home: add homectl client tool

4 files changed, 3665 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/home/homectl.c b/src/home/homectl.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d978897e92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/home/homectl.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3607 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
+
+#include <getopt.h>
+
+#include "sd-bus.h"
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "ask-password-api.h"
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "dns-domain.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "format-table.h"
+#include "format-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "hexdecoct.h"
+#include "home-util.h"
+#include "libcrypt-util.h"
+#include "locale-util.h"
+#include "main-func.h"
+#include "memory-util.h"
+#include "openssl-util.h"
+#include "pager.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "pkcs11-util.h"
+#include "pretty-print.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "pwquality-util.h"
+#include "random-util.h"
+#include "rlimit-util.h"
+#include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "user-record-show.h"
+#include "user-record-util.h"
+#include "user-record.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "verbs.h"
+
+static PagerFlags arg_pager_flags = 0;
+static bool arg_legend = true;
+static bool arg_ask_password = true;
+static BusTransport arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL;
+static const char *arg_host = NULL;
+static const char *arg_identity = NULL;
+static JsonVariant *arg_identity_extra = NULL;
+static JsonVariant *arg_identity_extra_privileged = NULL;
+static JsonVariant *arg_identity_extra_this_machine = NULL;
+static JsonVariant *arg_identity_extra_rlimits = NULL;
+static char **arg_identity_filter = NULL; /* this one is also applied to 'privileged' and 'thisMachine' subobjects */
+static char **arg_identity_filter_rlimits = NULL;
+static uint64_t arg_disk_size = UINT64_MAX;
+static uint64_t arg_disk_size_relative = UINT64_MAX;
+static char **arg_pkcs11_token_uri = NULL;
+static bool arg_json = false;
+static JsonFormatFlags arg_json_format_flags = 0;
+static bool arg_and_resize = false;
+static bool arg_and_change_password = false;
+static enum {
+        EXPORT_FORMAT_FULL,          /* export the full record */
+        EXPORT_FORMAT_STRIPPED,      /* strip "state" + "binding", but leave signature in place */
+        EXPORT_FORMAT_MINIMAL,       /* also strip signature */
+} arg_export_format = EXPORT_FORMAT_FULL;
+
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_identity_extra, json_variant_unrefp);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_identity_extra_this_machine, json_variant_unrefp);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_identity_extra_privileged, json_variant_unrefp);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_identity_extra_rlimits, json_variant_unrefp);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_identity_filter, strv_freep);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_identity_filter_rlimits, strv_freep);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_pkcs11_token_uri, strv_freep);
+
+static bool identity_properties_specified(void) {
+        return
+                arg_identity ||
+                !json_variant_is_blank_object(arg_identity_extra) ||
+                !json_variant_is_blank_object(arg_identity_extra_privileged) ||
+                !json_variant_is_blank_object(arg_identity_extra_this_machine) ||
+                !json_variant_is_blank_object(arg_identity_extra_rlimits) ||
+                !strv_isempty(arg_identity_filter) ||
+                !strv_isempty(arg_identity_filter_rlimits) ||
+                !strv_isempty(arg_pkcs11_token_uri);
+}
+
+static int acquire_bus(sd_bus **bus) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+
+        if (*bus)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = bus_connect_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to connect to bus: %m");
+
+        (void) sd_bus_set_allow_interactive_authorization(*bus, arg_ask_password);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int list_homes(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(table_unrefp) Table *table = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        (void) pager_open(arg_pager_flags);
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                        bus,
+                        "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                        "ListHomes",
+                        &error,
+                        &reply,
+                        NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to list homes: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        table = table_new("name", "uid", "gid", "state", "realname", "home", "shell");
+        if (!table)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(susussso)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                const char *name, *state, *realname, *home, *shell, *color;
+                TableCell *cell;
+                uint32_t uid, gid;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(susussso)", &name, &uid, &state, &gid, &realname, &home, &shell, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = table_add_many(table,
+                                   TABLE_STRING, name,
+                                   TABLE_UID, uid,
+                                   TABLE_GID, gid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add row to table: %m");
+
+
+                r = table_add_cell(table, &cell, TABLE_STRING, state);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add field to table: %m");
+
+                color = user_record_state_color(state);
+                if (color)
+                        (void) table_set_color(table, cell, color);
+
+                r = table_add_many(table,
+                                   TABLE_STRING, strna(empty_to_null(realname)),
+                                   TABLE_STRING, home,
+                                   TABLE_STRING, strna(empty_to_null(shell)));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add row to table: %m");
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        if (table_get_rows(table) > 1 || arg_json) {
+                r = table_set_sort(table, (size_t) 0, (size_t) -1);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to sort table: %m");
+
+                table_set_header(table, arg_legend);
+
+                if (arg_json)
+                        r = table_print_json(table, stdout, arg_json_format_flags);
+                else
+                        r = table_print(table, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to show table: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (arg_legend && !arg_json) {
+                if (table_get_rows(table) > 1)
+                        printf("\n%zu homes listed.\n", table_get_rows(table) - 1);
+                else
+                        printf("No homes.\n");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int acquire_existing_password(const char *user_name, UserRecord *hr, bool emphasize_current) {
+        _cleanup_(strv_free_erasep) char **password = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *question = NULL;
+        char *e;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(user_name);
+        assert(hr);
+
+        e = getenv("PASSWORD");
+        if (e) {
+                /* People really shouldn't use environment variables for passing passwords. We support this
+                 * only for testing purposes, and do not document the behaviour, so that people won't
+                 * actually use this outside of testing. */
+
+                r = user_record_set_password(hr, STRV_MAKE(e), true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to store password: %m");
+
+                string_erase(e);
+
+                if (unsetenv("PASSWORD") < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to unset $PASSWORD: %m");
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (asprintf(&question, emphasize_current ?
+                     "Please enter current password for user %s:" :
+                     "Please enter password for user %s:",
+                     user_name) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = ask_password_auto(question, "user-home", NULL, "home-password", USEC_INFINITY, ASK_PASSWORD_ACCEPT_CACHED|ASK_PASSWORD_PUSH_CACHE, &password);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire password: %m");
+
+        r = user_record_set_password(hr, password, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to store password: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int acquire_pkcs11_pin(const char *user_name, UserRecord *hr) {
+        _cleanup_(strv_free_erasep) char **pin = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *question = NULL;
+        char *e;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(user_name);
+        assert(hr);
+
+        e = getenv("PIN");
+        if (e) {
+                r = user_record_set_pkcs11_pin(hr, STRV_MAKE(e), false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to store PKCS#11 PIN: %m");
+
+                string_erase(e);
+
+                if (unsetenv("PIN") < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to unset $PIN: %m");
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (asprintf(&question, "Please enter security token PIN for user %s:", user_name) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        /* We never cache or use cached PINs, since usually there are only very few attempts allowed before the PIN is blocked */
+        r = ask_password_auto(question, "user-home", NULL, "pkcs11-pin", USEC_INFINITY, 0, &pin);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire security token PIN: %m");
+
+        r = user_record_set_pkcs11_pin(hr, pin, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to store security token PIN: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int handle_generic_user_record_error(
+                const char *user_name,
+                UserRecord *hr,
+                const sd_bus_error *error,
+                int ret,
+                bool emphasize_current_password) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(user_name);
+        assert(hr);
+
+        if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_HOME_ABSENT))
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EREMOTE),
+                                       "Home of user %s is currently absent, please plug in the necessary stroage device or backing file system.", user_name);
+
+        else if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_AUTHENTICATION_LIMIT_HIT))
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ETOOMANYREFS),
+                                       "Too frequent unsuccessful login attempts for user %s, try again later.", user_name);
+
+        else if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_BAD_PASSWORD)) {
+
+                if (!strv_isempty(hr->password))
+                        log_notice("Password incorrect or not sufficient, please try again.");
+
+                r = acquire_existing_password(user_name, hr, emphasize_current_password);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        } else if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_BAD_PASSWORD_AND_NO_TOKEN)) {
+
+                if (strv_isempty(hr->password))
+                        log_notice("Security token not inserted, please enter password.");
+                else
+                        log_notice("Password incorrect or not sufficient, and configured security token not inserted, please try again.");
+
+                r = acquire_existing_password(user_name, hr, emphasize_current_password);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        } else if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_TOKEN_PIN_NEEDED)) {
+
+                r = acquire_pkcs11_pin(user_name, hr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        } else if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_TOKEN_PROTECTED_AUTHENTICATION_PATH_NEEDED)) {
+
+                log_notice("Please authenticate physically on security token.");
+
+                r = user_record_set_pkcs11_protected_authentication_path_permitted(hr, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set PKCS#11 protected authentication path permitted flag: %m");
+
+        } else if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_TOKEN_PIN_LOCKED))
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EPERM), "Security token PIN is locked, please unlock security token PIN first.");
+
+        else if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_TOKEN_BAD_PIN)) {
+
+                log_notice("Security token PIN incorrect, please try again.");
+
+                r = acquire_pkcs11_pin(user_name, hr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        } else if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_TOKEN_BAD_PIN_FEW_TRIES_LEFT)) {
+
+                log_notice("Security token PIN incorrect, please try again (only a few tries left!).");
+
+                r = acquire_pkcs11_pin(user_name, hr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        } else if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_TOKEN_BAD_PIN_ONE_TRY_LEFT)) {
+
+                log_notice("Security token PIN incorrect, please try again (only one try left!).");
+
+                r = acquire_pkcs11_pin(user_name, hr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else
+                return log_error_errno(ret, "Operation on home %s failed: %s", user_name, bus_error_message(error, ret));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int activate_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        char **i;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, strv_skip(argv, 1)) {
+                _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *secret = NULL;
+
+                secret = user_record_new();
+                if (!secret)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                        bus,
+                                        &m,
+                                        "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                        "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                        "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                        "ActivateHome");
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", *i);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                        r = bus_message_append_secret(m, secret);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                r = handle_generic_user_record_error(*i, secret, &error, r, false);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (ret == 0)
+                                                ret = r;
+
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                        } else
+                                break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static int deactivate_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        char **i;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, strv_skip(argv, 1)) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                bus,
+                                &m,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "DeactivateHome");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", *i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to deactivate user home: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                        if (ret == 0)
+                                ret = r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static void dump_home_record(UserRecord *hr) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(hr);
+
+        if (hr->incomplete) {
+                fflush(stdout);
+                log_warning("Warning: lacking rights to acquire privileged fields of user record of '%s', output incomplete.", hr->user_name);
+        }
+
+        if (arg_json) {
+                _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *stripped = NULL;
+
+                if (arg_export_format == EXPORT_FORMAT_STRIPPED)
+                        r = user_record_clone(hr, USER_RECORD_EXTRACT_EMBEDDED, &stripped);
+                else if (arg_export_format == EXPORT_FORMAT_MINIMAL)
+                        r = user_record_clone(hr, USER_RECORD_EXTRACT_SIGNABLE, &stripped);
+                else
+                        r = 0;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to strip user record, ignoring: %m");
+                if (stripped)
+                        hr = stripped;
+
+                json_variant_dump(hr->json, arg_json_format_flags, stdout, NULL);
+        } else
+                user_record_show(hr, true);
+}
+
+static char **mangle_user_list(char **list, char ***ret_allocated) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *myself = NULL;
+        char **l;
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(list)) {
+                *ret_allocated = NULL;
+                return list;
+        }
+
+        myself = getusername_malloc();
+        if (!myself)
+                return NULL;
+
+        l = new(char*, 2);
+        if (!l)
+                return NULL;
+
+        l[0] = TAKE_PTR(myself);
+        l[1] = NULL;
+
+        *ret_allocated = l;
+        return l;
+}
+
+static int inspect_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(strv_freep) char **mangled_list = NULL;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        char **items, **i;
+
+        (void) pager_open(arg_pager_flags);
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        items = mangle_user_list(strv_skip(argv, 1), &mangled_list);
+        if (!items)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, items) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+                _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *v = NULL;
+                _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *hr = NULL;
+                const char *json;
+                int incomplete;
+                uid_t uid;
+
+                r = parse_uid(*i, &uid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (!valid_user_group_name(*i)) {
+                                log_error("Invalid user name '%s'.", *i);
+                                if (ret == 0)
+                                        ret = -EINVAL;
+
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                                        bus,
+                                        "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                        "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                        "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                        "GetUserRecordByName",
+                                        &error,
+                                        &reply,
+                                        "s",
+                                        *i);
+                } else {
+                        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                                        bus,
+                                        "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                        "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                        "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                        "GetUserRecordByUID",
+                                        &error,
+                                        &reply,
+                                        "u",
+                                        (uint32_t) uid);
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to inspect home: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                        if (ret == 0)
+                                ret = r;
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "sbo", &json, &incomplete, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        bus_log_parse_error(r);
+                        if (ret == 0)
+                                ret = r;
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = json_parse(json, JSON_PARSE_SENSITIVE, &v, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse JSON identity: %m");
+                        if (ret == 0)
+                                ret = r;
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                hr = user_record_new();
+                if (!hr)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = user_record_load(hr, v, USER_RECORD_LOAD_REFUSE_SECRET|USER_RECORD_LOG);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (ret == 0)
+                                ret = r;
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                hr->incomplete = incomplete;
+                dump_home_record(hr);
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static int authenticate_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(strv_freep) char **mangled_list = NULL;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        char **i, **items;
+
+        items = mangle_user_list(strv_skip(argv, 1), &mangled_list);
+        if (!items)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) polkit_agent_open_if_enabled(arg_transport, arg_ask_password);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, items) {
+                _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *secret = NULL;
+
+                secret = user_record_new();
+                if (!secret)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                        bus,
+                                        &m,
+                                        "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                        "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                        "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                        "AuthenticateHome");
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", *i);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                        r = bus_message_append_secret(m, secret);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                r = handle_generic_user_record_error(*i, secret, &error, r, false);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (ret == 0)
+                                                ret = r;
+
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                        } else
+                                break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static int update_last_change(JsonVariant **v, bool with_password, bool override) {
+        JsonVariant *c;
+        usec_t n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(v);
+
+        n = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+
+        c = json_variant_by_key(*v, "lastChangeUSec");
+        if (c) {
+                uintmax_t u;
+
+                if (!override)
+                        goto update_password;
+
+                if (!json_variant_is_unsigned(c))
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "lastChangeUSec field is not an unsigned integer, refusing.");
+
+                u = json_variant_unsigned(c);
+                if (u >= n)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "lastChangeUSec is from the future, can't update.");
+        }
+
+        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(v, "lastChangeUSec", n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update lastChangeUSec: %m");
+
+update_password:
+        if (!with_password)
+                return 0;
+
+        c = json_variant_by_key(*v, "lastPasswordChangeUSec");
+        if (c) {
+                uintmax_t u;
+
+                if (!override)
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (!json_variant_is_unsigned(c))
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "lastPasswordChangeUSec field is not an unsigned integer, refusing.");
+
+                u = json_variant_unsigned(c);
+                if (u >= n)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "lastPasswordChangeUSec is from the future, can't update.");
+        }
+
+        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(v, "lastPasswordChangeUSec", n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update lastPasswordChangeUSec: %m");
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int apply_identity_changes(JsonVariant **_v) {
+        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *v = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(_v);
+
+        v = json_variant_ref(*_v);
+
+        r = json_variant_filter(&v, arg_identity_filter);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to filter identity: %m");
+
+        r = json_variant_merge(&v, arg_identity_extra);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to merge identities: %m");
+
+        if (arg_identity_extra_this_machine || !strv_isempty(arg_identity_filter)) {
+                _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *per_machine = NULL, *mmid = NULL;
+                char mids[SD_ID128_STRING_MAX];
+                sd_id128_t mid;
+
+                r = sd_id128_get_machine(&mid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire machine ID: %m");
+
+                r = json_variant_new_string(&mmid, sd_id128_to_string(mid, mids));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate matchMachineId object: %m");
+
+                per_machine = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(v, "perMachine"));
+                if (per_machine) {
+                        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *npm = NULL, *add = NULL;
+                        _cleanup_free_ JsonVariant **array = NULL;
+                        JsonVariant *z;
+                        size_t i = 0;
+
+                        if (!json_variant_is_array(per_machine))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "perMachine field is not an array, refusing.");
+
+                        array = new(JsonVariant*, json_variant_elements(per_machine) + 1);
+                        if (!array)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        JSON_VARIANT_ARRAY_FOREACH(z, per_machine) {
+                                JsonVariant *u;
+
+                                if (!json_variant_is_object(z))
+                                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "perMachine entry is not an object, refusing.");
+
+                                array[i++] = z;
+
+                                u = json_variant_by_key(z, "matchMachineId");
+                                if (!u)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                if (!json_variant_equal(u, mmid))
+                                        continue;
+
+                                r = json_variant_merge(&add, z);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to merge perMachine entry: %m");
+
+                                i--;
+                        }
+
+                        r = json_variant_filter(&add, arg_identity_filter);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to filter perMachine: %m");
+
+                        r = json_variant_merge(&add, arg_identity_extra_this_machine);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to merge in perMachine fields: %m");
+
+                        if (arg_identity_filter_rlimits || arg_identity_extra_rlimits) {
+                                _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *rlv = NULL;
+
+                                rlv = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(add, "resourceLimits"));
+
+                                r = json_variant_filter(&rlv, arg_identity_filter_rlimits);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to filter resource limits: %m");
+
+                                r = json_variant_merge(&rlv, arg_identity_extra_rlimits);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set resource limits: %m");
+
+                                if (json_variant_is_blank_object(rlv)) {
+                                        r = json_variant_filter(&add, STRV_MAKE("resourceLimits"));
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to drop resource limits field from identity: %m");
+                                } else {
+                                        r = json_variant_set_field(&add, "resourceLimits", rlv);
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update resource limits of identity: %m");
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        if (!json_variant_is_blank_object(add)) {
+                                r = json_variant_set_field(&add, "matchMachineId", mmid);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set matchMachineId field: %m");
+
+                                array[i++] = add;
+                        }
+
+                        r = json_variant_new_array(&npm, array, i);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate new perMachine array: %m");
+
+                        json_variant_unref(per_machine);
+                        per_machine = TAKE_PTR(npm);
+                } else {
+                        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *item = json_variant_ref(arg_identity_extra_this_machine);
+
+                        if (arg_identity_extra_rlimits) {
+                                r = json_variant_set_field(&item, "resourceLimits", arg_identity_extra_rlimits);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update resource limits of identity: %m");
+                        }
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field(&item, "matchMachineId", mmid);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set matchMachineId field: %m");
+
+                        r = json_variant_append_array(&per_machine, item);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to append to perMachine array: %m");
+                }
+
+                r = json_variant_set_field(&v, "perMachine", per_machine);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update per machine record: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (arg_identity_extra_privileged || arg_identity_filter) {
+                _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *privileged = NULL;
+
+                privileged = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(v, "privileged"));
+
+                r = json_variant_filter(&privileged, arg_identity_filter);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to filter identity (privileged part): %m");
+
+                r = json_variant_merge(&privileged, arg_identity_extra_privileged);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to merge identities (privileged part): %m");
+
+                if (json_variant_is_blank_object(privileged)) {
+                        r = json_variant_filter(&v, STRV_MAKE("privileged"));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to drop privileged part from identity: %m");
+                } else {
+                        r = json_variant_set_field(&v, "privileged", privileged);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update privileged part of identity: %m");
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (arg_identity_filter_rlimits) {
+                _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *rlv = NULL;
+
+                rlv = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(v, "resourceLimits"));
+
+                r = json_variant_filter(&rlv, arg_identity_filter_rlimits);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to filter resource limits: %m");
+
+                /* Note that we only filter resource limits here, but don't apply them. We do that in the perMachine section */
+
+                if (json_variant_is_blank_object(rlv)) {
+                        r = json_variant_filter(&v, STRV_MAKE("resourceLimits"));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to drop resource limits field from identity: %m");
+                } else {
+                        r = json_variant_set_field(&v, "resourceLimits", rlv);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update resource limits of identity: %m");
+                }
+        }
+
+        json_variant_unref(*_v);
+        *_v = TAKE_PTR(v);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_disposition(JsonVariant **v) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(v);
+
+        if (json_variant_by_key(*v, "disposition"))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Set the disposition to regular, if not configured explicitly */
+        r = json_variant_set_field_string(v, "disposition", "regular");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set disposition field: %m");
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+struct pkcs11_callback_data {
+        char *pin_used;
+        X509 *cert;
+};
+
+static void pkcs11_callback_data_release(struct pkcs11_callback_data *data) {
+        erase_and_free(data->pin_used);
+        X509_free(data->cert);
+}
+
+#if HAVE_P11KIT
+static int pkcs11_callback(
+                CK_FUNCTION_LIST *m,
+                CK_SESSION_HANDLE session,
+                CK_SLOT_ID slot_id,
+                const CK_SLOT_INFO *slot_info,
+                const CK_TOKEN_INFO *token_info,
+                P11KitUri *uri,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_(erase_and_freep) char *pin_used = NULL;
+        struct pkcs11_callback_data *data = userdata;
+        CK_OBJECT_HANDLE object;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(slot_info);
+        assert(token_info);
+        assert(uri);
+        assert(data);
+
+        /* Called for every token matching our URI */
+
+        r = pkcs11_token_login(m, session, slot_id, token_info, "home directory operation", "user-home", "pkcs11-pin", UINT64_MAX, &pin_used);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = pkcs11_token_find_x509_certificate(m, session, uri, &object);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = pkcs11_token_read_x509_certificate(m, session, object, &data->cert);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Let's read some random data off the token and write it to the kernel pool before we generate our
+         * random key from it. This way we can claim the quality of the RNG is at least as good as the
+         * kernel's and the token's pool */
+        (void) pkcs11_token_acquire_rng(m, session);
+
+        data->pin_used = TAKE_PTR(pin_used);
+        return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int acquire_pkcs11_certificate(
+                const char *uri,
+                X509 **ret_cert,
+                char **ret_pin_used) {
+
+#if HAVE_P11KIT
+        _cleanup_(pkcs11_callback_data_release) struct pkcs11_callback_data data = {};
+        int r;
+
+        r = pkcs11_find_token(uri, pkcs11_callback, &data);
+        if (r == -EAGAIN) /* pkcs11_find_token() doesn't log about this error, but all others */
+                return log_error_errno(ENXIO, "Specified PKCS#11 token with URI '%s' not found.", uri);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret_cert = TAKE_PTR(data.cert);
+        *ret_pin_used = TAKE_PTR(data.pin_used);
+
+        return 0;
+#else
+        return log_error_errno(EOPNOTSUPP, "PKCS#11 tokens not supported on this build.");
+#endif
+}
+
+static int encrypt_bytes(
+                EVP_PKEY *pkey,
+                const void *decrypted_key,
+                size_t decrypted_key_size,
+                void **ret_encrypt_key,
+                size_t *ret_encrypt_key_size) {
+
+        _cleanup_(EVP_PKEY_CTX_freep) EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ void *b = NULL;
+        size_t l;
+
+        ctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey, NULL);
+        if (!ctx)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Failed to allocate public key context");
+
+        if (EVP_PKEY_encrypt_init(ctx) <= 0)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Failed to initialize public key context");
+
+        if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding(ctx, RSA_PKCS1_PADDING) <= 0)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Failed to configure PKCS#1 padding");
+
+        if (EVP_PKEY_encrypt(ctx, NULL, &l, decrypted_key, decrypted_key_size) <= 0)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Failed to determine encrypted key size");
+
+        b = malloc(l);
+        if (!b)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (EVP_PKEY_encrypt(ctx, b, &l, decrypted_key, decrypted_key_size) <= 0)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Failed to determine encrypted key size");
+
+        *ret_encrypt_key = TAKE_PTR(b);
+        *ret_encrypt_key_size = l;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_pkcs11_pin(JsonVariant **v, const char *pin) {
+        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *w = NULL, *l = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(strv_free_erasep) char **pins = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(v);
+
+        if (isempty(pin))
+                return 0;
+
+        w = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(*v, "secret"));
+        l = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(w, "pkcs11Pin"));
+
+        r = json_variant_strv(l, &pins);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to convert PIN array: %m");
+
+        if (strv_find(pins, pin))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = strv_extend(&pins, pin);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        strv_uniq(pins);
+
+        l = json_variant_unref(l);
+
+        r = json_variant_new_array_strv(&l, pins);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate new PIN array JSON: %m");
+
+        json_variant_sensitive(l);
+
+        r = json_variant_set_field(&w, "pkcs11Pin", l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update PIN field: %m");
+
+        r = json_variant_set_field(v, "secret", w);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update secret object: %m");
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int add_pkcs11_encrypted_key(
+                JsonVariant **v,
+                const char *uri,
+                const void *encrypted_key, size_t encrypted_key_size,
+                const void *decrypted_key, size_t decrypted_key_size) {
+
+        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *l = NULL, *w = NULL, *e = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(erase_and_freep) char *base64_encoded = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *salt = NULL;
+        struct crypt_data cd = {};
+        char *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(v);
+        assert(uri);
+        assert(encrypted_key);
+        assert(encrypted_key_size > 0);
+        assert(decrypted_key);
+        assert(decrypted_key_size > 0);
+
+        r = make_salt(&salt);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate salt: %m");
+
+        /* Before using UNIX hashing on the supplied key we base64 encode it, since crypt_r() and friends
+         * expect a NUL terminated string, and we use a binary key */
+        r = base64mem(decrypted_key, decrypted_key_size, &base64_encoded);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to base64 encode secret key: %m");
+
+        errno = 0;
+        k = crypt_r(base64_encoded, salt, &cd);
+        if (!k)
+                return log_error_errno(errno_or_else(EINVAL), "Failed to UNIX hash secret key: %m");
+
+        r = json_build(&e, JSON_BUILD_OBJECT(
+                                       JSON_BUILD_PAIR("uri", JSON_BUILD_STRING(uri)),
+                                       JSON_BUILD_PAIR("data", JSON_BUILD_BASE64(encrypted_key, encrypted_key_size)),
+                                       JSON_BUILD_PAIR("hashedPassword", JSON_BUILD_STRING(k))));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to build encrypted JSON key object: %m");
+
+        w = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(*v, "privileged"));
+        l = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(w, "pkcs11EncryptedKey"));
+
+        r = json_variant_append_array(&l, e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed append PKCS#11 encrypted key: %m");
+
+        r = json_variant_set_field(&w, "pkcs11EncryptedKey", l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set PKCS#11 encrypted key: %m");
+
+        r = json_variant_set_field(v, "privileged", w);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update privileged field: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_pkcs11_token_uri(JsonVariant **v, const char *uri) {
+        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *w = NULL;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(v);
+        assert(uri);
+
+        w = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(*v, "pkcs11TokenUri"));
+        if (w) {
+                r = json_variant_strv(w, &l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse PKCS#11 token list: %m");
+
+                if (strv_contains(l, uri))
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = strv_extend(&l, uri);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        w = json_variant_unref(w);
+        r = json_variant_new_array_strv(&w, l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create PKCS#11 token URI JSON: %m");
+
+        r = json_variant_set_field(v, "pkcs11TokenUri", w);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update PKCS#11 token URI list: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_pkcs11_key_data(JsonVariant **v, const char *uri) {
+        _cleanup_(erase_and_freep) void *decrypted_key = NULL, *encrypted_key = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(erase_and_freep) char *pin = NULL;
+        size_t decrypted_key_size, encrypted_key_size;
+        _cleanup_(X509_freep) X509 *cert = NULL;
+        EVP_PKEY *pkey;
+        RSA *rsa;
+        int bits;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(v);
+
+        r = acquire_pkcs11_certificate(uri, &cert, &pin);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        pkey = X509_get0_pubkey(cert);
+        if (!pkey)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Failed to exract public key from X.509 certificate.");
+
+        if (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey) != EVP_PKEY_RSA)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG), "X.509 certificate does not refer to RSA key.");
+
+        rsa = EVP_PKEY_get0_RSA(pkey);
+        if (!rsa)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Failed to acquire RSA public key from X.509 certificate.");
+
+        bits = RSA_bits(rsa);
+        log_debug("Bits in RSA key: %i", bits);
+
+        /* We use PKCS#1 padding for the RSA cleartext, hence let's leave some extra space for it, hence only
+         * generate a random key half the size of the RSA length */
+        decrypted_key_size = bits / 8 / 2;
+
+        if (decrypted_key_size < 1)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Uh, RSA key size too short?");
+
+        log_debug("Generating %zu bytes random key.", decrypted_key_size);
+
+        decrypted_key = malloc(decrypted_key_size);
+        if (!decrypted_key)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = genuine_random_bytes(decrypted_key, decrypted_key_size, RANDOM_BLOCK);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate random key: %m");
+
+        r = encrypt_bytes(pkey, decrypted_key, decrypted_key_size, &encrypted_key, &encrypted_key_size);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to encrypt key: %m");
+
+        /* Add the token URI to the public part of the record. */
+        r = add_pkcs11_token_uri(v, uri);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Include the encrypted version of the random key we just generated in the privileged part of the record */
+        r = add_pkcs11_encrypted_key(
+                        v,
+                        uri,
+                        encrypted_key, encrypted_key_size,
+                        decrypted_key, decrypted_key_size);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* If we acquired the PIN also include it in the secret section of the record, so that systemd-homed
+         * can use it if it needs to, given that it likely needs to decrypt the key again to pass to LUKS or
+         * fscrypt. */
+        r = add_pkcs11_pin(v, pin);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int acquire_new_home_record(UserRecord **ret) {
+        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *v = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *hr = NULL;
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (arg_identity) {
+                unsigned line, column;
+
+                r = json_parse_file(
+                                streq(arg_identity, "-") ? stdin : NULL,
+                                streq(arg_identity, "-") ? "<stdin>" : arg_identity, JSON_PARSE_SENSITIVE, &v, &line, &column);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse identity at %u:%u: %m", line, column);
+        }
+
+        r = apply_identity_changes(&v);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = add_disposition(&v);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_pkcs11_token_uri) {
+                r = add_pkcs11_key_data(&v, *i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = update_last_change(&v, true, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (DEBUG_LOGGING)
+                json_variant_dump(v, JSON_FORMAT_PRETTY, NULL, NULL);
+
+        hr = user_record_new();
+        if (!hr)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = user_record_load(hr, v, USER_RECORD_REQUIRE_REGULAR|USER_RECORD_ALLOW_SECRET|USER_RECORD_ALLOW_PRIVILEGED|USER_RECORD_ALLOW_PER_MACHINE|USER_RECORD_ALLOW_SIGNATURE|USER_RECORD_LOG);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = TAKE_PTR(hr);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int acquire_new_password(
+                const char *user_name,
+                UserRecord *hr,
+                bool suggest) {
+
+        unsigned i = 5;
+        char *e;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(user_name);
+        assert(hr);
+
+        e = getenv("NEWPASSWORD");
+        if (e) {
+                /* As above, this is not for use, just for testing */
+
+                r = user_record_set_password(hr, STRV_MAKE(e), /* prepend = */ false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to store password: %m");
+
+                string_erase(e);
+
+                if (unsetenv("NEWPASSWORD") < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to unse $NEWPASSWORD: %m");
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (suggest)
+                (void) suggest_passwords();
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_(strv_free_erasep) char **first = NULL, **second = NULL;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *question = NULL;
+
+                if (--i == 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ENOKEY), "Too many attempts, giving up:");
+
+                if (asprintf(&question, "Please enter new password for user %s:", user_name) < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = ask_password_auto(question, "user-home", NULL, "home-password", USEC_INFINITY, 0, &first);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire password: %m");
+
+                question = mfree(question);
+                if (asprintf(&question, "Please enter new password for user %s (repeat):", user_name) < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = ask_password_auto(question, "user-home", NULL, "home-password", USEC_INFINITY, 0, &second);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire password: %m");
+
+                if (strv_equal(first, second)) {
+                        r = user_record_set_password(hr, first, /* prepend = */ false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to store password: %m");
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                log_error("Password didn't mach, try again.");
+        }
+}
+
+static int create_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *hr = NULL;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **original_hashed_passwords = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) polkit_agent_open_if_enabled(arg_transport, arg_ask_password);
+
+        if (argc >= 2) {
+                /* If a username was specified, use it */
+
+                if (valid_user_group_name(argv[1]))
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, "userName", argv[1]);
+                else {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *un = NULL, *rr = NULL;
+
+                        /* Before we consider the user name invalid, let's check if we can split it? */
+                        r = split_user_name_realm(argv[1], &un, &rr);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "User name '%s' is not valid: %m", argv[1]);
+
+                        if (rr) {
+                                r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, "realm", rr);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set realm field: %m");
+                        }
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, "userName", un);
+                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set userName field: %m");
+        } else {
+                /* If neither a username nor an identity have been specified we cannot operate. */
+                if (!arg_identity)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "User name required.");
+        }
+
+        r = acquire_new_home_record(&hr);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Remember the original hashed paswords before we add our own, so that we can return to them later,
+         * should the entered password turn out not to be acceptable. */
+        original_hashed_passwords = strv_copy(hr->hashed_password);
+        if (!original_hashed_passwords)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        /* If the JSON record carries no plain text password, then let's query it manually. */
+        if (!hr->password) {
+
+                if (strv_isempty(hr->hashed_password)) {
+                        /* No regular (i.e. non-PKCS#11) hashed passwords set in the record, let's fix that. */
+                        r = acquire_new_password(hr->user_name, hr, /* suggest = */ true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = user_record_make_hashed_password(hr, hr->password, /* extend = */ true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to hash password: %m");
+                } else {
+                        /* There's a hash password set in the record, acquire the unhashed version of it. */
+                        r = acquire_existing_password(hr->user_name, hr, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (hr->enforce_password_policy == 0) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+
+                /* If password quality enforcement is disabled, let's at least warn client side */
+
+                r = quality_check_password(hr, hr, &error);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Specified password does not pass quality checks (%s), proceeding anyway.", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+                _cleanup_(erase_and_freep) char *formatted = NULL;
+
+                r = json_variant_format(hr->json, 0, &formatted);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                bus,
+                                &m,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "CreateHome");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", formatted);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (!sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, BUS_ERROR_LOW_PASSWORD_QUALITY))
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create user home: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+                        log_error_errno(r, "%s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                        log_info("(Use --enforce-password-policy=no to turn off password quality checks for this account.)");
+                } else
+                        break; /* done */
+
+                r = user_record_set_hashed_password(hr, original_hashed_passwords);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = acquire_new_password(hr->user_name, hr, /* suggest = */ false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = user_record_make_hashed_password(hr, hr->password, /* extend = */ true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to hash passwords: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int remove_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        char **i;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) polkit_agent_open_if_enabled(arg_transport, arg_ask_password);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, strv_skip(argv, 1)) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                bus,
+                                &m,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "RemoveHome");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", *i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to remove home: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                        if (ret == 0)
+                                ret = r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static int acquire_updated_home_record(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *username,
+                UserRecord **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *json = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *hr = NULL;
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (arg_identity) {
+                unsigned line, column;
+                JsonVariant *un;
+
+                r = json_parse_file(
+                                streq(arg_identity, "-") ? stdin : NULL,
+                                streq(arg_identity, "-") ? "<stdin>" : arg_identity, JSON_PARSE_SENSITIVE, &json, &line, &column);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse identity at %u:%u: %m", line, column);
+
+                un = json_variant_by_key(json, "userName");
+                if (un) {
+                        if (!json_variant_is_string(un) || (username && !streq(json_variant_string(un), username)))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "User name specified on command line and in JSON record do not match.");
+                } else {
+                        if (!username)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "No username specified.");
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, "userName", username);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set userName field: %m");
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+                int incomplete;
+                const char *text;
+
+                if (!identity_properties_specified())
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EALREADY), "No field to change specified.");
+
+                r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                                bus,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "GetUserRecordByName",
+                                &error,
+                                &reply,
+                                "s",
+                                username);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire user home record: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "sbo", &text, &incomplete, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                if (incomplete)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EACCES), "Lacking rights to acquire user record including privileged metadata, can't update record.");
+
+                r = json_parse(text, JSON_PARSE_SENSITIVE, &json, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse JSON identity: %m");
+
+                reply = sd_bus_message_unref(reply);
+
+                r = json_variant_filter(&json, STRV_MAKE("binding", "status", "signature"));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to strip binding and status from record to update: %m");
+        }
+
+        r = apply_identity_changes(&json);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_pkcs11_token_uri) {
+                r = add_pkcs11_key_data(&json, *i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* If the user supplied a full record, then add in lastChange, but do not override. Otherwise always
+         * override. */
+        r = update_last_change(&json, !!arg_pkcs11_token_uri, !arg_identity);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (DEBUG_LOGGING)
+                json_variant_dump(json, JSON_FORMAT_PRETTY, NULL, NULL);
+
+        hr = user_record_new();
+        if (!hr)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = user_record_load(hr, json, USER_RECORD_REQUIRE_REGULAR|USER_RECORD_ALLOW_PRIVILEGED|USER_RECORD_ALLOW_PER_MACHINE|USER_RECORD_ALLOW_SECRET|USER_RECORD_ALLOW_SIGNATURE|USER_RECORD_LOG);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = TAKE_PTR(hr);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int update_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *hr = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buffer = NULL;
+        const char *username;
+        int r;
+
+        if (argc >= 2)
+                username = argv[1];
+        else if (!arg_identity) {
+                buffer = getusername_malloc();
+                if (!buffer)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                username = buffer;
+        } else
+                username = NULL;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) polkit_agent_open_if_enabled(arg_transport, arg_ask_password);
+
+        r = acquire_updated_home_record(bus, username, &hr);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *formatted = NULL;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                bus,
+                                &m,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "UpdateHome");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = json_variant_format(hr->json, 0, &formatted);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", formatted);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (arg_and_change_password &&
+                            sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, BUS_ERROR_BAD_PASSWORD_AND_NO_TOKEN))
+                                /* In the generic handler we'd ask for a password in this case, but when
+                                 * changing passwords that's not sufficient, as we need to acquire all keys
+                                 * first. */
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Security token not inserted, refusing.");
+
+                        r = handle_generic_user_record_error(hr->user_name, hr, &error, r, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        /* Also sync down disk size to underlying LUKS/fscrypt/quota */
+        while (arg_and_resize) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                log_debug("Resizing");
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                bus,
+                                &m,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "ResizeHome");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                /* Specify UINT64_MAX as size, in which case the underlying disk size will just be synced */
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "st", hr->user_name, UINT64_MAX);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = bus_message_append_secret(m, hr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (arg_and_change_password &&
+                            sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, BUS_ERROR_BAD_PASSWORD_AND_NO_TOKEN))
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Security token not inserted, refusing.");
+
+                        r = handle_generic_user_record_error(hr->user_name, hr, &error, r, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        /* Also sync down passwords to underlying LUKS/fscrypt */
+        while (arg_and_change_password) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                log_debug("Propagating password");
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                bus,
+                                &m,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "ChangePasswordHome");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                /* Specify an empty new secret, in which case the underlying LUKS/fscrypt password will just be synced */
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "ss", hr->user_name, "{}");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = bus_message_append_secret(m, hr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, BUS_ERROR_BAD_PASSWORD_AND_NO_TOKEN))
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Security token not inserted, refusing.");
+
+                        r = handle_generic_user_record_error(hr->user_name, hr, &error, r, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int passwd_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *old_secret = NULL, *new_secret = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buffer = NULL;
+        const char *username;
+        int r;
+
+        if (arg_pkcs11_token_uri)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "To change the PKCS#11 security token use 'homectl update --pkcs11-token-uri=…'.");
+        if (identity_properties_specified())
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "The 'passwd' verb does not permit changing other record properties at the same time.");
+
+        if (argc >= 2)
+                username = argv[1];
+        else {
+                buffer = getusername_malloc();
+                if (!buffer)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                username = buffer;
+        }
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) polkit_agent_open_if_enabled(arg_transport, arg_ask_password);
+
+        old_secret = user_record_new();
+        if (!old_secret)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        new_secret = user_record_new();
+        if (!new_secret)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = acquire_new_password(username, new_secret, /* suggest = */ true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                bus,
+                                &m,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "ChangePasswordHome");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", username);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = bus_message_append_secret(m, new_secret);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = bus_message_append_secret(m, old_secret);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, BUS_ERROR_LOW_PASSWORD_QUALITY)) {
+
+                                log_error_errno(r, "%s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+                                r = acquire_new_password(username, new_secret, /* suggest = */ false);
+
+                        } else if (sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, BUS_ERROR_BAD_PASSWORD_AND_NO_TOKEN))
+
+                                /* In the generic handler we'd ask for a password in this case, but when
+                                 * changing passwords that's not sufficeint, as we need to acquire all keys
+                                 * first. */
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Security token not inserted, refusing.");
+                        else
+                                r = handle_generic_user_record_error(username, old_secret, &error, r, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int resize_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *secret = NULL;
+        uint64_t ds = UINT64_MAX;
+        int r;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) polkit_agent_open_if_enabled(arg_transport, arg_ask_password);
+
+        if (arg_disk_size_relative != UINT64_MAX ||
+            (argc > 2 && parse_percent(argv[2]) >= 0))
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
+                                               "Relative disk size specification currently not supported when resizing.");
+
+        if (argc > 2) {
+                r = parse_size(argv[2], 1024, &ds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse disk size parameter: %s", argv[2]);
+        }
+
+        if (arg_disk_size != UINT64_MAX) {
+                if (ds != UINT64_MAX && ds != arg_disk_size)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Disk size specified twice and doesn't match, refusing.");
+
+                ds = arg_disk_size;
+        }
+
+        secret = user_record_new();
+        if (!secret)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                bus,
+                                &m,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "ResizeHome");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "st", argv[1], ds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = bus_message_append_secret(m, secret);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = handle_generic_user_record_error(argv[1], secret, &error, r, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int lock_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        char **i;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, strv_skip(argv, 1)) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                bus,
+                                &m,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "LockHome");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", *i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to lock home: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                        if (ret == 0)
+                                ret = r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static int unlock_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        char **i;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, strv_skip(argv, 1)) {
+                _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *secret = NULL;
+
+                secret = user_record_new();
+                if (!secret)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                        bus,
+                                        &m,
+                                        "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                        "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                        "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                        "UnlockHome");
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", *i);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                        r = bus_message_append_secret(m, secret);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                r = handle_generic_user_record_error(argv[1], secret, &error, r, false);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (ret == 0)
+                                                ret = r;
+
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                        } else
+                                break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static int with_home(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(user_record_unrefp) UserRecord *secret = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int acquired_fd = -1;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **cmdline  = NULL;
+        const char *home;
+        int r, ret;
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (argc < 3) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *shell = NULL;
+
+                /* If no command is specified, spawn a shell */
+                r = get_shell(&shell);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire shell: %m");
+
+                cmdline = strv_new(shell);
+        } else
+                cmdline = strv_copy(argv + 2);
+        if (!cmdline)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        secret = user_record_new();
+        if (!secret)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        for (;;) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                bus,
+                                &m,
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                                "AcquireHome");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", argv[1]);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = bus_message_append_secret(m, secret);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "b", /* please_suspend = */ getenv_bool("SYSTEMD_PLEASE_SUSPEND_HOME") > 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, &reply);
+                m = sd_bus_message_unref(m);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = handle_generic_user_record_error(argv[1], secret, &error, r, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        sd_bus_error_free(&error);
+                } else {
+                        int fd;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "h", &fd);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                        acquired_fd = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 3);
+                        if (acquired_fd < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to duplicate acquired fd: %m");
+
+                        reply = sd_bus_message_unref(reply);
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                        bus,
+                        "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                        "GetHomeByName",
+                        &error,
+                        &reply,
+                        "s",
+                        argv[1]);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to inspect home: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "usussso", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, &home, NULL, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = safe_fork("(with)", FORK_RESET_SIGNALS|FORK_CLOSE_ALL_FDS|FORK_DEATHSIG|FORK_LOG|FORK_RLIMIT_NOFILE_SAFE|FORK_REOPEN_LOG, &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0) {
+                if (chdir(home) < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change to directory %s: %m", home);
+                        _exit(255);
+                }
+
+                execvp(cmdline[0], cmdline);
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to execute %s: %m", cmdline[0]);
+                _exit(255);
+        }
+
+        ret = wait_for_terminate_and_check(cmdline[0], pid, WAIT_LOG_ABNORMAL);
+
+        /* Close the fd that pings the home now. */
+        acquired_fd = safe_close(acquired_fd);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                        bus,
+                        &m,
+                        "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                        "ReleaseHome");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", argv[1]);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, BUS_ERROR_HOME_BUSY))
+                        log_notice("Not deactivating home directory of %s, as it is still used.", argv[1]);
+                else
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to release user home: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static int lock_all_homes(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                        bus,
+                        &m,
+                        "org.freedesktop.home1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/home1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.home1.Manager",
+                        "LockAllHomes");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, HOME_SLOW_BUS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to lock home: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int drop_from_identity(const char *field) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(field);
+
+        /* If we are called to update an identity record and drop some field, let's keep track of what to
+         * remove from the old record */
+        r = strv_extend(&arg_identity_filter, field);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        /* Let's also drop the field if it was previously set to a new value on the same command line */
+        r = json_variant_filter(&arg_identity_extra, STRV_MAKE(field));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to filter JSON identity data: %m");
+
+        r = json_variant_filter(&arg_identity_extra_this_machine, STRV_MAKE(field));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to filter JSON identity data: %m");
+
+        r = json_variant_filter(&arg_identity_extra_privileged, STRV_MAKE(field));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to filter JSON identity data: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int help(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *link = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        (void) pager_open(arg_pager_flags);
+
+        r = terminal_urlify_man("homectl", "1", &link);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        printf("%1$s [OPTIONS...] COMMAND ...\n\n"
+               "%2$sCreate, manipulate or inspect home directories.%3$s\n"
+               "\n%4$sCommands:%5$s\n"
+               "  list                        List homes\n"
+               "  activate USER…              Activate home\n"
+               "  deactivate USER…            Deactivate home\n"
+               "  inspect USER…               Inspect home\n"
+               "  authenticate USER…          Authenticate home\n"
+               "  create USER                 Create a home\n"
+               "  remove USER…                Remove a home\n"
+               "  update USER                 Update a home\n"
+               "  passwd USER                 Change password of a home\n"
+               "  resize USER SIZE            Resize a home\n"
+               "  lock USER…                  Temporarily lock an active home\n"
+               "  unlock USER…                Unlock a temporarily locked home\n"
+               "  lock-all                    Lock all suitable homes\n"
+               "  with USER [COMMAND…]        Run shell or command with access to home\n"
+               "\n%4$sOptions:%5$s\n"
+               "  -h --help                   Show this help\n"
+               "     --version                Show package version\n"
+               "     --no-pager               Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
+               "     --no-legend              Do not show the headers and footers\n"
+               "     --no-ask-password        Do not ask for system passwords\n"
+               "  -H --host=[USER@]HOST       Operate on remote host\n"
+               "  -M --machine=CONTAINER      Operate on local container\n"
+               "     --identity=PATH          Read JSON identity from file\n"
+               "     --json=FORMAT            Output inspection data in JSON (takes one of\n"
+               "                              pretty, short, off)\n"
+               "  -j                          Equivalent to --json=pretty (on TTY) or\n"
+               "                              --json=short (otherwise)\n"
+               "     --export-format=         Strip JSON inspection data (full, stripped,\n"
+               "                              minimal)\n"
+               "  -E                          When specified once equals -j --export-format=\n"
+               "                              stripped, when specified twice equals\n"
+               "                              -j --export-format=minimal\n"
+               "\n%4$sGeneral User Record Properties:%5$s\n"
+               "  -c --real-name=REALNAME     Real name for user\n"
+               "     --realm=REALM            Realm to create user in\n"
+               "     --email-address=EMAIL    Email address for user\n"
+               "     --location=LOCATION      Set location of user on earth\n"
+               "     --icon-name=NAME         Icon name for user\n"
+               "  -d --home-dir=PATH          Home directory\n"
+               "     --uid=UID                Numeric UID for user\n"
+               "  -G --member-of=GROUP        Add user to group\n"
+               "     --skel=PATH              Skeleton directory to use\n"
+               "     --shell=PATH             Shell for account\n"
+               "     --setenv=VARIABLE=VALUE  Set an environment variable at log-in\n"
+               "     --timezone=TIMEZONE      Set a time-zone\n"
+               "     --language=LOCALE        Set preferred language\n"
+               "     --ssh-authorized-keys=KEYS\n"
+               "                              Specify SSH public keys\n"
+               "     --pkcs11-token-uri=URI   URI to PKCS#11 security token containing\n"
+               "                              private key and matching X.509 certificate\n"
+               "\n%4$sAccount Management User Record Properties:%5$s\n"
+               "     --locked=BOOL            Set locked account state\n"
+               "     --not-before=TIMESTAMP   Do not allow logins before\n"
+               "     --not-after=TIMESTAMP    Do not allow logins after\n"
+               "     --rate-limit-interval=SECS\n"
+               "                              Login rate-limit interval in seconds\n"
+               "     --rate-limit-burst=NUMBER\n"
+               "                              Login rate-limit attempts per interval\n"
+               "\n%4$sPassword Policy User Record Properties:%5$s\n"
+               "     --password-hint=HINT     Set Password hint\n"
+               "     --enforce-password-policy=BOOL\n"
+               "                              Control whether to enforce system's password\n"
+               "                              policy for this user\n"
+               "  -P                          Equivalent to --enforce-password-password=no\n"
+               "     --password-change-now=BOOL\n"
+               "                              Require the password to be changed on next login\n"
+               "     --password-change-min=TIME\n"
+               "                              Require minimum time between password changes\n"
+               "     --password-change-max=TIME\n"
+               "                              Require maximum time between password changes\n"
+               "     --password-change-warn=TIME\n"
+               "                              How much time to warn before password expiry\n"
+               "     --password-change-inactive=TIME\n"
+               "                              How much time to block password after expiry\n"
+               "\n%4$sResource Management User Record Properties:%5$s\n"
+               "     --disk-size=BYTES        Size to assign the user on disk\n"
+               "     --access-mode=MODE       User home directory access mode\n"
+               "     --umask=MODE             Umask for user when logging in\n"
+               "     --nice=NICE              Nice level for user\n"
+               "     --rlimit=LIMIT=VALUE[:VALUE]\n"
+               "                              Set resource limits\n"
+               "     --tasks-max=MAX          Set maximum number of per-user tasks\n"
+               "     --memory-high=BYTES      Set high memory threshold in bytes\n"
+               "     --memory-max=BYTES       Set maximum memory limit\n"
+               "     --cpu-weight=WEIGHT      Set CPU weight\n"
+               "     --io-weight=WEIGHT       Set IO weight\n"
+               "\n%4$sStorage User Record Properties:%5$s\n"
+               "     --storage=STORAGE        Storage type to use (luks, fscrypt, directory,\n"
+               "                              subvolume, cifs)\n"
+               "     --image-path=PATH        Path to image file/directory\n"
+               "\n%4$sLUKS Storage User Record Properties:%5$s\n"
+               "     --fs-type=TYPE           File system type to use in case of luks\n"
+               "                              storage (ext4, xfs, btrfs)\n"
+               "     --luks-discard=BOOL      Whether to use 'discard' feature of file system\n"
+               "     --luks-cipher=CIPHER     Cipher to use for LUKS encryption\n"
+               "     --luks-cipher-mode=MODE  Cipher mode to use for LUKS encryption\n"
+               "     --luks-volume-key-size=BITS\n"
+               "                              Volume key size to use for LUKS encryption\n"
+               "     --luks-pbkdf-type=TYPE   Password-based Key Derivation Function to use\n"
+               "     --luks-pbkdf-hash-algorithm=ALGORITHM\n"
+               "                              PBKDF hash algorithm to use\n"
+               "     --luks-pbkdf-time-cost=SECS\n"
+               "                              Time cost for PBKDF in seconds\n"
+               "     --luks-pbkdf-memory-cost=BYTES\n"
+               "                              Memory cost for PBKDF in bytes\n"
+               "     --luks-pbkdf-parallel-threads=NUMBER\n"
+               "                              Number of parallel threads for PKBDF\n"
+               "\n%4$sMounting User Record Properties:%5$s\n"
+               "     --nosuid=BOOL            Control the 'nosuid' flag of the home mount\n"
+               "     --nodev=BOOL             Control the 'nodev' flag of the home mount\n"
+               "     --noexec=BOOL            Control the 'noexec' flag of the home mount\n"
+               "\n%4$sCIFS User Record Properties:%5$s\n"
+               "     --cifs-domain=DOMAIN     CIFS (Windows) domain\n"
+               "     --cifs-user-name=USER    CIFS (Windows) user name\n"
+               "     --cifs-service=SERVICE   CIFS (Windows) service to mount as home\n"
+               "\n%4$sLogin Behaviour User Record Properties:%5$s\n"
+               "     --stop-delay=SECS        How long to leave user services running after\n"
+               "                              logout\n"
+               "     --kill-processes=BOOL    Whether to kill user processes when sessions\n"
+               "                              terminate\n"
+               "     --auto-login=BOOL        Try to log this user in automatically\n"
+               "\nSee the %6$s for details.\n"
+               , program_invocation_short_name
+               , ansi_highlight(), ansi_normal()
+               , ansi_underline(), ansi_normal()
+               , link
+        );
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+                ARG_NO_PAGER,
+                ARG_NO_LEGEND,
+                ARG_NO_ASK_PASSWORD,
+                ARG_REALM,
+                ARG_EMAIL_ADDRESS,
+                ARG_DISK_SIZE,
+                ARG_ACCESS_MODE,
+                ARG_STORAGE,
+                ARG_FS_TYPE,
+                ARG_IMAGE_PATH,
+                ARG_UMASK,
+                ARG_LUKS_DISCARD,
+                ARG_JSON,
+                ARG_SETENV,
+                ARG_TIMEZONE,
+                ARG_LANGUAGE,
+                ARG_LOCKED,
+                ARG_SSH_AUTHORIZED_KEYS,
+                ARG_LOCATION,
+                ARG_ICON_NAME,
+                ARG_PASSWORD_HINT,
+                ARG_NICE,
+                ARG_RLIMIT,
+                ARG_NOT_BEFORE,
+                ARG_NOT_AFTER,
+                ARG_LUKS_CIPHER,
+                ARG_LUKS_CIPHER_MODE,
+                ARG_LUKS_VOLUME_KEY_SIZE,
+                ARG_NOSUID,
+                ARG_NODEV,
+                ARG_NOEXEC,
+                ARG_CIFS_DOMAIN,
+                ARG_CIFS_USER_NAME,
+                ARG_CIFS_SERVICE,
+                ARG_TASKS_MAX,
+                ARG_MEMORY_HIGH,
+                ARG_MEMORY_MAX,
+                ARG_CPU_WEIGHT,
+                ARG_IO_WEIGHT,
+                ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_TYPE,
+                ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_HASH_ALGORITHM,
+                ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_TIME_COST,
+                ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_MEMORY_COST,
+                ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_PARALLEL_THREADS,
+                ARG_RATE_LIMIT_INTERVAL,
+                ARG_RATE_LIMIT_BURST,
+                ARG_STOP_DELAY,
+                ARG_KILL_PROCESSES,
+                ARG_ENFORCE_PASSWORD_POLICY,
+                ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_NOW,
+                ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_MIN,
+                ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_MAX,
+                ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_WARN,
+                ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_INACTIVE,
+                ARG_EXPORT_FORMAT,
+                ARG_AUTO_LOGIN,
+                ARG_PKCS11_TOKEN_URI,
+                ARG_AND_RESIZE,
+                ARG_AND_CHANGE_PASSWORD,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",                        no_argument,       NULL, 'h'                             },
+                { "version",                     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION                     },
+                { "no-pager",                    no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_PAGER                    },
+                { "no-legend",                   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_LEGEND                   },
+                { "no-ask-password",             no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_ASK_PASSWORD             },
+                { "host",                        required_argument, NULL, 'H'                             },
+                { "machine",                     required_argument, NULL, 'M'                             },
+                { "identity",                    required_argument, NULL, 'I'                             },
+                { "real-name",                   required_argument, NULL, 'c'                             },
+                { "comment",                     required_argument, NULL, 'c'                             }, /* Compat alias to keep thing in sync with useradd(8) */
+                { "realm",                       required_argument, NULL, ARG_REALM                       },
+                { "email-address",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_EMAIL_ADDRESS               },
+                { "location",                    required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOCATION                    },
+                { "password-hint",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_PASSWORD_HINT               },
+                { "icon-name",                   required_argument, NULL, ARG_ICON_NAME                   },
+                { "home-dir",                    required_argument, NULL, 'd'                             }, /* Compatible with useradd(8) */
+                { "uid",                         required_argument, NULL, 'u'                             }, /* Compatible with useradd(8) */
+                { "member-of",                   required_argument, NULL, 'G'                             },
+                { "groups",                      required_argument, NULL, 'G'                             }, /* Compat alias to keep thing in sync with useradd(8) */
+                { "skel",                        required_argument, NULL, 'k'                             }, /* Compatible with useradd(8) */
+                { "shell",                       required_argument, NULL, 's'                             }, /* Compatible with useradd(8) */
+                { "setenv",                      required_argument, NULL, ARG_SETENV                      },
+                { "timezone",                    required_argument, NULL, ARG_TIMEZONE                    },
+                { "language",                    required_argument, NULL, ARG_LANGUAGE                    },
+                { "locked",                      required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOCKED                      },
+                { "not-before",                  required_argument, NULL, ARG_NOT_BEFORE                  },
+                { "not-after",                   required_argument, NULL, ARG_NOT_AFTER                   },
+                { "expiredate",                  required_argument, NULL, 'e'                             }, /* Compat alias to keep thing in sync with useradd(8) */
+                { "ssh-authorized-keys",         required_argument, NULL, ARG_SSH_AUTHORIZED_KEYS         },
+                { "disk-size",                   required_argument, NULL, ARG_DISK_SIZE                   },
+                { "access-mode",                 required_argument, NULL, ARG_ACCESS_MODE                 },
+                { "umask",                       required_argument, NULL, ARG_UMASK                       },
+                { "nice",                        required_argument, NULL, ARG_NICE                        },
+                { "rlimit",                      required_argument, NULL, ARG_RLIMIT                      },
+                { "tasks-max",                   required_argument, NULL, ARG_TASKS_MAX                   },
+                { "memory-high",                 required_argument, NULL, ARG_MEMORY_HIGH                 },
+                { "memory-max",                  required_argument, NULL, ARG_MEMORY_MAX                  },
+                { "cpu-weight",                  required_argument, NULL, ARG_CPU_WEIGHT                  },
+                { "io-weight",                   required_argument, NULL, ARG_IO_WEIGHT                   },
+                { "storage",                     required_argument, NULL, ARG_STORAGE                     },
+                { "image-path",                  required_argument, NULL, ARG_IMAGE_PATH                  },
+                { "fs-type",                     required_argument, NULL, ARG_FS_TYPE                     },
+                { "luks-discard",                required_argument, NULL, ARG_LUKS_DISCARD                },
+                { "luks-cipher",                 required_argument, NULL, ARG_LUKS_CIPHER                 },
+                { "luks-cipher-mode",            required_argument, NULL, ARG_LUKS_CIPHER_MODE            },
+                { "luks-volume-key-size",        required_argument, NULL, ARG_LUKS_VOLUME_KEY_SIZE        },
+                { "luks-pbkdf-type",             required_argument, NULL, ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_TYPE             },
+                { "luks-pbkdf-hash-algorithm",   required_argument, NULL, ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_HASH_ALGORITHM   },
+                { "luks-pbkdf-time-cost",        required_argument, NULL, ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_TIME_COST        },
+                { "luks-pbkdf-memory-cost",      required_argument, NULL, ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_MEMORY_COST      },
+                { "luks-pbkdf-parallel-threads", required_argument, NULL, ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_PARALLEL_THREADS },
+                { "nosuid",                      required_argument, NULL, ARG_NOSUID                      },
+                { "nodev",                       required_argument, NULL, ARG_NODEV                       },
+                { "noexec",                      required_argument, NULL, ARG_NOEXEC                      },
+                { "cifs-user-name",              required_argument, NULL, ARG_CIFS_USER_NAME              },
+                { "cifs-domain",                 required_argument, NULL, ARG_CIFS_DOMAIN                 },
+                { "cifs-service",                required_argument, NULL, ARG_CIFS_SERVICE                },
+                { "rate-limit-interval",         required_argument, NULL, ARG_RATE_LIMIT_INTERVAL         },
+                { "rate-limit-burst",            required_argument, NULL, ARG_RATE_LIMIT_BURST            },
+                { "stop-delay",                  required_argument, NULL, ARG_STOP_DELAY                  },
+                { "kill-processes",              required_argument, NULL, ARG_KILL_PROCESSES              },
+                { "enforce-password-policy",     required_argument, NULL, ARG_ENFORCE_PASSWORD_POLICY     },
+                { "password-change-now",         required_argument, NULL, ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_NOW         },
+                { "password-change-min",         required_argument, NULL, ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_MIN         },
+                { "password-change-max",         required_argument, NULL, ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_MAX         },
+                { "password-change-warn",        required_argument, NULL, ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_WARN        },
+                { "password-change-inactive",    required_argument, NULL, ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_INACTIVE    },
+                { "auto-login",                  required_argument, NULL, ARG_AUTO_LOGIN                  },
+                { "json",                        required_argument, NULL, ARG_JSON                        },
+                { "export-format",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_EXPORT_FORMAT               },
+                { "pkcs11-token-uri",            required_argument, NULL, ARG_PKCS11_TOKEN_URI            },
+                { "and-resize",                  required_argument, NULL, ARG_AND_RESIZE                  },
+                { "and-change-password",         required_argument, NULL, ARG_AND_CHANGE_PASSWORD         },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                int c;
+
+                c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hH:M:I:c:d:u:k:s:e:G:jPE", options, NULL);
+                if (c < 0)
+                        break;
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        return help(0, NULL, NULL);
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case ARG_NO_PAGER:
+                        arg_pager_flags |= PAGER_DISABLE;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NO_LEGEND:
+                        arg_legend = false;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NO_ASK_PASSWORD:
+                        arg_ask_password = false;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'H':
+                        arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE;
+                        arg_host = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'M':
+                        arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_MACHINE;
+                        arg_host = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'I':
+                        arg_identity = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'c':
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("realName");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!valid_gecos(optarg))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Real name '%s' not a valid GECOS field.", optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, "realName", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set realName field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+
+                case 'd': {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *hd = NULL;
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("homeDirectory");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_path_argument_and_warn(optarg, false, &hd);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (!valid_home(hd))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Home directory '%s' not valid.", hd);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, "homeDirectory", hd);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set homeDirectory field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_REALM:
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("realm");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = dns_name_is_valid(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether realm '%s' is a valid DNS domain: %m", optarg);
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Realm '%s' is not a valid DNS domain: %m", optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, "realm", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set realm field: %m");
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_EMAIL_ADDRESS:
+                case ARG_LOCATION:
+                case ARG_ICON_NAME:
+                case ARG_CIFS_USER_NAME:
+                case ARG_CIFS_DOMAIN:
+                case ARG_CIFS_SERVICE: {
+
+                        const char *field =
+                                c == ARG_EMAIL_ADDRESS ? "emailAddress" :
+                                     c == ARG_LOCATION ? "location" :
+                                    c == ARG_ICON_NAME ? "iconName" :
+                               c == ARG_CIFS_USER_NAME ? "cifsUserName" :
+                                  c == ARG_CIFS_DOMAIN ? "cifsDomain" :
+                                 c == ARG_CIFS_SERVICE ? "cifsService" :
+                                                         NULL;
+
+                        assert(field);
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(field);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, field, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", field);
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_PASSWORD_HINT:
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("passwordHint");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra_privileged, "passwordHint", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set passwordHint field: %m");
+
+                        string_erase(optarg);
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NICE: {
+                        int nc;
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("niceLevel");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_nice(optarg, &nc);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse nice level: %s", optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_integer(&arg_identity_extra, "niceLevel", nc);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set niceLevel field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_RLIMIT: {
+                        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *v = NULL, *jcur = NULL, *jmax = NULL;
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *field = NULL, *t = NULL;
+                        const char *eq;
+                        struct rlimit rl;
+                        int l;
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                /* Remove all resource limits */
+
+                                r = drop_from_identity("resourceLimits");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                arg_identity_filter_rlimits = strv_free(arg_identity_filter_rlimits);
+                                arg_identity_extra_rlimits = json_variant_unref(arg_identity_extra_rlimits);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        eq = strchr(optarg, '=');
+                        if (!eq)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Can't parse resource limit assignment: %s", optarg);
+
+                        field = strndup(optarg, eq - optarg);
+                        if (!field)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        l = rlimit_from_string_harder(field);
+                        if (l < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Unknown resource limit type: %s", field);
+
+                        if (isempty(eq + 1)) {
+                                /* Remove only the specific rlimit */
+
+                                r = strv_extend(&arg_identity_filter_rlimits, rlimit_to_string(l));
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                r = json_variant_filter(&arg_identity_extra_rlimits, STRV_MAKE(field));
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to filter JSON identity data: %m");
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = rlimit_parse(l, eq + 1, &rl);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Failed to parse resource limit value: %s", eq + 1);
+
+                        r = rl.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY ? json_variant_new_null(&jcur) : json_variant_new_unsigned(&jcur, rl.rlim_cur);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Failed to allocate current integer: %m");
+
+                        r = rl.rlim_max == RLIM_INFINITY ? json_variant_new_null(&jmax) : json_variant_new_unsigned(&jmax, rl.rlim_max);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Failed to allocate maximum integer: %m");
+
+                        r = json_build(&v,
+                                       JSON_BUILD_OBJECT(
+                                                       JSON_BUILD_PAIR("cur", JSON_BUILD_VARIANT(jcur)),
+                                                       JSON_BUILD_PAIR("max", JSON_BUILD_VARIANT(jmax))));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to build resource limit: %m");
+
+                        t = strjoin("RLIMIT_", rlimit_to_string(l));
+                        if (!t)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field(&arg_identity_extra_rlimits, t, v);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", rlimit_to_string(l));
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 'u': {
+                        uid_t uid;
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("uid");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_uid(optarg, &uid);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse UID '%s'.", optarg);
+
+                        if (uid_is_system(uid))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "UID " UID_FMT " is in system range, refusing.", uid);
+                        if (uid_is_dynamic(uid))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "UID " UID_FMT " is in dynamic range, refusing.", uid);
+                        if (uid == UID_NOBODY)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "UID " UID_FMT " is nobody UID, refusing.", uid);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra, "uid", uid);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set realm field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 'k':
+                case ARG_IMAGE_PATH: {
+                        const char *field = c == 'k' ? "skeletonDirectory" : "imagePath";
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(field);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_path_argument_and_warn(optarg, false, &v);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra_this_machine, field, v);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", v);
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 's':
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("shell");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!valid_shell(optarg))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Shell '%s' not valid.", optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, "shell", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set shell field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SETENV: {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char **l = NULL, **k = NULL;
+                        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *ne = NULL;
+                        JsonVariant *e;
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("environment");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!env_assignment_is_valid(optarg))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Environment assignment '%s' not valid.", optarg);
+
+                        e = json_variant_by_key(arg_identity_extra, "environment");
+                        if (e) {
+                                r = json_variant_strv(e, &l);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse JSON environment field: %m");
+                        }
+
+                        k = strv_env_set(l, optarg);
+                        if (!k)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        strv_sort(k);
+
+                        r = json_variant_new_array_strv(&ne, k);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate environment list JSON: %m");
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field(&arg_identity_extra, "environment", ne);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set environent list: %m");
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_TIMEZONE:
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("timeZone");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!timezone_is_valid(optarg, LOG_DEBUG))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Timezone '%s' is not valid.", optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, "timeZone", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set timezone field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LANGUAGE:
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("language");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!locale_is_valid(optarg))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Locale '%s' is not valid.", optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(&arg_identity_extra, "preferredLanguage", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set preferredLanguage field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NOSUID:
+                case ARG_NODEV:
+                case ARG_NOEXEC:
+                case ARG_LOCKED:
+                case ARG_KILL_PROCESSES:
+                case ARG_ENFORCE_PASSWORD_POLICY:
+                case ARG_AUTO_LOGIN:
+                case ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_NOW: {
+                        const char *field =
+                                                 c == ARG_LOCKED ? "locked" :
+                                                 c == ARG_NOSUID ? "mountNoSuid" :
+                                                  c == ARG_NODEV ? "mountNoDevices" :
+                                                 c == ARG_NOEXEC ? "mountNoExecute" :
+                                         c == ARG_KILL_PROCESSES ? "killProcesses" :
+                                c == ARG_ENFORCE_PASSWORD_POLICY ? "enforcePasswordPolicy" :
+                                             c == ARG_AUTO_LOGIN ? "autoLogin" :
+                                    c == ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_NOW ? "passwordChangeNow" :
+                                                                   NULL;
+
+                        assert(field);
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(field);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_boolean(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse %s boolean: %m", field);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_boolean(&arg_identity_extra, field, r > 0);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", field);
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 'P':
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_boolean(&arg_identity_extra, "enforcePasswordPolicy", false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set enforcePasswordPolicy field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_DISK_SIZE:
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("diskSize");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                r = drop_from_identity("diskSizeRelative");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                arg_disk_size = arg_disk_size_relative = UINT64_MAX;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_permille(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                r = parse_size(optarg, 1024, &arg_disk_size);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Disk size '%s' not valid.", optarg);
+
+                                r = drop_from_identity("diskSizeRelative");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra_this_machine, "diskSize", arg_disk_size);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set diskSize field: %m");
+
+                                arg_disk_size_relative = UINT64_MAX;
+                        } else {
+                                /* Normalize to UINT32_MAX == 100% */
+                                arg_disk_size_relative = (uint64_t) r * UINT32_MAX / 1000U;
+
+                                r = drop_from_identity("diskSize");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra_this_machine, "diskSizeRelative", arg_disk_size_relative);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set diskSizeRelative field: %m");
+
+                                arg_disk_size = UINT64_MAX;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ACCESS_MODE: {
+                        mode_t mode;
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("accessMode");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_mode(optarg, &mode);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Access mode '%s' not valid.", optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra, "accessMode", mode);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set access mode field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_LUKS_DISCARD:
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("luksDiscard");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_boolean(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse --luks-discard= parameter: %s", optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_boolean(&arg_identity_extra, "luksDiscard", r);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set discard field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LUKS_VOLUME_KEY_SIZE:
+                case ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_PARALLEL_THREADS:
+                case ARG_RATE_LIMIT_BURST: {
+                        const char *field =
+                                       c == ARG_LUKS_VOLUME_KEY_SIZE ? "luksVolumeKeySize" :
+                                c == ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_PARALLEL_THREADS ? "luksPbkdfParallelThreads" :
+                                           c == ARG_RATE_LIMIT_BURST ? "rateLimitBurst" : NULL;
+                        unsigned n;
+
+                        assert(field);
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(field);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                        r = safe_atou(optarg, &n);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse %s parameter: %s", field, optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra, field, n);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", field);
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_UMASK: {
+                        mode_t m;
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("umask");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_mode(optarg, &m);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse umask: %m");
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_integer(&arg_identity_extra, "umask", m);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set umask field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_SSH_AUTHORIZED_KEYS: {
+                        _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *v = NULL;
+                        _cleanup_(strv_freep) char **l = NULL, **add = NULL;
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("sshAuthorizedKeys");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (optarg[0] == '@') {
+                                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+
+                                /* If prefixed with '@' read from a file */
+
+                                f = fopen(optarg+1, "re");
+                                if (!f)
+                                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open '%s': %m", optarg+1);
+
+                                for (;;) {
+                                        _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
+
+                                        r = read_line(f, LONG_LINE_MAX, &line);
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                return log_error_errno(r, "Faile dto read from '%s': %m", optarg+1);
+                                        if (r == 0)
+                                                break;
+
+                                        if (isempty(line))
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        if (line[0] == '#')
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        r = strv_consume(&add, TAKE_PTR(line));
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                return log_oom();
+                                }
+                        } else {
+                                /* Otherwise, assume it's a literal key. Let's do some superficial checks
+                                 * before accept it though. */
+
+                                if (string_has_cc(optarg, NULL))
+                                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Authorized key contains control characters, refusing.");
+                                if (optarg[0] == '#')
+                                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Specified key is a comment?");
+
+                                add = strv_new(optarg);
+                                if (!add)
+                                        return log_oom();
+                        }
+
+                        v = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(arg_identity_extra_privileged, "sshAuthorizedKeys"));
+                        if (v) {
+                                r = json_variant_strv(v, &l);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse SSH authorized keys list: %m");
+                        }
+
+                        r = strv_extend_strv(&l, add, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        v = json_variant_unref(v);
+
+                        r = json_variant_new_array_strv(&v, l);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field(&arg_identity_extra_privileged, "sshAuthorizedKeys", v);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set authorized keys: %m");
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_NOT_BEFORE:
+                case ARG_NOT_AFTER:
+                case 'e': {
+                        const char *field;
+                        usec_t n;
+
+                        field =           c == ARG_NOT_BEFORE ? "notBeforeUSec" :
+                                IN_SET(c, ARG_NOT_AFTER, 'e') ? "notAfterUSec" : NULL;
+
+                        assert(field);
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(field);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Note the minor discrepancy regarding -e parsing here: we support that for compat
+                         * reasons, and in the original useradd(8) implementation it accepts dates in the
+                         * format YYYY-MM-DD. Coincidentally, we accept dates formatted like that too, but
+                         * with greater precision. */
+                        r = parse_timestamp(optarg, &n);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse %s parameter: %m", field);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra, field, n);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", field);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_MIN:
+                case ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_MAX:
+                case ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_WARN:
+                case ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_INACTIVE: {
+                        const char *field;
+                        usec_t n;
+
+                        field =      c == ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_MIN ? "passwordChangeMinUSec" :
+                                     c == ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_MAX ? "passwordChangeMaxUSec" :
+                                    c == ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_WARN ? "passwordChangeWarnUSec" :
+                                c == ARG_PASSWORD_CHANGE_INACTIVE ? "passwordChangeInactiveUSec" :
+                                                                    NULL;
+
+                        assert(field);
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(field);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_sec(optarg, &n);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse %s parameter: %m", field);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra, field, n);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", field);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_STORAGE:
+                case ARG_FS_TYPE:
+                case ARG_LUKS_CIPHER:
+                case ARG_LUKS_CIPHER_MODE:
+                case ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_TYPE:
+                case ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_HASH_ALGORITHM: {
+
+                        const char *field =
+                                                  c == ARG_STORAGE ? "storage" :
+                                                  c == ARG_FS_TYPE ? "fileSytemType" :
+                                              c == ARG_LUKS_CIPHER ? "luksCipher" :
+                                         c == ARG_LUKS_CIPHER_MODE ? "luksCipherMode" :
+                                          c == ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_TYPE ? "luksPbkdfType" :
+                                c == ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_HASH_ALGORITHM ? "luksPbkdfHashAlgorithm" : NULL;
+
+                        assert(field);
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(field);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!string_is_safe(optarg))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Parameter for %s field not valid: %s", field, optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_string(
+                                        IN_SET(c, ARG_STORAGE, ARG_FS_TYPE) ?
+                                        &arg_identity_extra_this_machine :
+                                        &arg_identity_extra, field, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", field);
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_TIME_COST:
+                case ARG_RATE_LIMIT_INTERVAL:
+                case ARG_STOP_DELAY: {
+                        const char *field =
+                                c == ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_TIME_COST ? "luksPbkdfTimeCostUSec" :
+                                 c == ARG_RATE_LIMIT_INTERVAL ? "rateLimitIntervalUSec" :
+                                          c == ARG_STOP_DELAY ? "stopDelayUSec" :
+                                                                NULL;
+                        usec_t t;
+
+                        assert(field);
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(field);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_sec(optarg, &t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse %s field: %s", field, optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra, field, t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", field);
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 'G': {
+                        const char *p = optarg;
+
+                        if (isempty(p)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("memberOf");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        for (;;) {
+                                _cleanup_(json_variant_unrefp) JsonVariant *mo = NULL;
+                                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **list = NULL;
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+
+                                r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, ",", 0);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse group list: %m");
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        break;
+
+                                if (!valid_user_group_name(word))
+                                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Invalid group name %s.", word);
+
+                                mo = json_variant_ref(json_variant_by_key(arg_identity_extra, "memberOf"));
+
+                                r = json_variant_strv(mo, &list);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse group list: %m");
+
+                                r = strv_extend(&list, word);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                strv_sort(list);
+                                strv_uniq(list);
+
+                                mo = json_variant_unref(mo);
+                                r = json_variant_new_array_strv(&mo, list);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create group list JSON: %m");
+
+                                r = json_variant_set_field(&arg_identity_extra, "memberOf", mo);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update group list: %m");
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_TASKS_MAX: {
+                        uint64_t u;
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity("tasksMax");
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = safe_atou64(optarg, &u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse --tasks-max= parameter: %s", optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra, "tasksMax", u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set tasksMax field: %m");
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_MEMORY_MAX:
+                case ARG_MEMORY_HIGH:
+                case ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_MEMORY_COST: {
+                        const char *field =
+                                            c == ARG_MEMORY_MAX ? "memoryMax" :
+                                           c == ARG_MEMORY_HIGH ? "memoryHigh" :
+                                c == ARG_LUKS_PBKDF_MEMORY_COST ? "luksPbkdfMemoryCost" : NULL;
+
+                        uint64_t u;
+
+                        assert(field);
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(field);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_size(optarg, 1024, &u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse %s parameter: %s", field, optarg);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra_this_machine, field, u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", field);
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_CPU_WEIGHT:
+                case ARG_IO_WEIGHT: {
+                        const char *field = c == ARG_CPU_WEIGHT ? "cpuWeight" :
+                                            c == ARG_IO_WEIGHT ? "ioWeight" : NULL;
+                        uint64_t u;
+
+                        assert(field);
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(field);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = safe_atou64(optarg, &u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse --cpu-weight=/--io-weight= parameter: %s", optarg);
+
+                        if (!CGROUP_WEIGHT_IS_OK(u))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Weight %" PRIu64 " is out of valid weight range.", u);
+
+                        r = json_variant_set_field_unsigned(&arg_identity_extra, field, u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set %s field: %m", field);
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_PKCS11_TOKEN_URI: {
+                        const char *p;
+
+                        /* If --pkcs11-token-uri= is specified we always drop everything old */
+                        FOREACH_STRING(p, "pkcs11TokenUri", "pkcs11EncryptedKey") {
+                                r = drop_from_identity(p);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                        if (isempty(optarg)) {
+                                arg_pkcs11_token_uri = strv_free(arg_pkcs11_token_uri);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!pkcs11_uri_valid(optarg))
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Not a valid PKCS#11 URI: %s", optarg);
+
+                        r = strv_extend(&arg_pkcs11_token_uri, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        strv_uniq(arg_pkcs11_token_uri);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 'j':
+                        arg_json = true;
+                        arg_json_format_flags = JSON_FORMAT_PRETTY_AUTO|JSON_FORMAT_COLOR_AUTO;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_JSON:
+                        if (streq(optarg, "pretty")) {
+                                arg_json = true;
+                                arg_json_format_flags = JSON_FORMAT_PRETTY|JSON_FORMAT_COLOR_AUTO;
+                        } else if (streq(optarg, "short")) {
+                                arg_json = true;
+                                arg_json_format_flags = JSON_FORMAT_NEWLINE;
+                        } else if (streq(optarg, "off")) {
+                                arg_json = false;
+                                arg_json_format_flags = 0;
+                        } else if (streq(optarg, "help")) {
+                                puts("pretty\n"
+                                     "short\n"
+                                     "off");
+                                return 0;
+                        } else
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Unknown argument to --json=: %s", optarg);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case 'E':
+                        if (arg_export_format == EXPORT_FORMAT_FULL)
+                                arg_export_format = EXPORT_FORMAT_STRIPPED;
+                        else if (arg_export_format == EXPORT_FORMAT_STRIPPED)
+                                arg_export_format = EXPORT_FORMAT_MINIMAL;
+                        else
+                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Specifying -E more than twice is not supported.");
+
+                        arg_json = true;
+                        if (arg_json_format_flags == 0)
+                                arg_json_format_flags = JSON_FORMAT_PRETTY_AUTO|JSON_FORMAT_COLOR_AUTO;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_EXPORT_FORMAT:
+                        if (streq(optarg, "full"))
+                                arg_export_format = EXPORT_FORMAT_FULL;
+                        else if (streq(optarg, "stripped"))
+                                arg_export_format = EXPORT_FORMAT_STRIPPED;
+                        else if (streq(optarg, "minimal"))
+                                arg_export_format = EXPORT_FORMAT_MINIMAL;
+                        else if (streq(optarg, "help")) {
+                                puts("full\n"
+                                     "stripped\n"
+                                     "minimal");
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_AND_RESIZE:
+                        arg_and_resize = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_AND_CHANGE_PASSWORD:
+                        arg_and_change_password = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(arg_pkcs11_token_uri))
+                arg_and_change_password = true;
+
+        if (arg_disk_size != UINT64_MAX || arg_disk_size_relative != UINT64_MAX)
+                arg_and_resize = true;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int run(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        static const Verb verbs[] = {
+                { "help",         VERB_ANY, VERB_ANY, 0,            help                },
+                { "list",         VERB_ANY, 1,        VERB_DEFAULT, list_homes          },
+                { "activate",     2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            activate_home       },
+                { "deactivate",   2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            deactivate_home     },
+                { "inspect",      VERB_ANY, VERB_ANY, 0,            inspect_home        },
+                { "authenticate", VERB_ANY, VERB_ANY, 0,            authenticate_home   },
+                { "create",       VERB_ANY, 2,        0,            create_home         },
+                { "remove",       2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            remove_home         },
+                { "update",       VERB_ANY, 2,        0,            update_home         },
+                { "passwd",       VERB_ANY, 2,        0,            passwd_home         },
+                { "resize",       2,        3,        0,            resize_home         },
+                { "lock",         2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            lock_home           },
+                { "unlock",       2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            unlock_home         },
+                { "with",         2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            with_home           },
+                { "lock-all",     VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            lock_all_homes      },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int r;
+
+        log_show_color(true);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return dispatch_verb(argc, argv, verbs, NULL);
+}
+
+DEFINE_MAIN_FUNCTION(run);
diff --git a/src/home/meson.build b/src/home/meson.build
index 82c6735894..fd32d3d847 100644
--- a/src/home/meson.build
+++ b/src/home/meson.build
@@ -52,6 +52,16 @@ systemd_homed_sources = files('''
         user-record-util.h
 '''.split())
 
+homectl_sources = files('''
+        home-util.c
+        home-util.h
+        homectl.c
+        pwquality-util.c
+        pwquality-util.h
+        user-record-util.c
+        user-record-util.h
+'''.split())
+
 if conf.get('ENABLE_HOMED') == 1
         install_data('org.freedesktop.home1.conf',
                      install_dir : dbuspolicydir)
diff --git a/src/home/pwquality-util.c b/src/home/pwquality-util.c
index c814c8f11e..f2342b28f8 100644
--- a/src/home/pwquality-util.c
+++ b/src/home/pwquality-util.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include "bus-common-errors.h"
 #include "home-util.h"
+#include "memory-util.h"
 #include "pwquality-util.h"
 #include "strv.h"
 
@@ -125,6 +126,47 @@ int quality_check_password(
         return 0;
 }
 
+#define N_SUGGESTIONS 6
+
+int suggest_passwords(void) {
+        _cleanup_(pwquality_free_settingsp) pwquality_settings_t *pwq = NULL;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_erase_ char **suggestions = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(erase_and_freep) char *joined = NULL;
+        char buf[PWQ_MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LEN];
+        void *auxerror;
+        size_t i;
+        int r;
+
+        pwq = pwquality_default_settings();
+        if (!pwq)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = pwquality_read_config(pwq, NULL, &auxerror);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Failed to read libpwquality configuation, ignoring: %s",
+                                  pwquality_strerror(buf, sizeof(buf), r, auxerror));
+
+        pwquality_maybe_disable_dictionary(pwq);
+
+        suggestions = new0(char*, N_SUGGESTIONS);
+        if (!suggestions)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        for (i = 0; i < N_SUGGESTIONS; i++) {
+                r = pwquality_generate(pwq, 64, suggestions + i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Failed to generate password, ignoring: %s",
+                                               pwquality_strerror(buf, sizeof(buf), r, NULL));
+        }
+
+        joined = strv_join(suggestions, " ");
+        if (!joined)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        log_info("Password suggestions: %s", joined);
+        return 0;
+}
+
 #else
 
 int quality_check_password(
@@ -137,4 +179,8 @@ int quality_check_password(
 
         return 0;
 }
+
+int suggest_passwords(void) {
+        return 0;
+}
 #endif
diff --git a/src/home/pwquality-util.h b/src/home/pwquality-util.h
index b44150b305..d61c04c342 100644
--- a/src/home/pwquality-util.h
+++ b/src/home/pwquality-util.h
@@ -5,3 +5,5 @@
 #include "user-record.h"
 
 int quality_check_password(UserRecord *hr, UserRecord *secret, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+int suggest_passwords(void);