path: root/common/ubiformat.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 Nokia Corporation
 * Copyright (C) 2012 Wolfram Sang, Pengutronix
 */

/*
 * An utility to format MTD devices into UBI and flash UBI images.
 *
 * Author: Artem Bityutskiy
 */

/*
 * Maximum amount of consecutive eraseblocks which are considered as normal by
 * this utility. Otherwise it is assume that something is wrong with the flash
 * or the driver, and eraseblocks are stopped being marked as bad.
 */
#define MAX_CONSECUTIVE_BAD_BLOCKS 4

#define PROGRAM_NAME	"ubiformat"

#include <common.h>
#include <fs.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <crc.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <clock.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <ioctl.h>
#include <libbb.h>
#include <libfile.h>
#include <linux/mtd/mtd.h>
#include <linux/mtd/ubi.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/stat.h>
#include <linux/log2.h>
#include <linux/mtd/mtd-abi.h>
#include <mtd/libscan.h>
#include <mtd/libubigen.h>
#include <mtd/ubi-user.h>
#include <mtd/utils.h>
#include <mtd/ubi-media.h>
#include <mtd/mtd-peb.h>
#include <ubiformat.h>

static void print_bad_eraseblocks(struct mtd_info *mtd,
				  const struct ubi_scan_info *si)
{
	int first = 1, eb, eb_cnt;

	eb_cnt = mtd_div_by_eb(mtd->size, mtd);

	if (si->bad_cnt == 0)
		return;

	normsg_cont("%d bad eraseblocks found, numbers: ", si->bad_cnt);
	for (eb = 0; eb < eb_cnt; eb++) {
		if (si->ec[eb] != EB_BAD)
			continue;
		if (first) {
			printf("%d", eb);
			first = 0;
		} else
			printf(", %d", eb);
	}
	printf("\n");
}

static int change_ech(struct ubi_ec_hdr *hdr, uint32_t image_seq,
		      long long ec)
{
	uint32_t crc;

	/* Check the EC header */
	if (be32_to_cpu(hdr->magic) != UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC)
		return errmsg("bad UBI magic %#08x, should be %#08x",
			      be32_to_cpu(hdr->magic), UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC);

	crc = crc32_no_comp(UBI_CRC32_INIT, hdr, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
	if (be32_to_cpu(hdr->hdr_crc) != crc)
		return errmsg("bad CRC %#08x, should be %#08x\n",
			      crc, be32_to_cpu(hdr->hdr_crc));

	hdr->image_seq = cpu_to_be32(image_seq);
	hdr->ec = cpu_to_be64(ec);
	crc = crc32_no_comp(UBI_CRC32_INIT, hdr, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
	hdr->hdr_crc = cpu_to_be32(crc);

	return 0;
}

static int drop_ffs(struct mtd_info *mtd, const void *buf, int len)
{
	int i;

        for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
		if (((const uint8_t *)buf)[i] != 0xFF)
		      break;

        /* The resulting length must be aligned to the minimum flash I/O size */
	len = i + 1;
	len = (len + mtd->writesize - 1) / mtd->writesize;
	len *=  mtd->writesize;
	return len;
}

static int open_file(const char *file, off_t *sz)
{
	int fd;
	struct stat st;

	if (stat(file, &st))
		return sys_errmsg("cannot open \"%s\"", file);

	*sz = st.st_size;
	fd  = open(file, O_RDONLY);
	if (fd < 0)
		return sys_errmsg("cannot open \"%s\"", file);

	return fd;
}

/*
 * Returns %-1 if consecutive bad blocks exceeds the
 * MAX_CONSECUTIVE_BAD_BLOCKS and returns %0 otherwise.
 */
static int consecutive_bad_check(struct ubiformat_args *args, int eb)
{
	static int consecutive_bad_blocks = 1;
	static int prev_bb = -1;

	if (prev_bb == -1)
		prev_bb = eb;

	if (eb == prev_bb + 1)
		consecutive_bad_blocks += 1;
	else
		consecutive_bad_blocks = 1;

	prev_bb = eb;

	if (consecutive_bad_blocks >= MAX_CONSECUTIVE_BAD_BLOCKS) {
		if (!args->quiet)
			printf("\n");
		return errmsg("consecutive bad blocks exceed limit: %d, bad flash?",
		              MAX_CONSECUTIVE_BAD_BLOCKS);
	}

	return 0;
}

/* TODO: we should actually torture the PEB before marking it as bad */
static int mark_bad(struct ubiformat_args *args, struct mtd_info *mtd,
		    struct ubi_scan_info *si, int eb)
{
	int err;

	if (!args->quiet)
		normsg_cont("marking block %d bad\n", eb);

	if (!mtd_can_have_bb(mtd)) {
		if (!args->quiet)
			printf("\n");
		return errmsg("bad blocks not supported by this flash");
	}

	err = mtd_peb_mark_bad(mtd, eb);
	if (err)
		return err;

	si->bad_cnt += 1;
	si->ec[eb] = EB_BAD;

	return consecutive_bad_check(args, eb);
}

static int flash_image(struct ubiformat_args *args, struct mtd_info *mtd,
		       const struct ubigen_info *ui, struct ubi_scan_info *si)
{
	int fd = 0, img_ebs, eb, written_ebs = 0, ret = -1, eb_cnt;
	int skip_data_read = 0;
	off_t st_size;
	char *buf = NULL;
	uint64_t lastprint = 0;
	const void *inbuf = NULL;

	eb_cnt = mtd_num_pebs(mtd);

	if (args->image) {
		fd = open_file(args->image, &st_size);
		if (fd < 0)
			return fd;
	} else {
		inbuf = args->image_buf;
		st_size = args->image_size;
	}

	buf = malloc(mtd->erasesize);
	if (!buf) {
		sys_errmsg("cannot allocate %d bytes of memory", mtd->erasesize);
		goto out_close;
	}

	img_ebs = st_size / mtd->erasesize;

	if (img_ebs > si->good_cnt) {
		sys_errmsg("image is too large (%lld bytes)",
			   (long long)st_size);
		goto out_close;
	}

	if (st_size % mtd->erasesize) {
		sys_errmsg("image (size %lld bytes) is not multiple of "
			   "eraseblock size (%d bytes)",
			   (long long)st_size, mtd->erasesize);
		goto out_close;
	}

	if (st_size == 0) {
		sys_errmsg("image has size 0 bytes");
		goto out_close;
	}

	verbose(args->verbose, "will write %d eraseblocks", img_ebs);
	for (eb = 0; eb < eb_cnt; eb++) {
		int err, new_len;
		long long ec;

		if (si->ec[eb] == EB_BAD)
			continue;

		if (!args->quiet && !args->verbose) {
			if (is_timeout(lastprint, 300 * MSECOND) ||
			    eb == eb_cnt - 1) {
				printf("\rubiformat: flashing eraseblock %d -- %2u %% complete  ",
					eb, (eb + 1) * 100 / eb_cnt);
				lastprint = get_time_ns();
			}
		}

		if (args->verbose) {
			normsg_cont("eraseblock %d: erase", eb);
		}

		err = mtd_peb_erase(mtd, eb);
		if (err) {
			if (!args->quiet)
				printf("\n");
			sys_errmsg("failed to erase eraseblock %d", eb);

			if (err != -EIO)
				goto out_close;

			if (mark_bad(args, mtd, si, eb))
				goto out_close;

			continue;
		}

		if (!skip_data_read) {
			if (args->image) {
				err = read_full(fd, buf, mtd->erasesize);
				if (err < 0) {
					sys_errmsg("failed to read eraseblock %d from image",
						written_ebs);
					goto out_close;
				}
			} else {
				memcpy(buf, inbuf, mtd->erasesize);
				inbuf += mtd->erasesize;
			}
		}
		skip_data_read = 0;

		if (args->override_ec)
			ec = args->ec;
		else if (si->ec[eb] <= EC_MAX)
			ec = si->ec[eb] + 1;
		else
			ec = si->mean_ec;

		if (args->verbose) {
			printf(", change EC to %lld", ec);
		}

		err = change_ech((struct ubi_ec_hdr *)buf, ui->image_seq, ec);
		if (err) {
			errmsg("bad EC header at eraseblock %d of image",
			       written_ebs);
			goto out_close;
		}

		if (args->verbose) {
			printf(", write data\n");
		}

		new_len = drop_ffs(mtd, buf, mtd->erasesize);

		err = mtd_peb_write(mtd, buf, eb, 0, new_len);
		if (err) {
			sys_errmsg("cannot write eraseblock %d", eb);

			if (err != -EIO)
				goto out_close;

			err = mtd_peb_torture(mtd, eb);
			if (err == -EIO) {
				err = mark_bad(args, mtd, si, eb);
				if (err)
					goto out_close;
			} else if (err) {
				goto out_close;
			}

			/*
			 * We have to make sure that we do not read next block
			 * of data from the input image or stdin - we have to
			 * write buf first instead.
			 */
                        skip_data_read = 1;

			continue;
		}
		if (++written_ebs >= img_ebs)
			break;
	}

	if (!args->quiet && !args->verbose)
		printf("\n");

	ret = eb + 1;

out_close:
	free(buf);
	if (args->image)
		close(fd);
	return ret;
}

static int format(struct ubiformat_args *args, struct mtd_info *mtd,
		  const struct ubigen_info *ui, struct ubi_scan_info *si,
		  int start_eb, int novtbl)
{
	int eb, err, write_size, eb_cnt;
	struct ubi_ec_hdr *hdr;
	struct ubi_vtbl_record *vtbl;
	int eb1 = -1, eb2 = -1;
	long long ec1 = -1, ec2 = -1;
	uint64_t lastprint = 0;

	eb_cnt = mtd_num_pebs(mtd);

	write_size = UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE + args->subpage_size - 1;
	write_size /= args->subpage_size;
	write_size *= args->subpage_size;
	hdr = malloc(write_size);
	if (!hdr)
		return sys_errmsg("cannot allocate %d bytes of memory", write_size);
	memset(hdr, 0xFF, write_size);

	for (eb = start_eb; eb < eb_cnt; eb++) {
		long long ec;

		if (si->ec[eb] == EB_BAD)
			continue;

		if (!args->quiet && !args->verbose) {
			if (is_timeout(lastprint, 300 * MSECOND) ||
			    eb == eb_cnt - 1) {
				printf("\rubiformat: formatting eraseblock %d -- %2u %% complete  ",
					eb, (eb + 1 - start_eb) * 100 / (eb_cnt - start_eb));
				lastprint = get_time_ns();
			}
		}

		if (args->override_ec)
			ec = args->ec;
		else if (si->ec[eb] <= EC_MAX)
			ec = si->ec[eb] + 1;
		else
			ec = si->mean_ec;
		ubigen_init_ec_hdr(ui, hdr, ec);

		if (args->verbose) {
			normsg_cont("eraseblock %d: erase", eb);
		}

		err = mtd_peb_erase(mtd, eb);
		if (err) {
			if (!args->quiet)
				printf("\n");

			sys_errmsg("failed to erase eraseblock %d", eb);
			if (err != -EIO)
				goto out_free;

			if (mark_bad(args, mtd, si, eb))
				goto out_free;
			continue;
		}

		if ((eb1 == -1 || eb2 == -1) && !novtbl) {
			if (eb1 == -1) {
				eb1 = eb;
				ec1 = ec;
			} else if (eb2 == -1) {
				eb2 = eb;
				ec2 = ec;
			}
			if (args->verbose)
				printf(", do not write EC, leave for vtbl\n");
			continue;
		}

		if (args->verbose) {
			printf(", write EC %lld\n", ec);
		}

		err = mtd_peb_write(mtd, hdr, eb, 0, write_size);
		if (err) {
			if (!args->quiet && !args->verbose)
				printf("\n");
			sys_errmsg("cannot write EC header (%d bytes buffer) to eraseblock %d",
				   write_size, eb);

			if (err != -EIO) {
				if (args->subpage_size != mtd->writesize)
					normsg("may be sub-page size is incorrect?");
				goto out_free;
			}

			err = mtd_peb_torture(mtd, eb);
			if (err == -EIO) {
				err = mark_bad(args, mtd, si, eb);
				if (err)
					goto out_free;
			} else if (err) {
				goto out_free;
			}

			continue;

		}
	}

	if (!args->quiet && !args->verbose)
		printf("\n");

	if (!novtbl) {
		if (eb1 == -1 || eb2 == -1) {
			errmsg("no eraseblocks for volume table");
			goto out_free;
		}

		verbose(args->verbose, "write volume table to eraseblocks %d and %d", eb1, eb2);
		vtbl = ubigen_create_empty_vtbl(ui);
		if (!vtbl)
			goto out_free;

		err = ubigen_write_layout_vol(ui, eb1, eb2, ec1,  ec2, vtbl, mtd);
		free(vtbl);
		if (err) {
			errmsg("cannot write layout volume");
			goto out_free;
		}
	}

	free(hdr);
	return 0;

out_free:
	free(hdr);
	return -1;
}

static bool ubiformat_has_image(struct ubiformat_args *args)
{
	return args->image || args->image_buf;
}

int ubiformat(struct mtd_info *mtd, struct ubiformat_args *args)
{
	int err, verbose, eb_cnt;
	struct ubigen_info ui;
	struct ubi_scan_info *si;
	int ubi_num;

	if (!args->ubi_ver)
		args->ubi_ver = 1;

	if (!args->image_seq) {
		srand(get_time_ns());
		args->image_seq = random32();
	}

	if (!is_power_of_2(mtd->writesize)) {
		errmsg("min. I/O size is %d, but should be power of 2",
		       mtd->writesize);
		err = -EINVAL;
		goto out_close;
	}

	if (args->subpage_size) {
		if (args->subpage_size != mtd->writesize >> mtd->subpage_sft)
			args->manual_subpage = 1;
	} else {
		args->subpage_size = mtd->writesize >> mtd->subpage_sft;
	}

	if (args->manual_subpage) {
		/* Do some sanity check */
		if (args->subpage_size > mtd->writesize) {
			errmsg("sub-page cannot be larger than min. I/O unit");
			err = -EINVAL;
			goto out_close;
		}

		if (mtd->writesize % args->subpage_size) {
			errmsg("min. I/O unit size should be multiple of "
			       "sub-page size");
			err = -EINVAL;
			goto out_close;
		}
	}

	/* Validate VID header offset if it was specified */
	if (args->vid_hdr_offs != 0) {
		if (args->vid_hdr_offs % 8) {
			errmsg("VID header offset has to be multiple of min. I/O unit size");
			err = -EINVAL;
			goto out_close;
		}
		if (args->vid_hdr_offs + (int)UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE > mtd->erasesize) {
			errmsg("bad VID header offset");
			err = -EINVAL;
			goto out_close;
		}
	}

	if (!(mtd->flags & MTD_WRITEABLE)) {
		errmsg("%s is a read-only device", mtd->name);
		err = -EROFS;
		goto out_close;
	}

	ubi_num = ubi_num_get_by_mtd(mtd);
	if (ubi_num >= 0) {
		err = ubi_detach(ubi_num);
		if (err) {
			sys_errmsg("Cannot detach %d\n", err);
			goto out_close;
		}
	}


	eb_cnt = mtd_div_by_eb(mtd->size, mtd);

	if (!args->quiet) {
		normsg_cont("%s (%s), size %lld bytes (%s)", mtd->name, mtd_type_str(mtd),
			mtd->size, size_human_readable(mtd->size));
		printf(", %d eraseblocks of %d bytes (%s)", eb_cnt,
			mtd->erasesize, size_human_readable(mtd->erasesize));
		printf(", min. I/O size %d bytes\n", mtd->writesize);
	}

	if (args->quiet)
		verbose = 0;
	else if (args->verbose)
		verbose = 2;
	else
		verbose = 1;
	err = libscan_ubi_scan(mtd, &si, verbose);
	if (err) {
		errmsg("failed to scan %s", mtd->name);
		goto out_close;
	}

	if (si->good_cnt == 0) {
		errmsg("all %d eraseblocks are bad", si->bad_cnt);
		err = -EINVAL;
		goto out_free;
	}

	if (si->good_cnt < 2 && (!args->novtbl || ubiformat_has_image(args))) {
		errmsg("too few non-bad eraseblocks (%d) on %s",
		       si->good_cnt, mtd->name);
		err = -EINVAL;
		goto out_free;
	}

	if (!args->quiet) {
		if (si->ok_cnt)
			normsg("%d eraseblocks have valid erase counter, mean value is %lld",
			       si->ok_cnt, si->mean_ec);
		if (si->empty_cnt)
			normsg("%d eraseblocks are supposedly empty", si->empty_cnt);
		if (si->corrupted_cnt)
			normsg("%d corrupted erase counters", si->corrupted_cnt);
		print_bad_eraseblocks(mtd, si);
	}

	if (si->alien_cnt) {
		if (!args->quiet)
			warnmsg("%d of %d eraseblocks contain non-ubifs data",
				si->alien_cnt, si->good_cnt);
		if (!args->yes && !args->quiet)
			warnmsg("use '-y' to force erasing");
		if (!args->yes) {
			err = -EINVAL;
			goto out_free;
		}
	}

	if (!args->override_ec && si->empty_cnt < si->good_cnt) {
		int percent = (si->ok_cnt * 100) / si->good_cnt;

		/*
		 * Make sure the majority of eraseblocks have valid
		 * erase counters.
		 */
		if (percent < 50) {
			if (!args->quiet) {
				warnmsg("only %d of %d eraseblocks have valid erase counter",
					si->ok_cnt, si->good_cnt);
				if (args->yes) {
					normsg("erase counter 0 will be used for all eraseblocks");
					normsg("note, arbitrary erase counter value may be specified using -e option");

				} else {
					warnmsg("use '-y' to force erase counters");
				}
			}

			if (!args->yes) {
				err = -EINVAL;
				goto out_free;
			}

			args->ec = 0;
			args->override_ec = 1;

		} else if (percent < 95) {
			if (!args->quiet) {
				warnmsg("only %d of %d eraseblocks have valid erase counter",
					si->ok_cnt, si->good_cnt);
				if (args->yes)
					normsg("mean erase counter %lld will be used for the rest of eraseblock",
					       si->mean_ec);
				else
					warnmsg("use '-y' to force erase counters");
			}

			if (!args->yes) {
				err = -EINVAL;
				goto out_free;
			}

			args->ec = si->mean_ec;
			args->override_ec = 1;
		}
	}

	if (!args->quiet && args->override_ec)
		normsg("use erase counter %lld for all eraseblocks", args->ec);

	ubigen_info_init(&ui, mtd->erasesize, mtd->writesize, args->subpage_size,
			 args->vid_hdr_offs, args->ubi_ver, args->image_seq);

	if (si->vid_hdr_offs != -1 && ui.vid_hdr_offs != si->vid_hdr_offs) {
		/*
		 * Hmm, what we read from flash and what we calculated using
		 * min. I/O unit size and sub-page size differs.
		 */
		if (!args->quiet) {
			warnmsg("VID header and data offsets on flash are %d and %d, "
				"which is different to requested offsets %d and %d",
				si->vid_hdr_offs, si->data_offs, ui.vid_hdr_offs,
				ui.data_offs);
			normsg("using offsets %d and %d",  ui.vid_hdr_offs, ui.data_offs);
		}
	}

	if (ubiformat_has_image(args)) {
		err = flash_image(args, mtd, &ui, si);
		if (err < 0)
			goto out_free;

		err = format(args, mtd, &ui, si, err, 1);
		if (err)
			goto out_free;
	} else {
		err = format(args, mtd, &ui, si, 0, args->novtbl);
		if (err)
			goto out_free;
	}

	libscan_ubi_scan_free(si);

	/* Reattach the ubi device in case it was attached in the beginning */
	if (ubi_num >= 0) {
		err = ubi_attach_mtd_dev(mtd, ubi_num, 0, 20);
		if (err) {
			pr_err("Failed to reattach ubi device to ubi number %d, %d\n",
			       ubi_num, err);
			return err;
		}
	}

	return 0;

out_free:
	libscan_ubi_scan_free(si);
out_close:

	return err;
}

int ubiformat_write(struct mtd_info *mtd, const void *buf, size_t count,
		    loff_t offset)
{
	int writesize = mtd->writesize >> mtd->subpage_sft;
	int ret;
	int peb = 0;
	int n_skip_blocks = mtd_div_by_eb(offset, mtd);
	int offset_in_peb = mtd_mod_by_eb(offset, mtd);

	if (offset & (mtd->writesize - 1))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (count & (mtd->writesize - 1))
		return -EINVAL;

	/* Seek forward to the first PEB we actually want to write */
	while (1) {
		ret = mtd_skip_bad(mtd, &peb);
		if (ret)
			return ret;

		if (!n_skip_blocks)
			break;

		peb++;
		n_skip_blocks--;
	}

	while (count) {
		size_t now = mtd->erasesize - offset_in_peb;

		if (now > count)
			now = count;

		if (!offset_in_peb) {
			const struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec = buf;
			const struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid;

			ret = mtd_skip_bad(mtd, &peb);
			if (ret)
				return ret;

			if (be32_to_cpu(ec->magic) != UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC) {
				pr_err("bad UBI magic %#08x, should be %#08x",
					be32_to_cpu(ec->magic), UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC);
				return -EINVAL;
			}

			/* skip ec header in both flash and image */
			offset_in_peb = writesize;
			buf += writesize;
			count -= writesize;
			now -= writesize;

			if (!count)
				break;

			vid = buf;
			if (be32_to_cpu(vid->magic) != UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC) {
				pr_err("bad UBI magic %#08x, should be %#08x",
				       be32_to_cpu(vid->magic), UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC);
				return -EINVAL;
			}
		}

		ret = mtd_peb_write(mtd, buf, peb, offset_in_peb, now);
		if (ret < 0)
			return ret;

		buf += now;
		count -= now;
		offset_in_peb = 0;
		peb++;
	}

	return 0;
}