path: root/docs/DISCOVERABLE_PARTITIONS.md

---
title: Discoverable Partitions Specification
category: Concepts
layout: default
SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
---
# The Discoverable Partitions Specification

_TL;DR: Let's automatically discover, mount and enable the root partition,
`/home/`, `/srv/`, `/var/` and `/var/tmp/` and the swap partitions based on
GUID Partition Tables (GPT)!_

This specification describes the use of GUID Partition Table (GPT) UUIDs to
enable automatic discovery of partitions and their intended mountpoints.
Traditionally Linux has made little use of partition types, mostly just
defining one UUID for file system/data partitions and another one for swap
partitions. With this specification, we introduce additional partition types
for specific uses. This has many benefits:

* OS installers can automatically discover and make sense of partitions of
  existing Linux installations.
* The OS can discover and mount the necessary file systems with a non-existent
  or incomplete `/etc/fstab` file and without the `root=` kernel command line
  option.
* Container managers (such as nspawn and libvirt-lxc) can introspect and set up
  file systems contained in GPT disk images automatically and mount them to the
  right places, thus allowing booting the same, identical images on bare metal
  and in Linux containers. This enables true, natural portability of disk
  images between physical machines and Linux containers.
* As a help to administrators and users partition manager tools can show more
  descriptive information about partitions tables.

Note that the OS side of this specification is currently implemented in
[systemd](http://systemd.io/) 211 and newer in the
[systemd-gpt-auto-generator(8)](http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-gpt-auto-generator.html)
generator tool. Note that automatic discovery of the root only works if the
boot loader communicates this information to the OS, by implementing the [Boot
Loader
Interface](https://systemd.io/BOOT_LOADER_INTERFACE).

## Defined Partition Type UUIDs

| Partition Type UUID | Name | Allowed File Systems | Explanation |
|---------------------|------|----------------------|-------------|
| `44479540-f297-41b2-9af7-d131d5f0458a` | _Root Partition (x86)_ | Any native, optionally in LUKS | On systems with matching architecture, the first partition with this type UUID on the disk containing the active EFI ESP is automatically mounted to the root directory <tt>/</tt>. If the partition is encrypted with LUKS or has dm-verity integrity data (see below), the device mapper file will be named `/dev/mapper/root`. |
| `4f68bce3-e8cd-4db1-96e7-fbcaf984b709` | _Root Partition (x86-64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `69dad710-2ce4-4e3c-b16c-21a1d49abed3` | _Root Partition (32-bit ARM)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `b921b045-1df0-41c3-af44-4c6f280d3fae` | _Root Partition (64-bit ARM/AArch64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `993d8d3d-f80e-4225-855a-9daf8ed7ea97` | _Root Partition (Itanium/IA-64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `77055800-792c-4f94-b39a-98c91b762bb6` | _Root Partition (LoongArch 64-bit)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `60d5a7fe-8e7d-435c-b714-3dd8162144e1` | _Root Partition (RISC-V 32-bit)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `72ec70a6-cf74-40e6-bd49-4bda08e8f224` | _Root Partition (RISC-V 64-bit)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `d13c5d3b-b5d1-422a-b29f-9454fdc89d76` | _Root Verity Partition (x86)_ | A dm-verity superblock followed by hash data | Contains dm-verity integrity hash data for the matching root partition. If this feature is used the partition UUID of the root partition should be the first 128 bits of the root hash of the dm-verity hash data, and the partition UUID of this dm-verity partition should be the final 128 bits of it, so that the root partition and its verity partition can be discovered easily, simply by specifying the root hash. |
| `2c7357ed-ebd2-46d9-aec1-23d437ec2bf5` | _Root Verity Partition (x86-64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `7386cdf2-203c-47a9-a498-f2ecce45a2d6` | _Root Verity Partition (32-bit ARM)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `df3300ce-d69f-4c92-978c-9bfb0f38d820` | _Root Verity Partition (64-bit ARM/AArch64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `86ed10d5-b607-45bb-8957-d350f23d0571` | _Root Verity Partition (Itanium/IA-64)_  | ditto | ditto |
| `f3393b22-e9af-4613-a948-9d3bfbd0c535` | _Root Verity Partition (LoongArch 64-bit)_  | ditto | ditto |
| `ae0253be-1167-4007-ac68-43926c14c5de` | _Root Verity Partition (RISC-V 32-bit)_  | ditto | ditto |
| `b6ed5582-440b-4209-b8da-5ff7c419ea3d` | _Root Verity Partition (RISC-V 64-bit)_  | ditto | ditto |
| `75250d76-8cc6-458e-bd66-bd47cc81a812` | _`/usr/` Partition (x86)_ | Any native, optionally in LUKS | Similar semantics to root partition, but just the `/usr/` partition. |
| `8484680c-9521-48c6-9c11-b0720656f69e` | _`/usr/` Partition (x86-64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `7d0359a3-02b3-4f0a-865c-654403e70625` | _`/usr/` Partition (32-bit ARM)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `b0e01050-ee5f-4390-949a-9101b17104e9` | _`/usr/` Partition (64-bit ARM/AArch64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `4301d2a6-4e3b-4b2a-bb94-9e0b2c4225ea` | _`/usr/` Partition (Itanium/IA-64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `e611c702-575c-4cbe-9a46-434fa0bf7e3f` | _`/usr/` Partition (LoongArch 64-bit)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `b933fb22-5c3f-4f91-af90-e2bb0fa50702` | _`/usr/` Partition (RISC-V 32-bit)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `beaec34b-8442-439b-a40b-984381ed097d` | _`/usr/` Partition (RISC-V 64-bit)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `8f461b0d-14ee-4e81-9aa9-049b6fb97abd` | _`/usr/` Verity Partition (x86)_ | A dm-verity superblock followed by hash data | Similar semantics to root Verity partition, but just for the `/usr/` partition. |
| `77ff5f63-e7b6-4633-acf4-1565b864c0e6` | _`/usr/` Verity Partition (x86-64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `c215d751-7bcd-4649-be90-6627490a4c05` | _`/usr/` Verity Partition (32-bit ARM)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `6e11a4e7-fbca-4ded-b9e9-e1a512bb664e` | _`/usr/` Verity Partition (64-bit ARM/AArch64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `6a491e03-3be7-4545-8e38-83320e0ea880` | _`/usr/` Verity Partition (Itanium/IA-64)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `f46b2c26-59ae-48f0-9106-c50ed47f673d` | _`/usr/` Verity Partition (LoongArch 64-bit)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `cb1ee4e3-8cd0-4136-a0a4-aa61a32e8730` | _`/usr/` Verity Partition (RISC-V 32-bit)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `8f1056be-9b05-47c4-81d6-be53128e5b54` | _`/usr/` Verity Partition (RISC-V 64-bit)_ | ditto | ditto |
| `933ac7e1-2eb4-4f13-b844-0e14e2aef915` | _Home Partition_ | Any native, optionally in LUKS | The first partition with this type UUID on the disk containing the root partition is automatically mounted to `/home/`.  If the partition is encrypted with LUKS, the device mapper file will be named `/dev/mapper/home`. |
| `3b8f8425-20e0-4f3b-907f-1a25a76f98e8` | _Server Data Partition_ | Any native, optionally in LUKS | The first partition with this type UUID on the disk containing the root partition is automatically mounted to `/srv/`.  If the partition is encrypted with LUKS, the device mapper file will be named `/dev/mapper/srv`. |
| `4d21b016-b534-45c2-a9fb-5c16e091fd2d` | _Variable Data Partition_ | Any native, optionally in LUKS | The first partition with this type UUID on the disk containing the root partition is automatically mounted to `/var/` — under the condition that its partition UUID matches the first 128 bits of `HMAC-SHA256(machine-id, 0x4d21b016b53445c2a9fb5c16e091fd2d)` (i.e. the SHA256 HMAC hash of the binary type UUID keyed by the machine ID as read from [`/etc/machine-id`](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/machine-id.html). This special requirement is made because `/var/` (unlike the other partition types listed here) is inherently private to a specific installation and cannot possibly be shared between multiple OS installations on the same disk, and thus should be bound to a specific instance of the OS, identified by its machine ID. If the partition is encrypted with LUKS, the device mapper file will be named `/dev/mapper/var`. |
| `7ec6f557-3bc5-4aca-b293-16ef5df639d1` | _Temporary Data Partition_ | Any native, optionally in LUKS | The first partition with this type UUID on the disk containing the root partition is automatically mounted to `/var/tmp/`.  If the partition is encrypted with LUKS, the device mapper file will be named `/dev/mapper/tmp`. Note that the intended mount point is indeed `/var/tmp/`, not `/tmp/`. The latter is typically maintained in memory via <tt>tmpfs</tt> and does not require a partition on disk. In some cases it might be desirable to make `/tmp/` persistent too, in which case it is recommended to make it a symlink or bind mount to `/var/tmp/`, thus not requiring its own partition type UUID. |
| `0657fd6d-a4ab-43c4-84e5-0933c84b4f4f` | _Swap_ | Swap, optionally in LUKS | All swap partitions on the disk containing the root partition are automatically enabled. If the partition is encrypted with LUKS, the device mapper file will be named `/dev/mapper/swap`. This partition type predates the Discoverable Partitions Specification. |
| `0fc63daf-8483-4772-8e79-3d69d8477de4` | _Generic Linux Data Partitions_ | Any native, optionally in LUKS | No automatic mounting takes place for other Linux data partitions. This partition type should be used for all partitions that carry Linux file systems. The installer needs to mount them explicitly via entries in <tt>/etc/fstab</tt>. Optionally, these partitions may be encrypted with LUKS. This partition type predates the Discoverable Partitions Specification. |
| `c12a7328-f81f-11d2-ba4b-00a0c93ec93b` | _EFI System Partition_ | VFAT | The ESP used for the current boot is automatically mounted to `/efi/` (or `/boot/` as fallback), unless a different partition is mounted there (possibly via `/etc/fstab`, or because the Extended Boot Loader Partition — see below — exists) or the directory is non-empty on the root disk.  This partition type is defined by the [UEFI Specification](http://www.uefi.org/specifications). |
| `bc13c2ff-59e6-4262-a352-b275fd6f7172` | _Extended Boot Loader Partition_ | Typically VFAT | The Extended Boot Loader Partition (XBOOTLDR) used for the current boot is automatically mounted to <tt>/boot/</tt>, unless a different partition is mounted there (possibly via <tt>/etc/fstab</tt>) or the directory is non-empty on the root disk. This partition type is defined by the [Boot Loader Specification](https://systemd.io/BOOT_LOADER_SPECIFICATION). |

Other GPT type IDs might be used on Linux, for example to mark software RAID or
LVM partitions. The definitions of those GPT types is outside of the scope of
this specification.

[systemd-id128(1)](http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-id128.html)
may be used to list those UUIDs.

## Partition Names

For partitions of the types listed above it is recommended to use
human-friendly, descriptive partition names in the GPT partition table, for
example "*Home*", "*Server* *Data*", "*Fedora* *Root*" and similar, possibly
localized.

## Partition Flags

This specification defines three GPT partition flags that may be set for the
partition types defined above:

1. For the root, `/usr/`, Verity, home, server data, variable data, temporary data,
   swap and extended boot loader partitions, the partition flag bit 63
   ("*no-auto*") may be used to turn off auto-discovery for the specific
   partition.  If set, the partition will not be automatically mounted or
   enabled.

2. For the root, `/usr/`, Verity, home, server data, variable data, temporary
   data and extended boot loader partitions, the partition flag bit 60
   ("*read-only*") may be used to mark a partition for read-only mounts only.
   If set, the partition will be mounted read-only instead of read-write. Note
   that the variable data partition and the temporary data partition will
   generally not be able to serve their purpose if marked read-only, since by
   their very definition they are supposed to be mutable. (The home and server
   data partitions are generally assumed to be mutable as well, but the
   requirement for them is not equally strong.) Because of that, while the
   read-only flag is defined and supported, it's almost never a good idea to
   actually use it for these partitions. Also note that Verity partitions are
   by their semantics always read-only. The flag is hence of little effect for
   them, and it is recommended to set it unconditionally for the Verity
   partition types.

3. For the root, `/usr/`, home, server data, variable data, temporary data and
   extended boot loader partitions, the partition flag bit 59
   ("*grow-file-system*") may be used to mark a partition for automatic growing
   of the contained file system to the size of the partition when
   mounted. Tools that automatically mount disk image with a GPT partition
   table are suggested to implicitly grow the contained file system to the
   partition size they are contained in. This flag is without effect on
   partitions marked read-only.

Note that the first two flag definitions happen to map nicely to the ones used
by Microsoft Basic Data Partitions.

All three of these flags generally affect only auto-discovery and automatic
mounting of disk images. If partitions marked with these flags are mounted
using low-level commands like
[mount(8)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mount.8.html) or directly with
[mount(2)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mount.2.html), they typically
have no effect.

## Suggested Mode of Operation

An *installer* that repartitions the hard disk _should_ use the above UUID
partition types for appropriate partitions it creates.

An *installer* which supports a "manual partitioning" interface _may_ choose to
pre-populate the interface with swap, `/home/`, `/srv/`, `/var/tmp/` partitions
of pre-existing Linux installations, identified with the GPT type UUIDs
above. The installer should not pre-populate such an interface with any
identified root, `/usr` or `/var/` partition unless the intention is to
overwrite an existing operating system that might be installed.

An *installer* _may_ omit creating entries in `/etc/fstab` for root, `/home/`,
`/srv/`, `/var/`, `/var/tmp` and for the swap partitions if they use these UUID
partition types, and are the first partitions on the disk of each type. If the
ESP shall be mounted to `/efi/` (or `/boot/`), it may additionally omit
creating the entry for it in `/etc/fstab`.  If an extended boot partition is
used, or if the EFI partition shall not be mounted to `/efi/` or `/boot/`, it
_must_ create `/etc/fstab` entries for them.  If other partitions are used (for
example for `/usr/` or `/var/lib/mysql/`), the installer _must_ register these
in `/etc/fstab`.  The `root=` parameter passed to the kernel by the boot loader
may be omitted if the root partition is the first one on the disk of its type.
If the root partition is not the first one on the disk, the `root=` parameter
_must_ be passed to the kernel by the boot loader.  An installer that mounts a
root, `/usr/`, `/home/`, `/srv/`, `/var/`, or `/var/tmp/` file system with the
partition types defined as above which contains a LUKS header _must_ call the
device mapper device "root", "usr", "home", "srv", "var" or "tmp",
respectively.  This is necessary to ensure that the automatic discovery will
never result in different device mapper names than any static configuration by
the installer, thus eliminating possible naming conflicts and ambiguities.

An *operating* *system* _should_ automatically discover and mount the first
root partition that does not have the no-auto flag set (as described above) by
scanning the disk containing the currently used EFI ESP.  It _should_
automatically discover and mount the first `/usr/`, `/home/`, `/srv/`, `/var/`,
`/var/tmp/` and swap partitions that do not have the no-auto flag set by
scanning the disk containing the discovered root partition.  It should
automatically discover and mount the partition containing the currently used
EFI ESP to `/efi/` (or `/boot/` as fallback).  It should automatically discover
and mount the partition containing the currently used Extended Boot Loader
Partition to `/boot/`. It _should not_ discover or automatically mount
partitions with other UUID partition types, or partitions located on other
disks, or partitions with the no-auto flag set.  User configuration shall
always override automatic discovery and mounting.  If a root, `/usr/`,
`/home/`, `/srv/`, `/boot/`, `/var/`, `/var/tmp/`, `/efi/`, `/boot/` or swap
partition is listed in `/etc/fstab` or with `root=` on the kernel command line,
it _must_ take precedence over automatically discovered partitions.  If a
`/home/`, `/usr/`, `/srv/`, `/boot/`, `/var/`, `/var/tmp/`, `/efi/` or `/boot/`
directory is found to be populated already in the root partition, the automatic
discovery _must not_ mount any discovered file system over it. Optionally, in
case of the root, `/usr/` and their Verity partitions instead of strictly
mounting the first suitable partition an OS might choose to mount the partition
whose label compares the highest according to `strverscmp()` or a similar
logic, in order to implement a simple partition-based A/B versioning
scheme. The precise rules are left for the implementation to decide, but when
in doubt earlier partitions (by their index) should always win over later
partitions if the label comparison is inconclusive.

A *container* *manager* should automatically discover and mount the root,
`/usr/`, `/home/`, `/srv/`, `/var/`, `/var/tmp/` partitions inside a container
disk image.  It may choose to mount any discovered ESP and/or XBOOOTLDR
partition to `/efi/` or `/boot/`. It should ignore any swap should they be
included in a container disk image.

If a btrfs file system is automatically discovered and mounted by the operating
system/container manager it will be mounted with its *default* subvolume.  The
installer should make sure to set the default subvolume correctly using "btrfs
subvolume set-default".

## Sharing of File Systems between Installations

If two Linux-based operating systems are installed on the same disk, the scheme
above suggests that they may share the swap, `/home/`, `/srv/`, `/var/tmp/`,
ESP, XBOOTLDR. However, they should each have their own root, `/usr/` and
`/var/` partition.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### Why are you taking my `/etc/fstab` away?

We are not. `/etc/fstab` always overrides automatic discovery and is indeed
mentioned in the specifications.  We are simply trying to make the boot and
installation processes of Linux a bit more robust and self-descriptive.

### Why did you only define the root partition for these listed architectures?

The automatic discovery of the root partition is defined to operate on the disk
containing the current EFI System Partition (ESP). Since EFI only exists on
x86, x86-64, ia64, ARM, LoongArch and RISC-V so far, we only defined root
partition UUIDs for these architectures.  Should EFI become more common on
other architectures, we can define additional UUIDs for them.

### Why define distinct root partition UUIDs for the various architectures?

This allows disk images that may be booted on multiple architectures to use
discovery of the appropriate root partition on each architecture.

### Doesn't this break multi-boot scenarios?

No, it doesn't.  The specification says that installers may not stop creating
`/etc/fstab` or stop including `root=` on the kernel command line, unless the used
partitions are the first ones of their type on the disk. Additionally,
`/etc/fstab` and `root=` both override automatic discovery.  Multi-boot is hence
well supported, since it doesn't change anything for anything but the first
installation.

That all said, it's not expected that generic installers generally stop setting
`root=` and creating `/etc/fstab` anyway. The option to drop these configuration
bits is primarily something for appliance-like devices.  However, generic
installers should *still* set the right GPT partition types for the partitions
they create so that container managers, partition tools and administrators can
benefit.  Phrased differently, this specification introduces A) the
*recommendation* to use the newly defined partition types to tag things
properly and B) the *option* to then drop `root=` and `/etc/fstab`.  While we
advertise A) to *all* installers, we only propose B) for simpler,
appliance-like installations.

### What partitioning tools will create a DPS-compliant partition table?

As of util-linux 2.25.2, the `fdisk` tool provides type codes to create the
root, home, and swap partitions that the DPS expects. By default, `fdisk` will
create an old-style MBR, not a GPT, so typing `l` to list partition types will
not show the choices to let you set the correct UUID. Make sure to first create
an empty GPT, then type `l` in order for the DPS-compliant type codes to be
available.

The `gdisk` tool (from version 1.0.5 onward) and its variants (`sgdisk`,
`cgdisk`) also support creation of partitions with a matching type code.