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diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info index 7733bd36..1574c260 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.info +++ b/doc/bashref.info @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from /usr/homes/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in -the Bash shell (version 4.3, 20 October 2013). +the Bash shell (version 4.3, 6 January 2014). - This is Edition 4.3, last updated 20 October 2013, of `The GNU Bash + This is Edition 4.3, last updated 6 January 2014, of `The GNU Bash Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.3. - Copyright (C) 1988-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, @@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in -the Bash shell (version 4.3, 20 October 2013). The Bash home page is +the Bash shell (version 4.3, 6 January 2014). The Bash home page is `http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/'. - This is Edition 4.3, last updated 20 October 2013, of `The GNU Bash + This is Edition 4.3, last updated 6 January 2014, of `The GNU Bash Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.3. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -1350,64 +1350,66 @@ The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. `*' - Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the - expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word - with the value of each parameter separated by the first character - of the `IFS' special variable. That is, `"$*"' is equivalent to - `"$1C$2C..."', where C is the first character of the value of the - `IFS' variable. If `IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated - by spaces. If `IFS' is null, the parameters are joined without - intervening separators. + ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a + single word with the value of each parameter separated by the + first character of the `IFS' special variable. That is, `"$*"' is + equivalent to `"$1C$2C..."', where C is the first character of the + value of the `IFS' variable. If `IFS' is unset, the parameters + are separated by spaces. If `IFS' is null, the parameters are + joined without intervening separators. `@' - Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the - expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a - separate word. That is, `"$@"' is equivalent to `"$1" "$2" ...'. - If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion - of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the - original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined - with the last part of the original word. When there are no - positional parameters, `"$@"' and `$@' expand to nothing (i.e., - they are removed). + ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter + expands to a separate word. That is, `"$@"' is equivalent to + `"$1" "$2" ...'. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a + word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the + beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last + parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. When + there are no positional parameters, `"$@"' and `$@' expand to + nothing (i.e., they are removed). `#' - Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. + ($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. `?' - Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground - pipeline. + ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed + foreground pipeline. `-' - (A hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon - invocation, by the `set' builtin command, or those set by the + ($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified + upon invocation, by the `set' builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the `-i' option). `$' - Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a `()' subshell, it - expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. + ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a `()' subshell, + it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the + subshell. `!' - Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the - background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using - the `bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::). + ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed + into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command + or using the `bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::). `0' - Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at - shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands - (*note Shell Scripts::), `$0' is set to the name of that file. If - Bash is started with the `-c' option (*note Invoking Bash::), then - `$0' is set to the first argument after the string to be executed, - if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to - invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. + ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is + set at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of + commands (*note Shell Scripts::), `$0' is set to the name of that + file. If Bash is started with the `-c' option (*note Invoking + Bash::), then `$0' is set to the first argument after the string + to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the + filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. `_' - (An underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname - used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed - in the environment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the - last argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set - to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and - placed in the environment exported to that command. When checking - mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. + ($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute + pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed + as passed in the environment or argument list. Subsequently, + expands to the last argument to the previous command, after + expansion. Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each + command executed and placed in the environment exported to that + command. When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the + mail file. File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell Parameters, Up: Basic Shell Features @@ -7822,10 +7824,16 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev 8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text -------------------------------- +`end-of-file (usually C-d)' + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + `stty'. If this character is read when there are no characters on + the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline + interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF. + `delete-char (C-d)' - Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of - the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last - character typed was not bound to `delete-char', then return EOF. + Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the + same character as the tty EOF character, as `C-d' commonly is, see + above for the effects. `backward-delete-char (Rubout)' Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means @@ -10680,15 +10688,24 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * Menu: -* !: Special Parameters. (line 46) +* !: Special Parameters. (line 47) * #: Special Parameters. (line 30) * $: Special Parameters. (line 42) +* $!: Special Parameters. (line 48) +* $#: Special Parameters. (line 31) +* $$: Special Parameters. (line 43) +* $*: Special Parameters. (line 10) +* $-: Special Parameters. (line 38) +* $0: Special Parameters. (line 53) +* $?: Special Parameters. (line 34) +* $@: Special Parameters. (line 20) +* $_: Special Parameters. (line 62) * *: Special Parameters. (line 9) * -: Special Parameters. (line 37) -* 0: Special Parameters. (line 51) +* 0: Special Parameters. (line 52) * ?: Special Parameters. (line 33) * @: Special Parameters. (line 19) -* _: Special Parameters. (line 60) +* _: Special Parameters. (line 61) * auto_resume: Job Control Variables. (line 6) * BASH: Bash Variables. (line 13) @@ -10880,14 +10897,14 @@ D.4 Function Index (line 10) * accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. (line 6) * backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15) -* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 11) +* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17) * backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. (line 9) * backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing. (line 24) * backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22) * beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. (line 20) * beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6) * call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13) -* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 46) +* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 52) * character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 41) * character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. @@ -10898,14 +10915,14 @@ D.4 Function Index * copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 58) * copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 63) * copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. (line 54) -* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) +* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12) * delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion. (line 43) * delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. (line 46) * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6) * do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 14) -* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 42) +* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 48) * dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 73) * dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. @@ -10913,11 +10930,12 @@ D.4 Function Index * dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 79) * end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9) +* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) * end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. (line 23) * end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9) * exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 36) -* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 15) +* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21) * forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12) * forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. (line 31) * forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18) @@ -10942,35 +10960,35 @@ D.4 Function Index (line 41) * non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. (line 36) -* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 50) +* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 56) * possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion. (line 15) * prefix-meta (<ESC>): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 18) * previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. (line 13) * print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17) -* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 20) +* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26) * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 6) * redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38) * reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. (line 27) * revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 25) -* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 24) +* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30) * set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 32) * skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 51) * start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6) -* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 27) -* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 33) +* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 33) +* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 39) * undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 22) * universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10) * unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing. (line 41) * unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. (line 12) * unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. (line 37) -* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 38) +* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 44) * yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. (line 68) * yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. (line 79) * yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. (line 70) @@ -11138,134 +11156,134 @@ D.5 Concept Index Tag Table: -Node: Top930 -Node: Introduction2848 -Node: What is Bash?3076 -Node: What is a shell?4189 -Node: Definitions6728 -Node: Basic Shell Features9646 -Node: Shell Syntax10865 -Node: Shell Operation11895 -Node: Quoting13189 -Node: Escape Character14492 -Node: Single Quotes14977 -Node: Double Quotes15325 -Node: ANSI-C Quoting16450 -Node: Locale Translation17694 -Node: Comments18590 -Node: Shell Commands19208 -Node: Simple Commands20080 -Node: Pipelines20711 -Node: Lists23449 -Node: Compound Commands25178 -Node: Looping Constructs26184 -Node: Conditional Constructs28647 -Node: Command Grouping39577 -Node: Coprocesses41056 -Node: GNU Parallel42889 -Node: Shell Functions46875 -Node: Shell Parameters51959 -Node: Positional Parameters56088 -Node: Special Parameters56988 -Node: Shell Expansions60047 -Node: Brace Expansion61990 -Node: Tilde Expansion64771 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion67120 -Node: Command Substitution79414 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion80747 -Node: Process Substitution81679 -Node: Word Splitting82729 -Node: Filename Expansion84377 -Node: Pattern Matching86542 -Node: Quote Removal90242 -Node: Redirections90537 -Node: Executing Commands99701 -Node: Simple Command Expansion100371 -Node: Command Search and Execution102301 -Node: Command Execution Environment104638 -Node: Environment107624 -Node: Exit Status109283 -Node: Signals110905 -Node: Shell Scripts112873 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands115391 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins117419 -Node: Bash Builtins137326 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior164779 -Node: The Set Builtin165124 -Node: The Shopt Builtin175450 -Node: Special Builtins189871 -Node: Shell Variables190850 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables191290 -Node: Bash Variables193321 -Node: Bash Features220196 -Node: Invoking Bash221095 -Node: Bash Startup Files226873 -Node: Interactive Shells231902 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?232312 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?232961 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior233776 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions237064 -Node: Shell Arithmetic241066 -Node: Aliases243842 -Node: Arrays246398 -Node: The Directory Stack251379 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins252098 -Node: Controlling the Prompt255054 -Node: The Restricted Shell257826 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode259663 -Node: Job Control269050 -Node: Job Control Basics269510 -Node: Job Control Builtins274229 -Node: Job Control Variables278700 -Node: Command Line Editing279858 -Node: Introduction and Notation281530 -Node: Readline Interaction283152 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials284343 -Node: Readline Movement Commands286132 -Node: Readline Killing Commands287097 -Node: Readline Arguments289017 -Node: Searching290061 -Node: Readline Init File292247 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax293394 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs310231 -Node: Sample Init File312764 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands315882 -Node: Commands For Moving317089 -Node: Commands For History318233 -Node: Commands For Text322418 -Node: Commands For Killing325091 -Node: Numeric Arguments327548 -Node: Commands For Completion328687 -Node: Keyboard Macros332879 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands333567 -Node: Readline vi Mode339373 -Node: Programmable Completion340280 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins347556 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example357302 -Node: Using History Interactively362552 -Node: Bash History Facilities363236 -Node: Bash History Builtins366235 -Node: History Interaction370163 -Node: Event Designators372868 -Node: Word Designators374090 -Node: Modifiers375729 -Node: Installing Bash377133 -Node: Basic Installation378270 -Node: Compilers and Options380962 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures381703 -Node: Installation Names383367 -Node: Specifying the System Type384185 -Node: Sharing Defaults384901 -Node: Operation Controls385574 -Node: Optional Features386532 -Node: Reporting Bugs396596 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell397794 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License414653 -Node: Indexes439849 -Node: Builtin Index440303 -Node: Reserved Word Index447130 -Node: Variable Index449578 -Node: Function Index463101 -Node: Concept Index470329 +Node: Top928 +Node: Introduction2844 +Node: What is Bash?3072 +Node: What is a shell?4185 +Node: Definitions6724 +Node: Basic Shell Features9642 +Node: Shell Syntax10861 +Node: Shell Operation11891 +Node: Quoting13185 +Node: Escape Character14488 +Node: Single Quotes14973 +Node: Double Quotes15321 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting16446 +Node: Locale Translation17690 +Node: Comments18586 +Node: Shell Commands19204 +Node: Simple Commands20076 +Node: Pipelines20707 +Node: Lists23445 +Node: Compound Commands25174 +Node: Looping Constructs26180 +Node: Conditional Constructs28643 +Node: Command Grouping39573 +Node: Coprocesses41052 +Node: GNU Parallel42885 +Node: Shell Functions46871 +Node: Shell Parameters51955 +Node: Positional Parameters56084 +Node: Special Parameters56984 +Node: Shell Expansions60095 +Node: Brace Expansion62038 +Node: Tilde Expansion64819 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion67168 +Node: Command Substitution79462 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion80795 +Node: Process Substitution81727 +Node: Word Splitting82777 +Node: Filename Expansion84425 +Node: Pattern Matching86590 +Node: Quote Removal90290 +Node: Redirections90585 +Node: Executing Commands99749 +Node: Simple Command Expansion100419 +Node: Command Search and Execution102349 +Node: Command Execution Environment104686 +Node: Environment107672 +Node: Exit Status109331 +Node: Signals110953 +Node: Shell Scripts112921 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands115439 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins117467 +Node: Bash Builtins137374 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior164827 +Node: The Set Builtin165172 +Node: The Shopt Builtin175498 +Node: Special Builtins189919 +Node: Shell Variables190898 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables191338 +Node: Bash Variables193369 +Node: Bash Features220244 +Node: Invoking Bash221143 +Node: Bash Startup Files226921 +Node: Interactive Shells231950 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?232360 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?233009 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior233824 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions237112 +Node: Shell Arithmetic241114 +Node: Aliases243890 +Node: Arrays246446 +Node: The Directory Stack251427 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins252146 +Node: Controlling the Prompt255102 +Node: The Restricted Shell257874 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode259711 +Node: Job Control269098 +Node: Job Control Basics269558 +Node: Job Control Builtins274277 +Node: Job Control Variables278748 +Node: Command Line Editing279906 +Node: Introduction and Notation281578 +Node: Readline Interaction283200 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials284391 +Node: Readline Movement Commands286180 +Node: Readline Killing Commands287145 +Node: Readline Arguments289065 +Node: Searching290109 +Node: Readline Init File292295 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax293442 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs310279 +Node: Sample Init File312812 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands315930 +Node: Commands For Moving317137 +Node: Commands For History318281 +Node: Commands For Text322466 +Node: Commands For Killing325395 +Node: Numeric Arguments327852 +Node: Commands For Completion328991 +Node: Keyboard Macros333183 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands333871 +Node: Readline vi Mode339677 +Node: Programmable Completion340584 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins347860 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example357606 +Node: Using History Interactively362856 +Node: Bash History Facilities363540 +Node: Bash History Builtins366539 +Node: History Interaction370467 +Node: Event Designators373172 +Node: Word Designators374394 +Node: Modifiers376033 +Node: Installing Bash377437 +Node: Basic Installation378574 +Node: Compilers and Options381266 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures382007 +Node: Installation Names383671 +Node: Specifying the System Type384489 +Node: Sharing Defaults385205 +Node: Operation Controls385878 +Node: Optional Features386836 +Node: Reporting Bugs396900 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell398098 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License414957 +Node: Indexes440153 +Node: Builtin Index440607 +Node: Reserved Word Index447434 +Node: Variable Index449882 +Node: Function Index464062 +Node: Concept Index471363 End Tag Table |