1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
|
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ -->
<refentry id="systemd-analyze"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
<refentryinfo>
<title>systemd-analyze</title>
<productname>systemd</productname>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>systemd-analyze</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>systemd-analyze</refname>
<refpurpose>Analyze and debug system manager</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg>time</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">blame</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">critical-chain</arg>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">plot</arg>
<arg choice="opt">> file.svg</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">dot</arg>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="opt">> file.dot</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">dump</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">cat-config</arg>
<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>NAME</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">unit-paths</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">log-level</arg>
<arg choice="opt"><replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">log-target</arg>
<arg choice="opt"><replaceable>TARGET</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">syscall-filter</arg>
<arg choice="opt"><replaceable>SET</replaceable>…</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">verify</arg>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>FILES</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">calendar</arg>
<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPECS</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">service-watchdogs</arg>
<arg choice="opt"><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">timespan</arg>
<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPAN</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemd-analyze</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">security</arg>
<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para><command>systemd-analyze</command> may be used to determine
system boot-up performance statistics and retrieve other state and
tracing information from the system and service manager, and to
verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access
special functions useful for advanced system manager debugging.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze time</command> prints the time
spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time
spent in the initial RAM disk (initrd) before normal system
userspace has been reached, and the time normal system userspace
took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure
the time passed up to the point where all system services have
been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully finished
initialization or the disk is idle.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze blame</command> prints a list of
all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize.
This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that
the output might be misleading as the initialization of one
service might be slow simply because it waits for the
initialization of another service to complete.
Also note: <command>systemd-analyze blame</command> doesn't display
results for services with <varname>Type=simple</varname>,
because systemd considers such services to be started immediately,
hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze critical-chain
[<replaceable>UNIT…</replaceable>]</command> prints a tree of
the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified
<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>s or for the default target
otherwise). The time after the unit is active or started is
printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start
is printed after the "+" character. Note that the output might be
misleading as the initialization of one service might depend on
socket activation and because of the parallel execution of
units.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze plot</command> prints an SVG
graphic detailing which system services have been started at what
time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze dot</command> generates textual
dependency graph description in dot format for further processing
with the GraphViz
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
tool. Use a command line like <command>systemd-analyze dot | dot
-Tsvg > systemd.svg</command> to generate a graphical dependency
tree. Unless <option>--order</option> or
<option>--require</option> is passed, the generated graph will
show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern
globbing style specifications (e.g. <filename>*.target</filename>)
may be given at the end. A unit dependency is included in the
graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or
destination node.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze dump</command> outputs a (usually
very long) human-readable serialization of the complete server
state. Its format is subject to change without notice and should
not be parsed by applications.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze cat-config</command> is similar
to <command>systemctl cat</command>, but operates on config files.
It will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard
output, using the usual systemd set of directories and rules for
precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including
the prefix (such as <filename>/etc/systemd/logind.conf</filename> or
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf</filename>), or a name
relative to the prefix (such as <filename>systemd/logind.conf</filename>).
</para>
<example>
<title>Showing logind configuration</title>
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf
# /etc/systemd/logind.conf
...
[Login]
NAutoVTs=8
...
# /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf
... some override from another package
# /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf
... some administrator override
</programlisting>
</example>
<para><command>systemd-analyze unit-paths</command> outputs a list of all
directories from which unit files, <filename>.d</filename> overrides, and
<filename>.wants</filename>, <filename>.requires</filename> symlinks may be
loaded. Combine with <option>--user</option> to retrieve the list for the user
manager instance, and <option>--global</option> for the global configuration of
user manager instances. Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into
<command>systemd-analyze</command> itself, and does not comunicate with the
running manager. Use
<programlisting>systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value</programlisting>
to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories
omitted.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze log-level</command>
prints the current log level of the <command>systemd</command> daemon.
If an optional argument <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> is provided, then the command changes the current log
level of the <command>systemd</command> daemon to <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> (accepts the same values as
<option>--log-level=</option> described in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze log-target</command>
prints the current log target of the <command>systemd</command> daemon.
If an optional argument <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> is provided, then the command changes the current log
target of the <command>systemd</command> daemon to <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> (accepts the same values as
<option>--log-target=</option>, described in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze syscall-filter <optional><replaceable>SET</replaceable>…</optional></command>
will list system calls contained in the specified system call set <replaceable>SET</replaceable>,
or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument <replaceable>SET</replaceable> must include
the <literal>@</literal> prefix.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze verify</command> will load unit files and print
warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified on the command line will be
loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. The full unit search path is
formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit
load paths (variable <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is supported, and may be
used to replace or augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
All units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will
be used in preference to the other paths.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze calendar</command> will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time
events, and will calculate when they will elapse next. This takes the same input as the
<varname>OnCalendar=</varname> setting in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
following the syntax described in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. By
default, only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use
<option>--iterations=</option> to show the specified number of next times the expression elapses.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze service-watchdogs</command>
prints the current state of service runtime watchdogs of the <command>systemd</command> daemon.
If an optional boolean argument is provided, then globally enables or disables the service
runtime watchdogs (<option>WatchdogSec=</option>) and emergency actions (e.g.
<option>OnFailure=</option> or <option>StartLimitAction=</option>); see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
The hardware watchdog is not affected by this setting.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze timespan</command> parses a time span and outputs the equivalent value in microseconds, and as a reformatted timespan.
The time span should adhere to the same syntax documented in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
Values without associated magnitudes are parsed as seconds.</para>
<para><command>systemd-analyze security</command> analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more
specified service units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service
units are inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded,
long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for various
security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending on how important a
setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which is an estimation in the range
0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure levels indicate very little applied
sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and strongest security restrictions. Note that this only
analyzes the per-service security features systemd itself implements. This means that any additional security
mechanisms applied by the service code itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should
not be misunderstood: a high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the
service code itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels
do indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to them. Please
note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented — unless combined with
others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount points many of the sandboxing
options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is essential that each service uses the most
comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings possible. The tool will take into account some of these
combinations and relationships between the settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing
settings analyzed here only apply to the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to
an IPC system (such as D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same
restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access policy is
not validated too.</para>
<para>If no command is passed, <command>systemd-analyze
time</command> is implied.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Options</title>
<para>The following options are understood:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--system</option></term>
<listitem><para>Operates on the system systemd instance. This
is the implied default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--user</option></term>
<listitem><para>Operates on the user systemd
instance.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--global</option></term>
<listitem><para>Operates on the system-wide configuration for
user systemd instance.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--order</option></term>
<term><option>--require</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the
<command>dot</command> command (see above), selects which
dependencies are shown in the dependency graph. If
<option>--order</option> is passed, only dependencies of type
<varname>After=</varname> or <varname>Before=</varname> are
shown. If <option>--require</option> is passed, only
dependencies of type <varname>Requires=</varname>,
<varname>Requisite=</varname>,
<varname>Wants=</varname> and <varname>Conflicts=</varname>
are shown. If neither is passed, this shows dependencies of
all these types.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--from-pattern=</option></term>
<term><option>--to-pattern=</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the
<command>dot</command> command (see above), this selects which
relationships are shown in the dependency graph. Both options
require a
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
pattern as an argument, which will be matched against the
left-hand and the right-hand, respectively, nodes of a
relationship.</para>
<para>Each of these can be used more than once, in which case
the unit name must match one of the values. When tests for
both sides of the relation are present, a relation must pass
both tests to be shown. When patterns are also specified as
positional arguments, they must match at least one side of the
relation. In other words, patterns specified with those two
options will trim the list of edges matched by the positional
arguments, if any are given, and fully determine the list of
edges shown otherwise.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--fuzz=</option><replaceable>timespan</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the
<command>critical-chain</command> command (see above), also
show units, which finished <replaceable>timespan</replaceable>
earlier, than the latest unit in the same level. The unit of
<replaceable>timespan</replaceable> is seconds unless
specified with a different unit, e.g.
"50ms".</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--man=no</option></term>
<listitem><para>Do not invoke man to verify the existence of
man pages listed in <varname>Documentation=</varname>.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--generators</option></term>
<listitem><para>Invoke unit generators, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
Some generators require root privileges. Under a normal user, running with
generators enabled will generally result in some warnings.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--root=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem><para>With <command>cat-files</command>, show config files underneath
the specified root path <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--iterations=<replaceable>NUMBER</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>calendar</command> command, show the specified number of
iterations the specified calendar expression will elapse next. Defaults to 1.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Exit status</title>
<para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
otherwise.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Examples for <command>dot</command></title>
<example>
<title>Plots all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with
<literal>avahi-daemon</literal></title>
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg > avahi.svg
$ eog avahi.svg</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>Plots the dependencies between all known target units</title>
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' | dot -Tsvg > targets.svg
$ eog targets.svg</programlisting>
</example>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Examples for <command>verify</command></title>
<para>The following errors are currently detected:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>unknown sections and directives,
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>missing dependencies which are required to start
the given unit,</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>man pages listed in
<varname>Documentation=</varname> which are not found in the
system,</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>commands listed in <varname>ExecStart=</varname>
and similar which are not found in the system or not
executable.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example>
<title>Misspelt directives</title>
<programlisting>$ cat ./user.slice
[Unit]
WhatIsThis=11
Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1)
Requires=different.service
[Service]
Description=x
$ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice
[./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit'
[./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring.
Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed:
Unit different.service failed to load:
No such file or directory.
Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument
user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16
</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>Missing service units</title>
<programlisting>$ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket
==> ./a.socket <==
[Socket]
ListenStream=100
==> ./b.socket <==
[Socket]
ListenStream=100
Accept=yes
$ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket
Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started.
Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started.
</programlisting>
</example>
</refsect1>
<xi:include href="less-variables.xml" />
<refsect1>
<title>See Also</title>
<para>
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
|