1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Apache SSL/TLS Encryption: Glossary</title>
<style type="text/css"><!--
#H {
}
#D {
background-color: #f0f0f0;
}
--></style>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#000080" alink="#FF0000">
<!--#include virtual="header.html" -->
<h1 align="CENTER">SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: Glossary</h1>
<div align="right">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="300" summary="">
<tr>
<td>
<em>
``I know you believe you understand what you think I said, but I am not sure you
realize that what you heard is not what I meant.''
</em>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">
<font size="-1">
Richard Nixon
</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<dl>
<dt><div id="term">Authentication</div>
<dd>The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a
client, or a user. In SSL context the server and client
<em>Certificate</em> verification process.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Access Control</div>
<dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In Apache context
usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Algorithm</div>
<dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite
number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called <em>Ciphers</em>.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Certificate</div>
<dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such
as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces
about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <em>Certificate
Authority</em> (called the issuer), plus the owner's public key and the
signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures using
CA certificates.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Certification Authority (CA)</div>
<dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to sign certificates for network
entities it has authenticated using secure means. Other network entities
can check the signature to verify that a CA has authenticated the bearer
of a certificate.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Certificate Signing Request (CSR)</div>
<dd>An unsigned certificate for submission to a <em>Certification Authority</em>,
which signs it with the <em>Private Key</em> of their CA <em>Certificate</em>. Once
the CSR is signed, it becomes a real certificate.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Cipher</div>
<dd>An algorithm or system for data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4, etc.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Ciphertext</div>
<dd>The result after a <em>Plaintext</em> passed a <em>Cipher</em>.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Configuration Directive</div>
<dd>A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of a program's
behavior. In Apache context these are all the command names in the first
column of the configuration files.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">CONNECT</div>
<dd>A HTTP command for proxying raw data channels over HTTP. It can be used to
encapsulate other protocols, such as the SSL protocol.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Digital Signature</div>
<dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A
<em>Certification Authority</em> creates a signature by generating a
hash of the <em>Public Key</em> embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then
encrypting the hash with its own <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's
public key can decrypt the signature, verifying that the CA has
authenticated the network entity that owns the <em>Certificate</em>.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Export-Crippled</div>
<dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply
with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size,
resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute
force.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Fully-Qualified Domain-Name (FQDN)</div>
<dd>The unique name of a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a domain
name that can resolve to an IP address. For example, <code>www</code> is a
hostname, <code>whatever.com</code> is a domain name, and
<code>www.whatever.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)</div>
<dd>The HyperText Transport Protocol is the standard transmission protocol used
on the World Wide Web.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">HTTPS</div>
<dd>The HyperText Transport Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted
communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP
over SSL.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Message Digest</div>
<dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of
the message have not been altered in transit.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">OpenSSL</div>
<dd>The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS;
see <a href="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</a>
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Pass Phrase</div>
<dd>The word or phrase that protects private key files.
It prevents unauthorized users from encrypting them. Usually it's just
the secret encryption/decryption key used for <em>Ciphers</em>.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Plaintext</div>
<dd>The unencrypted text.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Private Key</div>
<dd>The secret key in a <em>Public Key Cryptography</em> system, used to
decrypt incoming messages and sign outgoing ones.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Public Key</div>
<dd>The publically available key in a <em>Public Key Cryptography</em> system, used to
encrypt messages bound for its owner and to decrypt signatures made by its
owner.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Public Key Cryptography</div>
<dd>The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which use one
key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding pair of
such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric Crypography.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)</div>
<dd>A protocol created by Netscape Communications Corporation for
general communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks.
The most popular usage is <em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) over SSL.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Session</div>
<dd>The context information of an SSL communication.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">SSLeay</div>
<dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by
Eric A. Young <eay@aus.rsa.com>;
see <a href="http://www.ssleay.org/">http://www.ssleay.org/</a>
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Symmetric Cryptography</div>
<dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key
for both encryption and decryption operations.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Transport Layer Security (TLS)</div>
<dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created by the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) for general communication authentication and encryption over
TCP/IP networks. TLS version 1 and is nearly identical with SSL version 3.
<p>
<dt><div id="term">Uniform Resource Locator (URL)</div>
<dd>The formal identifier to locate various resources on the World Wide Web.
The most popular URL scheme is <code>http</code>. SSL uses the
scheme <code>https</code>
<p>
<dt><div id="term">X.509</div>
<dd>An authentication certificate scheme recommended by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.
</dl>
<p><!--#include virtual="footer.html" --> </p>
</body>
</html>
|
