1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
|
@c Copyright 2005
@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c This is part of the GAS manual.
@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
@ifset GENERIC
@page
@node BFIN-Dependent
@chapter Blackfin Dependent Features
@end ifset
@ifclear GENERIC
@node Machine Dependencies
@chapter Blackfin Dependent Features
@end ifclear
@cindex Blackfin support
@menu
* BFIN Syntax:: BFIN Syntax
* BFIN Directives:: BFIN Directives
@end menu
@node BFIN Syntax
@section Syntax
@cindex BFIN syntax
@cindex syntax, BFIN
@table @code
@item Special Characters
Assembler input is free format and may appear anywhere on the line.
One instruction may extend across multiple lines or more than one
instruction may appear on the same line. White space (space, tab,
comments or newline) may appear anywhere between tokens. A token must
not have embedded spaces. Tokens include numbers, register names,
keywords, user identifiers, and also some multicharacter special
symbols like "+=", "/*" or "||".
@item Instruction Delimiting
A semicolon must terminate every instruction. Sometimes a complete
instruction will consist of more than one operation. There are two
cases where this occurs. The first is when two general operations
are combined. Normally a comma separates the different parts, as in
@smallexample
a0= r3.h * r2.l, a1 = r3.l * r2.h ;
@end smallexample
The second case occurs when a general instruction is combined with one
or two memory references for joint issue. The latter portions are
set off by a "||" token.
@smallexample
a0 = r3.h * r2.l || r1 = [p3++] || r4 = [i2++];
@end smallexample
@item Register Names
The assembler treats register names and instruction keywords in a case
insensitive manner. User identifiers are case sensitive. Thus, R3.l,
R3.L, r3.l and r3.L are all equivalent input to the assembler.
Register names are reserved and may not be used as program identifiers.
Some operations (such as "Move Register") require a register pair.
Register pairs are always data registers and are denoted using a colon,
eg., R3:2. The larger number must be written firsts. Note that the
hardware only supports odd-even pairs, eg., R7:6, R5:4, R3:2, and R1:0.
Some instructions (such as --SP (Push Multiple)) require a group of
adjacent registers. Adjacent registers are denoted in the syntax by
the range enclosed in parentheses and separated by a colon, eg., (R7:3).
Again, the larger number appears first.
Portions of a particular register may be individually specified. This
is written with a dot (".") following the register name and then a
letter denoting the desired portion. For 32-bit registers, ".H"
denotes the most significant ("High") portion. ".L" denotes the
least-significant portion. The subdivisions of the 40-bit registers
are described later.
@item Accumulators
The set of 40-bit registers A1 and A0 that normally contain data that
is being manipulated. Each accumulator can be accessed in four ways.
@table @code
@item one 40-bit register
The register will be referred to as A1 or A0.
@item one 32-bit register
The registers are designated as A1.W or A0.W.
@item two 16-bit registers
The registers are designated as A1.H, A1.L, A0.H or A0.L.
@item one 8-bit register
The registers are designated as A1.X or A0.X for the bits that
extend beyond bit 31.
@end table
@item Data Registers
The set of 32-bit registers (R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7) that
normally contain data for manipulation. These are abbreviated as
D-register or Dreg. Data registers can be accessed as 32-bit registers
or as two independent 16-bit registers. The least significant 16 bits
of each register is called the "low" half and is designated with ".L"
following the register name. The most significant 16 bits are called
the "high" half and is designated with ".H" following the name.
@smallexample
R7.L, r2.h, r4.L, R0.H
@end smallexample
@item Pointer Registers
The set of 32-bit registers (P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, SP and FP) that
normally contain byte addresses of data structures. These are
abbreviated as P-register or Preg.
@smallexample
p2, p5, fp, sp
@end smallexample
@item Stack Pointer SP
The stack pointer contains the 32-bit address of the last occupied
byte location in the stack. The stack grows by decrementing the
stack pointer.
@item Frame Pointer FP
The frame pointer contains the 32-bit address of the previous frame
pointer in the stack. It is located at the top of a frame.
@item Loop Top
LT0 and LT1. These registers contain the 32-bit address of the top of
a zero overhead loop.
@item Loop Count
LC0 and LC1. These registers contain the 32-bit counter of the zero
overhead loop executions.
@item Loop Bottom
LB0 and LB1. These registers contain the 32-bit address of the bottom
of a zero overhead loop.
@item Index Registers
The set of 32-bit registers (I0, I1, I2, I3) that normally contain byte
addresses of data structures. Abbreviated I-register or Ireg.
@item Modify Registers
The set of 32-bit registers (M0, M1, M2, M3) that normally contain
offset values that are added and subracted to one of the index
registers. Abbreviated as Mreg.
@item Length Registers
The set of 32-bit registers (L0, L1, L2, L3) that normally contain the
length in bytes of the circular buffer. Abbreviated as Lreg. Clear
the Lreg to disable circular addressing for the corresponding Ireg.
@item Base Registers
The set of 32-bit registers (B0, B1, B2, B3) that normally contain the
base address in bytes of the circular buffer. Abbreviated as Breg.
@item Floating Point
The Blackfin family has no hardware floating point but the .float
directive generates ieee floating point numbers for use with software
floating point libraries.
@item Blackfin Opcodes
For detailed information on the Blackfin machine instruction set, see
the Blackfin(r) Processor Instruction Set Reference.
@end table
@node BFIN Directives
@section Directives
@cindex BFIN directives
@cindex directives, BFIN
The following directives are provided for compatibility with the VDSP assembler.
@table @code
@item .byte2
Initializes a four byte data object.
@item .byte4
Initializes a two byte data object.
@item .db
TBD
@item .dd
TBD
@item .dw
TBD
@item .var
Define and initialize a 32 bit data object.
@end table
|
