2, 3, 5, 7, 9);
-
-$union = array_values(array_unique(array_merge($a, $b))); // 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
-$isect = array_values(array_intersect($a, $b));           // 3, 5, 7
-$diff = array_values(array_diff($a, $b));                 // 1, 8
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.9
-// PHP offers the 'array_merge' function to perform this task. Duplicate values are retained,
-// but if arrays are numerically-indexed, resulting array is reindexed
-
-$arr1 = array('c', 'a', 'b', 'd');
-$arr2 = array('c', 'a', 'b', 'e');
-
-$new = array_merge($arr1, $arr2);     // $new -> 'c', 'a', 'b', 'd', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'd'
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$members = array('Time', 'Flies');
-$initiates = array('An', 'Arrow');
-
-$members = array_merge($members, $initiates);
-
-// ------------
-
-$members = array('Time', 'Flies');
-$initiates = array('An', 'Arrow');
-
-// 'array_splice' is the PHP equivalent to Perl's 'splice'
-array_splice($members, 2, 0, array_merge(array('Like'), $initiates));
-echo join(' ', $members) . "\n";
-
-array_splice($members, 0, 1, array('Fruit'));
-array_splice($members, -2, 2, array('A', 'Banana'));
-echo join(' ', $members) . "\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.10
-$reversed = array_reverse($array);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-foreach(array_reverse($array) as $item)
-{
-  ; // ... do something with '$item' ...
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-for($i = count($array) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--)
-{
-  ; // ... do something with '$array[$i]' ...
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-sort($array);
-$array = array_reverse($array);
-
-// ------------
-
-rsort($array);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.11
-// Array elements can be deleted using 'unset'; removing several elements would require applying
-// 'unset' several times, probably in a loop. However, they would most likely also need to be
-// reindexed, so a better approach would be to use 'array_slice' which avoids explicit looping.
-// Where elements need to be removed, and those elements also returned, it is probably best to
-// combine both operations in a function. This is the approach taken here in implementing both
-// 'shiftN' and 'popN', and it is these functions that are used in the examples
-
-function popN(&$arr, $n)
-{
-  $ret = array_slice($arr, -($n), $n);
-  $arr = array_slice($arr, 0, count($arr) - $n);
-  return $ret;
-}
-
-function shiftN(&$arr, $n)
-{
-  $ret = array_slice($arr, 0, $n);
-  $arr = array_slice($arr, $n);
-  return $ret;
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// Remove $n elements from the front of $array; return them in $fron
-$front = shiftN($array, $n);
-
-// Remove $n elements from the end of $array; return them in $end
-$end = popN($array, $n);
-
-// ------------
-
-$friends = array('Peter', 'Paul', 'Mary', 'Jim', 'Tim');
-
-list($this_, $that) = shiftN($friends, 2);
-
-echo "{$this_} {$that}\n";
-
-// ------------
-
-$beverages = array('Dew', 'Jolt', 'Cola', 'Sprite', 'Fresca');
-
-$pair = popN($beverages, 2);
-
-echo join(' ', $pair) . "\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.12
-// This section illustrates various 'find first' techniques. The Perl examples all use an
-// explicit loop and condition testing [also repeated here]. This is the simplest, and
-// [potentially] most efficient approach because the search can be terminated as soon as a
-// match is found. However, it is worth mentioning a few alternatives:
-// * 'array_search' performs a 'find first' using the element value rather than a condition
-//    check, so isn't really applicable here
-// * 'array_filter', whilst using a condition check, actually performs a 'find all', though
-//   all but the first returned element can be discarded. This approach is actually less error
-//   prone than using a loop, but the disadvantage is that each element is visited: there is no
-//   means of terminating the search once a match has been found. It would be nice if this
-//   function were to have a third parameter, a Boolean flag indicating whether to traverse
-//   the whole array, or quit after first match [next version, maybe :) ?]
-
-$found = FALSE;
-
-foreach($array as $item)
-{
-  // Not found - skip to next item
-  if (!$criterion) continue;
-
-  // Found - save and leave
-  $match = $item;
-  $found = TRUE;
-  break;  
-}
-
-if ($found)
-{
-  ; // do something with $match
-}
-else
-{
-  ; // not found
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-function predicate($element)
-{
-  if (criterion) return TRUE;
-  return FALSE;
-}
-
-$match = array_slice(array_filter($array, 'predicate'), 0, 1);
-
-if ($match)
-{
-  ; // do something with $match[0]
-}
-else
-{
-  ; // $match is empty - not found
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-class Employee
-{
-  public $name, $age, $ssn, $salary;
-
-  public function __construct($name, $age, $ssn, $salary, $category)
-  {
-    $this->name = $name;
-    $this->age = $age;
-    $this->ssn = $ssn;
-    $this->salary = $salary;
-    $this->category = $category;
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$employees = array(
-  new Employee('sdf', 27, 12345, 47000, 'Engineer'),
-  new Employee('ajb', 32, 12376, 51000, 'Programmer'),
-  new Employee('dgh', 31, 12355, 45000, 'Engineer'));
-
-// ------------
-
-function array_update($arr, $lambda, $updarr)
-{
-  foreach($arr as $key) $lambda($updarr, $key);
-  return $updarr;
-}
-
-function highest_salaried_engineer(&$arr, $employee)
-{
-  static $highest_salary = 0;
-  
-  if ($employee->category == 'Engineer')
-  {
-    if ($employee->salary > $highest_salary)
-    {
-      $highest_salary = $employee->salary;
-      $arr[0] = $employee;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// 'array_update' custom function is modelled on 'array_reduce' except that it allows the
-// return of an array, contents and length of which are entirely dependant on what the
-// callback function does. Here, it is logically working in a 'find first' capacity
-$highest_salaried_engineer = array_update($employees, 'highest_salaried_engineer', array());
-
-echo 'Highest paid engineer is: ' . $highest_salaried_engineer[0]->name . "\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.13
-// PHP implements 'grep' functionality [as embodied in the current section] in the 'array_filter'
-// function
-
-function predicate($element)
-{
-  if (criterion) return TRUE;
-  return FALSE;
-}
-
-$matching = array_filter($list, 'predicate');
-
-// ------------
-
-$bigs = array_filter($nums, create_function('$n', 'return $n > 1000000;'));
-
-// ------------
-
-function is_pig($user)
-{
-  $user_details = preg_split('/(\s)+/', $user);
-  // Assuming field 5 is the resource being compared
-  return $user_details[5] > 1e7;  
-}
-
-$pigs = array_filter(array_slice(preg_split('/\n/', `who -u`), 0, -1), 'is_pig');
-
-// ------------
-
-$matching = array_filter(array_slice(preg_split('/\n/', `who`), 0, -1),
-                         create_function('$user', 'return preg_match(\'/^gnat /\', $user);'));
-
-// ------------
-
-class Employee
-{
-  public $name, $age, $ssn, $salary;
-
-  public function __construct($name, $age, $ssn, $salary, $category)
-  {
-    $this->name = $name;
-    $this->age = $age;
-    $this->ssn = $ssn;
-    $this->salary = $salary;
-    $this->category = $category;
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$employees = array(
-  new Employee('sdf', 27, 12345, 47000, 'Engineer'),
-  new Employee('ajb', 32, 12376, 51000, 'Programmer'),
-  new Employee('dgh', 31, 12355, 45000, 'Engineer'));
-
-// ------------
-
-$engineers = array_filter($employees,
-                          create_function('$employee', 'return $employee->category == "Engineer";'));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.14
-// PHP offers a rich set of sorting functions. Key features:
-// * Inplace sorts; the original array, not a a copy, is sorted
-// * Separate functions exist for sorting [both ascending and descending order]:
-//   - By value, assign new keys / indices [sort, rsort]
-//   - By key   [ksort, krsort] (for non-numerically indexed arrays)
-//   - By value [asort, arsort]
-//   - As above, but using a user-defined comparator [i.e. callback function]
-//     [usort, uasort, uksort]
-//   - Natural order sort [natsort]
-// * Significantly, if sorting digit-only elements, whether strings or numbers,
-//   'natural order' [i.e. 1 before 10 before 100 (ascending)] is retained. If
-//   the elements are alphanumeric e.g. 'z1', 'z10' then 'natsort' should be
-//   used [note: beware of 'natsort' with negative numbers; prefer 'sort' or 'asort']
-
-$unsorted = array(7, 12, -13, 2, 100, 5, 1, -2, 23, 3, 6, 4);
-
-sort($unsorted);                 // -13, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 100
-rsort($unsorted);                // 100, 23, 12, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -2, -13
-
-asort($unsorted);                // -13, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 100
-arsort($unsorted);               // 100, 23, 12, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -2, -13
-
-natsort($unsorted);              // -2, -13, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 100
-
-// ------------
-
-function ascend($left, $right) { return $left > $right; }
-function descend($left, $right) { return $left < $right; }
-
-// ------------
-
-usort($unsorted, 'ascend');      // -13, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 100
-usort($unsorted, 'descend');     // 100, 23, 12, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -2, -13
-
-uasort($unsorted, 'ascend');     // -13, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 100
-uasort($unsorted, 'descend');    // 100, 23, 12, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -2, -13
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function kill_process($pid)
-{
-  // Is 'killable' ?
-  if (!posix_kill($pid, 0)) return;
-
-  // Ok, so kill in two stages
-  posix_kill($pid, 15); // SIGTERM
-  sleep(1);
-  posix_kill($pid, 9);  // SIGKILL
-}
-
-function pid($pentry)
-{
-  $p = preg_split('/\s/', trim($pentry));
-  return $p[0];
-}
-
-$processes = array_map('pid', array_slice(preg_split('/\n/', `ps ax`), 1, -1));
-sort($processes);
-
-echo join(' ,', $processes) . "\n";
-
-echo 'Enter a pid to kill: ';
-if (($pid = trim(fgets(STDIN))))
-  kill_process($pid);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.15
-// Tasks in this section would typically use the PHP 'usort' family of functions
-// which are used with a comparator function so as to perform custom comparisions.
-// A significant difference from the Perl examples is that these functions are
-// inplace sorters, so it is the original array that is modified. Where this must
-// be prevented a copy of the array can be made and sorted
-
-function comparator($left, $right)
-{
-  ; // Compare '$left' with '$right' returning result
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$ordered = array_slice($unordered);
-usort($ordered, 'comparator');
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// The Perl example looks like it is creating a hash using computed values as the key,
-// array values as the value, sorting on the computed key, then extracting the sorted
-// values and placing them back into an array
-
-function compute($value)
-{
-  ; // Return computed value utilising '$value'
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// Original numerically-indexed array [sample data used]
-$unordered = array(5, 3, 7, 1, 4, 2, 6);
-
-// Create hash using 'compute' function to generate the keys. This example assumes that
-// each value in the '$unordered' array is used in generating the corresponding '$key'
-foreach($unordered as $value)
-{
-  $precomputed[compute($value)] = $value;
-}
-
-// Copy the hash, and sort it by key
-$ordered_precomputed = array_slice($precomputed, 0); ksort($ordered_precomputed);
-
-// Extract the values of the hash in current order placing them in a new numerically-indexed
-// array
-$ordered = array_values($ordered_precomputed);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// As above, except uses 'array_update' and 'accum' to help create hash
-
-function array_update($arr, $lambda, $updarr)
-{
-  foreach($arr as $key) $lambda($updarr, $key);
-  return $updarr;
-}
-
-function accum(&$arr, $value)
-{
-  $arr[compute($value)] = $value;
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-function compute($value)
-{
-  ; // Return computed value utilising '$value'
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// Original numerically-indexed array [sample data used]
-$unordered = array(5, 3, 7, 1, 4, 2, 6);
-
-// Create hash
-$precomputed = array_update($unordered, 'accum', array());
-
-// Copy the hash, and sort it by key
-$ordered_precomputed = array_slice($precomputed, 0); ksort($ordered_precomputed);
-
-// Extract the values of the hash in current order placing them in a new numerically-indexed
-// array
-$ordered = array_values($ordered_precomputed);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-class Employee
-{
-  public $name, $age, $ssn, $salary;
-
-  public function __construct($name, $age, $ssn, $salary)
-  {
-    $this->name = $name;
-    $this->age = $age;
-    $this->ssn = $ssn;
-    $this->salary = $salary;
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$employees = array(
-  new Employee('sdf', 27, 12345, 47000),
-  new Employee('ajb', 32, 12376, 51000),
-  new Employee('dgh', 31, 12355, 45000));
-
-// ------------
-
-$ordered = array_slice($employees, 0);
-usort($ordered, create_function('$left, $right', 'return $left->name > $right->name;'));
-
-// ------------
-
-$sorted_employees = array_slice($employees, 0);
-usort($sorted_employees, create_function('$left, $right', 'return $left->name > $right->name;'));
-
-$bonus = array(12376 => 5000, 12345 => 6000, 12355 => 0);
-
-foreach($sorted_employees as $employee)
-{
-  echo "{$employee->name} earns \${$employee->salary}\n";
-}
-
-foreach($sorted_employees as $employee)
-{
-  if (($amount = $bonus[$employee->ssn]))
-    echo "{$employee->name} got a bonus of: \${$amount}\n";
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$sorted = array_slice($employees, 0);
-usort($sorted, create_function('$left, $right', 'return $left->name > $right->name || $left->age != $right->age;'));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// PHP offers a swag of POSIX functions for obtaining user information [i.e. they all read
-// the '/etc/passwd' file for the relevant infroamtion], and it is these that should rightly
-// be used for this purpose. However, since the intent of this section is to illustrate array
-// manipulation, these functions won't be used. Instead a custom function mimicing Perl's
-// 'getpwent' function will be implemented so the code presented here can more faithfully match
-// the Perl code
-
-function get_pw_entries()
-{
-  function normal_users_only($e)
-  {
-    $entry = split(':', $e); return $entry[2] > 100 && $entry[2] < 32768;
-  }
-
-  foreach(array_filter(file('/etc/passwd'), 'normal_users_only') as $entry)
-    $users[] = split(':', trim($entry));
-
-  return $users;
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$users = get_pw_entries();
-
-usort($users, create_function('$left, $right', 'return $left[0] > $right[0];'));
-foreach($users as $user) echo "{$user[0]}\n";
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$names = array('sdf', 'ajb', 'dgh');
-
-$sorted = array_slice($names, 0);
-usort($sorted, create_function('$left, $right', 'return substr($left, 1, 1) > substr($right, 1, 1);'));
-
-// ------------
-
-$strings = array('bbb', 'aa', 'c');
-
-$sorted = array_slice($strings, 0);
-usort($sorted, create_function('$left, $right', 'return strlen($left) > strlen($right);'));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function array_update($arr, $lambda, $updarr)
-{
-  foreach($arr as $key) $lambda($updarr, $key);
-  return $updarr;
-}
-
-function accum(&$arr, $value)
-{
-  $arr[strlen($value)] = $value;
-}
-
-// ----
-
-$strings = array('bbb', 'aa', 'c');
-
-$temp = array_update($strings, 'accum', array());
-ksort($temp);
-$sorted = array_values($temp);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function array_update($arr, $lambda, $updarr)
-{
-  foreach($arr as $key) $lambda($updarr, $key);
-  return $updarr;
-}
-
-function accum(&$arr, $value)
-{
-  if (preg_match('/(\d+)/', $value, $matches))
-    $arr[$matches[1]] = $value;
-}
-
-// ----
-
-$fields = array('b1b2b', 'a4a', 'c9', 'ddd', 'a');
-
-$temp = array_update($fields, 'accum', array());
-ksort($temp);
-$sorted_fields = array_values($temp);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.16
-array_unshift($a1, array_pop($a1));  // last -> first
-array_push($a1, array_shift($a1));   // first -> last
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function grab_and_rotate(&$arr)
-{
-  $item = $arr[0];
-  array_push($arr, array_shift($arr));
-  return $item;
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$processes = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
-
-while (TRUE)
-{
-  $process = grab_and_rotate($processes);
-  echo "Handling process {$process}\n";
-  sleep(1);
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.17
-// PHP offers the 'shuffle' function to perform this task
-
-$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);
-
-shuffle($arr);
-
-echo join(' ', $arr) . "\n";
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Perl example equivalents
-function fisher_yates_shuffle(&$a)
-{
-  $size = count($a) - 1;
-
-  for($i = $size; $i >= 0; $i--)
-  {
-    if (($j = rand(0, $i)) != $i)
-      list($a[$i], $a[$j]) = array($a[$j], $a[$i]);
-  }
-}
-
-function naive_shuffle(&$a)
-{
-  $size = count($a);
-
-  for($i = 0; $i < $size; $i++)
-  {
-    $j = rand(0, $size - 1);
-    list($a[$i], $a[$j]) = array($a[$j], $a[$i]);
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);
-
-fisher_yates_shuffle($arr);
-echo join(' ', $arr) . "\n";
-
-naive_shuffle($arr);
-echo join(' ', $arr) . "\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.18
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_4.19
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.0
-// PHP uses the term 'array' to refer to associative arrays - referred to in Perl
-// as 'hashes' - and for the sake of avoiding confusion, the Perl terminology will
-// be used. As a matter of interest, PHP does not sport a vector, matrix, or list
-// type: the 'array' [Perl 'hash'] serves all these roles
-
-$age = array('Nat' => 24, 'Jules' => 25, 'Josh' => 17);
-
-$age['Nat'] = 24;
-$age['Jules'] = 25;
-$age['Josh'] = 17;
-
-$age = array_combine(array('Nat', 'Jules', 'Josh'), array(24, 25, 17));
-
-// ------------
-
-$food_colour = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Banana' => 'yellow',
-                     'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-$food_colour['Apple'] = 'red'; $food_colour['Banana'] = 'yellow';
-$food_colour['Lemon'] = 'yellow'; $food_colour['Carrot'] = 'orange';
-
-$food_colour = array_combine(array('Apple', 'Banana', 'Lemon', 'Carrot'),
-                             array('red', 'yellow', 'yellow', 'orange'));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.1
-$hash[$key] = $value;
-
-// ------------
-
-$food_colour = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Banana' => 'yellow',
-                     'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-$food_colour['Raspberry'] = 'pink';
-
-echo "Known foods:\n";
-foreach($food_colour as $food => $colour) echo "{$food}\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.2
-// Returns TRUE on all existing entries with non-NULL values
-if (isset($hash[$key]))
-  ; // entry exists  
-else
-  ; // no such entry 
-
-// ------------
-
-// Returns TRUE on all existing entries regardless of attached value
-if (array_key_exists($key, $hash))
-  ; // entry exists  
-else
-  ; // no such entry 
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$food_colour = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Banana' => 'yellow',
-                     'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-foreach(array('Banana', 'Martini') as $name)
-{
-  if (isset($food_colour[$name]))
-    echo "{$name} is a food.\n";
-  else
-    echo "{$name} is a drink.\n";
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$age = array('Toddler' => 3, 'Unborn' => 0, 'Phantasm' => NULL);
-
-foreach(array('Toddler', 'Unborn', 'Phantasm', 'Relic') as $thing)
-{
-  echo "{$thing}:";
-  if (array_key_exists($thing, $age)) echo ' exists';
-  if (isset($age[$thing])) echo ' non-NULL';
-  if ($age[$thing]) echo ' TRUE';
-  echo "\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.3
-// Remove one, or more, hash entries
-unset($hash[$key]);
-
-unset($hash[$key1], $hash[$key2], $hash[$key3]);
-
-// Remove entire hash
-unset($hash);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function print_foods()
-{
-  // Perl example uses a global variable
-  global $food_colour;
-
-  $foods = array_keys($food_colour);
-
-  echo 'Foods:';
-  foreach($foods as $food) echo " {$food}";
-
-  echo "\nValues:\n";
-  foreach($foods as $food)
-  {
-    $colour = $food_colour[$food];
-
-    if (isset($colour))
-      echo "  {$colour}\n";
-    else
-      echo "  nullified or removed\n";
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$food_colour = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Banana' => 'yellow',
-                     'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-echo "Initially:\n"; print_foods();
-
-// Nullify an entry
-$food_colour['Banana'] = NULL;
-echo "\nWith 'Banana' nullified\n";
-print_foods();
-
-// Remove an entry
-unset($food_colour['Banana']);
-echo "\nWith 'Banana' removed\n";
-print_foods();
-
-// Destroy the hash
-unset($food_colour);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.4
-// Access keys and values
-foreach($hash as $key => $value)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-// Access keys only
-foreach(array_keys($hash) as $key)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-// Access values only
-foreach($hash as $value)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$food_colour = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Banana' => 'yellow',
-                     'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-foreach($food_colour as $food => $colour)
-{
-  echo "{$food} is {$colour}\n";
-}
-
-foreach(array_keys($food_colour) as $food)
-{
-  echo "{$food} is {$food_colour[$food]}\n";
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// 'countfrom' - count number of messages from each sender
-
-$line = fgets(STDIN);
-
-while (!feof(STDIN))
-{
-  if (preg_match('/^From: (.*)/', $line, $matches))
-  {
-    if (isset($from[$matches[1]]))
-      $from[$matches[1]] += 1;
-    else
-      $from[$matches[1]] = 1;
-  }
-
-  $line = fgets(STDIN);
-}
-
-if (isset($from))
-{
-  echo "Senders:\n";  
-  foreach($from as $sender => $count) echo "{$sender} : {$count}\n";
-}
-else
-{
-  echo "No valid data entered\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.5
-// PHP offers, 'print_r', which prints hash contents in 'debug' form; it also
-// works recursively, printing any contained arrays in similar form
-//     Array
-//     (
-//         [key1] => value1 
-//         [key2] => value2
-//         ...
-//     )
-
-print_r($hash);
-
-// ------------
-
-// Based on Perl example; non-recursive, so contained arrays not printed correctly
-foreach($hash as $key => $value)
-{
-  echo "{$key} => $value\n";
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Sorted by keys
-
-// 1. Sort the original hash
-ksort($hash);
-
-// 2. Extract keys, sort, traverse original in key order
-$keys = array_keys($hash); sort($keys);
-
-foreach($keys as $key)
-{
-  echo "{$key} => {$hash[$key]}\n";
-}
-
-// Sorted by values
-
-// 1. Sort the original hash
-asort($hash);
-
-// 2. Extract values, sort, traverse original in value order [warning: finds 
-//    only first matching key in the case where duplicate values exist]
-$values = array_values($hash); sort($values);
-
-foreach($values as $value)
-{
-  echo $value . ' <= ' . array_search($value, $hash) . "\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.6
-// Unless sorted, hash elements remain in the order of insertion. If care is taken to
-// always add a new element to the end of the hash, then element order is the order
-// of insertion. The following function, 'array_push_associative' [modified from original
-// found at 'array_push' section of PHP documentation], does just that
-function array_push_associative(&$arr)
-{
-  foreach (func_get_args() as $arg)
-  {
-    if (is_array($arg))
-      foreach ($arg as $key => $value) { $arr[$key] = $value; $ret++; }
-    else
-      $arr[$arg] = '';
-  }
-
-  return $ret;
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$food_colour = array();
-
-// Individual calls, or ...
-array_push_associative($food_colour, array('Banana' => 'Yellow'));
-array_push_associative($food_colour, array('Apple' => 'Green'));
-array_push_associative($food_colour, array('Lemon' => 'Yellow'));
-
-// ... one call, one array; physical order retained
-// array_push_associative($food_colour, array('Banana' => 'Yellow', 'Apple' => 'Green', 'Lemon' => 'Yellow'));
-
-print_r($food_colour);
-
-echo "\nIn insertion order:\n";
-foreach($food_colour as $food => $colour) echo "  {$food} => {$colour}\n";
-
-$foods = array_keys($food_colour);
-
-echo "\nStill in insertion order:\n";
-foreach($foods as $food) echo "  {$food} => {$food_colour[$food]}\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.7
-foreach(array_slice(preg_split('/\n/', `who`), 0, -1) as $entry)
-{
-  list($user, $tty) = preg_split('/\s/', $entry);
-  $ttys[$user][] = $tty;
-
-  // Could instead do this:
-  // $user = array_slice(preg_split('/\s/', $entry), 0, 2);
-  // $ttys[$user[0]][] = $user[1];
-}
-
-ksort($ttys);
-
-// ------------
-
-foreach($ttys as $user => $all_ttys)
-{
-  echo "{$user}: " . join(' ', $all_ttys) . "\n";
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-foreach($ttys as $user => $all_ttys)
-{
-  echo "{$user}: " . join(' ', $all_ttys) . "\n";
-
-  foreach($all_ttys as $tty)
-  {
-    $stat = stat('/dev/$tty');
-    $pwent = posix_getpwuid($stat['uid']);
-    $user = isset($pwent['name']) ? $pwent['name'] : 'Not available';
-    echo "{$tty} owned by: {$user}\n";
-  }
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.8
-// PHP offers the 'array_flip' function to perform the task of exchanging the keys / values
-// of a hash i.e. invert or 'flip' a hash
-
-$reverse = array_flip($hash);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$surname = array('Babe' => 'Ruth', 'Mickey' => 'Mantle'); 
-$first_name = array_flip($surname);
-
-echo "{$first_name['Mantle']}\n";
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$argc == 2 || die("usage: {$argv[0]} food|colour\n");
-
-$given = $argv[1];
-
-$colour = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Banana' => 'yellow',
-                'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-$food = array_flip($colour);
-
-if (isset($colour[$given]))
-  echo "{$given} is a food with colour: {$colour[$given]}\n";
-
-if (isset($food[$given]))
-  echo "{$food[$given]} is a food with colour: {$given}\n";
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$food_colour = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Banana' => 'yellow',
-                     'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-foreach($food_colour as $food => $colour)
-{
-  $foods_with_colour[$colour][] = $food;
-}
-
-$colour = 'yellow';
-echo "foods with colour {$colour} were: " . join(' ', $foods_with_colour[$colour]) . "\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.9
-// PHP implements a swag of sorting functions, most designed to work with numerically-indexed
-// arrays. For sorting hashes, the 'key' sorting functions are required:
-// * 'ksort', 'krsort', 'uksort'
-
-// Ascending order
-ksort($hash);
-
-// Descending order [i.e. reverse sort]
-krsort($hash);
-
-// Comparator-based sort
-
-function comparator($left, $right)
-{
-  // Compare left key with right key
-  return $left > $right;
-}
-
-uksort($hash, 'comparator');
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$food_colour = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Banana' => 'yellow',
-                     'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-// ------------
-
-ksort($food_colour);
-
-foreach($food_colour as $food => $colour)
-{
-  echo "{$food} is {$colour}\n";
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-uksort($food_colour, create_function('$left, $right', 'return $left > $right;'));
-
-foreach($food_colour as $food => $colour)
-{
-  echo "{$food} is {$colour}\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.10
-// PHP offers the 'array_merge' function for this task [a related function, 'array_combine',
-// may be used to create a hash from an array of keys, and one of values, respectively]
-
-// Merge two, or more, arrays
-$merged = array_merge($a, $b, $c);
-
-// Create a hash from array of keys, and of values, respectively
-$hash = array_combine($keys, $values);
-
-// ------------
-
-// Can always merge arrays manually 
-foreach(array($h1, $h2, $h3) as $hash)
-{
-  foreach($hash as $key => $value)
-  {
-    // If same-key values differ, only latest retained
-    $merged[$key] = $value;
-
-    // Do this to append values for that key
-    // $merged[$key][] = $value;
-  }
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$food_colour = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Banana' => 'yellow',
-                     'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-$drink_colour = array('Galliano' => 'yellow', 'Mai Tai' => 'blue');
-
-// ------------
-
-$ingested_colour = array_merge($food_colour, $drink_colour);
-
-// ------------
-
-$substance_colour = array();
-
-foreach(array($food_colour, $drink_colour) as $hash)
-{
-  foreach($hash as $substance => $colour)
-  {
-    if (array_key_exists($substance, $substance_colour))
-    {
-      echo "Warning {$substance_colour[$substance]} seen twice. Using first definition.\n";
-      continue;
-    }
-    $substance_colour[$substance] = $colour;
-  }
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.11
-// PHP offers a number of array-based 'set operation' functions:
-// * union:        array_merge
-// * intersection: array_intersect and family
-// * difference:   array_diff and family
-// which may be used for this type of task
-
-// Keys occurring in both hashes
-$common = array_intersect_key($h1, $h2);
-
-// Keys occurring in the first hash [left side], but not in the second hash
-$this_not_that = array_diff_key($h1, $h2);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$food_colour = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Banana' => 'yellow',
-                     'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-$citrus_colour = array('Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Orange' => 'orange', 'Lime' => 'green');
-
-$non_citrus = array_diff_key($food_colour, $citrus_colour);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.12
-// PHP implements a special type known as a 'resource' that encompasses things like file handles,
-// sockets, database connections, and many others. The 'resource' type is, essentially, a
-// reference variable that is not readily serialisable. That is to say:
-// * A 'resource' may be converted to a string representation via the 'var_export' function
-// * That same string cannot be converted back into a 'resource'
-// So, in terms of array handling, 'resource' types may be stored as array reference values,
-// but cannot be used as keys. 
-//
-// I suspect it is this type of problem that the Perl::Tie package helps resolve. However, since
-// PHP doesn't, AFAIK, sport a similar facility, the examples in this section cannot be
-// implemented using file handles as keys
-
-$filenames = array('/etc/termcap', '/vmlinux', '/bin/cat');
-
-foreach($filenames as $filename)
-{
-  if (!($fh = fopen($filename, 'r'))) continue;
-
-  // Cannot do this as required by the Perl code:
-  // $name[$fh] = $filename;
-
-  // Ok
-  $name[$filename] = $fh;
-}
-
-// Would traverse array via:
-//
-// foreach(array_keys($name) as $fh)
-// ...
-// or
-//
-// foreach($name as $fh => $filename)
-// ...
-// but since '$fh' cannot be a key, either of these will work:
-//
-// foreach($name as $filename => $fh)
-// or
-foreach(array_values($name) as $fh)
-{
-  fclose($fh);
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.13
-// PHP hashes are dynamic expanding and contracting as entries are added, and removed,
-// respectively. Thus, there is no need to presize a hash, nor is there, AFAIK, any
-// means of doing so except by the number of datums used when defining the hash
-
-// zero elements
-$hash = array();            
-
-// ------------
-
-// three elements
-$hash = array('Apple' => 'red', 'Lemon' => 'yellow', 'Carrot' => 'orange');
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.14
-foreach($array as $element) $count[$element] += 1;
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.15
-$father = array('Cain' => 'Adam', 'Abel' => 'Adam', 'Seth' => 'Adam', 'Enoch' => 'Cain',
-                'Irad' => 'Enoch', 'Mehujael' => 'Irad', 'Methusael'=> 'Mehujael',
-                'Lamech' => 'Methusael', 'Jabal' => 'Lamech', 'Jubal' => 'Lamech',
-                'Tubalcain' => 'Lamech', 'Enos' => 'Seth');
-
-// ------------
-
-$name = trim(fgets(STDIN));
-
-while (!feof(STDIN))
-{
-  while (TRUE)
-  {
-    echo "$name\n";
-
-    // Can use either:
-    if (!isset($father[$name])) break;
-    $name = $father[$name];
-
-    // or:
-    // if (!key_exists($name, $father)) break;
-    // $name = $father[$name];
-
-    // or combine the two lines:
-    // if (!($name = $father[$name])) break;
-  }
-
-  echo "\n";
-  $name = trim(fgets(STDIN));
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-define(SEP, ' ');
-
-foreach($father as $child => $parent)
-{
-  if (!$children[$parent])
-    $children[$parent] = $child;
-  else
-    $children[$parent] .= SEP . $child;
-}
-
-$name = trim(fgets(STDIN));
-
-while (!feof(STDIN))
-{
-  echo $name . ' begat ';
-
-  if (!$children[$name])
-    echo "Nothing\n"
-  else
-    echo str_replace(SEP, ', ', $children[$name]) . "\n";
-
-  $name = trim(fgets(STDIN));
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-define(SEP, ' ');
-
-$files = array('/tmp/a', '/tmp/b', '/tmp/c');
-
-foreach($files as $file)
-{
-  if (!is_file($file)) { echo "Skipping {$file}\n"; continue; }
-  if (!($fh = fopen($file, 'r'))) { echo "Skipping {$file}\n"; continue; }
-
-  $line = fgets($fh);
-
-  while (!feof($fh))
-  {
-    if (preg_match('/^\s*#\s*include\s*<([^>]+)>/', $line, $matches))
-    {
-      if (isset($includes[$matches[1]]))
-        $includes[$matches[1]] .= SEP . $file;
-      else
-        $includes[$matches[1]] = $file;
-    }
-
-    $line = fgets($fh);
-  }
-
-  fclose($fh);
-}
-
-print_r($includes);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_5.16
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.0
-$entry = stat('/bin/vi');
-$entry = stat('/usr/bin');
-$entry = stat($argv[1]);
-
-// ------------
-
-$entry = stat('/bin/vi');
-
-$ctime = $entry['ctime'];
-$size = $entry['size'];
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// For the simple task of determining whether a file contains, text', a simple
-// function that searches for a newline could be implemented. Not exactly
-// foolproof, but very simple, low overhead, no installation headaches ...
-function containsText($file)
-{
-  $status = FALSE;
-
-  if (($fp = fopen($file, 'r')))
-  {
-    while (FALSE !== ($char = fgetc($fp)))
-    {
-      if ($char == "\n") { $status = TRUE; break; }
-    }
-
-    fclose($fp);
-  }
-
-  return $status;
-}
-
-// PHP offers the [currently experimental] Fileinfo group of functions to
-// determine file types based on their contents / 'magic numbers'. This
-// is functionality similar to the *NIX, 'file' utility. Note that it must
-// first be installed using the PEAR utility [see PHP documentation] 
-function isTextFile($file)
-{
-  // Note: untested code, but I believe this is how it is supposed to work
-  $finfo = finfo_open(FILEINFO_NONE);
-  $status = (finfo_file($finfo, $file) == 'ASCII text');
-  finfo_close($finfo);
-  return $status;
-}
-
-// Alternatively, use the *NIX utility, 'file', directly
-function isTextFile($file)
-{
-  return exec(trim('file -bN ' . escapeshellarg($file))) == 'ASCII text';
-}
-
-// ----
-
-containsText($argv[1]) || die("File {$argv[1]} doesn't have any text in it\n");
-
-isTextFile($argv[1]) || die("File {$argv[1]} doesn't have any text in it\n");
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$dirname = '/usr/bin/';
-
-($dirhdl = opendir($dirname)) || die("Couldn't open {$dirname}\n");
-
-while (($file = readdir($dirhdl)) !== FALSE)
-{
-  printf("Inside %s is something called: %s\n", $dirname, $file);
-}
-
-closedir($dirhdl);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.1
-$filename = 'example.txt';
-
-// Get the file's current access and modification time, respectively
-$fs = stat($filename);
-
-$readtime = $fs['atime'];
-$writetime = $fs['mtime'];
-
-// Alter $writetime, and $readtime ...
-
-// Update file timestamp
-touch($filename, $writetime, $readtime);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$filename = 'example.txt';
-
-// Get the file's current access and modification time, respectively
-$fs = stat($filename);
-
-$atime = $fs['atime'];
-$mtime = $fs['mtime'];
-
-// Dedicated functions also exist to retrieve this information:
-//
-// $atime = $fileatime($filename);
-// $mtime = $filemtime($filename);
-//
-
-// Perform date arithmetic. Traditional approach where arithmetic is performed
-// directly with Epoch Seconds [i.e. the *NIX time stamp value] will work ...
-
-define('SECONDS_PER_DAY', 60 * 60 * 24);
-
-// Set file's access and modification times to 1 week ago
-$atime -= 7 * SECONDS_PER_DAY;
-$mtime -= 7 * SECONDS_PER_DAY;
-
-// ... but care must be taken to account for daylight saving. Therefore, the
-// recommended approach is to use library functions to perform such tasks:
-
-$atime = strtotime('-7 days', $atime);
-$mtime = strtotime('-7 days', $mtime);
-
-// Update file timestamp
-touch($filename, $mtime, $atime);
-
-// Good idea to clear the cache after such updates have occurred so fresh
-// values will be retrieved on next access
-clearstatcache();
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$argc == 2 || die("usage: {$argv[0]} filename\n");
-
-$filename = $argv[1];
-$fs = stat($filename);
-
-$atime = $fs['atime'];
-$mtime = $fs['mtime'];
-
-// Careful here: since interactive, use, 'system', not 'exec', to launch [latter
-// does not work under *NIX - at least, not for me :)]
-system(trim(getenv('EDITOR') . ' vi ' . escapeshellarg($filename)), $retcode);
-
-touch($filename, $mtime, $atime) || die("Error updating timestamp on file, {$filename}!\n");
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.2
-// The 'unlink' function is used to delete regular files, whilst the 'rmdir' function
-// does the same on non-empty directories. AFAIK, no recursive-deletion facility
-// exists, and must be manually programmed
-
-$filename = '...';
-
-@unlink($filename) || die("Can't delete, {$filename}!\n");
-
-// ------------
-
-$files = glob('...');
-$problem = FALSE;
-
-// Could simply use a foreach loop
-foreach($files as $filename) { @unlink($filename) || $problem = TRUE; }
-
-//
-// Alternatively, an applicative approach could be used, one closer in spirit to
-// largely-functional languages like Scheme
-//
-// function is_all_deleted($deleted, $filename) { return @unlink($filename) && $deleted; }
-// $problem = !array_reduce($files, 'is_all_deleted', TRUE);
-//
-
-if ($problem)
-{
-  fwrite(STDERR, 'Could not delete all of:');
-  foreach($files as $filename) { fwrite(STDERR, ' ' . $filename); }
-  fwrite(STDERR, "\n"); exit(1);
-} 
-
-// ------------
-
-function rmAll($files)
-{
-  $count = 0;
-
-  foreach($files as $filename) { @unlink($filename) && $count++; };
-
-  return $count;
-
-// An applicative alternative using 'create_function', PHP's rough equivalent of 'lambda' ...
-//
-//  return array_reduce($files,
-//    create_function('$count, $filename', 'return @unlink($filename) && $count++;'), 0);
-}
-
-// ----
-
-$files = glob('...');
-$toBeDeleted = sizeof($files);
-$count = rmAll($files);
-
-($count == $toBeDeleted) || die("Could only delete {$count} of {$toBeDeleted} files\n");
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.3
-$oldfile = '/tmp/old'; $newfile = '/tmp/new';
-
-copy($oldfile, $newfile) || die("Error copying file\n");
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// All the following copy a file by copying its contents. Examples do so in a single
-// operation, but it is also possible to copy arbitrary blocks, or, line-by-line in 
-// the case of 'text' files
-$oldfile = '/tmp/old'; $newfile = '/tmp/new';
-
-if (is_file($oldfile))
-  file_put_contents($newfile, file_get_contents($oldfile));
-else
-  die("Problem copying file {$oldfile} to file {$newfile}\n");
-
-// ------------
-
-$oldfile = '/tmp/old'; $newfile = '/tmp/new';
-
-fwrite(($nh = fopen($newfile, 'wb')), fread(($oh = fopen($oldfile, 'rb')), filesize($oldfile)));
-fclose($oh);
-fclose($nh);
-
-// ------------
-
-// As above, but with some error checking / handling
-$oldfile = '/tmp/old'; $newfile = '/tmp/new';
-
-($oh = fopen($oldfile, 'rb')) || die("Problem opening input file {$oldfile}\n");
-($nh = fopen($newfile, 'wb')) || die("Problem opening output file {$newfile}\n");
-
-if (($filesize = filesize($oldfile)) > 0)
-{
-  fwrite($nh, fread($oh, $filesize)) || die("Problem reading / writing file data\n");
-}
-
-fclose($oh);
-fclose($nh);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Should there be platform-specfic problems copying 'very large' files, it is
-// a simple matter to call a system command utility via, 'exec'
-
-// *NIX-specific example. Could check whether, 'exec', succeeded, but checking whether
-// a file exists after the operation might be a better approach
-$oldfile = '/tmp/old'; $newfile = '/tmp/new';
-
-is_file($newfile) && unlink($newfile);
-
-exec(trim('cp --force ' . escapeshellarg($oldfile) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($newfile)));
-
-is_file($newfile) || die("Problem copying file {$oldfile} to file {$newfile}\n");
-
-// For other operating systems just change:
-// * filenames
-// * command being 'exec'ed
-// as the rest of the code is platform independant
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.4
-function makeDevInodePair($filename)
-{
-  if (!($fs = @stat($filename))) return FALSE;
-  return strval($fs['dev'] . $fs['ino']);
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-function do_my_thing($filename)
-{
-  // Using a global variable to mimic Perl example, but could easily have passed
-  // '$seen' as an argument
-  global $seen;
-
-  $devino = makeDevInodePair($filename);
-
-  // Process $filename if it has not previously been seen, else just increment
-  if (!isset($seen[$devino]))
-  {
-    // ... process $filename ...
-
-    // Set initial count
-    $seen[$devino] = 1;
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    // Otherwise, just increment the count
-    $seen[$devino] += 1;
-  }
-}
-
-// ----
-
-// Simple example
-$seen = array();
-
-do_my_thing('/tmp/old');
-do_my_thing('/tmp/old');
-do_my_thing('/tmp/old');
-do_my_thing('/tmp/new');
-
-foreach($seen as $devino => $count)
-{
-  echo "{$devino} -> {$count}\n";
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// A variation on the above avoiding use of global variables, and illustrating use of
-// easily-implemented 'higher order' techniques
-
-// Helper function loosely modelled on, 'array_reduce', but using an array as
-// 'accumulator', which is returned on completion
-function array_update($arr, $lambda, $updarr)
-{
-  foreach($arr as $key) $lambda($updarr, $key);
-  return $updarr;
-}
-
-function do_my_thing(&$seen, $filename)
-{
-  if (!array_key_exists(($devino = makeDevInodePair($filename)), $seen))
-  {
-    // ... processing $filename ...
-
-    // Update $seen
-    $seen[$devino] = 1;
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    // Update $seen
-    $seen[$devino] += 1;
-  }
-}
-
-// ----
-
-// Simple example
-$files = array('/tmp/old', '/tmp/old', '/tmp/old', '/tmp/new');
-
-// Could do this ...
-$seen = array();
-array_update($files, 'do_my_thing', &$seen);
-
-// or this:
-$seen = array_update($files, 'do_my_thing', array());
-
-// or a 'lambda' could be used:
-array_update($files,
-             create_function('$seen, $filename', '... code not shown ...'),
-             &$seen);
-
-foreach($seen as $devino => $count)
-{
-  echo "{$devino} -> {$count}\n";
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$files = glob('/tmp/*');
-
-define(SEP, ';');
-$seen = array();
-
-foreach($files as $filename)
-{
-  if (!array_key_exists(($devino = makeDevInodePair($filename)), $seen))
-    $seen[$devino] = $filename;
-  else
-    $seen[$devino] = $seen[$devino] . SEP . $filename;
-}
-
-$devino = array_keys($seen);
-sort($devino);
-
-foreach($devino as $key)
-{
-  echo $key . ':';
-  foreach(split(SEP, $seen[$key]) as $filename) echo ' ' . $filename;
-  echo "\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.5
-// Conventional POSIX-like approach to directory traversal
-$dirname = '/usr/bin/';
-
-($dirhdl = opendir($dirname)) || die("Couldn't open {$dirname}\n");
-
-while (($file = readdir($dirhdl)) !== FALSE)
-{
-  ; // ... do something with $dirname/$file
-    // ...
-}
-
-closedir($dirhdl);
-
-// ------------
-
-// Newer [post PHP 4], 'applicative' approach - an array of filenames is
-// generated that may be processed via external loop ...
-
-$dirname = '/usr/bin/';
-
-foreach(scandir($dirname) as $file)
-{
-  ; // ... do something with $dirname/$file
-    // ...
-}
-
-// .. or, via callback application, perhaps after massaging by one of the
-// 'array' family of functions [also uses, 'array_update', from earlier section]
-
-$newlist = array_update(array_reverse(scandir($dirname)),
-                        create_function('$filelist, $file',  ' ; '),
-                        array());
-
-// And don't forget that the old standby, 'glob', that returns an array of
-// paths filtered using the Bourne Shell-based wildcards, '?' and '*', is
-// also available
-
-foreach(glob($dirname . '*') as $path)
-{
-  ; // ... do something with $path
-    // ...
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Uses, 'isTextFile', from an earlier section
-$dirname = '/usr/bin/';
-
-echo "Text files in {$dirname}:\n";
-
-foreach(scandir($dirname) as $file)
-{
-  // Take care when constructing paths to ensure cross-platform operability 
-  $path = $dirname . $file;
-
-  if (is_file($path) && isTextFile($path)) echo $path . "\n";
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function plain_files($dirname)
-{
-  ($dirlist = glob($dirname . '*')) || die("Couldn't glob {$dirname}\n");
-
-  // Pass function name directly if only a single function performs filter test
-  return array_filter($dirlist, 'is_file');
-
-  // Use, 'create_function', if a multi-function test is needed
-  //
-  // return array_filter($dirlist, create_function('$path', 'return is_file($path);'));
-  //
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-foreach(plain_files('/tmp/') as $path)
-{
-  echo $path . "\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.6
-$dirname = '/tmp/';
-
-// Full paths
-$pathlist = glob($dirname . '*.c');
-
-// File names only - glob-based matching
-$filelist = array_filter(scandir($dirname),
-                         create_function('$file', 'return fnmatch("*.c", $file);'));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$dirname = '/tmp/';
-
-// File names only - regex-based matching [case-insensitive]
-$filelist = array_filter(scandir($dirname),
-                         create_function('$file', 'return eregi("\.[ch]$", $file);'));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$dirname = '/tmp/';
-
-// Directory names - all-digit names
-$dirs = array_filter(glob($dirname . '*', GLOB_ONLYDIR),
-                     create_function('$path', 'return ereg("^[0-9]+$", basename($path));'));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.7
-// Recursive directory traversal function and helper: traverses a directory tree
-// applying a function [and a variable number of accompanying arguments] to each
-// file
-
-class Accumulator
-{
-  public $value;
-  public function __construct($start_value) { $this->value = $start_value; }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-function process_directory_($op, $func_args)
-{
-  if (is_dir($func_args[0]))
-  {
-    $current = $func_args[0];
-    foreach(scandir($current) as $entry)
-    {
-      if ($entry == '.' || $entry == '..') continue;
-      $func_args[0] = $current . '/' . $entry;
-      process_directory_($op, $func_args);
-    }
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    call_user_func_array($op, $func_args);
-  }
-}
-
-function process_directory($op, $dir)
-{
-  if (!is_dir($dir)) return FALSE;
-  $func_args = array_slice(func_get_args(), 1);
-  process_directory_($op, $func_args);
-  return TRUE;
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$dirlist = array('/tmp/d1', '/tmp/d2', '/tmp/d3');
-
-// Do something with each directory in the list
-foreach($dirlist as $dir)
-{
-  ;
-  // Delete directory [if empty]     -> rmdir($dir); 
-  // Make it the 'current directory' -> chdir($dir);
-  // Get list of files it contains   -> $filelist = scandir($dir);
-  // Get directory metadata          -> $ds = stat($dir);
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$dirlist = array('/tmp/d1', '/tmp/d2', '/tmp/d3');
-
-function pf($path)
-{
-  // ... do something to the file or directory ...
-  printf("%s\n", $path);
-}
-
-// For each directory in the list ...
-foreach($dirlist as $dir)
-{
-  // Is this a valid directory ?
-  if (!is_dir($dir)) { printf("%s does not exist\n", $dir); continue; }
-
-  // Ok, so get all the directory's entries
-  $filelist = scandir($dir);
-
-  // An 'empty' directory will contain at least two entries: '..' and '.'
-  if (count($filelist) == 2) { printf("%s is empty\n", $dir); continue; }
-
-  // For each file / directory in the directory ...
-  foreach($filelist as $file)
-  {
-    // Ignore '..' and '.' entries
-    if ($file == '.' || $file == '..') continue;
-
-    // Apply function to process the file / directory
-    pf($dir . '/' . $file);
-  }
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function accum_filesize($file, $accum)
-{
-  is_file($file) && ($accum->value += filesize($file));
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// Verify arguments ...
-$argc == 2 || die("usage: {$argv[0]} dir\n");
-$dir = $argv[1];
-
-is_dir($dir) || die("{$dir} does not exist / not a directory\n");
-
-// Collect data [use an object to accumulate results]
-$dirsize = new Accumulator(0);
-process_directory('accum_filesize', $dir, $dirsize); 
-
-// Report results
-printf("%s contains %d bytes\n", $dir, $dirsize->value);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function biggest_file($file, $accum)
-{
-  if (is_file($file))
-  {
-    $fs = filesize($file);
-    if ($accum->value[1] < $fs) { $accum->value[0] = $file; $accum->value[1] = $fs; }
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// Verify arguments ...
-$argc == 2 || die("usage: {$argv[0]} dir\n");
-$dir = $argv[1];
-
-is_dir($dir) || die("{$dir} does not exist / not a directory\n");
-
-// Collect data [use an object to accumulate results]
-$biggest = new Accumulator(array('', 0));
-process_directory('biggest_file', $dir, $biggest); 
-
-// Report results
-printf("Biggest file is %s containing %d bytes\n", $biggest->value[0], $biggest->value[1]);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function youngest_file($file, $accum)
-{
-  if (is_file($file))
-  {
-    $fct = filectime($file);
-    if ($accum->value[1] > $fct) { $accum->value[0] = $file; $accum->value[1] = $fct; }
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// Verify arguments ...
-$argc == 2 || die("usage: {$argv[0]} dir\n");
-$dir = $argv[1];
-
-is_dir($dir) || die("{$dir} does not exist / not a directory\n");
-
-// Collect data [use an object to accumulate results]
-$youngest = new Accumulator(array('', 2147483647));
-process_directory('youngest_file', $dir, $youngest); 
-
-// Report results
-printf("Youngest file is %s dating %s\n", $youngest->value[0], date(DATE_ATOM, $youngest->value[1]));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.8
-// AFAICT, there is currently no library function that recursively removes a
-// directory tree [i.e. a directory, it's subdirectories, and any other files]
-// with a single call. Such a function needs to be custom built. PHP tools
-// with which to do this:
-// * 'unlink', 'rmdir', 'is_dir', and 'is_file' functions, will all take care
-//   of the file testing and deletion
-// * Actual directory traversal requires obtaining directory / subdirectory
-//   lists, and here there is much choice available, though care must be taken
-//   as each has it's own quirks
-//   - 'opendir', 'readdir', 'closedir'
-//   - 'scandir'
-//   - 'glob'
-//   - SPL 'directory iterator' classes [newish / experimental - not shown here]
-//
-// The PHP documentation for 'rmdir' contains several examples, each illustrating
-// one of each approach; the example shown here is loosely based on one of these
-// examples
-
-// Recursor - recursively traverses directory tree
-function rmtree_($dir)
-{
-  $dir = "$dir";
-
-  if ($dh = opendir($dir))
-  {
-    while (FALSE !== ($item = readdir($dh)))
-    {
-      if ($item != '.' && $item != '..')
-      {
-        $subdir = $dir . '/' . "$item";
-
-        if (is_dir($subdir)) rmtree_($subdir);
-        else @unlink($subdir);
-      }
-    }
-
-    closedir($dh); @rmdir($dir);
-  }
-}
-
-// Launcher - performs validation then starts recursive routine
-function rmtree($dir)
-{
-  if (is_dir($dir))
-  {
-    (substr($dir, -1, 1) == '/') && ($dir = substr($dir, 0, -1));
-    rmtree_($dir); return !is_dir($dir);
-  }
-
-  return FALSE;
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$argc == 2 || die("usage: rmtree dir\n");
-
-rmtree($argv[1]) || die("Could not remove directory {$argv[1]}\n");
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.9
-$filepairs = array('x.txt' => 'x2.txt', 'y.txt' => 'y.doc', 'zxc.txt' => 'cxz.txt');
-
-foreach($filepairs as $oldfile => $newfile)
-{
-  @rename($oldfile, $newfile) || fwrite(STDERR, sprintf("Could not rename %s to %s\n", $oldfile, $newfile));
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Call a system command utility via, 'exec'. *NIX-specific example. Could check whether,
-// 'exec', succeeded, but checking whether a renamed file exists after the operation might
-// be a better approach
-
-$oldfile = '/tmp/old'; $newfile = '/tmp/new';
-
-is_file($newfile) && unlink($newfile);
-
-exec(trim('mv --force ' . escapeshellarg($oldfile) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($newfile)));
-
-is_file($oldfile) || die("Problem renaming file {$oldfile} to file {$newfile}\n");
-
-// For other operating systems just change:
-// * filenames
-// * command being 'exec'ed
-// as the rest of the code is platform independant
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// A modified implementation of Larry's Filename Fixer. Rather than passing
-// a single expression, a 'from' regexp is passed; each match in the file
-// name(s) is changed to the value of 'to'. It otherwise behaves the same
-//
-
-$argc > 2 || die("usage: rename from to [file ...]\n");
-
-$from = $argv[1];
-$to = $argv[2]; 
-
-if (count(($argv = array_slice($argv, 3))) < 1)
-  while (!feof(STDIN)) $argv[] = substr(fgets(STDIN), 0, -1);
-
-foreach($argv as $file)
-{
-  $was = $file;
-  $file = ereg_replace($from, $to, $file);
-
-  if (strcmp($was, $file) != 0)
-    @rename($was, $file) || fwrite(STDERR, sprintf("Could not rename %s to %s\n", $was, $file));
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.10
-$base = basename($path);
-$dir = dirname($path);
-
-// PHP's equivalent to Perl's 'fileparse'
-$pathinfo = pathinfo($path);
-
-$base = $pathinfo['basename'];
-$dir = $pathinfo['dirname'];
-$ext = $pathinfo['extension'];
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$path = '/usr/lib/libc.a';
-
-printf("dir is %s, file is %s\n", dirname($path), basename($path));
-
-// ------------
-
-$path = '/usr/lib/libc.a';
-
-$pathinfo = pathinfo($path);
-
-printf("dir is %s, name is %s, extension is %s\n", $pathinfo['dirname'], $pathinfo['basename'], $pathinfo['extension']);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Handle Mac example as a simple parse task. However, AFAIK, 'pathinfo' is cross-platform,
-// so should handle file path format differences transparently
-$path = 'Hard%20Drive:System%20Folder:README.txt';
-
-$macp = array_combine(array('drive', 'folder', 'filename'), split("\:", str_replace('%20', ' ', $path)));
-$macf = array_combine(array('name', 'extension'), split("\.", $macp['filename'])); 
-
-printf("dir is %s, name is %s, extension is %s\n", ($macp['drive'] . ':' . $macp['folder']), $macf['name'], ('.' . $macf['extension']));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Not really necessary since we have, 'pathinfo', but better matches Perl example
-function file_extension($filename, $separator = '.')
-{
-  return end(split(("\\" . $separator), $filename));
-}
-
-// ----
-
-echo file_extension('readme.txt') . "\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.11
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_9.12
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.0
-// Since defined at outermost scope, $greeted may be considered a global variable
-$greeted = 0;
-
-// ------------
-
-// Must use, 'global', keyword to inform functions that $greeted already exists as
-// a global variable. If this is not done, a local variable of that name is implicitly
-// defined
-function howManyGreetings()
-{
-  global $greeted;
-  return $greeted;
-}
-
-function hello()
-{
-  global $greeted;
-  $greeted++;
-  echo "high there!, this procedure has been called {$greeted} times\n";
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-hello();
-$greetings = howManyGreetings();
-echo "bye there!, there have been {$greetings} greetings so far\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.1
-// Conventionally-defined function together with parameter list
-function hypotenuse($side1, $side2)
-{
-  return sqrt(pow($side1, 2) + pow($side2, 2));
-}
-
-// ----
-
-// Alternative is to define the function without parameter list, then use
-// 'func_get_arg' to extract arguments
-function hypotenuse()
-{
-  // Could check number of arguments passed with: 'func_num_args', which
-  // would be the approach used if dealing with variable number of arguments
-  $side1 = func_get_arg(0); $side2 = func_get_arg(1);
-
-  return sqrt(pow($side1, 2) + pow($side2, 2));
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// 1. Conventional function call
-$diag = hypotenuse(3, 4);
-
-// ------------
-
-// 2. Function call using, 'call_user_func' library routines
-$funcname = 'hypotenuse';
-
-// a. Pass function name, and variable number of arguments
-$diag = call_user_func($funcname, 3, 4);
-
-// b. Package arguments as array, pass together with function name
-$args = array(3, 4); 
-$diag = call_user_func_array($funcname, $args);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-$nums = array(1.4, 3.5, 6.7);
-
-// ------------
-
-// Pass-by-value
-function int_all($arr)
-{
-  return array_map(create_function('$n', 'return (int) $n;'), $arr);
-}
-
-// Pass-by-reference
-function trunc_em(&$n)
-{
-  foreach ($n as &$value) $value = (int) $value;
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// $nums untouched; $ints is new array
-$ints = int_all($nums);
-
-// $nums updated
-trunc_em($nums);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.2
-// Strictly-speaking, PHP is neither lexically [no environment capture] nor
-// dynamically [no variable shadowing] scoped. A script in which several
-// functions have been defined has two, entirely separate, scopes:
-//
-// * A 'top-level' scope i.e. everything outside each function
-//
-// * A 'local scope' within each function; each function is a self-contained
-//   entity and cannot [via conventional means] access variables outside its
-//   local scope. Accessing a variable that has not been locally defined
-//   serves to define it i.e. accessing a variable assumed to be global
-//   sees a local variable of that name defined
-//
-// The way 'global' variables are provided is via a predefined array of
-// variable names, $GLOBALS [it is one of a special set of variables known
-// as 'superglobals'; such variables *are* accessable in all scopes]. Each
-// entry in this array is a 'global' variable name, and may be freely
-// accessed / updated. A more convenient means of accessing such variables
-// is via the 'global' keyword: one or more variables within a function is
-// declared 'global', and those names are then taken to refer to entries
-// in the $GLOBALS array rather than seeing local variables of that name
-// accessed or defined
-
-function some_func()
-{
-  // Variables declared within a function are local to that function
-  $variable = 'something';
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Top-level declared variables
-$name = $argv[1]; $age = $argv[2];
-
-$c = fetch_time();
-
-$condition = 0;
-
-// ------------
-
-function run_check()
-{
-  // The globally-declared variable, '$condition', is not accessable within
-  // the function unless it declared as 'global. Had this not been done then
-  // attempts to access, '$condition', would have seen a local variable
-  // of that name declared and updated. Same applies to other variables
-  global $condition, $name, $age, $c;
-
-  $condition = 1;
-  // ...
-}
-
-function check_x($x)
-{
-  $y = 'whatever';
-
-  // This function only has access to the parameter, '$x', and the locally
-  // declared variable, '$y'.
-
-  // Whilst 'run_check' has access to several global variables, the current
-  // function does not. For it to access the global variable, '$condition',
-  // it must be declared 'global'
-  run_check();
-
-  global $condition;
-
-  // 'run_check' will have updated, '$condition', and since it has been
-  // declared 'global' here, it is accessable
-
-  if ($condition)
-  {
-    ; // ...
-  }
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.3
-// Local scopes are not created in the same way as in Perl [by simply enclosing
-// within braces]: only via the creation of functions are local scopes created
-
-// Doesn't create a local scope; '$myvariable' is created at top-level
-{
-  $myvariable = 7;
-}
-
-// '$myvariable' is accessable here
-echo $myvariable . "\n";
-
-// ------------
-
-{
-  $counter = 0;
-
-  // Local scope created within function, but not within surrounding braces
-  // so:
-  // * '$counter' is actually a top-level variable, so globally accessable
-  // * 'next_counter' has no implict access to '$counter'; must be granted
-  //   via 'global' keyword
-
-  function next_counter() { global $counter; $counter++; }
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// PHP doesn't, AFAIK, offer an equivalent to Perl's BEGIN block. Similar
-// behaviour may be obtained by defining a class, and including such code
-// in its constructor
-
-class BEGIN
-{
-  private $myvariable;
-
-  function __construct()
-  {
-    $this->myvariable = 5;
-  }
-
-  function othersub()
-  {
-    echo $this->myvariable . "\n";
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$b = new BEGIN();
-
-$b->othersub();
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// PHP, like C, supports 'static' local variables, that is, those that upon
-// first access are initialised, and thence retain their value between function
-// calls. However, the 'counter' example is better implemented as a class
-
-class Counter
-{
-  private $counter;
-
-  function __construct($counter_init)
-  {
-    $this->counter = $counter_init;
-  }
-
-  function next_counter() { $this->counter++; return $this->counter; }
-  function prev_counter() { $this->counter; return $this->counter; }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$counter = new Counter(42);
-echo $counter->next_counter() . "\n";
-echo $counter->next_counter() . "\n";
-echo $counter->prev_counter() . "\n";
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.4
-// AFAICT there is no means of obtaining the name of the currently executing
-// function, or, for that matter, perform any stack / activation record,
-// inspection. It *is* possible to:
-//
-// * Obtain a list of the currently-defined functions ['get_defined_functions']
-// * Check whether a specific function exists ['function_exists']
-// * Use the 'Reflection API'
-//
-// So, to solve this problem would seem to require adopting a convention where
-// a string representing the function name is passed as an argument, or a local
-// variable [perhaps called, '$name'] is so set [contrived, and of limited use]
-
-function whoami()
-{
-  $name = 'whoami';
-  echo "I am: {$name}\n";
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-whoami();
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.5
-// In PHP all items exist as 'memory references' [i.e. non-modifiable pointers],
-// so when passing an item as a function argument, or returning an item from
-// a function, it is this 'memory reference' that is passed, and *not* the
-// contents of that item. Should several references to an item exist [e.g. if
-// passed to a function then at least two such references would exist in
-// different scopes] they would all be refering to the same copy of the item.
-// However, if an attempt is made to alter the item is made, a copy is made
-// and it is the copy that is altered, leaving the original intact.
-// 
-// The PHP reference mechanism is used to selectively prevent this behaviour,
-// and ensure that if a change is made to an item that no copy is made, and that
-// it is the original item that is changed. Importantly, there is no efficiency
-// gain from passing function parameters using references if the parameter item
-// is not altered.
-
-// A copy of the item referred to by, '$arr', is made, and altered; original
-// remains intact
-function array_by_value($arr)
-{
-  $arr[0] = 7;
-  echo $arr[0] . "\n"; 
-}
-
-// No copy is made; original item referred to by, '$arr', is altered
-function array_by_ref(&$arr)
-{
-  $arr[0] = 7;
-  echo $arr[0] . "\n"; 
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-$arr = array(1, 2, 3);
-
-echo $arr[0] . "\n";         // output: 1 
-array_by_value($arr);        // output: 7
-echo $arr[0] . "\n";         // output: 1 
-
-$arr = array(1, 2, 3);
-
-echo $arr[0] . "\n";         // output: 1 
-array_by_ref($arr);          // output: 7
-echo $arr[0] . "\n";         // output: 7 
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Since, 'add_vecpair', does not attempt to alter either, '$x' or '$y', it makes
-// no difference whether they are 'passed by value', or 'passed by reference'
-function add_vecpair($x, $y)
-{
-  $r = array();
-  $length = count($x);
-  for($i = 0; $i < $length; $i++) $r[$i] = $x[$i] + $y[$i];
-  return $r;
-}
-
-// ...
-count($arr1) == count($arr2) || die("usage: add_vecpair ARR1 ARR2\n");
-
-// 'passed by value'
-$arr3 = add_vecpair($arr1, $arr2);
-
-// 'passed by reference' [also possible to override default 'passed by value'
-// if required]
-$arr3 = add_vecpair(&$arr1, &$arr2);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.6
-// PHP can be described as a dynamically typed language because variables serve
-// as identifiers, and the same variable may refer to data of various types.
-// As such, the set of arguments passed to a function may vary in type between
-// calls, as can the type of return value. Where this is likely to occur type
-// checking should be performed either / both within the function body, and
-// when obtaining it's return value. As for Perl-style 'return context', I
-// don't believe it is supported by PHP
-
-// Can return any type
-function mysub()
-{
-  // ...
-  return 5;
-  // ...
-  return array(5);
-  // ...
-  return '5';
-}
-
-// Throw away return type [i.e. returns a 'void' type ?]
-mysub();
-
-// Check return type. Can do via:
-// * gettype($var)
-// * is_xxx e.g. is_array($var), is_muneric($var), ...
-$ret = mysub();
-
-if (is_numeric($ret))
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-if (is_array($ret))
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-if (is_string($ret))
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.7
-// PHP doesn't directly support named / keyword parameters, but these can be
-// easily mimiced using a class of key / value pairs, and passing a variable
-// number of arguments
-
-class KeyedValue
-{
-  public $key, $value;
-  public function __construct($key, $value) { $this->key = $key; $this->value = $value; }
-}
-
-function the_func()
-{
-  foreach (func_get_args() as $arg)
-  {
-    printf("Key: %10s|Value:%10s\n", $arg->key, $arg->value);
-  }
-}
-
-// ----
-
-the_func(new KeyedValue('name', 'Bob'),
-         new KeyedValue('age', 36),
-         new KeyedValue('income', 51000));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Alternatively, an associative array of key / value pairs may be constructed.
-// With the aid of the 'extract' built-in function, the key part of this array
-// may be intsntiated to a variable name, thus more closely approximating the
-// behaviour of true named parameters
-
-function the_func($var_array)
-{
-  extract($var_array);
-
-  if (isset($name)) printf("Name:   %s\n", $name);
-  if (isset($age)) printf("Age:    %s\n", $age);
-  if (isset($income)) printf("Income: %s\n", $income);
-}
-
-// ----
-
-the_func(array('name' => 'Bob', 'age' => 36, 'income' => 51000));
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-class RaceTime
-{
-  public $time, $dim;
-  public function __construct($time, $dim) { $this->time = $time; $this->dim = $dim; }
-}
-
-function the_func($var_array)
-{
-  extract($var_array);
-
-  if (isset($start_time)) printf("start:  %d - %s\n", $start_time->time, $start_time->dim);
-  if (isset($finish_time)) printf("finish: %d - %s\n", $finish_time->time, $finish_time->dim);
-  if (isset($incr_time)) printf("incr:   %d - %s\n", $incr_time->time, $incr_time->dim);
-}
-
-// ----
-
-the_func(array('start_time' => new RaceTime(20, 's'),
-               'finish_time' => new RaceTime(5, 'm'),
-               'incr_time' => new RaceTime(3, 'm')));
-
-the_func(array('start_time' => new RaceTime(5, 'm'),
-               'finish_time' => new RaceTime(30, 'm')));
-
-the_func(array('start_time' => new RaceTime(30, 'm')));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.8
-// The 'list' keyword [looks like a function but is actually a special language
-// construct] may be used to perform multiple assignments from a numerically
-// indexed array of values, and offers the added bonus of being able to skip
-// assignment of one, or more, of those values
-
-function func() { return array(3, 6, 9); }
-
-// ------------
-
-list($a, $b, $c) = array(6, 7, 8);
-
-// Provided 'func' returns an numerically-indexed array, the following
-// multiple assignment will work
-list($a, $b, $c) = func();
-
-// Any existing variables no longer wanted would need to be 'unset'
-unset($b);
-
-// As above, but second element of return array discarded
-list($a,,$c) = func();
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// Care needed to ensure returned array is numerically-indexed
-list($dev, $ino,,,$uid) = array_slice(array_values(stat($filename)), 0, 13);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.9
-// Multiple return values are possible via packing a set of values within a
-// numerically-indexed array and using 'list' to extract them
-
-function some_func() { return array(array(1, 2, 3), array('a' => 1, 'b' => 2)); }
-
-// ------------
-
-list($arr, $hash) = some_func();
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function some_func(&$arr, &$hash) { return array($arr, $hash); }
-
-// ------------
-
-$arrin = array(1, 2, 3); $hashin = array('a' => 1, 'b' => 2);
-
-list($arr, $hash) = some_func($arrin, $hashin);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.10
-// AFAICT, most of the PHP library functions are designed to return some required 
-// value on success, and FALSE on exit. Whilst it is possible to return NULL, or
-// one of the recognised 'empty' values [e.g. '' or 0 or an empty array etc],
-// FALSE actually seems to be the preferred means of indicating failure
-
-function a_func() { return FALSE; }
-
-a_func() || die("Function failed\n");
-
-if (!a_func()) die("Function failed\n");
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.11
-// Whether PHP is seen to support prototyping depends on the accepted
-// definition of this term:
-//
-// * Prototyping along the lines used in Ada, Modula X, and even C / C++,
-//   in which a function's interface is declared separately from its
-//   implementation, is *not* supported
-//
-// * Prototyping in which, as part of the function definition, parameter
-//   information must be supplied. In PHP a function definition neither
-//   parameter, nor return type, information needs to be supplied, though
-//   it is usual to see a parameter list supplied [indicates the number,
-//   positional order, and optionally, whether a parameter is passed by
-//   reference; no type information is present]. In short, prototyping in
-//   PHP is optional, and limited
-
-function func_with_one_arg($arg1)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-function func_with_two_arg($arg1, $arg2)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-function func_with_three_arg($arg1, $arg2, $arg3)
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-// The following may be interpreted as meaning a function accepting no
-// arguments:
-function func_with_no_arg()
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-// whilst the following may mean a function taking zero or more arguments
-function func_with_no_arg_information()
-{
-  ; // ...
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.12
-// Unlike in Perl, PHP's 'die' [actually an alias for 'exit'] doesn't throw
-// an exception, but instead terminates the script, optionally either
-// returning an integer value to the operating system, or printing a message.
-// So, the following, does not exhibit the same behaviour as the Perl example
-
-die("some message\n"); 
-
-// Instead, like so many modern languages, PHP implements exception handling
-// via the 'catch' and 'throw' keywords. Furthermore, a C++ or Java programmer
-// would find PHP's exception handling facility remarkably similar to those
-// of their respective languages. A simple, canonical example follows:
-
-// Usual to derive new exception classes from the built-in, 'Exception',
-// class
-class MyException extends Exception
-{
-  // ...
-}
-
-// ...
-
-try
-{
-  // ...
-  if ($some_problem_detected) throw new MyException('some message', $some_error_code);
-  // ..
-}
-
-catch (MyException $e)
-{
-  ; // ... handle the problem ...
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-class FullMoonException extends Exception
-{
-  // ...
-}
-
-// ...
-
-try
-{
-  // ...
-  if ($some_problem_detected) throw new FullMoonException('...', $full_moon_error_code);
-  // ..
-}
-
-catch (FullMoonException $e)
-{
-  // ... rethrow the exception - will propagate to higher level ...
-  throw $e;
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.13
-// Please refer to discussion about PHP scope in section two of this chapter.
-// Briefly, PHP assumes a variable name within a function to be local unless
-// it has been specifically declared with the, 'global', keyword, in which
-// case it refers to a variable in the 'superglobal' array, '$GLOBALS'. Thus,
-// inadvertant variable name shadowing cannot occur since it is it not possible 
-// to use the same name to refer to both a local and a global variable. If
-// accessing a global variable care should be taken to not accidentally update
-// it. The techniques used in this section are simply not required.
-
-// *** NOT TRANSLATED ***
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.14
-// In PHP once a function has been defined it remains defined. In other words,
-// it cannot be undefined / deleted, nor can that particular function name be
-// reused to reference another function body. Even the lambda-like functions
-// created via the 'create_function' built-in, cannot be undefined [they exist
-// until script termination, thus creating too many of these can actually
-// exhaust memory !]. However, since the latter can be assigned to variables,
-// the same variable name can be used to reference difference functions [and
-// when this is done the reference to the previous function is lost (unless
-// deliberately saved), though the function itself continues to exist].
-//
-// If, however, all that is needed is a simple function aliasing facility,
-// then just assign the function name to a variable, and execute using the
-// variable name
-
-// Original function
-function expand() { echo "expand\n"; }
-
-// Prove that function exists
-echo (function_exists('expand') ? 'yes' : 'no') . "\n";
-
-// Use a variable to alias it
-$grow = 'expand';
-
-// Call function via original name, and variable, respectively
-expand();
-
-$grow(); 
-
-// Remove alias variable
-unset($grow);
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function fred() { echo "fred\n"; }
-
-$barney = 'fred';
-
-$barney();
-
-unset($barney);
-
-fred();
-
-// ------------
-
-$fred = create_function('', 'echo "fred\n";');
-
-$barney = $fred;
-
-$barney();
-
-unset($barney);
-
-$fred();
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function red($text) { return "<FONT COLOR='red'>$text</FONT>"; }
-
-echo red('careful here') . "\n";
-
-// ------------
-
-$colour = 'red';
-
-$$colour = create_function('$text', 'global $colour;
-return "<FONT COLOR=\'$colour\'>$text</FONT>";');
-
-echo $$colour('careful here') . "\n";
-
-unset($$colour);
-
-// ----
-
-$colours = split(' ', 'red blue green yellow orange purple violet');
-
-foreach ($colours as $colour)
-{
-  $$colour = create_function('$text', 'global $colour;
-  return "<FONT COLOR=\'$colour\'>$text</FONT>";');
-}
-
-foreach ($colours as $colour) { echo $$colour("Careful with this $colour, James") . "\n"; }
-
-foreach ($colours as $colour) { unset($$colour); }
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.15
-// PHP sports an AUTOLOAD facility that is quite easy to use, but, AFAICT, is geared
-// towards the detection of unavailable classes rather than for individual functions.
-// Here is a rudimentary example:
-
-function __autoload($classname)
-{
-  if (!file_exists($classname))
-  {
-    // Class file does not exist, so handle situation; in this case,
-    // issue error message, and exit program
-    die("File for class: {$classname} not found - aborting\n");
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    // Class file exists, so load it
-    require_once $classname;
-  }
-}
-
-// ------------
-
-// Attempt to instantiate object of undefined class 
-new UnknownClassObject();
-
-// Execution continues here if class exists
-// ...
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-// It is also possible to perform [quite extensive] introspection on functions,
-// variables etc, so it is possible to check whether a function exists before
-// executing it, thus allowing a non-existent functions to be searched for and
-// loaded from a source file, or perhaps dynamically defined. An example of what
-// could be described as a custom autoload facility appears below.
-
-$colours = array('red', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow', 'orange', 'purple', 'violet');
-
-foreach ($colours as $colour)
-{
-  $$colour = create_function('$text', 'global $colour;
-  return "<FONT COLOR=\'$colour\'>$text</FONT>";');
-}
-
-// Let's add a new colour to the list
-array_push($colours, 'chartreuse'); 
-
-foreach ($colours as $colour)
-{
-  // Checking whether function is defined
-  if (!function_exists($$colour))
-  {
-    // Doesn't exist, so dynamically define it
-    $$colour = create_function('$text', 'global $colour;
-    return "<FONT COLOR=\'$colour\'>$text</FONT>";');
-
-    // Alternatively, if it exists in a source file, 'include' the file:
-    // include 'newcolours.php'
-  }
-
-  echo $$colour("Careful with this $colour, James") . "\n";
-}
-
-foreach ($colours as $colour) unset($$colour); 
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.16
-// *** Warning *** Whilst PHP *does* allow functions to be defined within other
-// functions it needs to be clearly understood that these 'inner' functions:
-// * Do not exist until the outer function is called a first time, at which time
-//   they then remain defined
-// * Are global in scope, so are accessable outside the function by their name;
-//   the fact that they are nested within another function has, AFAICT, no bearing
-//   on name resolution
-// * Do not form a closure: the inner function is merely 'parked' within the
-//   outer function, and has no implicit access to the outer function's variables
-//   or other inner functions
-
-function outer($arg)
-{
-  $x = $arg + 35;
-  function inner() { return $x * 19; }
-
-  // *** wrong *** 'inner' returns 0 * 19, not ($arg + 35) * 19
-  return $x + inner();
-}
-
-// ----------------------------
-
-function outer($arg)
-{
-  $x = $arg + 35;
-
-  // No implicit access to outer function scope; any required data must be
-  // explicity passed
-  function inner($x) { return $x * 19; }
-
-  return $x + inner($x);
-}
-
-// ------------ 
-
-// Equivalent to previously-shown code
-function inner($x)
-{
-  return $x * 19;
-}
-
-function outer($arg)
-{
-  $x = $arg + 35;
-  return $x + inner($x);
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_10.17
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-// @@INCOMPLETE@@
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.1
-// Run a command and return its results as a string.
-$output_string = shell_exec('program args');
-
-// Same as above, using backtick operator.
-$output_string = `program args`;
-
-// Run a command and return its results as a list of strings,
-// one per line.
-$output_lines = array();
-exec('program args', $output_lines);
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// The only way to execute a program without using the shell is to
-// use pcntl_exec(). However, there is no way to do redirection, so
-// you can't capture its output.
-
-$pid = pcntl_fork();
-if ($pid == -1) {
-    die('cannot fork');
-} elseif ($pid) {
-    pcntl_waitpid($pid, $status);
-} else {
-    // Note that pcntl_exec() automatically prepends the program name
-    // to the array of arguments; the program name cannot be spoofed.
-    pcntl_exec($program, array($arg1, $arg2));
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.2
-// Run a simple command and retrieve its result code.
-exec("vi $myfile", $output, $result_code);
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// Use the shell to perform redirection.
-exec('cmd1 args | cmd2 | cmd3 >outfile');
-exec('cmd args <infile >outfile 2>errfile');
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// Run a command, handling its result code or signal.
-$pid = pcntl_fork();
-if ($pid == -1) {
-    die('cannot fork');
-} elseif ($pid) {
-    pcntl_waitpid($pid, $status);
-    if (pcntl_wifexited($status)) {
-        $status = pcntl_wexitstatus($status);
-        echo "program exited with status $status\n";
-    } elseif (pcntl_wifsignaled($status)) {
-        $signal = pcntl_wtermsig($status);
-        echo "program killed by signal $signal\n";
-    } elseif (pcntl_wifstopped($status)) {
-        $signal = pcntl_wstopsig($status);
-        echo "program stopped by signal $signal\n";
-    }
-} else {
-    pcntl_exec($program, $args);
-}
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// Run a command while blocking interrupt signals.
-$pid = pcntl_fork();
-if ($pid == -1) {
-    die('cannot fork');
-} elseif ($pid) {
-    // parent catches INT and berates user
-    declare(ticks = 1);
-    function handle_sigint($signal) {
-        echo "Tsk tsk, no process interruptus\n";
-    }
-    pcntl_signal(SIGINT, 'handle_sigint');
-    while (!pcntl_waitpid($pid, $status, WNOHANG)) {}
-} else {
-    // child ignores INT and does its thing
-    pcntl_signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
-    pcntl_exec('/bin/sleep', array('10'));
-}
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// Since there is no direct access to execv() and friends, and
-// pcntl_exec() won't let us supply an alternate program name
-// in the argument list, there is no way to run a command with
-// a different name in the process table.
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.3
-// Transfer control to the shell to run another program.
-pcntl_exec('/bin/sh', array('-c', 'archive *.data'));
-// Transfer control directly to another program.
-pcntl_exec('/path/to/archive', array('accounting.data'));
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.4
-// Handle each line in the output of a process.
-$readme = popen('program arguments', 'r');
-while (!feof($readme)) {
-    $line = fgets($readme);
-    if ($line === false) break;
-    // ...
-}
-pclose($readme);
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// Write to the input of a process.
-$writeme = popen('program arguments', 'w');
-fwrite($writeme, 'data');
-pclose($writeme);
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// Wait for a process to complete.
-$f = popen('sleep 1000000', 'r');  // child goes to sleep
-pclose($f);                        // and parent goes to lala land
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-$writeme = popen('program arguments', 'w');
-fwrite($writeme, "hello\n");  // program will get hello\n on STDIN
-pclose($writeme);             // program will get EOF on STDIN
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// Output buffering callback that sends output to the pager.
-function ob_pager($output, $mode) {
-    static $pipe;
-    if ($mode & PHP_OUTPUT_HANDLER_START) {
-        $pager = getenv('PAGER');
-        if (!$pager) $pager = '/usr/bin/less';  // XXX: might not exist
-        $pipe = popen($pager, 'w');
-    }
-    fwrite($pipe, $output);
-    if ($mode & PHP_OUTPUT_HANDLER_END) {
-        pclose($pipe);
-    }
-}
-
-// Redirect standard output to the pager.
-ob_start('ob_pager');
-
-// Do something useful that writes to standard output, then
-// close the output buffer.
-// ...
-ob_end_flush();
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.5
-// Output buffering: Only display a certain number of lines of output.
-class Head {
-    function Head($lines=20) {
-        $this->lines = $lines;
-    }
-
-    function filter($output, $mode) {
-        $result = array();
-        $newline = '';
-        if (strlen($output) > 0 && $output[strlen($output) - 1] == "\n") {
-            $newline = "\n";
-            $output = substr($output, 0, -1);
-        }
-        foreach (explode("\n", $output) as $i => $line) {
-            if ($this->lines > 0) {
-                $this->lines--;
-                $result[] = $line;
-            }
-        }
-        return $result ? implode("\n", $result) . $newline : '';
-    }
-}
-
-// Output buffering: Prepend line numbers to each line of output.
-class Number {
-    function Number() {
-        $this->line_number = 0;
-    }
-
-    function filter($output, $mode) {
-        $result = array();
-        $newline = '';
-        if (strlen($output) > 0 && $output[strlen($output) - 1] == "\n") {
-            $newline = "\n";
-            $output = substr($output, 0, -1);
-        }
-        foreach (explode("\n", $output) as $i => $line) {
-            $this->line_number++;
-            $result[] = $this->line_number . ': ' . $line;
-        }
-        return implode("\n", $result) . $newline;
-    }
-}
-
-// Output buffering: Prepend "> " to each line of output.
-class Quote {
-    function Quote() {
-    }
-
-    function filter($output, $mode) {
-        $result = array();
-        $newline = '';
-        if (strlen($output) > 0 && $output[strlen($output) - 1] == "\n") {
-            $newline = "\n";
-            $output = substr($output, 0, -1);
-        }
-        foreach (explode("\n", $output) as $i => $line) {
-            $result[] = "> $line";
-        }
-        return implode("\n", $result) . $newline;
-    }
-}
-
-// Use arrays as callbacks to register filter methods.
-ob_start(array(new Head(100), 'filter'));
-ob_start(array(new Number(), 'filter'));
-ob_start(array(new Quote(), 'filter'));
-
-// Act like /bin/cat.
-while (!feof(STDIN)) {
-    $line = fgets(STDIN);
-    if ($line === false) break;
-    echo $line;
-}
-
-// Should match number of calls to ob_start().
-ob_end_flush();
-ob_end_flush();
-ob_end_flush();
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.6
-// Process command-line arguments using fopen(). PHP supports URLs for
-// filenames as long as the "allow_url_fopen" configuration option is set.
-//
-// Valid URL protocols include:
-//   - http://www.myserver.com/myfile.html
-//   - ftp://ftp.myserver.com/myfile.txt
-//   - compress.zlib://myfile.gz
-//   - php://stdin
-//
-// See http://www.php.net/manual/en/wrappers.php for details.
-//
-$filenames = array_slice($argv, 1);
-if (!$filenames) $filenames = array('php://stdin');
-foreach ($filenames as $filename) {
-    $handle = @fopen($filename, 'r');
-    if ($handle) {
-        while (!feof($handle)) {
-            $line = fgets($handle);
-            if ($line === false) break;
-            // ...
-        }
-        fclose($handle);
-    } else {
-        die("can't open $filename\n");
-    }
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.7
-$output = `cmd 2>&1`;                          // with backticks
-// or
-$ph = popen('cmd 2>&1');                       // with an open pipe
-while (!feof($ph)) { $line = fgets($ph); }     // plus a read
-// -----------------------------
-$output = `cmd 2>/dev/null`;                   // with backticks
-// or
-$ph = popen('cmd 2>/dev/null');                // with an open pipe
-while (!feof($ph)) { $line = fgets($ph); }     // plus a read
-// -----------------------------
-$output = `cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null`;              // with backticks
-// or
-$ph = popen('cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null');           // with an open pipe
-while (!feof($ph)) { $line = fgets($ph); }     // plus a read
-// -----------------------------
-$output = `cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-`;           // with backticks
-// or
-$ph = popen('cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-|');       // with an open pipe
-while (!feof($ph)) { $line = fgets($ph); }     // plus a read
-// -----------------------------
-exec('program args 1>/tmp/program.stdout 2>/tmp/program.stderr');
-// -----------------------------
-$output = `cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-`;
-// -----------------------------
-$fd3 = $fd1;
-$fd1 = $fd2;
-$fd2 = $fd3;
-$fd3 = null;
-// -----------------------------
-exec('prog args 1>tmpfile 2>&1');
-exec('prog args 2>&1 1>tmpfile');
-// -----------------------------
-// exec('prog args 1>tmpfile 2>&1');
-$fd1 = "tmpfile";        // change stdout destination first
-$fd2 = $fd1;             // now point stderr there, too
-// -----------------------------
-// exec('prog args 2>&1 1>tmpfile');
-$fd2 = $fd1;             // stderr same destination as stdout
-$fd1 = "tmpfile";        // but change stdout destination
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.8
-// Connect to input and output of a process.
-$proc = proc_open($program,
-                  array(0 => array('pipe', 'r'),
-                        1 => array('pipe', 'w')),
-                  $pipes);
-if (is_resource($proc)) {
-    fwrite($pipes[0], "here's your input\n");
-    fclose($pipes[0]);
-    echo stream_get_contents($pipes[1]);
-    fclose($pipes[1]);
-    $result_code = proc_close($proc);
-    echo "$result_code\n";
-}
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-$all = array();
-$outlines = array();
-$errlines = array();
-exec("( $cmd | sed -e 's/^/stdout: /' ) 2>&1", $all);
-foreach ($all as $line) {
-    $pos = strpos($line, 'stdout: ');
-    if ($pos !== false && $pos == 0) {
-        $outlines[] = substr($line, 8);
-    } else {
-        $errlines[] = $line;
-    }
-}
-print("STDOUT:\n");
-print_r($outlines);
-print("\n");
-print("STDERR:\n");
-print_r($errlines);
-print("\n");
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.9
-$proc = proc_open($cmd,
-                  array(0 => array('pipe', 'r'),
-                        1 => array('pipe', 'w'),
-                        2 => array('pipe', 'w')),
-                  $pipes);
-
-if (is_resource($proc)) {
-    // give end of file to kid, or feed him
-    fclose($pipes[0]);
-
-    // read till EOF
-    $outlines = array();
-    while (!feof($pipes[1])) {
-        $line = fgets($pipes[1]);
-        if ($line === false) break;
-        $outlines[] = rtrim($line);
-    }
-
-    // XXX: block potential if massive
-    $errlines = array();
-    while (!feof($pipes[2])) {
-        $line = fgets($pipes[2]);
-        if ($line === false) break;
-        $errlines[] = rtrim($line);
-    }
-
-    fclose($pipes[1]);
-    fclose($pipes[2]);
-    proc_close($proc);
-
-    print("STDOUT:\n");
-    print_r($outlines);
-    print("\n");
-    print("STDERR:\n");
-    print_r($errlines);
-    print("\n");
-}
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// cmd3sel - control all three of kids in, out, and error.
-$cmd = "grep vt33 /none/such - /etc/termcap";
-$proc = proc_open($cmd,
-                  array(0 => array('pipe', 'r'),
-                        1 => array('pipe', 'w'),
-                        2 => array('pipe', 'w')),
-                  $pipes);
-
-if (is_resource($proc)) {
-    fwrite($pipes[0], "This line has a vt33 lurking in it\n");
-    fclose($pipes[0]);
-
-    $readers = array($pipes[1], $pipes[2]);
-    while (stream_select($read=$readers,
-                         $write=null,
-                         $except=null,
-                         0, 200000) > 0) {
-        foreach ($read as $stream) {
-            $line = fgets($stream);
-            if ($line !== false) {
-                if ($stream === $pipes[1]) {
-                    print "STDOUT: $line";
-                } else {
-                    print "STDERR: $line";
-                }
-            }
-            if (feof($stream)) {
-                $readers = array_diff($readers, array($stream));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fclose($pipes[1]);
-    fclose($pipes[2]);
-    proc_close($proc);
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.10
-// PHP supports fork/exec/wait but not pipe. However, it does
-// support socketpair, which can do everything pipes can as well
-// as bidirectional communication. The original recipes have been
-// modified here to use socketpair only.
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// pipe1 - use socketpair and fork so parent can send to child
-$sockets = array();
-if (!socket_create_pair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, $sockets)) {
-    die(socket_strerror(socket_last_error()));
-}
-list($reader, $writer) = $sockets;
-
-$pid = pcntl_fork();
-if ($pid == -1) {
-    die('cannot fork');
-} elseif ($pid) {
-    socket_close($reader);
-    $line = sprintf("Parent Pid %d is sending this\n", getmypid());
-    if (!socket_write($writer, $line, strlen($line))) {
-        socket_close($writer);
-        die(socket_strerror(socket_last_error()));
-    }
-    socket_close($writer);
-    pcntl_waitpid($pid, $status);
-} else {
-    socket_close($writer);
-    $line = socket_read($reader, 1024, PHP_NORMAL_READ);
-    printf("Child Pid %d just read this: `%s'\n", getmypid(), rtrim($line));
-    socket_close($reader);  // this will happen anyway
-    exit(0);
-}
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// pipe2 - use socketpair and fork so child can send to parent
-$sockets = array();
-if (!socket_create_pair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, $sockets)) {
-    die(socket_strerror(socket_last_error()));
-}
-list($reader, $writer) = $sockets;
-
-$pid = pcntl_fork();
-if ($pid == -1) {
-    die('cannot fork');
-} elseif ($pid) {
-    socket_close($writer);
-    $line = socket_read($reader, 1024, PHP_NORMAL_READ);
-    printf("Parent Pid %d just read this: `%s'\n", getmypid(), rtrim($line));
-    socket_close($reader);
-    pcntl_waitpid($pid, $status);
-} else {
-    socket_close($reader);
-    $line = sprintf("Child Pid %d is sending this\n", getmypid());
-    if (!socket_write($writer, $line, strlen($line))) {
-        socket_close($writer);
-        die(socket_strerror(socket_last_error()));
-    }
-    socket_close($writer);  // this will happen anyway
-    exit(0);
-}
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// pipe3 and pipe4 demonstrate the use of perl's "forking open"
-// feature to reimplement pipe1 and pipe2. pipe5 uses two pipes
-// to simulate socketpair. Since PHP supports socketpair but not
-// pipe, and does not have a "forking open" feature, these
-// examples are skipped here.
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// pipe6 - bidirectional communication using socketpair
-$sockets = array();
-if (!socket_create_pair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, $sockets)) {
-    die(socket_strerror(socket_last_error()));
-}
-list($child, $parent) = $sockets;
-
-$pid = pcntl_fork();
-if ($pid == -1) {
-    die('cannot fork');
-} elseif ($pid) {
-    socket_close($parent);
-    $line = sprintf("Parent Pid %d is sending this\n", getmypid());
-    if (!socket_write($child, $line, strlen($line))) {
-        socket_close($child);
-        die(socket_strerror(socket_last_error()));
-    }
-    $line = socket_read($child, 1024, PHP_NORMAL_READ);
-    printf("Parent Pid %d just read this: `%s'\n", getmypid(), rtrim($line));
-    socket_close($child);
-    pcntl_waitpid($pid, $status);
-} else {
-    socket_close($child);
-    $line = socket_read($parent, 1024, PHP_NORMAL_READ);
-    printf("Child Pid %d just read this: `%s'\n", getmypid(), rtrim($line));
-    $line = sprintf("Child Pid %d is sending this\n", getmypid());
-    if (!socket_write($parent, $line, strlen($line))) {
-        socket_close($parent);
-        die(socket_strerror(socket_last_error()));
-    }
-    socket_close($parent);
-    exit(0);
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.11
-// -----------------------------
-// % mkfifo /path/to/named.pipe
-// -----------------------------
-
-$fifo = fopen('/path/to/named.pipe', 'r');
-if ($fifo !== false) {
-    while (!feof($fifo)) {
-        $line = fgets($fifo);
-        if ($line === false) break;
-        echo "Got: $line";
-    }
-    fclose($fifo);
-} else {
-    die('could not open fifo for read');
-}
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-$fifo = fopen('/path/to/named.pipe', 'w');
-if ($fifo !== false) {
-    fwrite($fifo, "Smoke this.\n");
-    fclose($fifo);
-} else {
-    die('could not open fifo for write');
-}
-
-// -----------------------------
-// % mkfifo ~/.plan                    #  isn't this everywhere yet?
-// % mknod  ~/.plan p                  #  in case you don't have mkfifo
-// -----------------------------
-
-// dateplan - place current date and time in .plan file
-while (true) {
-    $home = getenv('HOME');
-    $fifo = fopen("$home/.plan", 'w');
-    if ($fifo === false) {
-        die("Couldn't open $home/.plan for writing.\n");
-    }
-    fwrite($fifo,
-           'The current time is '
-           . strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z')
-           . "\n");
-    fclose($fifo);
-    sleep(1);
-}
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// fifolog - read and record log msgs from fifo
-
-$fifo = null;
-
-declare(ticks = 1);
-function handle_alarm($signal) {
-    global $fifo;
-    if ($fifo) fclose($fifo);   // move on to the next queued process
-}
-pcntl_signal(SIGALRM, 'handle_alarm');
-
-while (true) {
-    pcntl_alarm(0);             // turn off alarm for blocking open
-    $fifo = fopen('/tmp/log', 'r');
-    if ($fifo === false) {
-        die("can't open /tmp/log");
-    }
-    pcntl_alarm(1);             // you have 1 second to log
-
-    $service = fgets($fifo);
-    if ($service === false) continue; // interrupt or nothing logged
-    $service = rtrim($service);
-
-    $message = fgets($fifo);
-    if ($message === false) continue; // interrupt or nothing logged
-    $message = rtrim($message);
-
-    pcntl_alarm(0);             // turn off alarms for message processing
-
-    if ($service == 'http') {
-        // ignoring
-    } elseif ($service == 'login') {
-        // log to /var/log/login
-        $log = fopen('/var/log/login', 'a');
-        if ($log !== false) {
-            fwrite($log,
-                   strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z')
-                   . " $service $message\n");
-            fclose($log);
-        } else {
-            trigger_error("Couldn't log $service $message to /var/log/login\n",
-                          E_USER_WARNING);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.12
-// sharetest - test shared variables across forks
-
-$SHM_KEY = ftok(__FILE__, chr(1));
-$handle = sem_get($SHM_KEY);
-$buffer = shm_attach($handle, 1024);
-
-// The original recipe has an INT signal handler here. However, it
-// causes erratic behavior with PHP, and PHP seems to do the right
-// thing without it.
-
-for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) {
-    $child = pcntl_fork();
-    if ($child == -1) {
-        die('cannot fork');
-    } elseif ($child) {
-        $kids[] = $child; // in case we care about their pids
-    } else {
-        squabble();
-        exit();
-    }
-}
-
-while (true) {
-    print 'Buffer is ' . shm_get_var($buffer, 1) . "\n";
-    sleep(1);
-}
-die('Not reached');
-
-function squabble() {
-    global $handle;
-    global $buffer;
-    $i = 0;
-    $pid = getmypid();
-    while (true) {
-        if (preg_match("/^$pid\\b/", shm_get_var($buffer, 1))) continue;
-        sem_acquire($handle);
-        $i++;
-        shm_put_var($buffer, 1, "$pid $i");
-        sem_release($handle);
-    }
-}
-
-// Buffer is 14357 1
-// Buffer is 14355 3
-// Buffer is 14355 4
-// Buffer is 14354 5
-// Buffer is 14353 6
-// Buffer is 14351 8
-// Buffer is 14351 9
-// Buffer is 14350 10
-// Buffer is 14348 11
-// Buffer is 14348 12
-// Buffer is 14357 10
-// Buffer is 14357 11
-// Buffer is 14355 13
-// ...
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.13
-// Available signal constants
-% php -r 'print_r(get_defined_constants());' | grep '\[SIG' | grep -v _
-    [SIGHUP] => 1
-    [SIGINT] => 2
-    [SIGQUIT] => 3
-    [SIGILL] => 4
-    [SIGTRAP] => 5
-    [SIGABRT] => 6
-    [SIGIOT] => 6
-    [SIGBUS] => 7
-    [SIGFPE] => 8
-    [SIGKILL] => 9
-    [SIGUSR1] => 10
-    [SIGSEGV] => 11
-    [SIGUSR2] => 12
-    [SIGPIPE] => 13
-    [SIGALRM] => 14
-    [SIGTERM] => 15
-    [SIGSTKFLT] => 16
-    [SIGCLD] => 17
-    [SIGCHLD] => 17
-    [SIGCONT] => 18
-    [SIGSTOP] => 19
-    [SIGTSTP] => 20
-    [SIGTTIN] => 21
-    [SIGTTOU] => 22
-    [SIGURG] => 23
-    [SIGXCPU] => 24
-    [SIGXFSZ] => 25
-    [SIGVTALRM] => 26
-    [SIGPROF] => 27
-    [SIGWINCH] => 28
-    [SIGPOLL] => 29
-    [SIGIO] => 29
-    [SIGPWR] => 30
-    [SIGSYS] => 31
-    [SIGBABY] => 31
-
-// Predefined signal handler constants
-% php -r 'print_r(get_defined_constants());' | grep '\[SIG' | grep _
-    [SIG_IGN] => 1
-    [SIG_DFL] => 0
-    [SIG_ERR] => -1
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.14
-// send pid a signal 9
-posix_kill($pid, 9);
-// send whole job a signal 1
-posix_kill($pgrp, -1);
-// send myself a SIGUSR1
-posix_kill(getmypid(), SIGUSR1);
-// send a SIGHUP to processes in pids
-foreach ($pids as $pid) posix_kill($pid, SIGHUP);
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-// Use kill with pseudo-signal 0 to see if process is alive.
-if (posix_kill($minion, 0)) {
-    echo "$minion is alive!\n";
-} else {
-    echo "$minion is deceased.\n";
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.15
-// call got_sig_quit for every SIGQUIT
-pcntl_signal(SIGQUIT, 'got_sig_quit');
-// call got_sig_pipe for every SIGPIPE
-pcntl_signal(SIGPIPE, 'got_sig_pipe');
-// increment ouch for every SIGINT
-function got_sig_int($signal) { global $ouch; $ouch++; }
-pcntl_signal(SIGINT, 'got_sig_int');
-// ignore the signal INT
-pcntl_signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
-// restore default STOP signal handling
-pcntl_signal(SIGSTOP, SIG_DFL);
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.16
-// the signal handler
-function ding($signal) {
-    fwrite(STDERR, "\x07Enter your name!\n");
-}
-
-// prompt for name, overriding SIGINT
-function get_name() {
-    declare(ticks = 1);
-    pcntl_signal(SIGINT, 'ding');
-
-    echo "Kindly Stranger, please enter your name: ";
-    while (!@stream_select($read=array(STDIN),
-                           $write=null,
-                           $except=null,
-                           1)) {
-        // allow signals to be observed
-    }
-    $name = fgets(STDIN);
-
-    // Since pcntl_signal() doesn't return the old signal handler, the
-    // best we can do here is set it back to the default behavior.
-    pcntl_signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
-
-    return $name;
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.17
-function got_int($signal) {
-    pcntl_signal(SIGINT, 'got_int');  // but not for SIGCHLD!
-    // ...
-}
-pcntl_signal(SIGINT, 'got_int');
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-declare(ticks = 1);
-$interrupted = false;
-
-function got_int($signal) {
-    global $interrupted;
-    $interrupted = true;
-    // The third argument to pcntl_signal() determines if system calls
-    // should be restarted after a signal. It defaults to true.
-    pcntl_signal(SIGINT, 'got_int', false);  // or SIG_IGN
-}
-pcntl_signal(SIGINT, 'got_int', false);
-
-// ... long-running code that you don't want to restart
-
-if ($interrupted) {
-    // deal with the signal
-}
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.18
-// ignore signal INT
-pcntl_signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
-
-// install signal handler
-declare(ticks = 1);
-function tsktsk($signal) {
-    fwrite(STDERR, "\x07The long habit of living indisposeth us for dying.");
-    pcntl_signal(SIGINT, 'tsktsk');
-}
-pcntl_signal(SIGINT, 'tsktsk');
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.19
-pcntl_signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN);
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-declare(ticks = 1);
-function reaper($signal) {
-    $pid = pcntl_waitpid(-1, $status, WNOHANG);
-    if ($pid > 0) {
-        // ...
-        reaper($signal);
-    }
-    // install *after* calling waitpid
-    pcntl_signal(SIGCHLD, 'reaper');
-}
-pcntl_signal(SIGCHLD, 'reaper');
-
-// -----------------------------
-
-declare(ticks = 1);
-function reaper($signal) {
-    $pid = pcntl_waitpid(-1, $status, WNOHANG);
-    if ($pid == -1) {
-        // No child waiting. Ignore it.
-    } else {
-        if (pcntl_wifexited($signal)) {
-            echo "Process $pid exited.\n";
-        } else {
-            echo "False alarm on $pid\n";
-        }
-        reaper($signal);
-    }
-    pcntl_signal(SIGCHLD, 'reaper');
-}
-pcntl_signal(SIGCHLD, 'reaper');
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.20
-// PHP does not support sigprocmask().
-
-// @@PLEAC@@_16.21
-declare(ticks = 1);
-$aborted = false;
-
-function handle_alarm($signal) {
-    global $aborted;
-    $aborted = true;
-}
-pcntl_signal(SIGALRM, 'handle_alarm');
-
-pcntl_alarm(3600);
-// long-time operations here
-pcntl_alarm(0);
-if ($aborted) {
-    // timed out - do what you will here
-}
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/strings.expected.raydebug b/test/scanners/php/strings.expected.raydebug
deleted file mode 100644
index c8e3e84..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/strings.expected.raydebug
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,360 +0,0 @@
-plain(Single quoted
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(this is a simple string)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(You can also have embedded newlines in 
-strings this way as it is
-okay to do)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Outputs: Arnold once said: "I'll be back")
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Arnold once said: "I)char(\\')content(ll be back")delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Outputs: You deleted C:\\*.*?)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(You deleted C:)char(\\\\)content(*.*?)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Outputs: You deleted C:\\*.*?)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(You deleted C:)content(\\*)content(.*?)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Outputs: This will not expand: \\n a newline)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(This will not expand: )content(\\n)content( a newline)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Outputs: Variables do not $expand $either)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(')content(Variables do not $expand $either)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(Double quoted
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-local_variable($escape_sequences) operator(=) string<delimiter(")char(\\n)char(\\r)char(\\t)char(\\v)char(\\f)char(\\\\)char(\\$)char(\\")char(\\000)content(-)char(\\777)char(\\x0)content(-)char(\\xFF)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(Heredoc
-
-Example #1 Invalid example
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-reserved(class) class(foo) operator({)
-    reserved(public) local_variable($bar) operator(=) string<delimiter(<<<EOT)content(
-)content(bar)content(
-)delimiter(EOT)>operator(;)
-operator(})
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(Example #2 Heredoc string quoting example
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-local_variable($str) operator(=) string<delimiter(<<<EOD)content(
-)content(Example of string)content(
-)content(spanning multiple lines)content(
-)content(using heredoc syntax.)content(
-)delimiter(EOD)>operator(;)
-
-comment(/* More complex example, with variables. */)
-reserved(class) class(foo)
-operator({)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($foo)operator(;)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($bar)operator(;)
-
-    reserved(function) function(foo)operator(()operator(\))
-    operator({)
-        local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(foo) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Foo)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-        local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(bar) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Bar1)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Bar2)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Bar3)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) reserved(new) ident(foo)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($name) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(MyName)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(<<<EOT)content(
-)content(My name is ")local_variable($name)content(". I am printing some )inline<local_variable($foo)operator(->)ident(foo)>content(.)content(
-)content(Now, I am printing some )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($foo)operator(->)ident(bar)operator([)integer(1)operator(])delimiter(})>content(.)content(
-)content(This should print a capital 'A': )char(\\x41)content(
-)delimiter(EOT)>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(The above example will output:
-
-My name is "MyName". I am printing some Foo.
-Now, I am printing some Bar2.
-This should print a capital 'A': A
-
-Example #3 Heredoc in arguments example
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-predefined(var_dump)operator(()predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(<<<EOD)content(
-)content(foobar!)content(
-)delimiter(EOD)>
-operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(Example #4 Using Heredoc to initialize static values
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-comment(// Static variables)
-reserved(function) function(foo)operator(()operator(\))
-operator({)
-    reserved(static) local_variable($bar) operator(=) string<delimiter(<<<LABEL)content(
-)content(Nothing in here...)content(
-)delimiter(LABEL)>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-comment(// Class properties/constants)
-reserved(class) class(foo)
-operator({)
-    reserved(const) constant(BAR) operator(=) string<delimiter(<<<FOOBAR)content(
-)content(Constant example)content(
-)delimiter(FOOBAR)>operator(;)
-
-    reserved(public) local_variable($baz) operator(=) string<delimiter(<<<FOOBAR)content(
-)content(Property example)content(
-)delimiter(FOOBAR)>operator(;)
-operator(})
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(Example #5 Using double quotes in Heredoc
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(<<<"FOOBAR")content(
-)content(Hello )local_variable($World)content(!)content(
-)delimiter(FOOBAR)>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(Nowdoc
-
-Example #6 Nowdoc string quoting example
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-local_variable($str) operator(=) string<delimiter(<<<'EOD')content(
-)content(Example of string)content(
-)content(spanning multiple lines)content(
-)content(using nowdoc syntax.)content(
-)delimiter(EOD)>operator(;)
-
-comment(/* More complex example, with variables. */)
-reserved(class) class(foo)
-operator({)
-    reserved(public) local_variable($foo)operator(;)
-    reserved(public) local_variable($bar)operator(;)
-
-    reserved(function) function(foo)operator(()operator(\))
-    operator({)
-        local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(foo) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Foo)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-        local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(bar) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Bar1)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Bar2)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(Bar3)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) reserved(new) ident(foo)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($name) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(MyName)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(<<<'EOT')content(
-)content(My name is "$name". I am printing some $foo->foo.)content(
-)content(Now, I am printing some {$foo->bar[1]}.)content(
-)content(This should not print a capital 'A': )content(\\x)content(41)content(
-)delimiter(EOT)>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-plain(The above example will output:
-
-My name is "$name". I am printing some $foo-)error(>)plain(foo.
-Now, I am printing some {$foo-)error(>)plain(bar[1]}.
-This should not print a capital 'A': \\x41
-
-Example #7 Static data example
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-reserved(class) class(foo) operator({)
-    reserved(public) local_variable($bar) operator(=) string<delimiter(<<<'EOT')content(
-)content(bar)content(
-)delimiter(EOT)>operator(;)
-operator(})
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(Variable parsing
-
-When a string is specified in double quotes or with heredoc, variables are parsed within it.
-
-There are two types of syntax: a simple one and a complex one. The simple syntax is the most common and convenient. It provides a way to embed a variable, an array value, or an object property in a string with a minimum of effort.
-
-The complex syntax was introduced in PHP 4, and can be recognised by the curly braces surrounding the expression.
-
-Simple syntax
-
-If a dollar sign ($\) is encountered, the parser will greedily take as many tokens as possible to form a valid variable name. Enclose the variable name in curly braces to explicitly specify the end of the name.
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-local_variable($beer) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Heineken)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")local_variable($beer)content('s taste is great)delimiter(")>operator(;) comment(// works; "'" is an invalid character for variable names)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(He drank some )local_variable($beers)delimiter(")>operator(;)   comment(// won't work; 's' is a valid character for variable names but the variable is "$beer")
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(He drank some )local_variable(${beer})content(s)delimiter(")>operator(;) comment(// works)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(He drank some )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($beer)delimiter(})>content(s)delimiter(")>operator(;) comment(// works)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-plain(Similarly, an array index or an object property can be parsed. With array indices, the closing square bracket (]\) marks the end of the index. The same rules apply to object properties as to simple variables.
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-comment(// These examples are specific to using arrays inside of strings.)
-comment(// When outside of a string, always quote array string keys and do not use)
-comment(// {braces}.)
-
-comment(// Show all errors)
-predefined(error_reporting)operator(()exception(E_ALL)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($fruits) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(strawberry)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(red)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(banana)delimiter(')> operator(=>) string<delimiter(')content(yellow)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-comment(// Works, but note that this works differently outside a string)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(A banana is )inline<local_variable($fruits)operator([)ident(banana)operator(])>content(.)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Works)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(A banana is )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($fruits)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(banana)delimiter(')>operator(])delimiter(})>content(.)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Works, but PHP looks for a constant named banana first, as described below.)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(A banana is )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($fruits)operator([)ident(banana)operator(])delimiter(})>content(.)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Won't work, use braces.  This results in a parse error.)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(A banana is )error($fruits['banana'])content(.)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Works)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(A banana is )delimiter(")> operator(.) local_variable($fruits)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(banana)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(.) string<delimiter(")content(.)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Works)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This square is )inline<local_variable($square)operator(->)ident(width)>content( meters broad.)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Won't work. For a solution, see the complex syntax.)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This square is )inline<local_variable($square)operator(->)ident(width00)>content( centimeters broad.)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-plain(For anything more complex, you should use the complex syntax.
-
-Complex (curly\) syntax
-
-This isn't called complex because the syntax is complex, but because it allows for the use of complex expressions.
-
-In fact, any value in the namespace can be included in a string with this syntax. Simply write the expression the same way as it would appear outside the string, and then wrap it in { and }. Since { can not be escaped, this syntax will only be recognised when the $ immediately follows the {. Use {\\$ to get a literal {$. Some examples to make it clear:
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-comment(// Show all errors)
-predefined(error_reporting)operator(()exception(E_ALL)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-local_variable($great) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(fantastic)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Won't work, outputs: This is { fantastic})
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This is )string({)content( )local_variable($great)content(})delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Works, outputs: This is fantastic)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This is )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($great)delimiter(})>delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This is )local_variable(${great})delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Works)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This square is )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($square)operator(->)ident(width)delimiter(})>content(00 centimeters broad.)delimiter(")>operator(;) 
-
-comment(// Works)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This works: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($arr)operator([)integer(4)operator(])operator([)integer(3)operator(])delimiter(})>delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// This is wrong for the same reason as $foo[bar] is wrong  outside a string.)
-comment(// In other words, it will still work, but only because PHP first looks for a)
-comment(// constant named foo; an error of level E_NOTICE (undefined constant\) will be)
-comment(// thrown.)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This is wrong: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($arr)operator([)ident(foo)operator(])operator([)integer(3)operator(])delimiter(})>delimiter(")>operator(;) 
-
-comment(// Works. When using multi-dimensional arrays, always use braces around arrays)
-comment(// when inside of strings)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This works: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($arr)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(foo)delimiter(')>operator(])operator([)integer(3)operator(])delimiter(})>delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// Works.)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This works: )delimiter(")> operator(.) local_variable($arr)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(foo)delimiter(')>operator(])operator([)integer(3)operator(])operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This works too: )inline<delimiter({)local_variable($obj)operator(->)ident(values)operator([)integer(3)operator(])operator(->)ident(name)delimiter(})>delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This is the value of the var named )local_variable($name)content(: )inline<delimiter({)operator($)operator({)local_variable($name)operator(})delimiter(})>delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This is the value of the var named by the return value of getName(\): )inline<delimiter({)operator($)operator({)ident(getName)operator(()operator(\))operator(})delimiter(})>delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(This is the value of the var named by the return value of )char(\\$)content(object->getName(\): )inline<delimiter({)operator($)operator({)local_variable($object)operator(->)ident(getName)operator(()operator(\))operator(})delimiter(})>delimiter(")>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-plain(It is also possible to access class properties using variables within strings using this syntax.
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-reserved(class) class(foo) operator({)
-    reserved(var) local_variable($bar) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(I am bar.)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) reserved(new) ident(foo)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-local_variable($bar) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(bar)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($baz) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(foo)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(bar)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(baz)delimiter(')>operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(quux)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($foo)operator(->)local_variable($bar)delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")inline<delimiter({)local_variable($foo)operator(->)local_variable($baz)operator([)integer(1)operator(])delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-plain(The above example will output:
-I am bar.
-I am bar.
-
-Note: Functions, method calls, static class variables, and class constants inside {$} work since PHP 5. However, the value accessed will be interpreted as the name of a variable in the scope in which the string is defined. Using single curly braces ({}\) will not work for accessing the return values of functions or methods or the values of class constants or static class variables. 
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-comment(// Show all errors.)
-predefined(error_reporting)operator(()exception(E_ALL)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-reserved(class) class(beers) operator({)
-    reserved(const) ident(softdrink) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(rootbeer)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-    reserved(public) reserved(static) local_variable($ale) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(ipa)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-operator(})
-
-local_variable($rootbeer) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(A & W)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($ipa) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Alexander Keith)char(\\')content(s)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-comment(// This works; outputs: I'd like an A & W)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(I'd like an )inline<delimiter({)operator($)operator({)ident(beers)operator(::)ident(softdrink)operator(})delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-
-comment(// This works too; outputs: I'd like an Alexander Keith's)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")content(I'd like an )inline<delimiter({)operator($)operator({)ident(beers)operator(::)local_variable($ale)operator(})delimiter(})>char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-plain(String access and modification by character
-
-Characters within strings may be accessed and modified by specifying the zero-based offset of the desired character after the string using square array brackets, as in $str[42]. Think of a string as an array of characters for this purpose.
-
-Note: Strings may also be accessed using braces, as in $str{42}, for the same purpose. However, this syntax is deprecated as of PHP 5.3.0. Use square brackets instead, such as $str[42].
-
-Warning
-Writing to an out of range offset pads the string with spaces. Non-integer types are converted to integer. Illegal offset type emits E_NOTICE. Negative offset emits E_NOTICE in write but reads empty string. Only the first character of an assigned string is used. Assigning empty string assigns NUL byte.
-
-Example #8 Some string examples
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-comment(// Get the first character of a string)
-local_variable($str) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(This is a test.)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($first) operator(=) local_variable($str)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(;)
-
-comment(// Get the third character of a string)
-local_variable($third) operator(=) local_variable($str)operator([)integer(2)operator(])operator(;)
-
-comment(// Get the last character of a string.)
-local_variable($str) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(This is still a test.)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($last) operator(=) local_variable($str)operator([)predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($str)operator(\))operator(-)integer(1)operator(])operator(;) 
-
-comment(// Modify the last character of a string)
-local_variable($str) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(Look at the sea)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-local_variable($str)operator([)predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($str)operator(\))operator(-)integer(1)operator(]) operator(=) string<delimiter(')content(e)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(String conversion to numbers
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php)
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) integer(1) operator(+) string<delimiter(")content(10.5)delimiter(")>operator(;)                comment(// $foo is float (11.5\))
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) integer(1) operator(+) string<delimiter(")content(-1.3e3)delimiter(")>operator(;)              comment(// $foo is float (-1299\))
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) integer(1) operator(+) string<delimiter(")content(bob-1.3e3)delimiter(")>operator(;)           comment(// $foo is integer (1\))
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) integer(1) operator(+) string<delimiter(")content(bob3)delimiter(")>operator(;)                comment(// $foo is integer (1\))
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) integer(1) operator(+) string<delimiter(")content(10 Small Pigs)delimiter(")>operator(;)       comment(// $foo is integer (11\))
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) integer(4) operator(+) string<delimiter(")content(10.2 Little Piggies)delimiter(")>operator(;) comment(// $foo is float (14.2\))
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(10.0 pigs )delimiter(")> operator(+) integer(1)operator(;)          comment(// $foo is float (11\))
-local_variable($foo) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(10.0 pigs )delimiter(")> operator(+) float(1.0)operator(;)        comment(// $foo is float (11\)     )
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-inline_delimiter(<?php)
-predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")char(\\$)content(foo==)local_variable($foo)content(; type is )delimiter(")> operator(.) predefined(gettype) operator(()local_variable($foo)operator(\)) operator(.) string<delimiter(")content(<br />)char(\\n)delimiter(")>operator(;)
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(If you want a parsed variable surrounded by curly braces, just double the curly braces: 
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php) 
-  local_variable($foo) operator(=) string<delimiter(")content(bar)delimiter(")>operator(;) 
-  predefined(echo) string<delimiter(")string({)inline<delimiter({)local_variable($foo)delimiter(})>content(})delimiter(")>operator(;) 
-inline_delimiter(?>)
-
-plain(Although current documentation says 'A string literal can be specified in four different ways: ...', actually there is a fifth way to specify a (binary\) string: 
-
-)inline_delimiter(<?php) local_variable($binary) operator(=) string<modifier(b)delimiter(')content(This is a binary string)delimiter(')>operator(;) inline_delimiter(?>)
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/strings.in.php b/test/scanners/php/strings.in.php
deleted file mode 100644
index dd6ffc7..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/strings.in.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,360 +0,0 @@
-Single quoted
-<?php
-echo 'this is a simple string';
-
-echo 'You can also have embedded newlines in 
-strings this way as it is
-okay to do';
-
-// Outputs: Arnold once said: "I'll be back"
-echo 'Arnold once said: "I\'ll be back"';
-
-// Outputs: You deleted C:\*.*?
-echo 'You deleted C:\\*.*?';
-
-// Outputs: You deleted C:\*.*?
-echo 'You deleted C:\*.*?';
-
-// Outputs: This will not expand: \n a newline
-echo 'This will not expand: \n a newline';
-
-// Outputs: Variables do not $expand $either
-echo 'Variables do not $expand $either';
-?>
-
-Double quoted
-
-<?php
-$escape_sequences = "\n\r\t\v\f\\\$\"\000-\777\x0-\xFF";
-?>
-
-Heredoc
-
-Example #1 Invalid example
-<?php
-class foo {
-    public $bar = <<<EOT
-bar
-EOT;
-}
-?>
-
-Example #2 Heredoc string quoting example
-
-<?php
-$str = <<<EOD
-Example of string
-spanning multiple lines
-using heredoc syntax.
-EOD;
-
-/* More complex example, with variables. */
-class foo
-{
-    var $foo;
-    var $bar;
-
-    function foo()
-    {
-        $this->foo = 'Foo';
-        $this->bar = array('Bar1', 'Bar2', 'Bar3');
-    }
-}
-
-$foo = new foo();
-$name = 'MyName';
-
-echo <<<EOT
-My name is "$name". I am printing some $foo->foo.
-Now, I am printing some {$foo->bar[1]}.
-This should print a capital 'A': \x41
-EOT;
-?>
-
-The above example will output:
-
-My name is "MyName". I am printing some Foo.
-Now, I am printing some Bar2.
-This should print a capital 'A': A
-
-Example #3 Heredoc in arguments example
-
-<?php
-var_dump(array(<<<EOD
-foobar!
-EOD
-));
-?>
-
-Example #4 Using Heredoc to initialize static values
-
-<?php
-// Static variables
-function foo()
-{
-    static $bar = <<<LABEL
-Nothing in here...
-LABEL;
-}
-
-// Class properties/constants
-class foo
-{
-    const BAR = <<<FOOBAR
-Constant example
-FOOBAR;
-
-    public $baz = <<<FOOBAR
-Property example
-FOOBAR;
-}
-?>
-
-Example #5 Using double quotes in Heredoc
-
-<?php
-echo <<<"FOOBAR"
-Hello $World!
-FOOBAR;
-?>
-
-Nowdoc
-
-Example #6 Nowdoc string quoting example
-
-<?php
-$str = <<<'EOD'
-Example of string
-spanning multiple lines
-using nowdoc syntax.
-EOD;
-
-/* More complex example, with variables. */
-class foo
-{
-    public $foo;
-    public $bar;
-
-    function foo()
-    {
-        $this->foo = 'Foo';
-        $this->bar = array('Bar1', 'Bar2', 'Bar3');
-    }
-}
-
-$foo = new foo();
-$name = 'MyName';
-
-echo <<<'EOT'
-My name is "$name". I am printing some $foo->foo.
-Now, I am printing some {$foo->bar[1]}.
-This should not print a capital 'A': \x41
-EOT;
-?>
-The above example will output:
-
-My name is "$name". I am printing some $foo->foo.
-Now, I am printing some {$foo->bar[1]}.
-This should not print a capital 'A': \x41
-
-Example #7 Static data example
-
-<?php
-class foo {
-    public $bar = <<<'EOT'
-bar
-EOT;
-}
-?>
-
-Variable parsing
-
-When a string is specified in double quotes or with heredoc, variables are parsed within it.
-
-There are two types of syntax: a simple one and a complex one. The simple syntax is the most common and convenient. It provides a way to embed a variable, an array value, or an object property in a string with a minimum of effort.
-
-The complex syntax was introduced in PHP 4, and can be recognised by the curly braces surrounding the expression.
-
-Simple syntax
-
-If a dollar sign ($) is encountered, the parser will greedily take as many tokens as possible to form a valid variable name. Enclose the variable name in curly braces to explicitly specify the end of the name.
-
-<?php
-$beer = 'Heineken';
-echo "$beer's taste is great"; // works; "'" is an invalid character for variable names
-echo "He drank some $beers";   // won't work; 's' is a valid character for variable names but the variable is "$beer"
-echo "He drank some ${beer}s"; // works
-echo "He drank some {$beer}s"; // works
-?>
-Similarly, an array index or an object property can be parsed. With array indices, the closing square bracket (]) marks the end of the index. The same rules apply to object properties as to simple variables.
-
-<?php
-// These examples are specific to using arrays inside of strings.
-// When outside of a string, always quote array string keys and do not use
-// {braces}.
-
-// Show all errors
-error_reporting(E_ALL);
-
-$fruits = array('strawberry' => 'red', 'banana' => 'yellow');
-
-// Works, but note that this works differently outside a string
-echo "A banana is $fruits[banana].";
-
-// Works
-echo "A banana is {$fruits['banana']}.";
-
-// Works, but PHP looks for a constant named banana first, as described below.
-echo "A banana is {$fruits[banana]}.";
-
-// Won't work, use braces.  This results in a parse error.
-echo "A banana is $fruits['banana'].";
-
-// Works
-echo "A banana is " . $fruits['banana'] . ".";
-
-// Works
-echo "This square is $square->width meters broad.";
-
-// Won't work. For a solution, see the complex syntax.
-echo "This square is $square->width00 centimeters broad.";
-?>
-For anything more complex, you should use the complex syntax.
-
-Complex (curly) syntax
-
-This isn't called complex because the syntax is complex, but because it allows for the use of complex expressions.
-
-In fact, any value in the namespace can be included in a string with this syntax. Simply write the expression the same way as it would appear outside the string, and then wrap it in { and }. Since { can not be escaped, this syntax will only be recognised when the $ immediately follows the {. Use {\$ to get a literal {$. Some examples to make it clear:
-
-<?php
-// Show all errors
-error_reporting(E_ALL);
-
-$great = 'fantastic';
-
-// Won't work, outputs: This is { fantastic}
-echo "This is { $great}";
-
-// Works, outputs: This is fantastic
-echo "This is {$great}";
-echo "This is ${great}";
-
-// Works
-echo "This square is {$square->width}00 centimeters broad."; 
-
-// Works
-echo "This works: {$arr[4][3]}";
-
-// This is wrong for the same reason as $foo[bar] is wrong  outside a string.
-// In other words, it will still work, but only because PHP first looks for a
-// constant named foo; an error of level E_NOTICE (undefined constant) will be
-// thrown.
-echo "This is wrong: {$arr[foo][3]}"; 
-
-// Works. When using multi-dimensional arrays, always use braces around arrays
-// when inside of strings
-echo "This works: {$arr['foo'][3]}";
-
-// Works.
-echo "This works: " . $arr['foo'][3];
-
-echo "This works too: {$obj->values[3]->name}";
-
-echo "This is the value of the var named $name: {${$name}}";
-
-echo "This is the value of the var named by the return value of getName(): {${getName()}}";
-
-echo "This is the value of the var named by the return value of \$object->getName(): {${$object->getName()}}";
-?>
-It is also possible to access class properties using variables within strings using this syntax.
-
-<?php
-class foo {
-    var $bar = 'I am bar.';
-}
-
-$foo = new foo();
-$bar = 'bar';
-$baz = array('foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'quux');
-echo "{$foo->$bar}\n";
-echo "{$foo->$baz[1]}\n";
-?>
-The above example will output:
-I am bar.
-I am bar.
-
-Note: Functions, method calls, static class variables, and class constants inside {$} work since PHP 5. However, the value accessed will be interpreted as the name of a variable in the scope in which the string is defined. Using single curly braces ({}) will not work for accessing the return values of functions or methods or the values of class constants or static class variables. 
-<?php
-// Show all errors.
-error_reporting(E_ALL);
-
-class beers {
-    const softdrink = 'rootbeer';
-    public static $ale = 'ipa';
-}
-
-$rootbeer = 'A & W';
-$ipa = 'Alexander Keith\'s';
-
-// This works; outputs: I'd like an A & W
-echo "I'd like an {${beers::softdrink}}\n";
-
-// This works too; outputs: I'd like an Alexander Keith's
-echo "I'd like an {${beers::$ale}}\n";
-?>
-String access and modification by character
-
-Characters within strings may be accessed and modified by specifying the zero-based offset of the desired character after the string using square array brackets, as in $str[42]. Think of a string as an array of characters for this purpose.
-
-Note: Strings may also be accessed using braces, as in $str{42}, for the same purpose. However, this syntax is deprecated as of PHP 5.3.0. Use square brackets instead, such as $str[42].
-
-Warning
-Writing to an out of range offset pads the string with spaces. Non-integer types are converted to integer. Illegal offset type emits E_NOTICE. Negative offset emits E_NOTICE in write but reads empty string. Only the first character of an assigned string is used. Assigning empty string assigns NUL byte.
-
-Example #8 Some string examples
-<?php
-// Get the first character of a string
-$str = 'This is a test.';
-$first = $str[0];
-
-// Get the third character of a string
-$third = $str[2];
-
-// Get the last character of a string.
-$str = 'This is still a test.';
-$last = $str[strlen($str)-1]; 
-
-// Modify the last character of a string
-$str = 'Look at the sea';
-$str[strlen($str)-1] = 'e';
-
-?>
-
-String conversion to numbers
-
-<?php
-$foo = 1 + "10.5";                // $foo is float (11.5)
-$foo = 1 + "-1.3e3";              // $foo is float (-1299)
-$foo = 1 + "bob-1.3e3";           // $foo is integer (1)
-$foo = 1 + "bob3";                // $foo is integer (1)
-$foo = 1 + "10 Small Pigs";       // $foo is integer (11)
-$foo = 4 + "10.2 Little Piggies"; // $foo is float (14.2)
-$foo = "10.0 pigs " + 1;          // $foo is float (11)
-$foo = "10.0 pigs " + 1.0;        // $foo is float (11)     
-?>
-
-<?php
-echo "\$foo==$foo; type is " . gettype ($foo) . "<br />\n";
-?>
-
-If you want a parsed variable surrounded by curly braces, just double the curly braces: 
-
-<?php 
-  $foo = "bar"; 
-  echo "{{$foo}}"; 
-?>
-
-Although current documentation says 'A string literal can be specified in four different ways: ...', actually there is a fifth way to specify a (binary) string: 
-
-<?php $binary = b'This is a binary string'; ?>
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/suite.rb b/test/scanners/php/suite.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d72ce3..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/suite.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-class PHP < CodeRay::TestCase
-end
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/test.expected.raydebug b/test/scanners/php/test.expected.raydebug
deleted file mode 100644
index 652e366..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/test.expected.raydebug
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,498 +0,0 @@
-inline_delimiter(<?php)
-comment(/**
- *  Zip class file
- *
- *  @package     fnord.bb
- *  @subpackage  archive
- */)
-
-comment(// Unlock?)
-reserved(if)operator(()operator(!)predefined(defined)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(UNLOCK)delimiter(')>operator(\)) operator(||) operator(!)constant(UNLOCK)operator(\))
-  predefined(die)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-  
-comment(// Load the parent archive class)
-predefined(require_once)operator(()constant(ROOT_PATH)operator(.)string<delimiter(')content(/classes/archive.class.php)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-  
-comment(/**
- *  Zip class
- *
- *  @author      Manni <manni@fnord.name>
- *  @copyright   Copyright (c\) 2006, Manni
- *  @version     1.0
- *  @link        http://www.pkware.com/business_and_developers/developer/popups/appnote.txt
- *  @link        http://mannithedark.is-a-geek.net/
- *  @since       1.0
- *  @package     fnord.bb
- *  @subpackage  archive
- */)
-reserved(class) class(Zip) reserved(extends) constant(Archive) operator({)
- comment(/**
-  *  Outputs the zip file
-  *
-  *  This function creates the zip file with the dirs and files given.
-  *  If the optional parameter $file is given, the zip file is will be
-  *  saved at that location. Otherwise the function returns the zip file's content.
-  *
-  *  @access                   public
-  *
-  *  @link                     http://www.pkware.com/business_and_developers/developer/popups/appnote.txt
-  *  @param  string $filename  The path where the zip file will be saved
-  *
-  *  @return bool|string       Returns either true if the fil is sucessfully created or the content of the zip file
-  */)
-  reserved(function) function(out)operator(()local_variable($filename) operator(=) pre_constant(false)operator(\)) operator({)
-    comment(// Empty output)
-    local_variable($file_data) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;) comment(// Data of the file part)
-    local_variable($cd_data)   operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;) comment(// Data of the central directory)
-
-    comment(// Sort dirs and files by path length)
-    predefined(uksort)operator(()local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(dirs)operator(,)  string<delimiter(')content(sort_by_length)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-    predefined(uksort)operator(()local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(files)operator(,) string<delimiter(')content(sort_by_length)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Handle dirs)
-    reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(dirs) reserved(as) local_variable($dir)operator(\)) operator({)
-      local_variable($dir) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')content(/)delimiter(')>operator(;)
-      comment(// File part)
-
-      comment(// Reset dir data)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Local file header)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) string<delimiter(")char(\\x50)char(\\x4b)char(\\x03)char(\\x04)delimiter(")>operator(;)      comment(// Local file header signature)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(10)operator(\))operator(;)           comment(// Version needed to extract)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// General purpose bit flag)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Compression method)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Last mod file time)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Last mod file date)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// crc-32)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Compressed size)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Uncompressed size)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) comment(// File name length)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Extra field length)
-
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) local_variable($dir)operator(;)                    comment(// File name)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)                      comment(// Extra field (is empty\))
-
-      comment(// File data)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)                      comment(// Dirs have no file data)
-
-      comment(// Data descriptor)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// crc-32)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Compressed size)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Uncompressed size)
-
-      comment(// Save current offset)
-      local_variable($offset) operator(=) predefined(strlen)operator(()predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($file_data)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Append dir data to the file part)
-      local_variable($file_data)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($dir_data)operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Central directory)
-
-      comment(// Reset dir data)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-      comment(// File header)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) string<delimiter(")char(\\x50)char(\\x4b)char(\\x01)char(\\x02)delimiter(")>operator(;)      comment(// Local file header signature)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Version made by)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(10)operator(\))operator(;)           comment(// Version needed to extract)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// General purpose bit flag)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Compression method)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Last mod file time)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Last mod file date)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// crc-32)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Compressed size)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Uncompressed size)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($dir)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) comment(// File name length)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Extra field length)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// File comment length)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Disk number start)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// Internal file attributes)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(16)operator(\))operator(;)           comment(// External file attributes)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($offset)operator(\))operator(;)      comment(// Relative offset of local header)
-
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) local_variable($dir)operator(;)                    comment(// File name)
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)                      comment(// Extra field (is empty\))
-      local_variable($dir_data) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)                      comment(// File comment (is empty\))
-
-      comment(/*
-      // Data descriptor
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0\);            // crc-32
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0\);            // Compressed size
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0\);            // Uncompressed size
-      */)
-      
-      comment(// Append dir data to the central directory data)
-      local_variable($cd_data)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($dir_data)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    comment(// Handle files)
-    reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(files) reserved(as) local_variable($name) operator(=>) local_variable($file)operator(\)) operator({)
-      comment(// Get values)
-      local_variable($content) operator(=) local_variable($file)operator([)integer(0)operator(])operator(;)
-    
-      comment(// File part)
-
-      comment(// Reset file data)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-      
-      comment(// Detect possible compressions)
-      comment(// Use deflate)
-      reserved(if)operator(()predefined(function_exists)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(gzdeflate)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($method) operator(=) integer(8)operator(;)
-
-        comment(// Compress file content)
-        local_variable($compressed_data) operator(=) predefined(gzdeflate)operator(()local_variable($content)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Use bzip2)
-      operator(}) reserved(elseif)operator(()predefined(function_exists)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(bzcompress)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($method) operator(=) integer(12)operator(;)
-
-        comment(// Compress file content)
-        local_variable($compressed_data) operator(=) predefined(bzcompress)operator(()local_variable($content)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// No compression)
-      operator(}) reserved(else) operator({)
-        local_variable($method) operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-
-        comment(// Do not compress the content :P)
-        local_variable($compressed_data) operator(=) local_variable($content)operator(;)
-      operator(})
-
-      comment(// Local file header)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) string<delimiter(")char(\\x50)char(\\x4b)char(\\x03)char(\\x04)delimiter(")>operator(;)                  comment(// Local file header signature)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(20)operator(\))operator(;)                       comment(// Version needed to extract)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// General purpose bit flag)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($method)operator(\))operator(;)                  comment(// Compression method)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// Last mod file time)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// Last mod file date)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(crc32)operator(()local_variable($content)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)          comment(// crc-32)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($compressed_data)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) comment(// Compressed size)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($content)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)         comment(// Uncompressed size)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($name)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// File name length)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// Extra field length)
-
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) local_variable($name)operator(;)                               comment(// File name)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)                                  comment(// Extra field (is empty\))
-
-      comment(// File data)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) local_variable($compressed_data)operator(;)
-      
-      comment(// Data descriptor)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(crc32)operator(()local_variable($content)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)          comment(// crc-32)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($compressed_data)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) comment(// Compressed size)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($content)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)         comment(// Uncompressed size)
-
-      comment(// Save current offset)
-      local_variable($offset) operator(=) predefined(strlen)operator(()predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($file_data)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Append file data to the file part)
-      local_variable($file_data)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($fd)operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Central directory)
-
-      comment(// Reset file data)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-
-      comment(// File header)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) string<delimiter(")char(\\x50)char(\\x4b)char(\\x01)char(\\x02)delimiter(")>operator(;)                  comment(// Local file header signature)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// Version made by)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(20)operator(\))operator(;)                       comment(// Version needed to extract)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// General purpose bit flag)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($method)operator(\))operator(;)                  comment(// Compression method)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// Last mod file time)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// Last mod file date)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(crc32)operator(()local_variable($content)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)          comment(// crc-32)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($compressed_data)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) comment(// Compressed size)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($content)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)         comment(// Uncompressed size)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($name)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)            comment(// File name length)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// Extra field length)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// File comment length)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// Disk number start)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                        comment(// Internal file attributes)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(32)operator(\))operator(;)                       comment(// External file attributes)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) local_variable($offset)operator(\))operator(;)                  comment(// Relative offset of local header)
-
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) local_variable($name)operator(;)                               comment(// File name)
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)                                  comment(// Extra field (is empty\))
-      local_variable($fd) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)                                  comment(// File comment (is empty\))
-
-      comment(/*
-      // Data descriptor
-      $fd .= pack("V", crc32($content\)\);          // crc-32
-      $fd .= pack("V", strlen($compressed_data\)\); // Compressed size
-      $fd .= pack("V", strlen($content\)\);         // Uncompressed size
-      */)
-
-      comment(// Append file data to the central directory data)
-      local_variable($cd_data)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($fd)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    comment(// Digital signature)
-    local_variable($digital_signature) operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-    local_variable($digital_signature) operator(.=) string<delimiter(")char(\\x50)char(\\x4b)char(\\x05)char(\\x05)delimiter(")>operator(;)  comment(// Header signature)
-    local_variable($digital_signature) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)        comment(// Size of data)
-    local_variable($digital_signature) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)                  comment(// Signature data (is empty\))
-
-    local_variable($tmp_file_data) operator(=) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($file_data)operator(\))operator(;)  comment(// File data)
-    local_variable($tmp_cd_data)   operator(=) predefined(implode)operator(()string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($cd_data)operator(\))operator(.)    comment(// Central directory)
-                     local_variable($digital_signature)operator(;)       comment(// Digital signature)
-
-    comment(// End of central directory)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(.=) string<delimiter(")char(\\x50)char(\\x4b)char(\\x05)char(\\x06)delimiter(")>operator(;)                comment(// End of central dir signature)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                      comment(// Number of this disk)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                      comment(// Number of the disk with the start of the central directory)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($cd_data)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)        comment(// Total number of entries in the central directory on this disk)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($cd_data)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)        comment(// Total number of entries in the central directory)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($tmp_cd_data)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)   comment(// Size of the central directory)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(V)delimiter(")>operator(,) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($tmp_file_data)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;) comment(// Offset of start of central directory with respect to the starting disk number)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(.=) predefined(pack)operator(()string<delimiter(")content(v)delimiter(")>operator(,) integer(0)operator(\))operator(;)                      comment(// .ZIP file comment length)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(.=) string<delimiter(')delimiter(')>operator(;)                                comment(// .ZIP file comment (is empty\))
-
-    comment(// Content of the zip file)
-    local_variable($data) operator(=) local_variable($tmp_file_data)operator(.)
-            comment(// $extra_data_record.)
-            local_variable($tmp_cd_data)operator(.)
-            local_variable($eof_cd)operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Return content?)
-    reserved(if)operator(()operator(!)local_variable($filename)operator(\))
-      reserved(return) local_variable($data)operator(;)
-      
-    comment(// Write to file)
-    reserved(return) predefined(file_put_contents)operator(()local_variable($filename)operator(,) local_variable($data)operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-  
- comment(/**
-  *  Load a zip file
-  *
-  *  This function loads the files and dirs from a zip file from the harddrive.
-  *
-  *  @access                public
-  *
-  *  @param  string $file   The path to the zip file
-  *  @param  bool   $reset  Reset the files and dirs before adding the zip file's content?
-  *
-  *  @return bool           Returns true if the file was loaded sucessfully
-  */)
-  reserved(function) function(load_file)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(,) local_variable($reset) operator(=) pre_constant(true)operator(\)) operator({)
-    comment(// Check whether the file exists)
-    reserved(if)operator(()operator(!)predefined(file_exists)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(\))
-      reserved(return) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Load the files content)
-    local_variable($content) operator(=) exception(@)predefined(file_get_contents)operator(()local_variable($file)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Return false if the file cannot be opened)
-    reserved(if)operator(()operator(!)local_variable($content)operator(\))
-      reserved(return) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Read the zip)
-    reserved(return) local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(load_string)operator(()local_variable($content)operator(,) local_variable($reset)operator(\))operator(;)
-  operator(})
-  
- comment(/**
-  *  Load a zip string
-  *
-  *  This function loads the files and dirs from a string
-  *
-  *  @access                 public
-  *
-  *  @param  string $string  The string the zip is generated from
-  *  @param  bool   $reset   Reset the files and dirs before adding the zip file's content?
-  *
-  *  @return bool            Returns true if the string was loaded sucessfully
-  */)
-  reserved(function) function(load_string)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($reset) operator(=) pre_constant(true)operator(\)) operator({)
-    comment(// Reset the zip?)
-    reserved(if)operator(()local_variable($reset)operator(\)) operator({)
-      local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(dirs)  operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-      local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(files) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    comment(// Get the starting position of the end of central directory record)
-    local_variable($start) operator(=) predefined(strpos)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) string<delimiter(")char(\\x50)char(\\x4b)char(\\x05)char(\\x06)delimiter(")>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Error)
-    reserved(if)operator(()local_variable($start) operator(===) pre_constant(false)operator(\))
-      predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Could not find the end of central directory record)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Get the ecdr)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($start)operator(+)integer(4)operator(,) integer(18)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Unpack the ecdr infos)
-    local_variable($eof_cd) operator(=) predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(vdisc1/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(vdisc2/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(ventries1/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(ventries2/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Vsize/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(Voffset/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                     string<delimiter(')content(vcomment_lenght)delimiter(')>operator(,) local_variable($eof_cd)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Do not allow multi disc zips)
-    reserved(if)operator(()local_variable($eof_cd)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(disc1)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(!=) integer(0)operator(\))
-      predefined(die)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(multi disk stuff is not yet implemented :/)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Save the interesting values)
-    local_variable($cd_entries) operator(=) local_variable($eof_cd)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(entries1)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-    local_variable($cd_size)    operator(=) local_variable($eof_cd)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(size)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-    local_variable($cd_offset)  operator(=) local_variable($eof_cd)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(offset)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Get the central directory record)
-    local_variable($cdr) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($cd_offset)operator(,) local_variable($cd_size)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Reset the position and the list of the entries)
-    local_variable($pos)     operator(=) integer(0)operator(;)
-    local_variable($entries) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Handle cdr)
-    reserved(while)operator(()local_variable($pos) operator(<) predefined(strlen)operator(()local_variable($cdr)operator(\))operator(\)) operator({)
-      comment(// Check header signature)
-      comment(// Digital signature)
-      reserved(if)operator(()predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($cdr)operator(,) local_variable($pos)operator(,) integer(4)operator(\)) operator(==) string<delimiter(")char(\\x50)char(\\x4b)char(\\x05)char(\\x05)delimiter(")>operator(\)) operator({)
-        comment(// Get digital signature size)
-        local_variable($tmp_info) operator(=) predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(vsize)delimiter(')>operator(,) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($cdr)operator(,) local_variable($pos) operator(+) integer(4)operator(,) integer(2)operator(\))operator(\))operator(;)
-
-        comment(// Read out the digital signature)
-        local_variable($digital_sig) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($header)operator(,) local_variable($pos) operator(+) integer(6)operator(,) local_variable($tmp_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(size)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-        reserved(break)operator(;)
-      operator(})
-
-      comment(// Get file header)
-      local_variable($header) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($cdr)operator(,) local_variable($pos)operator(,) integer(46)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Unpack the header information)
-      local_variable($header_info) operator(=) exception(@)predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Vheader/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vversion_made_by/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vversion_needed/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vgeneral_purpose/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vcompression_method/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vlast_mod_time/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vlast_mod_date/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(Vcrc32/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(Vcompressed_size/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(Vuncompressed_size/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vname_length/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vextra_length/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vcomment_length/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vdisk_number/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vinternal_attributes/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(Vexternal_attributes/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(Voffset)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                             local_variable($header)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Valid header?)
-      reserved(if)operator(()local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(header)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(!=) integer(33639248)operator(\))
-        reserved(return) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-
-      comment(// New position)
-      local_variable($pos) operator(+=) integer(46)operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Read out the file name)
-      local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(name)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($cdr)operator(,) local_variable($pos)operator(,) local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(name_length)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// New position)
-      local_variable($pos) operator(+=) local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(name_length)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Read out the extra stuff)
-      local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(extra)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($cdr)operator(,) local_variable($pos)operator(,) local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(extra_length)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// New position)
-      local_variable($pos) operator(+=) local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(extra_length)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Read out the comment)
-      local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(comment)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($cdr)operator(,) local_variable($pos)operator(,) local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(comment_length)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// New position)
-      local_variable($pos) operator(+=) local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(comment_length)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Append this file/dir to the entry list)
-      local_variable($entries)operator([)operator(]) operator(=) local_variable($header_info)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    comment(// Check whether all entries where read sucessfully)
-    reserved(if)operator(()predefined(count)operator(()local_variable($entries)operator(\)) operator(!=) local_variable($cd_entries)operator(\))
-      reserved(return) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-
-    comment(// Handle files/dirs)
-    reserved(foreach)operator(()local_variable($entries) reserved(as) local_variable($entry)operator(\)) operator({)
-      comment(// Is a dir?)
-      reserved(if)operator(()local_variable($entry)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(external_attributes)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(&) integer(16)operator(\)) operator({)
-        local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(add_dir)operator(()local_variable($entry)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(name)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-        reserved(continue)operator(;)
-      operator(})
-
-      comment(// Get local file header)
-      local_variable($header) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($entry)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(offset)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(,) integer(30)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Unpack the header information)
-      local_variable($header_info) operator(=) exception(@)predefined(unpack)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(Vheader/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vversion_needed/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vgeneral_purpose/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vcompression_method/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vlast_mod_time/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vlast_mod_date/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(Vcrc32/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(Vcompressed_size/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(Vuncompressed_size/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vname_length/)delimiter(')>operator(.)
-                             string<delimiter(')content(vextra_length)delimiter(')>operator(,)
-                             local_variable($header)operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Valid header?)
-      reserved(if)operator(()local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(header)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(!=) integer(67324752)operator(\))
-        reserved(return) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Get content start position)
-      local_variable($start) operator(=) local_variable($entry)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(offset)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(+) integer(30) operator(+) local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(name_length)delimiter(')>operator(]) operator(+) local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(extra_length)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Get the compressed data)
-      local_variable($data) operator(=) predefined(substr)operator(()local_variable($string)operator(,) local_variable($start)operator(,) local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(compressed_size)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\))operator(;)
-
-      comment(// Detect compression type)
-      reserved(switch)operator(()local_variable($header_info)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(compression_method)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(\)) operator({)
-        comment(// No compression)
-        reserved(case) integer(0)operator(:)
-          comment(// Ne decompression needed)
-          local_variable($content) operator(=) local_variable($data)operator(;)
-          reserved(break)operator(;)
-
-        comment(// Gzip)
-        reserved(case) integer(8)operator(:)
-          reserved(if)operator(()operator(!)predefined(function_exists)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(gzinflate)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))
-            reserved(return) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-
-          comment(// Uncompress data)
-          local_variable($content) operator(=) predefined(gzinflate)operator(()local_variable($data)operator(\))operator(;)
-          reserved(break)operator(;)
-
-        comment(// Bzip2)
-        reserved(case) integer(12)operator(:)
-          reserved(if)operator(()operator(!)predefined(function_exists)operator(()string<delimiter(')content(bzdecompress)delimiter(')>operator(\))operator(\))
-            reserved(return) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-
-          comment(// Decompress data)
-          local_variable($content) operator(=) predefined(bzdecompress)operator(()local_variable($data)operator(\))operator(;)
-          reserved(break)operator(;)
-
-        comment(// Compression not supported -> error)
-        reserved(default)operator(:)
-          reserved(return) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-      operator(})
-
-      comment(// Try to add file)
-      reserved(if)operator(()operator(!)local_variable($this)operator(->)ident(add_file)operator(()local_variable($entry)operator([)string<delimiter(')content(name)delimiter(')>operator(])operator(,) local_variable($content)operator(\))operator(\))
-        reserved(return) pre_constant(false)operator(;)
-    operator(})
-
-    reserved(return) pre_constant(true)operator(;)
-  operator(})
-operator(})
-
-reserved(function) operator(&)function(byref)operator(()operator(\)) operator({)
-    local_variable($x) operator(=) predefined(array)operator(()operator(\))operator(;)
-    reserved(return) local_variable($x)operator(;)
-operator(})
-inline_delimiter(?>)
diff --git a/test/scanners/php/test.in.php b/test/scanners/php/test.in.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 90de747..0000000
--- a/test/scanners/php/test.in.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,498 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/**
- *  Zip class file
- *
- *  @package     fnord.bb
- *  @subpackage  archive
- */
-
-// Unlock?
-if(!defined('UNLOCK') || !UNLOCK)
-  die();
-  
-// Load the parent archive class
-require_once(ROOT_PATH.'/classes/archive.class.php');
-  
-/**
- *  Zip class
- *
- *  @author      Manni <manni@fnord.name>
- *  @copyright   Copyright (c) 2006, Manni
- *  @version     1.0
- *  @link        http://www.pkware.com/business_and_developers/developer/popups/appnote.txt
- *  @link        http://mannithedark.is-a-geek.net/
- *  @since       1.0
- *  @package     fnord.bb
- *  @subpackage  archive
- */
-class Zip extends Archive {
- /**
-  *  Outputs the zip file
-  *
-  *  This function creates the zip file with the dirs and files given.
-  *  If the optional parameter $file is given, the zip file is will be
-  *  saved at that location. Otherwise the function returns the zip file's content.
-  *
-  *  @access                   public
-  *
-  *  @link                     http://www.pkware.com/business_and_developers/developer/popups/appnote.txt
-  *  @param  string $filename  The path where the zip file will be saved
-  *
-  *  @return bool|string       Returns either true if the fil is sucessfully created or the content of the zip file
-  */
-  function out($filename = false) {
-    // Empty output
-    $file_data = array(); // Data of the file part
-    $cd_data   = array(); // Data of the central directory
-
-    // Sort dirs and files by path length
-    uksort($this->dirs,  'sort_by_length');
-    uksort($this->files, 'sort_by_length');
-
-    // Handle dirs
-    foreach($this->dirs as $dir) {
-      $dir .= '/';
-      // File part
-
-      // Reset dir data
-      $dir_data = '';
-
-      // Local file header
-      $dir_data .= "\x50\x4b\x03\x04";      // Local file header signature
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 10);           // Version needed to extract
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // General purpose bit flag
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Compression method
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Last mod file time
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Last mod file date
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // crc-32
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // Compressed size
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // Uncompressed size
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", strlen($dir)); // File name length
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Extra field length
-
-      $dir_data .= $dir;                    // File name
-      $dir_data .= '';                      // Extra field (is empty)
-
-      // File data
-      $dir_data .= '';                      // Dirs have no file data
-
-      // Data descriptor
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // crc-32
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // Compressed size
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // Uncompressed size
-
-      // Save current offset
-      $offset = strlen(implode('', $file_data));
-
-      // Append dir data to the file part
-      $file_data[] = $dir_data;
-
-      // Central directory
-
-      // Reset dir data
-      $dir_data = '';
-
-      // File header
-      $dir_data .= "\x50\x4b\x01\x02";      // Local file header signature
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Version made by
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 10);           // Version needed to extract
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // General purpose bit flag
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Compression method
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Last mod file time
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Last mod file date
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // crc-32
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // Compressed size
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // Uncompressed size
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", strlen($dir)); // File name length
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Extra field length
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // File comment length
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Disk number start
-      $dir_data .= pack("v", 0);            // Internal file attributes
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 16);           // External file attributes
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", $offset);      // Relative offset of local header
-
-      $dir_data .= $dir;                    // File name
-      $dir_data .= '';                      // Extra field (is empty)
-      $dir_data .= '';                      // File comment (is empty)
-
-      /*
-      // Data descriptor
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // crc-32
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // Compressed size
-      $dir_data .= pack("V", 0);            // Uncompressed size
-      */
-      
-      // Append dir data to the central directory data
-      $cd_data[] = $dir_data;
-    }
-
-    // Handle files
-    foreach($this->files as $name => $file) {
-      // Get values
-      $content = $file[0];
-    
-      // File part
-
-      // Reset file data
-      $fd = '';
-      
-      // Detect possible compressions
-      // Use deflate
-      if(function_exists('gzdeflate')) {
-        $method = 8;
-
-        // Compress file content
-        $compressed_data = gzdeflate($content);
-
-      // Use bzip2
-      } elseif(function_exists('bzcompress')) {
-        $method = 12;
-
-        // Compress file content
-        $compressed_data = bzcompress($content);
-
-      // No compression
-      } else {
-        $method = 0;
-
-        // Do not compress the content :P
-        $compressed_data = $content;
-      }
-
-      // Local file header
-      $fd .= "\x50\x4b\x03\x04";                  // Local file header signature
-      $fd .= pack("v", 20);                       // Version needed to extract
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // General purpose bit flag
-      $fd .= pack("v", $method);                  // Compression method
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // Last mod file time
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // Last mod file date
-      $fd .= pack("V", crc32($content));          // crc-32
-      $fd .= pack("V", strlen($compressed_data)); // Compressed size
-      $fd .= pack("V", strlen($content));         // Uncompressed size
-      $fd .= pack("v", strlen($name));            // File name length
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // Extra field length
-
-      $fd .= $name;                               // File name
-      $fd .= '';                                  // Extra field (is empty)
-
-      // File data
-      $fd .= $compressed_data;
-      
-      // Data descriptor
-      $fd .= pack("V", crc32($content));          // crc-32
-      $fd .= pack("V", strlen($compressed_data)); // Compressed size
-      $fd .= pack("V", strlen($content));         // Uncompressed size
-
-      // Save current offset
-      $offset = strlen(implode('', $file_data));
-
-      // Append file data to the file part
-      $file_data[] = $fd;
-
-      // Central directory
-
-      // Reset file data
-      $fd = '';
-
-      // File header
-      $fd .= "\x50\x4b\x01\x02";                  // Local file header signature
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // Version made by
-      $fd .= pack("v", 20);                       // Version needed to extract
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // General purpose bit flag
-      $fd .= pack("v", $method);                  // Compression method
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // Last mod file time
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // Last mod file date
-      $fd .= pack("V", crc32($content));          // crc-32
-      $fd .= pack("V", strlen($compressed_data)); // Compressed size
-      $fd .= pack("V", strlen($content));         // Uncompressed size
-      $fd .= pack("v", strlen($name));            // File name length
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // Extra field length
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // File comment length
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // Disk number start
-      $fd .= pack("v", 0);                        // Internal file attributes
-      $fd .= pack("V", 32);                       // External file attributes
-      $fd .= pack("V", $offset);                  // Relative offset of local header
-
-      $fd .= $name;                               // File name
-      $fd .= '';                                  // Extra field (is empty)
-      $fd .= '';                                  // File comment (is empty)
-
-      /*
-      // Data descriptor
-      $fd .= pack("V", crc32($content));          // crc-32
-      $fd .= pack("V", strlen($compressed_data)); // Compressed size
-      $fd .= pack("V", strlen($content));         // Uncompressed size
-      */
-
-      // Append file data to the central directory data
-      $cd_data[] = $fd;
-    }
-
-    // Digital signature
-    $digital_signature = '';
-    $digital_signature .= "\x50\x4b\x05\x05";  // Header signature
-    $digital_signature .= pack("v", 0);        // Size of data
-    $digital_signature .= '';                  // Signature data (is empty)
-
-    $tmp_file_data = implode('', $file_data);  // File data
-    $tmp_cd_data   = implode('', $cd_data).    // Central directory
-                     $digital_signature;       // Digital signature
-
-    // End of central directory
-    $eof_cd = '';
-    $eof_cd .= "\x50\x4b\x05\x06";                // End of central dir signature
-    $eof_cd .= pack("v", 0);                      // Number of this disk
-    $eof_cd .= pack("v", 0);                      // Number of the disk with the start of the central directory
-    $eof_cd .= pack("v", count($cd_data));        // Total number of entries in the central directory on this disk
-    $eof_cd .= pack("v", count($cd_data));        // Total number of entries in the central directory
-    $eof_cd .= pack("V", strlen($tmp_cd_data));   // Size of the central directory
-    $eof_cd .= pack("V", strlen($tmp_file_data)); // Offset of start of central directory with respect to the starting disk number
-    $eof_cd .= pack("v", 0);                      // .ZIP file comment length
-    $eof_cd .= '';                                // .ZIP file comment (is empty)
-
-    // Content of the zip file
-    $data = $tmp_file_data.
-            // $extra_data_record.
-            $tmp_cd_data.
-            $eof_cd;
-
-    // Return content?
-    if(!$filename)
-      return $data;
-      
-    // Write to file
-    return file_put_contents($filename, $data);
-  }
-  
- /**
-  *  Load a zip file
-  *
-  *  This function loads the files and dirs from a zip file from the harddrive.
-  *
-  *  @access                public
-  *
-  *  @param  string $file   The path to the zip file
-  *  @param  bool   $reset  Reset the files and dirs before adding the zip file's content?
-  *
-  *  @return bool           Returns true if the file was loaded sucessfully
-  */
-  function load_file($file, $reset = true) {
-    // Check whether the file exists
-    if(!file_exists($file))
-      return false;
-
-    // Load the files content
-    $content = @file_get_contents($file);
-
-    // Return false if the file cannot be opened
-    if(!$content)
-      return false;
-
-    // Read the zip
-    return $this->load_string($content, $reset);
-  }
-  
- /**
-  *  Load a zip string
-  *
-  *  This function loads the files and dirs from a string
-  *
-  *  @access                 public
-  *
-  *  @param  string $string  The string the zip is generated from
-  *  @param  bool   $reset   Reset the files and dirs before adding the zip file's content?
-  *
-  *  @return bool            Returns true if the string was loaded sucessfully
-  */
-  function load_string($string, $reset = true) {
-    // Reset the zip?
-    if($reset) {
-      $this->dirs  = array();
-      $this->files = array();
-    }
-
-    // Get the starting position of the end of central directory record
-    $start = strpos($string, "\x50\x4b\x05\x06");
-
-    // Error
-    if($start === false)
-      die('Could not find the end of central directory record');
-
-    // Get the ecdr
-    $eof_cd = substr($string, $start+4, 18);
-
-    // Unpack the ecdr infos
-    $eof_cd = unpack('vdisc1/'.
-                     'vdisc2/'.
-                     'ventries1/'.
-                     'ventries2/'.
-                     'Vsize/'.
-                     'Voffset/'.
-                     'vcomment_lenght', $eof_cd);
-
-    // Do not allow multi disc zips
-    if($eof_cd['disc1'] != 0)
-      die('multi disk stuff is not yet implemented :/');
-
-    // Save the interesting values
-    $cd_entries = $eof_cd['entries1'];
-    $cd_size    = $eof_cd['size'];
-    $cd_offset  = $eof_cd['offset'];
-
-    // Get the central directory record
-    $cdr = substr($string, $cd_offset, $cd_size);
-
-    // Reset the position and the list of the entries
-    $pos     = 0;
-    $entries = array();
-
-    // Handle cdr
-    while($pos < strlen($cdr)) {
-      // Check header signature
-      // Digital signature
-      if(substr($cdr, $pos, 4) == "\x50\x4b\x05\x05") {
-        // Get digital signature size
-        $tmp_info = unpack('vsize', substr($cdr, $pos + 4, 2));
-
-        // Read out the digital signature
-        $digital_sig = substr($header, $pos + 6, $tmp_info['size']);
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // Get file header
-      $header = substr($cdr, $pos, 46);
-
-      // Unpack the header information
-      $header_info = @unpack('Vheader/'.
-                             'vversion_made_by/'.
-                             'vversion_needed/'.
-                             'vgeneral_purpose/'.
-                             'vcompression_method/'.
-                             'vlast_mod_time/'.
-                             'vlast_mod_date/'.
-                             'Vcrc32/'.
-                             'Vcompressed_size/'.
-                             'Vuncompressed_size/'.
-                             'vname_length/'.
-                             'vextra_length/'.
-                             'vcomment_length/'.
-                             'vdisk_number/'.
-                             'vinternal_attributes/'.
-                             'Vexternal_attributes/'.
-                             'Voffset',
-                             $header);
-
-      // Valid header?
-      if($header_info['header'] != 33639248)
-        return false;
-
-      // New position
-      $pos += 46;
-
-      // Read out the file name
-      $header_info['name'] = substr($cdr, $pos, $header_info['name_length']);
-
-      // New position
-      $pos += $header_info['name_length'];
-
-      // Read out the extra stuff
-      $header_info['extra'] = substr($cdr, $pos, $header_info['extra_length']);
-
-      // New position
-      $pos += $header_info['extra_length'];
-
-      // Read out the comment
-      $header_info['comment'] = substr($cdr, $pos, $header_info['comment_length']);
-
-      // New position
-      $pos += $header_info['comment_length'];
-
-      // Append this file/dir to the entry list
-      $entries[] = $header_info;
-    }
-
-    // Check whether all entries where read sucessfully
-    if(count($entries) != $cd_entries)
-      return false;
-
-    // Handle files/dirs
-    foreach($entries as $entry) {
-      // Is a dir?
-      if($entry['external_attributes'] & 16) {
-        $this->add_dir($entry['name']);
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      // Get local file header
-      $header = substr($string, $entry['offset'], 30);
-
-      // Unpack the header information
-      $header_info = @unpack('Vheader/'.
-                             'vversion_needed/'.
-                             'vgeneral_purpose/'.
-                             'vcompression_method/'.
-                             'vlast_mod_time/'.
-                             'vlast_mod_date/'.
-                             'Vcrc32/'.
-                             'Vcompressed_size/'.
-                             'Vuncompressed_size/'.
-                             'vname_length/'.
-                             'vextra_length',
-                             $header);
-
-      // Valid header?
-      if($header_info['header'] != 67324752)
-        return false;
-
-      // Get content start position
-      $start = $entry['offset'] + 30 + $header_info['name_length'] + $header_info['extra_length'];
-
-      // Get the compressed data
-      $data = substr($string, $start, $header_info['compressed_size']);
-
-      // Detect compression type
-      switch($header_info['compression_method']) {
-        // No compression
-        case 0:
-          // Ne decompression needed
-          $content = $data;
-          break;
-
-        // Gzip
-        case 8:
-          if(!function_exists('gzinflate'))
-            return false;
-
-          // Uncompress data
-          $content = gzinflate($data);
-          break;
-
-        // Bzip2
-        case 12:
-          if(!function_exists('bzdecompress'))
-            return false;
-
-          // Decompress data
-          $content = bzdecompress($data);
-          break;
-
-        // Compression not supported -> error
-        default:
-          return false;
-      }
-
-      // Try to add file
-      if(!$this->add_file($entry['name'], $content))
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-}
-
-function &byref() {
-    $x = array();
-    return $x;
-}
-?>