summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/man/man8/chpasswd.8
blob: 376e705796960229104373d8cf2b1b0db9de15d2 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
'\" t
.\"     Title: chpasswd
.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
.\"      Date: 07/22/2021
.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.9
.\"  Language: English
.\"
.TH "CHPASSWD" "8" "07/22/2021" "shadow\-utils 4\&.9" "System Management Commands"
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" * Define some portability stuff
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el       .ds Aq '
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" * set default formatting
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" disable hyphenation
.nh
.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
.ad l
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.SH "NAME"
chpasswd \- update passwords in batch mode
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.HP \w'\fBchpasswd\fR\ 'u
\fBchpasswd\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.PP
The
\fBchpasswd\fR
command reads a list of user name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a group of existing users\&. Each line is of the format:
.PP
\fIuser_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
.PP
By default the passwords must be supplied in clear\-text, and are encrypted by
\fBchpasswd\fR\&. Also the password age will be updated, if present\&.
.PP
The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
or
\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
variables of
/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
\fB\-e\fR,
\fB\-m\fR, or
\fB\-c\fR
options\&.
.PP
\fBchpasswd\fR
first updates all the passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for any user\&.
.PP
This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many accounts are created at a single time\&.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.PP
The options which apply to the
\fBchpasswd\fR
command are:
.PP
\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR\ \&\fIMETHOD\fR
.RS 4
Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords\&.
.sp
The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc support these methods\&.
.sp
By default (if none of the
\fB\-c\fR,
\fB\-m\fR, or
\fB\-e\fR
options are specified), the encryption method is defined by the
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
or
\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
variables of
/etc/login\&.defs\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
.RS 4
Supplied passwords are in encrypted form\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
.RS 4
Display help message and exit\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
.RS 4
Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not encrypted\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
.RS 4
Apply changes in the
\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
directory and use the configuration files from the
\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
directory\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR\ \&\fIROUNDS\fR
.RS 4
Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords\&.
.sp
The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds for the crypt method (5000)\&.
.sp
A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced\&.
.sp
You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method\&.
.sp
By default, the number of rounds is defined by the
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
and
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
variables in
/etc/login\&.defs\&.
.RE
.SH "CAVEATS"
.PP
Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted files by other users\&.
.SH "CONFIGURATION"
.PP
The following configuration variables in
/etc/login\&.defs
change the behavior of this tool:
.PP
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
.RS 4
This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)\&.
.sp
It can take one of these values:
\fIDES\fR
(default),
\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&. MD5 and DES should not be used for new hashes, see
crypt(5)
for recommendations\&.
.sp
Note: this parameter overrides the
\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
variable\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
\fIno\fR
if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
\fIno\fR\&.
.sp
This variable is superseded by the
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
.sp
This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
.RS 4
When
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
is set to
\fISHA256\fR
or
\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
.sp
With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
.sp
If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000), which is orders of magnitude too low for modern hardware\&.
.sp
The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
.sp
If only one of the
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
or
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
values is set, then this value will be used\&.
.sp
If
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
>
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
.RE
.SH "FILES"
.PP
/etc/passwd
.RS 4
User account information\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/shadow
.RS 4
Secure user account information\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/login\&.defs
.RS 4
Shadow password suite configuration\&.
.RE
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.PP
\fBpasswd\fR(1),
\fBnewusers\fR(8),
\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.