Adopt Black and isort (SC-700) (#1157)

Applied Black and isort, fixed any linting issues, updated tox.ini
and CI.

12 files changed, 972 insertions, 605 deletions

diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/clean.py b/cloudinit/cmd/clean.py
index 3502dd56..0e1db118 100644
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/clean.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/clean.py
@@ -10,9 +10,13 @@ import os
 import sys
 
 from cloudinit.stages import Init
-from cloudinit.subp import (ProcessExecutionError, subp)
+from cloudinit.subp import ProcessExecutionError, subp
 from cloudinit.util import (
-    del_dir, del_file, get_config_logfiles, is_link, error
+    del_dir,
+    del_file,
+    error,
+    get_config_logfiles,
+    is_link,
 )
 
 
@@ -27,18 +31,35 @@ def get_parser(parser=None):
     """
     if not parser:
         parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-            prog='clean',
-            description=('Remove logs and artifacts so cloud-init re-runs on '
-                         'a clean system'))
+            prog="clean",
+            description=(
+                "Remove logs and artifacts so cloud-init re-runs on "
+                "a clean system"
+            ),
+        )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-l', '--logs', action='store_true', default=False, dest='remove_logs',
-        help='Remove cloud-init logs.')
+        "-l",
+        "--logs",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        dest="remove_logs",
+        help="Remove cloud-init logs.",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-r', '--reboot', action='store_true', default=False,
-        help='Reboot system after logs are cleaned so cloud-init re-runs.')
+        "-r",
+        "--reboot",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="Reboot system after logs are cleaned so cloud-init re-runs.",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-s', '--seed', action='store_true', default=False, dest='remove_seed',
-        help='Remove cloud-init seed directory /var/lib/cloud/seed.')
+        "-s",
+        "--seed",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        dest="remove_seed",
+        help="Remove cloud-init seed directory /var/lib/cloud/seed.",
+    )
     return parser
 
 
@@ -59,8 +80,8 @@ def remove_artifacts(remove_logs, remove_seed=False):
 
     if not os.path.isdir(init.paths.cloud_dir):
         return 0  # Artifacts dir already cleaned
-    seed_path = os.path.join(init.paths.cloud_dir, 'seed')
-    for path in glob.glob('%s/*' % init.paths.cloud_dir):
+    seed_path = os.path.join(init.paths.cloud_dir, "seed")
+    for path in glob.glob("%s/*" % init.paths.cloud_dir):
         if path == seed_path and not remove_seed:
             continue
         try:
@@ -69,7 +90,7 @@ def remove_artifacts(remove_logs, remove_seed=False):
             else:
                 del_file(path)
         except OSError as e:
-            error('Could not remove {0}: {1}'.format(path, str(e)))
+            error("Could not remove {0}: {1}".format(path, str(e)))
             return 1
     return 0
 
@@ -78,13 +99,15 @@ def handle_clean_args(name, args):
     """Handle calls to 'cloud-init clean' as a subcommand."""
     exit_code = remove_artifacts(args.remove_logs, args.remove_seed)
     if exit_code == 0 and args.reboot:
-        cmd = ['shutdown', '-r', 'now']
+        cmd = ["shutdown", "-r", "now"]
         try:
             subp(cmd, capture=False)
         except ProcessExecutionError as e:
             error(
                 'Could not reboot this system using "{0}": {1}'.format(
-                    cmd, str(e)))
+                    cmd, str(e)
+                )
+            )
             exit_code = 1
     return exit_code
 
@@ -92,10 +115,10 @@ def handle_clean_args(name, args):
 def main():
     """Tool to collect and tar all cloud-init related logs."""
     parser = get_parser()
-    sys.exit(handle_clean_args('clean', parser.parse_args()))
+    sys.exit(handle_clean_args("clean", parser.parse_args()))
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/cloud_id.py b/cloudinit/cmd/cloud_id.py
index 0cdc9675..b92b03a8 100755
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/cloud_id.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/cloud_id.py
@@ -6,13 +6,16 @@ import argparse
 import json
 import sys
 
-from cloudinit.util import error
 from cloudinit.sources import (
-    INSTANCE_JSON_FILE, METADATA_UNKNOWN, canonical_cloud_id)
+    INSTANCE_JSON_FILE,
+    METADATA_UNKNOWN,
+    canonical_cloud_id,
+)
+from cloudinit.util import error
 
-DEFAULT_INSTANCE_JSON = '/run/cloud-init/%s' % INSTANCE_JSON_FILE
+DEFAULT_INSTANCE_JSON = "/run/cloud-init/%s" % INSTANCE_JSON_FILE
 
-NAME = 'cloud-id'
+NAME = "cloud-id"
 
 
 def get_parser(parser=None):
@@ -27,17 +30,30 @@ def get_parser(parser=None):
     if not parser:
         parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
             prog=NAME,
-            description='Report the canonical cloud-id for this instance')
+            description="Report the canonical cloud-id for this instance",
+        )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-j', '--json', action='store_true', default=False,
-        help='Report all standardized cloud-id information as json.')
+        "-j",
+        "--json",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="Report all standardized cloud-id information as json.",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-l', '--long', action='store_true', default=False,
-        help='Report extended cloud-id information as tab-delimited string.')
+        "-l",
+        "--long",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="Report extended cloud-id information as tab-delimited string.",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-i', '--instance-data', type=str, default=DEFAULT_INSTANCE_JSON,
-        help=('Path to instance-data.json file. Default is %s' %
-              DEFAULT_INSTANCE_JSON))
+        "-i",
+        "--instance-data",
+        type=str,
+        default=DEFAULT_INSTANCE_JSON,
+        help="Path to instance-data.json file. Default is %s"
+        % DEFAULT_INSTANCE_JSON,
+    )
     return parser
 
 
@@ -53,24 +69,28 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
     except IOError:
         return error(
             "File not found '%s'. Provide a path to instance data json file"
-            ' using --instance-data' % args.instance_data)
+            " using --instance-data" % args.instance_data
+        )
     except ValueError as e:
         return error(
-            "File '%s' is not valid json. %s" % (args.instance_data, e))
-    v1 = instance_data.get('v1', {})
+            "File '%s' is not valid json. %s" % (args.instance_data, e)
+        )
+    v1 = instance_data.get("v1", {})
     cloud_id = canonical_cloud_id(
-        v1.get('cloud_name', METADATA_UNKNOWN),
-        v1.get('region', METADATA_UNKNOWN),
-        v1.get('platform', METADATA_UNKNOWN))
+        v1.get("cloud_name", METADATA_UNKNOWN),
+        v1.get("region", METADATA_UNKNOWN),
+        v1.get("platform", METADATA_UNKNOWN),
+    )
     if args.json:
-        v1['cloud_id'] = cloud_id
-        response = json.dumps(   # Pretty, sorted json
-            v1, indent=1, sort_keys=True, separators=(',', ': '))
+        v1["cloud_id"] = cloud_id
+        response = json.dumps(  # Pretty, sorted json
+            v1, indent=1, sort_keys=True, separators=(",", ": ")
+        )
     elif args.long:
-        response = '%s\t%s' % (cloud_id, v1.get('region', METADATA_UNKNOWN))
+        response = "%s\t%s" % (cloud_id, v1.get("region", METADATA_UNKNOWN))
     else:
         response = cloud_id
-    sys.stdout.write('%s\n' % response)
+    sys.stdout.write("%s\n" % response)
     return 0
 
 
@@ -80,7 +100,7 @@ def main():
     sys.exit(handle_args(NAME, parser.parse_args()))
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/__init__.py b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/__init__.py
index 3ae28b69..ead5f7a9 100644
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/__init__.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/__init__.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from cloudinit.stages import Init
 
 def addLogHandlerCLI(logger, log_level):
     """Add a commandline logging handler to emit messages to stderr."""
-    formatter = logging.Formatter('%(levelname)s: %(message)s')
+    formatter = logging.Formatter("%(levelname)s: %(message)s")
     log.setupBasicLogging(log_level, formatter=formatter)
     return logger
 
@@ -22,4 +22,5 @@ def read_cfg_paths():
     init.read_cfg()
     return init.paths
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/hotplug_hook.py b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/hotplug_hook.py
index f6f36a00..a9be0379 100644
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/hotplug_hook.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/hotplug_hook.py
@@ -6,20 +6,17 @@ import os
 import sys
 import time
 
-from cloudinit import log
-from cloudinit import reporting
-from cloudinit import stages
+from cloudinit import log, reporting, stages
 from cloudinit.event import EventScope, EventType
 from cloudinit.net import activators, read_sys_net_safe
 from cloudinit.net.network_state import parse_net_config_data
 from cloudinit.reporting import events
-from cloudinit.stages import Init
 from cloudinit.sources import DataSource  # noqa: F401
 from cloudinit.sources import DataSourceNotFoundException
-
+from cloudinit.stages import Init
 
 LOG = log.getLogger(__name__)
-NAME = 'hotplug-hook'
+NAME = "hotplug-hook"
 
 
 def get_parser(parser=None):
@@ -35,33 +32,38 @@ def get_parser(parser=None):
 
     parser.description = __doc__
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-s", "--subsystem", required=True,
+        "-s",
+        "--subsystem",
+        required=True,
         help="subsystem to act on",
-        choices=['net']
+        choices=["net"],
     )
 
     subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(
-        title='Hotplug Action',
-        dest='hotplug_action'
+        title="Hotplug Action", dest="hotplug_action"
     )
     subparsers.required = True
 
     subparsers.add_parser(
-        'query',
-        help='query if hotplug is enabled for given subsystem'
+        "query", help="query if hotplug is enabled for given subsystem"
     )
 
     parser_handle = subparsers.add_parser(
-        'handle', help='handle the hotplug event')
+        "handle", help="handle the hotplug event"
+    )
     parser_handle.add_argument(
-        "-d", "--devpath", required=True,
+        "-d",
+        "--devpath",
+        required=True,
         metavar="PATH",
-        help="sysfs path to hotplugged device"
+        help="sysfs path to hotplugged device",
     )
     parser_handle.add_argument(
-        "-u", "--udevaction", required=True,
+        "-u",
+        "--udevaction",
+        required=True,
         help="action to take",
-        choices=['add', 'remove']
+        choices=["add", "remove"],
     )
 
     return parser
@@ -90,27 +92,29 @@ class UeventHandler(abc.ABC):
 
     def detect_hotplugged_device(self):
         detect_presence = None
-        if self.action == 'add':
+        if self.action == "add":
             detect_presence = True
-        elif self.action == 'remove':
+        elif self.action == "remove":
             detect_presence = False
         else:
-            raise ValueError('Unknown action: %s' % self.action)
+            raise ValueError("Unknown action: %s" % self.action)
 
         if detect_presence != self.device_detected():
             raise RuntimeError(
-                'Failed to detect %s in updated metadata' % self.id)
+                "Failed to detect %s in updated metadata" % self.id
+            )
 
     def success(self):
         return self.success_fn()
 
     def update_metadata(self):
-        result = self.datasource.update_metadata_if_supported([
-            EventType.HOTPLUG])
+        result = self.datasource.update_metadata_if_supported(
+            [EventType.HOTPLUG]
+        )
         if not result:
             raise RuntimeError(
-                'Datasource %s not updated for '
-                'event %s' % (self.datasource, EventType.HOTPLUG)
+                "Datasource %s not updated for event %s"
+                % (self.datasource, EventType.HOTPLUG)
             )
         return result
 
@@ -118,7 +122,7 @@ class UeventHandler(abc.ABC):
 class NetHandler(UeventHandler):
     def __init__(self, datasource, devpath, action, success_fn):
         # convert devpath to mac address
-        id = read_sys_net_safe(os.path.basename(devpath), 'address')
+        id = read_sys_net_safe(os.path.basename(devpath), "address")
         super().__init__(id, datasource, devpath, action, success_fn)
 
     def apply(self):
@@ -128,14 +132,16 @@ class NetHandler(UeventHandler):
         )
         interface_name = os.path.basename(self.devpath)
         activator = activators.select_activator()
-        if self.action == 'add':
+        if self.action == "add":
             if not activator.bring_up_interface(interface_name):
                 raise RuntimeError(
-                    'Failed to bring up device: {}'.format(self.devpath))
-        elif self.action == 'remove':
+                    "Failed to bring up device: {}".format(self.devpath)
+                )
+        elif self.action == "remove":
             if not activator.bring_down_interface(interface_name):
                 raise RuntimeError(
-                    'Failed to bring down device: {}'.format(self.devpath))
+                    "Failed to bring down device: {}".format(self.devpath)
+                )
 
     @property
     def config(self):
@@ -144,15 +150,16 @@ class NetHandler(UeventHandler):
     def device_detected(self) -> bool:
         netstate = parse_net_config_data(self.config)
         found = [
-            iface for iface in netstate.iter_interfaces()
-            if iface.get('mac_address') == self.id
+            iface
+            for iface in netstate.iter_interfaces()
+            if iface.get("mac_address") == self.id
         ]
-        LOG.debug('Ifaces with ID=%s : %s', self.id, found)
+        LOG.debug("Ifaces with ID=%s : %s", self.id, found)
         return len(found) > 0
 
 
 SUBSYSTEM_PROPERTES_MAP = {
-    'net': (NetHandler, EventScope.NETWORK),
+    "net": (NetHandler, EventScope.NETWORK),
 }
 
 
@@ -161,66 +168,65 @@ def is_enabled(hotplug_init, subsystem):
         scope = SUBSYSTEM_PROPERTES_MAP[subsystem][1]
     except KeyError as e:
         raise Exception(
-            'hotplug-hook: cannot handle events for subsystem: {}'.format(
-                subsystem)
+            "hotplug-hook: cannot handle events for subsystem: {}".format(
+                subsystem
+            )
         ) from e
 
     return stages.update_event_enabled(
         datasource=hotplug_init.datasource,
         cfg=hotplug_init.cfg,
         event_source_type=EventType.HOTPLUG,
-        scope=scope
+        scope=scope,
     )
 
 
 def initialize_datasource(hotplug_init, subsystem):
-    LOG.debug('Fetching datasource')
+    LOG.debug("Fetching datasource")
     datasource = hotplug_init.fetch(existing="trust")
 
     if not datasource.get_supported_events([EventType.HOTPLUG]):
-        LOG.debug('hotplug not supported for event of type %s', subsystem)
+        LOG.debug("hotplug not supported for event of type %s", subsystem)
         return
 
     if not is_enabled(hotplug_init, subsystem):
-        LOG.debug('hotplug not enabled for event of type %s', subsystem)
+        LOG.debug("hotplug not enabled for event of type %s", subsystem)
         return
     return datasource
 
 
-def handle_hotplug(
-    hotplug_init: Init, devpath, subsystem, udevaction
-):
+def handle_hotplug(hotplug_init: Init, devpath, subsystem, udevaction):
     datasource = initialize_datasource(hotplug_init, subsystem)
     if not datasource:
         return
     handler_cls = SUBSYSTEM_PROPERTES_MAP[subsystem][0]
-    LOG.debug('Creating %s event handler', subsystem)
+    LOG.debug("Creating %s event handler", subsystem)
     event_handler = handler_cls(
         datasource=datasource,
         devpath=devpath,
         action=udevaction,
-        success_fn=hotplug_init._write_to_cache
+        success_fn=hotplug_init._write_to_cache,
     )  # type: UeventHandler
     wait_times = [1, 3, 5, 10, 30]
     for attempt, wait in enumerate(wait_times):
         LOG.debug(
-            'subsystem=%s update attempt %s/%s',
+            "subsystem=%s update attempt %s/%s",
             subsystem,
             attempt,
-            len(wait_times)
+            len(wait_times),
         )
         try:
-            LOG.debug('Refreshing metadata')
+            LOG.debug("Refreshing metadata")
             event_handler.update_metadata()
-            LOG.debug('Detecting device in updated metadata')
+            LOG.debug("Detecting device in updated metadata")
             event_handler.detect_hotplugged_device()
-            LOG.debug('Applying config change')
+            LOG.debug("Applying config change")
             event_handler.apply()
-            LOG.debug('Updating cache')
+            LOG.debug("Updating cache")
             event_handler.success()
             break
         except Exception as e:
-            LOG.debug('Exception while processing hotplug event. %s', e)
+            LOG.debug("Exception while processing hotplug event. %s", e)
             time.sleep(wait)
             last_exception = e
     else:
@@ -238,31 +244,33 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
     hotplug_init.read_cfg()
 
     log.setupLogging(hotplug_init.cfg)
-    if 'reporting' in hotplug_init.cfg:
-        reporting.update_configuration(hotplug_init.cfg.get('reporting'))
+    if "reporting" in hotplug_init.cfg:
+        reporting.update_configuration(hotplug_init.cfg.get("reporting"))
     # Logging isn't going to be setup until now
     LOG.debug(
-        '%s called with the following arguments: {'
-        'hotplug_action: %s, subsystem: %s, udevaction: %s, devpath: %s}',
+        "%s called with the following arguments: {"
+        "hotplug_action: %s, subsystem: %s, udevaction: %s, devpath: %s}",
         name,
         args.hotplug_action,
         args.subsystem,
-        args.udevaction if 'udevaction' in args else None,
-        args.devpath if 'devpath' in args else None,
+        args.udevaction if "udevaction" in args else None,
+        args.devpath if "devpath" in args else None,
     )
 
     with hotplug_reporter:
         try:
-            if args.hotplug_action == 'query':
+            if args.hotplug_action == "query":
                 try:
                     datasource = initialize_datasource(
-                        hotplug_init, args.subsystem)
+                        hotplug_init, args.subsystem
+                    )
                 except DataSourceNotFoundException:
                     print(
                         "Unable to determine hotplug state. No datasource "
-                        "detected")
+                        "detected"
+                    )
                     sys.exit(1)
-                print('enabled' if datasource else 'disabled')
+                print("enabled" if datasource else "disabled")
             else:
                 handle_hotplug(
                     hotplug_init=hotplug_init,
@@ -271,13 +279,13 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
                     udevaction=args.udevaction,
                 )
         except Exception:
-            LOG.exception('Received fatal exception handling hotplug!')
+            LOG.exception("Received fatal exception handling hotplug!")
             raise
 
-    LOG.debug('Exiting hotplug handler')
+    LOG.debug("Exiting hotplug handler")
     reporting.flush_events()
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     args = get_parser().parse_args()
     handle_args(NAME, args)
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/logs.py b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/logs.py
index 31ade73d..d54b809a 100644
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/logs.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/logs.py
@@ -5,20 +5,19 @@
 """Define 'collect-logs' utility and handler to include in cloud-init cmd."""
 
 import argparse
-from datetime import datetime
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
+from datetime import datetime
 
 from cloudinit.sources import INSTANCE_JSON_SENSITIVE_FILE
+from cloudinit.subp import ProcessExecutionError, subp
 from cloudinit.temp_utils import tempdir
-from cloudinit.subp import (ProcessExecutionError, subp)
-from cloudinit.util import (chdir, copy, ensure_dir, write_file)
+from cloudinit.util import chdir, copy, ensure_dir, write_file
 
-
-CLOUDINIT_LOGS = ['/var/log/cloud-init.log', '/var/log/cloud-init-output.log']
-CLOUDINIT_RUN_DIR = '/run/cloud-init'
-USER_DATA_FILE = '/var/lib/cloud/instance/user-data.txt'  # Optional
+CLOUDINIT_LOGS = ["/var/log/cloud-init.log", "/var/log/cloud-init-output.log"]
+CLOUDINIT_RUN_DIR = "/run/cloud-init"
+USER_DATA_FILE = "/var/lib/cloud/instance/user-data.txt"  # Optional
 
 
 def get_parser(parser=None):
@@ -32,26 +31,44 @@ def get_parser(parser=None):
     """
     if not parser:
         parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-            prog='collect-logs',
-            description='Collect and tar all cloud-init debug info')
-    parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', action='count', default=0,
-                        dest='verbosity', help="Be more verbose.")
+            prog="collect-logs",
+            description="Collect and tar all cloud-init debug info",
+        )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--verbose",
+        "-v",
+        action="count",
+        default=0,
+        dest="verbosity",
+        help="Be more verbose.",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--tarfile", '-t', default='cloud-init.tar.gz',
-        help=('The tarfile to create containing all collected logs.'
-              ' Default: cloud-init.tar.gz'))
+        "--tarfile",
+        "-t",
+        default="cloud-init.tar.gz",
+        help=(
+            "The tarfile to create containing all collected logs."
+            " Default: cloud-init.tar.gz"
+        ),
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--include-userdata", '-u', default=False, action='store_true',
-        dest='userdata', help=(
-            'Optionally include user-data from {0} which could contain'
-            ' sensitive information.'.format(USER_DATA_FILE)))
+        "--include-userdata",
+        "-u",
+        default=False,
+        action="store_true",
+        dest="userdata",
+        help=(
+            "Optionally include user-data from {0} which could contain"
+            " sensitive information.".format(USER_DATA_FILE)
+        ),
+    )
     return parser
 
 
 def _copytree_rundir_ignore_files(curdir, files):
     """Return a list of files to ignore for /run/cloud-init directory"""
     ignored_files = [
-        'hook-hotplug-cmd',  # named pipe for hotplug
+        "hook-hotplug-cmd",  # named pipe for hotplug
     ]
     if os.getuid() != 0:
         # Ignore root-permissioned files
@@ -94,52 +111,67 @@ def collect_logs(tarfile, include_userdata, verbosity=0):
     if include_userdata and os.getuid() != 0:
         sys.stderr.write(
             "To include userdata, root user is required."
-            " Try sudo cloud-init collect-logs\n")
+            " Try sudo cloud-init collect-logs\n"
+        )
         return 1
     tarfile = os.path.abspath(tarfile)
-    date = datetime.utcnow().date().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
-    log_dir = 'cloud-init-logs-{0}'.format(date)
-    with tempdir(dir='/tmp') as tmp_dir:
+    date = datetime.utcnow().date().strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
+    log_dir = "cloud-init-logs-{0}".format(date)
+    with tempdir(dir="/tmp") as tmp_dir:
         log_dir = os.path.join(tmp_dir, log_dir)
         version = _write_command_output_to_file(
-            ['cloud-init', '--version'],
-            os.path.join(log_dir, 'version'),
-            "cloud-init --version", verbosity)
+            ["cloud-init", "--version"],
+            os.path.join(log_dir, "version"),
+            "cloud-init --version",
+            verbosity,
+        )
         dpkg_ver = _write_command_output_to_file(
-            ['dpkg-query', '--show', "-f=${Version}\n", 'cloud-init'],
-            os.path.join(log_dir, 'dpkg-version'),
-            "dpkg version", verbosity)
+            ["dpkg-query", "--show", "-f=${Version}\n", "cloud-init"],
+            os.path.join(log_dir, "dpkg-version"),
+            "dpkg version",
+            verbosity,
+        )
         if not version:
             version = dpkg_ver if dpkg_ver else "not-available"
         _debug("collected cloud-init version: %s\n" % version, 1, verbosity)
         _write_command_output_to_file(
-            ['dmesg'], os.path.join(log_dir, 'dmesg.txt'),
-            "dmesg output", verbosity)
+            ["dmesg"],
+            os.path.join(log_dir, "dmesg.txt"),
+            "dmesg output",
+            verbosity,
+        )
         _write_command_output_to_file(
-            ['journalctl', '--boot=0', '-o', 'short-precise'],
-            os.path.join(log_dir, 'journal.txt'),
-            "systemd journal of current boot", verbosity)
+            ["journalctl", "--boot=0", "-o", "short-precise"],
+            os.path.join(log_dir, "journal.txt"),
+            "systemd journal of current boot",
+            verbosity,
+        )
 
         for log in CLOUDINIT_LOGS:
             _collect_file(log, log_dir, verbosity)
         if include_userdata:
             _collect_file(USER_DATA_FILE, log_dir, verbosity)
-        run_dir = os.path.join(log_dir, 'run')
+        run_dir = os.path.join(log_dir, "run")
         ensure_dir(run_dir)
         if os.path.exists(CLOUDINIT_RUN_DIR):
             try:
-                shutil.copytree(CLOUDINIT_RUN_DIR,
-                                os.path.join(run_dir, 'cloud-init'),
-                                ignore=_copytree_rundir_ignore_files)
+                shutil.copytree(
+                    CLOUDINIT_RUN_DIR,
+                    os.path.join(run_dir, "cloud-init"),
+                    ignore=_copytree_rundir_ignore_files,
+                )
             except shutil.Error as e:
                 sys.stderr.write("Failed collecting file(s) due to error:\n")
-                sys.stderr.write(str(e) + '\n')
+                sys.stderr.write(str(e) + "\n")
             _debug("collected dir %s\n" % CLOUDINIT_RUN_DIR, 1, verbosity)
         else:
-            _debug("directory '%s' did not exist\n" % CLOUDINIT_RUN_DIR, 1,
-                   verbosity)
+            _debug(
+                "directory '%s' did not exist\n" % CLOUDINIT_RUN_DIR,
+                1,
+                verbosity,
+            )
         with chdir(tmp_dir):
-            subp(['tar', 'czvf', tarfile, log_dir.replace(tmp_dir + '/', '')])
+            subp(["tar", "czvf", tarfile, log_dir.replace(tmp_dir + "/", "")])
     sys.stderr.write("Wrote %s\n" % tarfile)
     return 0
 
@@ -152,10 +184,10 @@ def handle_collect_logs_args(name, args):
 def main():
     """Tool to collect and tar all cloud-init related logs."""
     parser = get_parser()
-    return handle_collect_logs_args('collect-logs', parser.parse_args())
+    return handle_collect_logs_args("collect-logs", parser.parse_args())
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(main())
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/make_mime.py b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/make_mime.py
index 4e6a5778..a7493c74 100755
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/make_mime.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/make_mime.py
@@ -9,19 +9,22 @@ from email.mime.text import MIMEText
 
 from cloudinit import log
 from cloudinit.handlers import INCLUSION_TYPES_MAP
+
 from . import addLogHandlerCLI
 
-NAME = 'make-mime'
+NAME = "make-mime"
 LOG = log.getLogger(NAME)
-EPILOG = ("Example: make-mime -a config.yaml:cloud-config "
-          "-a script.sh:x-shellscript > user-data")
+EPILOG = (
+    "Example: make-mime -a config.yaml:cloud-config "
+    "-a script.sh:x-shellscript > user-data"
+)
 
 
 def file_content_type(text):
-    """ Return file content type by reading the first line of the input. """
+    """Return file content type by reading the first line of the input."""
     try:
         filename, content_type = text.split(":", 1)
-        return (open(filename, 'r'), filename, content_type.strip())
+        return (open(filename, "r"), filename, content_type.strip())
     except ValueError as e:
         raise argparse.ArgumentError(
             text, "Invalid value for %r" % (text)
@@ -41,26 +44,43 @@ def get_parser(parser=None):
     # update the parser's doc and add an epilog to show an example
     parser.description = __doc__
     parser.epilog = EPILOG
-    parser.add_argument("-a", "--attach", dest="files", type=file_content_type,
-                        action='append', default=[],
-                        metavar="<file>:<content-type>",
-                        help=("attach the given file as the specified "
-                              "content-type"))
-    parser.add_argument('-l', '--list-types', action='store_true',
-                        default=False,
-                        help='List support cloud-init content types.')
-    parser.add_argument('-f', '--force', action='store_true',
-                        default=False,
-                        help='Ignore unknown content-type warnings')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-a",
+        "--attach",
+        dest="files",
+        type=file_content_type,
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="<file>:<content-type>",
+        help="attach the given file as the specified content-type",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-l",
+        "--list-types",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="List support cloud-init content types.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-f",
+        "--force",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="Ignore unknown content-type warnings",
+    )
     return parser
 
 
 def get_content_types(strip_prefix=False):
-    """ Return a list of cloud-init supported content types.  Optionally
-        strip out the leading 'text/' of the type if strip_prefix=True.
+    """Return a list of cloud-init supported content types.  Optionally
+    strip out the leading 'text/' of the type if strip_prefix=True.
     """
-    return sorted([ctype.replace("text/", "") if strip_prefix else ctype
-                   for ctype in INCLUSION_TYPES_MAP.values()])
+    return sorted(
+        [
+            ctype.replace("text/", "") if strip_prefix else ctype
+            for ctype in INCLUSION_TYPES_MAP.values()
+        ]
+    )
 
 
 def handle_args(name, args):
@@ -82,14 +102,16 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
     for i, (fh, filename, format_type) in enumerate(args.files):
         contents = fh.read()
         sub_message = MIMEText(contents, format_type, sys.getdefaultencoding())
-        sub_message.add_header('Content-Disposition',
-                               'attachment; filename="%s"' % (filename))
+        sub_message.add_header(
+            "Content-Disposition", 'attachment; filename="%s"' % (filename)
+        )
         content_type = sub_message.get_content_type().lower()
         if content_type not in get_content_types():
             level = "WARNING" if args.force else "ERROR"
-            msg = (level + ": content type %r for attachment %s "
-                   "may be incorrect!") % (content_type, i + 1)
-            sys.stderr.write(msg + '\n')
+            msg = (
+                level + ": content type %r for attachment %s may be incorrect!"
+            ) % (content_type, i + 1)
+            sys.stderr.write(msg + "\n")
             errors.append(msg)
         sub_messages.append(sub_message)
     if len(errors) and not args.force:
@@ -104,10 +126,10 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
 
 def main():
     args = get_parser().parse_args()
-    return(handle_args(NAME, args))
+    return handle_args(NAME, args)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(main())
 
 
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/net_convert.py b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/net_convert.py
index f4a98e5e..18b1e7ff 100755
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/net_convert.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/net_convert.py
@@ -6,15 +6,13 @@ import json
 import os
 import sys
 
-from cloudinit.sources.helpers import openstack
+from cloudinit import distros, log, safeyaml
+from cloudinit.net import eni, netplan, network_state, networkd, sysconfig
 from cloudinit.sources import DataSourceAzure as azure
 from cloudinit.sources import DataSourceOVF as ovf
+from cloudinit.sources.helpers import openstack
 
-from cloudinit import distros, safeyaml
-from cloudinit.net import eni, netplan, networkd, network_state, sysconfig
-from cloudinit import log
-
-NAME = 'net-convert'
+NAME = "net-convert"
 
 
 def get_parser(parser=None):
@@ -27,33 +25,59 @@ def get_parser(parser=None):
     """
     if not parser:
         parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=NAME, description=__doc__)
-    parser.add_argument("-p", "--network-data", type=open,
-                        metavar="PATH", required=True,
-                        help="The network configuration to read")
-    parser.add_argument("-k", "--kind",
-                        choices=['eni', 'network_data.json', 'yaml',
-                                 'azure-imds', 'vmware-imc'],
-                        required=True,
-                        help="The format of the given network config")
-    parser.add_argument("-d", "--directory",
-                        metavar="PATH",
-                        help="directory to place output in",
-                        required=True)
-    parser.add_argument("-D", "--distro",
-                        choices=[item for sublist in
-                                 distros.OSFAMILIES.values()
-                                 for item in sublist],
-                        required=True)
-    parser.add_argument("-m", "--mac",
-                        metavar="name,mac",
-                        action='append',
-                        help="interface name to mac mapping")
-    parser.add_argument("--debug", action='store_true',
-                        help='enable debug logging to stderr.')
-    parser.add_argument("-O", "--output-kind",
-                        choices=['eni', 'netplan', 'networkd', 'sysconfig'],
-                        required=True,
-                        help="The network config format to emit")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-p",
+        "--network-data",
+        type=open,
+        metavar="PATH",
+        required=True,
+        help="The network configuration to read",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-k",
+        "--kind",
+        choices=[
+            "eni",
+            "network_data.json",
+            "yaml",
+            "azure-imds",
+            "vmware-imc",
+        ],
+        required=True,
+        help="The format of the given network config",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-d",
+        "--directory",
+        metavar="PATH",
+        help="directory to place output in",
+        required=True,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-D",
+        "--distro",
+        choices=[
+            item for sublist in distros.OSFAMILIES.values() for item in sublist
+        ],
+        required=True,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-m",
+        "--mac",
+        metavar="name,mac",
+        action="append",
+        help="interface name to mac mapping",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--debug", action="store_true", help="enable debug logging to stderr."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-O",
+        "--output-kind",
+        choices=["eni", "netplan", "networkd", "sysconfig"],
+        required=True,
+        help="The network config format to emit",
+    )
     return parser
 
 
@@ -81,59 +105,68 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
         pre_ns = eni.convert_eni_data(net_data)
     elif args.kind == "yaml":
         pre_ns = safeyaml.load(net_data)
-        if 'network' in pre_ns:
-            pre_ns = pre_ns.get('network')
+        if "network" in pre_ns:
+            pre_ns = pre_ns.get("network")
         if args.debug:
-            sys.stderr.write('\n'.join(
-                ["Input YAML", safeyaml.dumps(pre_ns), ""]))
-    elif args.kind == 'network_data.json':
+            sys.stderr.write(
+                "\n".join(["Input YAML", safeyaml.dumps(pre_ns), ""])
+            )
+    elif args.kind == "network_data.json":
         pre_ns = openstack.convert_net_json(
-            json.loads(net_data), known_macs=known_macs)
-    elif args.kind == 'azure-imds':
+            json.loads(net_data), known_macs=known_macs
+        )
+    elif args.kind == "azure-imds":
         pre_ns = azure.parse_network_config(json.loads(net_data))
-    elif args.kind == 'vmware-imc':
+    elif args.kind == "vmware-imc":
         config = ovf.Config(ovf.ConfigFile(args.network_data.name))
         pre_ns = ovf.get_network_config_from_conf(config, False)
 
     ns = network_state.parse_net_config_data(pre_ns)
 
     if args.debug:
-        sys.stderr.write('\n'.join(
-            ["", "Internal State", safeyaml.dumps(ns), ""]))
+        sys.stderr.write(
+            "\n".join(["", "Internal State", safeyaml.dumps(ns), ""])
+        )
     distro_cls = distros.fetch(args.distro)
     distro = distro_cls(args.distro, {}, None)
     config = {}
     if args.output_kind == "eni":
         r_cls = eni.Renderer
-        config = distro.renderer_configs.get('eni')
+        config = distro.renderer_configs.get("eni")
     elif args.output_kind == "netplan":
         r_cls = netplan.Renderer
-        config = distro.renderer_configs.get('netplan')
+        config = distro.renderer_configs.get("netplan")
         # don't run netplan generate/apply
-        config['postcmds'] = False
+        config["postcmds"] = False
         # trim leading slash
-        config['netplan_path'] = config['netplan_path'][1:]
+        config["netplan_path"] = config["netplan_path"][1:]
         # enable some netplan features
-        config['features'] = ['dhcp-use-domains', 'ipv6-mtu']
+        config["features"] = ["dhcp-use-domains", "ipv6-mtu"]
     elif args.output_kind == "networkd":
         r_cls = networkd.Renderer
-        config = distro.renderer_configs.get('networkd')
+        config = distro.renderer_configs.get("networkd")
     elif args.output_kind == "sysconfig":
         r_cls = sysconfig.Renderer
-        config = distro.renderer_configs.get('sysconfig')
+        config = distro.renderer_configs.get("sysconfig")
     else:
         raise RuntimeError("Invalid output_kind")
 
     r = r_cls(config=config)
-    sys.stderr.write(''.join([
-        "Read input format '%s' from '%s'.\n" % (
-            args.kind, args.network_data.name),
-        "Wrote output format '%s' to '%s'\n" % (
-            args.output_kind, args.directory)]) + "\n")
+    sys.stderr.write(
+        "".join(
+            [
+                "Read input format '%s' from '%s'.\n"
+                % (args.kind, args.network_data.name),
+                "Wrote output format '%s' to '%s'\n"
+                % (args.output_kind, args.directory),
+            ]
+        )
+        + "\n"
+    )
     r.render_network_state(network_state=ns, target=args.directory)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     args = get_parser().parse_args()
     handle_args(NAME, args)
 
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/parser.py b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/parser.py
index be304630..76b16c2e 100644
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/parser.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/parser.py
@@ -5,33 +5,47 @@
 """Define 'devel' subcommand argument parsers to include in cloud-init cmd."""
 
 import argparse
+
 from cloudinit.config import schema
 
-from . import hotplug_hook
-from . import net_convert
-from . import render
-from . import make_mime
+from . import hotplug_hook, make_mime, net_convert, render
 
 
 def get_parser(parser=None):
     if not parser:
         parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-            prog='cloudinit-devel',
-            description='Run development cloud-init tools')
-    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title='Subcommands', dest='subcommand')
+            prog="cloudinit-devel",
+            description="Run development cloud-init tools",
+        )
+    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title="Subcommands", dest="subcommand")
     subparsers.required = True
 
     subcmds = [
-        (hotplug_hook.NAME, hotplug_hook.__doc__,
-         hotplug_hook.get_parser, hotplug_hook.handle_args),
-        ('schema', 'Validate cloud-config files for document schema',
-         schema.get_parser, schema.handle_schema_args),
-        (net_convert.NAME, net_convert.__doc__,
-         net_convert.get_parser, net_convert.handle_args),
-        (render.NAME, render.__doc__,
-         render.get_parser, render.handle_args),
-        (make_mime.NAME, make_mime.__doc__,
-         make_mime.get_parser, make_mime.handle_args),
+        (
+            hotplug_hook.NAME,
+            hotplug_hook.__doc__,
+            hotplug_hook.get_parser,
+            hotplug_hook.handle_args,
+        ),
+        (
+            "schema",
+            "Validate cloud-config files for document schema",
+            schema.get_parser,
+            schema.handle_schema_args,
+        ),
+        (
+            net_convert.NAME,
+            net_convert.__doc__,
+            net_convert.get_parser,
+            net_convert.handle_args,
+        ),
+        (render.NAME, render.__doc__, render.get_parser, render.handle_args),
+        (
+            make_mime.NAME,
+            make_mime.__doc__,
+            make_mime.get_parser,
+            make_mime.handle_args,
+        ),
     ]
     for (subcmd, helpmsg, get_parser, handler) in subcmds:
         parser = subparsers.add_parser(subcmd, help=helpmsg)
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/render.py b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/render.py
index 1090aa16..2f9a22a8 100755
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/devel/render.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/devel/render.py
@@ -6,12 +6,13 @@ import argparse
 import os
 import sys
 
-from cloudinit.handlers.jinja_template import render_jinja_payload_from_file
 from cloudinit import log
+from cloudinit.handlers.jinja_template import render_jinja_payload_from_file
 from cloudinit.sources import INSTANCE_JSON_FILE, INSTANCE_JSON_SENSITIVE_FILE
+
 from . import addLogHandlerCLI, read_cfg_paths
 
-NAME = 'render'
+NAME = "render"
 
 LOG = log.getLogger(NAME)
 
@@ -27,13 +28,24 @@ def get_parser(parser=None):
     if not parser:
         parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=NAME, description=__doc__)
     parser.add_argument(
-        'user_data', type=str, help='Path to the user-data file to render')
+        "user_data", type=str, help="Path to the user-data file to render"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-i",
+        "--instance-data",
+        type=str,
+        help=(
+            "Optional path to instance-data.json file. Defaults to"
+            " /run/cloud-init/instance-data.json"
+        ),
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-i', '--instance-data', type=str,
-        help=('Optional path to instance-data.json file. Defaults to'
-              ' /run/cloud-init/instance-data.json'))
-    parser.add_argument('-d', '--debug', action='store_true', default=False,
-                        help='Add verbose messages during template render')
+        "-d",
+        "--debug",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="Add verbose messages during template render",
+    )
     return parser
 
 
@@ -54,34 +66,38 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
         redacted_data_fn = os.path.join(paths.run_dir, INSTANCE_JSON_FILE)
         if uid == 0:
             instance_data_fn = os.path.join(
-                paths.run_dir, INSTANCE_JSON_SENSITIVE_FILE)
+                paths.run_dir, INSTANCE_JSON_SENSITIVE_FILE
+            )
             if not os.path.exists(instance_data_fn):
                 LOG.warning(
-                    'Missing root-readable %s. Using redacted %s instead.',
-                    instance_data_fn, redacted_data_fn
+                    "Missing root-readable %s. Using redacted %s instead.",
+                    instance_data_fn,
+                    redacted_data_fn,
                 )
                 instance_data_fn = redacted_data_fn
         else:
             instance_data_fn = redacted_data_fn
     if not os.path.exists(instance_data_fn):
-        LOG.error('Missing instance-data.json file: %s', instance_data_fn)
+        LOG.error("Missing instance-data.json file: %s", instance_data_fn)
         return 1
     try:
         with open(args.user_data) as stream:
             user_data = stream.read()
     except IOError:
-        LOG.error('Missing user-data file: %s', args.user_data)
+        LOG.error("Missing user-data file: %s", args.user_data)
         return 1
     try:
         rendered_payload = render_jinja_payload_from_file(
-            payload=user_data, payload_fn=args.user_data,
+            payload=user_data,
+            payload_fn=args.user_data,
             instance_data_file=instance_data_fn,
-            debug=True if args.debug else False)
+            debug=True if args.debug else False,
+        )
     except RuntimeError as e:
-        LOG.error('Cannot render from instance data: %s', str(e))
+        LOG.error("Cannot render from instance data: %s", str(e))
         return 1
     if not rendered_payload:
-        LOG.error('Unable to render user-data file: %s', args.user_data)
+        LOG.error("Unable to render user-data file: %s", args.user_data)
         return 1
     sys.stdout.write(rendered_payload)
     return 0
@@ -89,10 +105,10 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
 
 def main():
     args = get_parser().parse_args()
-    return(handle_args(NAME, args))
+    return handle_args(NAME, args)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(main())
 
 
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/main.py b/cloudinit/cmd/main.py
index 63186d34..e67edbc3 100644
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/main.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/main.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import time
 import traceback
 
 from cloudinit import patcher
+
 patcher.patch_logging()
 
 from cloudinit import log as logging
@@ -34,8 +35,7 @@ from cloudinit import warnings
 from cloudinit import reporting
 from cloudinit.reporting import events
 
-from cloudinit.settings import (PER_INSTANCE, PER_ALWAYS, PER_ONCE,
-                                CLOUD_CONFIG)
+from cloudinit.settings import PER_INSTANCE, PER_ALWAYS, PER_ONCE, CLOUD_CONFIG
 
 from cloudinit import atomic_helper
 
@@ -44,8 +44,10 @@ from cloudinit import dhclient_hook
 
 
 # Welcome message template
-WELCOME_MSG_TPL = ("Cloud-init v. {version} running '{action}' at "
-                   "{timestamp}. Up {uptime} seconds.")
+WELCOME_MSG_TPL = (
+    "Cloud-init v. {version} running '{action}' at "
+    "{timestamp}. Up {uptime} seconds."
+)
 
 # Module section template
 MOD_SECTION_TPL = "cloud_%s_modules"
@@ -53,9 +55,9 @@ MOD_SECTION_TPL = "cloud_%s_modules"
 # Frequency shortname to full name
 # (so users don't have to remember the full name...)
 FREQ_SHORT_NAMES = {
-    'instance': PER_INSTANCE,
-    'always': PER_ALWAYS,
-    'once': PER_ONCE,
+    "instance": PER_INSTANCE,
+    "always": PER_ALWAYS,
+    "once": PER_ONCE,
 }
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger()
@@ -63,21 +65,20 @@ LOG = logging.getLogger()
 
 # Used for when a logger may not be active
 # and we still want to print exceptions...
-def print_exc(msg=''):
+def print_exc(msg=""):
     if msg:
         sys.stderr.write("%s\n" % (msg))
-    sys.stderr.write('-' * 60)
+    sys.stderr.write("-" * 60)
     sys.stderr.write("\n")
     traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr)
-    sys.stderr.write('-' * 60)
+    sys.stderr.write("-" * 60)
     sys.stderr.write("\n")
 
 
 def welcome(action, msg=None):
     if not msg:
         msg = welcome_format(action)
-    util.multi_log("%s\n" % (msg),
-                   console=False, stderr=True, log=LOG)
+    util.multi_log("%s\n" % (msg), console=False, stderr=True, log=LOG)
     return msg
 
 
@@ -86,7 +87,8 @@ def welcome_format(action):
         version=version.version_string(),
         uptime=util.uptime(),
         timestamp=util.time_rfc2822(),
-        action=action)
+        action=action,
+    )
 
 
 def extract_fns(args):
@@ -107,29 +109,31 @@ def run_module_section(mods, action_name, section):
     (which_ran, failures) = mods.run_section(full_section_name)
     total_attempted = len(which_ran) + len(failures)
     if total_attempted == 0:
-        msg = ("No '%s' modules to run"
-               " under section '%s'") % (action_name, full_section_name)
+        msg = "No '%s' modules to run under section '%s'" % (
+            action_name,
+            full_section_name,
+        )
         sys.stderr.write("%s\n" % (msg))
         LOG.debug(msg)
         return []
     else:
-        LOG.debug("Ran %s modules with %s failures",
-                  len(which_ran), len(failures))
+        LOG.debug(
+            "Ran %s modules with %s failures", len(which_ran), len(failures)
+        )
         return failures
 
 
 def apply_reporting_cfg(cfg):
-    if cfg.get('reporting'):
-        reporting.update_configuration(cfg.get('reporting'))
+    if cfg.get("reporting"):
+        reporting.update_configuration(cfg.get("reporting"))
 
 
-def parse_cmdline_url(cmdline, names=('cloud-config-url', 'url')):
+def parse_cmdline_url(cmdline, names=("cloud-config-url", "url")):
     data = util.keyval_str_to_dict(cmdline)
     for key in names:
         if key in data:
             return key, data[key]
-    raise KeyError("No keys (%s) found in string '%s'" %
-                   (cmdline, names))
+    raise KeyError("No keys (%s) found in string '%s'" % (cmdline, names))
 
 
 def attempt_cmdline_url(path, network=True, cmdline=None):
@@ -163,51 +167,60 @@ def attempt_cmdline_url(path, network=True, cmdline=None):
 
     if path_is_local and os.path.exists(path):
         if network:
-            m = ("file '%s' existed, possibly from local stage download"
-                 " of command line url '%s'. Not re-writing." % (path, url))
+            m = (
+                "file '%s' existed, possibly from local stage download"
+                " of command line url '%s'. Not re-writing." % (path, url)
+            )
             level = logging.INFO
             if path_is_local:
                 level = logging.DEBUG
         else:
-            m = ("file '%s' existed, possibly from previous boot download"
-                 " of command line url '%s'. Not re-writing." % (path, url))
+            m = (
+                "file '%s' existed, possibly from previous boot download"
+                " of command line url '%s'. Not re-writing." % (path, url)
+            )
             level = logging.WARN
 
         return (level, m)
 
-    kwargs = {'url': url, 'timeout': 10, 'retries': 2}
+    kwargs = {"url": url, "timeout": 10, "retries": 2}
     if network or path_is_local:
         level = logging.WARN
-        kwargs['sec_between'] = 1
+        kwargs["sec_between"] = 1
     else:
         level = logging.DEBUG
-        kwargs['sec_between'] = .1
+        kwargs["sec_between"] = 0.1
 
     data = None
-    header = b'#cloud-config'
+    header = b"#cloud-config"
     try:
         resp = url_helper.read_file_or_url(**kwargs)
         if resp.ok():
             data = resp.contents
             if not resp.contents.startswith(header):
-                if cmdline_name == 'cloud-config-url':
+                if cmdline_name == "cloud-config-url":
                     level = logging.WARN
                 else:
                     level = logging.INFO
                 return (
                     level,
-                    "contents of '%s' did not start with %s" % (url, header))
+                    "contents of '%s' did not start with %s" % (url, header),
+                )
         else:
-            return (level,
-                    "url '%s' returned code %s. Ignoring." % (url, resp.code))
+            return (
+                level,
+                "url '%s' returned code %s. Ignoring." % (url, resp.code),
+            )
 
     except url_helper.UrlError as e:
         return (level, "retrieving url '%s' failed: %s" % (url, e))
 
     util.write_file(path, data, mode=0o600)
-    return (logging.INFO,
-            "wrote cloud-config data from %s='%s' to %s" %
-            (cmdline_name, url, path))
+    return (
+        logging.INFO,
+        "wrote cloud-config data from %s='%s' to %s"
+        % (cmdline_name, url, path),
+    )
 
 
 def purge_cache_on_python_version_change(init):
@@ -216,31 +229,32 @@ def purge_cache_on_python_version_change(init):
     There could be changes not represented in our cache (obj.pkl) after we
     upgrade to a new version of python, so at that point clear the cache
     """
-    current_python_version = '%d.%d' % (
-        sys.version_info.major, sys.version_info.minor
+    current_python_version = "%d.%d" % (
+        sys.version_info.major,
+        sys.version_info.minor,
     )
     python_version_path = os.path.join(
-        init.paths.get_cpath('data'), 'python-version'
+        init.paths.get_cpath("data"), "python-version"
     )
     if os.path.exists(python_version_path):
         cached_python_version = open(python_version_path).read()
         # The Python version has changed out from under us, anything that was
         # pickled previously is likely useless due to API changes.
         if cached_python_version != current_python_version:
-            LOG.debug('Python version change detected. Purging cache')
+            LOG.debug("Python version change detected. Purging cache")
             init.purge_cache(True)
             util.write_file(python_version_path, current_python_version)
     else:
-        if os.path.exists(init.paths.get_ipath_cur('obj_pkl')):
+        if os.path.exists(init.paths.get_ipath_cur("obj_pkl")):
             LOG.info(
-                'Writing python-version file. '
-                'Cache compatibility status is currently unknown.'
+                "Writing python-version file. "
+                "Cache compatibility status is currently unknown."
             )
         util.write_file(python_version_path, current_python_version)
 
 
 def _should_bring_up_interfaces(init, args):
-    if util.get_cfg_option_bool(init.cfg, 'disable_network_activation'):
+    if util.get_cfg_option_bool(init.cfg, "disable_network_activation"):
         return False
     return not args.local
 
@@ -250,10 +264,14 @@ def main_init(name, args):
     if args.local:
         deps = [sources.DEP_FILESYSTEM]
 
-    early_logs = [attempt_cmdline_url(
-        path=os.path.join("%s.d" % CLOUD_CONFIG,
-                          "91_kernel_cmdline_url.cfg"),
-        network=not args.local)]
+    early_logs = [
+        attempt_cmdline_url(
+            path=os.path.join(
+                "%s.d" % CLOUD_CONFIG, "91_kernel_cmdline_url.cfg"
+            ),
+            network=not args.local,
+        )
+    ]
 
     # Cloud-init 'init' stage is broken up into the following sub-stages
     # 1. Ensure that the init object fetches its config without errors
@@ -289,8 +307,9 @@ def main_init(name, args):
         early_logs.append((logging.WARN, msg))
     if args.debug:
         # Reset so that all the debug handlers are closed out
-        LOG.debug(("Logging being reset, this logger may no"
-                   " longer be active shortly"))
+        LOG.debug(
+            "Logging being reset, this logger may no longer be active shortly"
+        )
         logging.resetLogging()
     logging.setupLogging(init.cfg)
     apply_reporting_cfg(init.cfg)
@@ -317,9 +336,11 @@ def main_init(name, args):
     if mode == sources.DSMODE_NETWORK:
         existing = "trust"
         sys.stderr.write("%s\n" % (netinfo.debug_info()))
-        LOG.debug(("Checking to see if files that we need already"
-                   " exist from a previous run that would allow us"
-                   " to stop early."))
+        LOG.debug(
+            "Checking to see if files that we need already"
+            " exist from a previous run that would allow us"
+            " to stop early."
+        )
         # no-net is written by upstart cloud-init-nonet when network failed
         # to come up
         stop_files = [
@@ -331,15 +352,18 @@ def main_init(name, args):
                 existing_files.append(fn)
 
         if existing_files:
-            LOG.debug("[%s] Exiting. stop file %s existed",
-                      mode, existing_files)
+            LOG.debug(
+                "[%s] Exiting. stop file %s existed", mode, existing_files
+            )
             return (None, [])
         else:
-            LOG.debug("Execution continuing, no previous run detected that"
-                      " would allow us to stop early.")
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Execution continuing, no previous run detected that"
+                " would allow us to stop early."
+            )
     else:
         existing = "check"
-        mcfg = util.get_cfg_option_bool(init.cfg, 'manual_cache_clean', False)
+        mcfg = util.get_cfg_option_bool(init.cfg, "manual_cache_clean", False)
         if mcfg:
             LOG.debug("manual cache clean set from config")
             existing = "trust"
@@ -360,8 +384,11 @@ def main_init(name, args):
         # if in network mode, and the datasource is local
         # then work was done at that stage.
         if mode == sources.DSMODE_NETWORK and init.datasource.dsmode != mode:
-            LOG.debug("[%s] Exiting. datasource %s in local mode",
-                      mode, init.datasource)
+            LOG.debug(
+                "[%s] Exiting. datasource %s in local mode",
+                mode,
+                init.datasource,
+            )
             return (None, [])
     except sources.DataSourceNotFoundException:
         # In the case of 'cloud-init init' without '--local' it is a bit
@@ -371,8 +398,9 @@ def main_init(name, args):
         if mode == sources.DSMODE_LOCAL:
             LOG.debug("No local datasource found")
         else:
-            util.logexc(LOG, ("No instance datasource found!"
-                              " Likely bad things to come!"))
+            util.logexc(
+                LOG, "No instance datasource found! Likely bad things to come!"
+            )
         if not args.force:
             init.apply_network_config(bring_up=bring_up_interfaces)
             LOG.debug("[%s] Exiting without datasource", mode)
@@ -381,46 +409,60 @@ def main_init(name, args):
             else:
                 return (None, ["No instance datasource found."])
         else:
-            LOG.debug("[%s] barreling on in force mode without datasource",
-                      mode)
+            LOG.debug(
+                "[%s] barreling on in force mode without datasource", mode
+            )
 
     _maybe_persist_instance_data(init)
     # Stage 6
     iid = init.instancify()
-    LOG.debug("[%s] %s will now be targeting instance id: %s. new=%s",
-              mode, name, iid, init.is_new_instance())
+    LOG.debug(
+        "[%s] %s will now be targeting instance id: %s. new=%s",
+        mode,
+        name,
+        iid,
+        init.is_new_instance(),
+    )
 
     if mode == sources.DSMODE_LOCAL:
         # Before network comes up, set any configured hostname to allow
         # dhcp clients to advertize this hostname to any DDNS services
         # LP: #1746455.
-        _maybe_set_hostname(init, stage='local', retry_stage='network')
+        _maybe_set_hostname(init, stage="local", retry_stage="network")
     init.apply_network_config(bring_up=bring_up_interfaces)
 
     if mode == sources.DSMODE_LOCAL:
         if init.datasource.dsmode != mode:
-            LOG.debug("[%s] Exiting. datasource %s not in local mode.",
-                      mode, init.datasource)
+            LOG.debug(
+                "[%s] Exiting. datasource %s not in local mode.",
+                mode,
+                init.datasource,
+            )
             return (init.datasource, [])
         else:
-            LOG.debug("[%s] %s is in local mode, will apply init modules now.",
-                      mode, init.datasource)
+            LOG.debug(
+                "[%s] %s is in local mode, will apply init modules now.",
+                mode,
+                init.datasource,
+            )
 
     # Give the datasource a chance to use network resources.
     # This is used on Azure to communicate with the fabric over network.
     init.setup_datasource()
     # update fully realizes user-data (pulling in #include if necessary)
     init.update()
-    _maybe_set_hostname(init, stage='init-net', retry_stage='modules:config')
+    _maybe_set_hostname(init, stage="init-net", retry_stage="modules:config")
     # Stage 7
     try:
         # Attempt to consume the data per instance.
         # This may run user-data handlers and/or perform
         # url downloads and such as needed.
-        (ran, _results) = init.cloudify().run('consume_data',
-                                              init.consume_data,
-                                              args=[PER_INSTANCE],
-                                              freq=PER_INSTANCE)
+        (ran, _results) = init.cloudify().run(
+            "consume_data",
+            init.consume_data,
+            args=[PER_INSTANCE],
+            freq=PER_INSTANCE,
+        )
         if not ran:
             # Just consume anything that is set to run per-always
             # if nothing ran in the per-instance code
@@ -442,8 +484,7 @@ def main_init(name, args):
         errfmt_orig = errfmt
         (outfmt, errfmt) = util.get_output_cfg(mods.cfg, name)
         if outfmt_orig != outfmt or errfmt_orig != errfmt:
-            LOG.warning("Stdout, stderr changing to (%s, %s)",
-                        outfmt, errfmt)
+            LOG.warning("Stdout, stderr changing to (%s, %s)", outfmt, errfmt)
             (outfmt, errfmt) = util.fixup_output(mods.cfg, name)
     except Exception:
         util.logexc(LOG, "Failed to re-adjust output redirection!")
@@ -459,11 +500,11 @@ def main_init(name, args):
 
 
 def di_report_warn(datasource, cfg):
-    if 'di_report' not in cfg:
+    if "di_report" not in cfg:
         LOG.debug("no di_report found in config.")
         return
 
-    dicfg = cfg['di_report']
+    dicfg = cfg["di_report"]
     if dicfg is None:
         # ds-identify may write 'di_report:\n #comment\n'
         # which reads as {'di_report': None}
@@ -474,7 +515,7 @@ def di_report_warn(datasource, cfg):
         LOG.warning("di_report config not a dictionary: %s", dicfg)
         return
 
-    dslist = dicfg.get('datasource_list')
+    dslist = dicfg.get("datasource_list")
     if dslist is None:
         LOG.warning("no 'datasource_list' found in di_report.")
         return
@@ -486,18 +527,26 @@ def di_report_warn(datasource, cfg):
     # where Name is the thing that shows up in datasource_list.
     modname = datasource.__module__.rpartition(".")[2]
     if modname.startswith(sources.DS_PREFIX):
-        modname = modname[len(sources.DS_PREFIX):]
+        modname = modname[len(sources.DS_PREFIX) :]
     else:
-        LOG.warning("Datasource '%s' came from unexpected module '%s'.",
-                    datasource, modname)
+        LOG.warning(
+            "Datasource '%s' came from unexpected module '%s'.",
+            datasource,
+            modname,
+        )
 
     if modname in dslist:
-        LOG.debug("used datasource '%s' from '%s' was in di_report's list: %s",
-                  datasource, modname, dslist)
+        LOG.debug(
+            "used datasource '%s' from '%s' was in di_report's list: %s",
+            datasource,
+            modname,
+            dslist,
+        )
         return
 
-    warnings.show_warning('dsid_missing_source', cfg,
-                          source=modname, dslist=str(dslist))
+    warnings.show_warning(
+        "dsid_missing_source", cfg, source=modname, dslist=str(dslist)
+    )
 
 
 def main_modules(action_name, args):
@@ -521,8 +570,10 @@ def main_modules(action_name, args):
         init.fetch(existing="trust")
     except sources.DataSourceNotFoundException:
         # There was no datasource found, theres nothing to do
-        msg = ('Can not apply stage %s, no datasource found! Likely bad '
-               'things to come!' % name)
+        msg = (
+            "Can not apply stage %s, no datasource found! Likely bad "
+            "things to come!" % name
+        )
         util.logexc(LOG, msg)
         print_exc(msg)
         if not args.force:
@@ -539,8 +590,9 @@ def main_modules(action_name, args):
         util.logexc(LOG, "Failed to setup output redirection!")
     if args.debug:
         # Reset so that all the debug handlers are closed out
-        LOG.debug(("Logging being reset, this logger may no"
-                   " longer be active shortly"))
+        LOG.debug(
+            "Logging being reset, this logger may no longer be active shortly"
+        )
         logging.resetLogging()
     logging.setupLogging(mods.cfg)
     apply_reporting_cfg(init.cfg)
@@ -573,10 +625,12 @@ def main_single(name, args):
         # There was no datasource found,
         # that might be bad (or ok) depending on
         # the module being ran (so continue on)
-        util.logexc(LOG, ("Failed to fetch your datasource,"
-                          " likely bad things to come!"))
-        print_exc(("Failed to fetch your datasource,"
-                   " likely bad things to come!"))
+        util.logexc(
+            LOG, "Failed to fetch your datasource, likely bad things to come!"
+        )
+        print_exc(
+            "Failed to fetch your datasource, likely bad things to come!"
+        )
         if not args.force:
             return 1
     _maybe_persist_instance_data(init)
@@ -598,8 +652,9 @@ def main_single(name, args):
         util.logexc(LOG, "Failed to setup output redirection!")
     if args.debug:
         # Reset so that all the debug handlers are closed out
-        LOG.debug(("Logging being reset, this logger may no"
-                   " longer be active shortly"))
+        LOG.debug(
+            "Logging being reset, this logger may no longer be active shortly"
+        )
         logging.resetLogging()
     logging.setupLogging(mods.cfg)
     apply_reporting_cfg(init.cfg)
@@ -608,9 +663,7 @@ def main_single(name, args):
     welcome(name, msg=w_msg)
 
     # Stage 5
-    (which_ran, failures) = mods.run_single(mod_name,
-                                            mod_args,
-                                            mod_freq)
+    (which_ran, failures) = mods.run_single(mod_name, mod_args, mod_freq)
     if failures:
         LOG.warning("Ran %s but it failed!", mod_name)
         return 1
@@ -633,7 +686,12 @@ def status_wrapper(name, args, data_d=None, link_d=None):
     result_path = os.path.join(data_d, "result.json")
     result_link = os.path.join(link_d, "result.json")
 
-    util.ensure_dirs((data_d, link_d,))
+    util.ensure_dirs(
+        (
+            data_d,
+            link_d,
+        )
+    )
 
     (_name, functor) = args.action
 
@@ -647,14 +705,20 @@ def status_wrapper(name, args, data_d=None, link_d=None):
     else:
         raise ValueError("unknown name: %s" % name)
 
-    modes = ('init', 'init-local', 'modules-init', 'modules-config',
-             'modules-final')
+    modes = (
+        "init",
+        "init-local",
+        "modules-init",
+        "modules-config",
+        "modules-final",
+    )
     if mode not in modes:
         raise ValueError(
-            "Invalid cloud init mode specified '{0}'".format(mode))
+            "Invalid cloud init mode specified '{0}'".format(mode)
+        )
 
     status = None
-    if mode == 'init-local':
+    if mode == "init-local":
         for f in (status_link, result_link, status_path, result_path):
             util.del_file(f)
     else:
@@ -664,45 +728,46 @@ def status_wrapper(name, args, data_d=None, link_d=None):
             pass
 
     nullstatus = {
-        'errors': [],
-        'start': None,
-        'finished': None,
+        "errors": [],
+        "start": None,
+        "finished": None,
     }
 
     if status is None:
-        status = {'v1': {}}
-        status['v1']['datasource'] = None
+        status = {"v1": {}}
+        status["v1"]["datasource"] = None
 
     for m in modes:
-        if m not in status['v1']:
-            status['v1'][m] = nullstatus.copy()
+        if m not in status["v1"]:
+            status["v1"][m] = nullstatus.copy()
 
-    v1 = status['v1']
-    v1['stage'] = mode
-    v1[mode]['start'] = time.time()
+    v1 = status["v1"]
+    v1["stage"] = mode
+    v1[mode]["start"] = time.time()
 
     atomic_helper.write_json(status_path, status)
-    util.sym_link(os.path.relpath(status_path, link_d), status_link,
-                  force=True)
+    util.sym_link(
+        os.path.relpath(status_path, link_d), status_link, force=True
+    )
 
     try:
         ret = functor(name, args)
-        if mode in ('init', 'init-local'):
+        if mode in ("init", "init-local"):
             (datasource, errors) = ret
             if datasource is not None:
-                v1['datasource'] = str(datasource)
+                v1["datasource"] = str(datasource)
         else:
             errors = ret
 
-        v1[mode]['errors'] = [str(e) for e in errors]
+        v1[mode]["errors"] = [str(e) for e in errors]
 
     except Exception as e:
         util.logexc(LOG, "failed stage %s", mode)
         print_exc("failed run of stage %s" % mode)
-        v1[mode]['errors'] = [str(e)]
+        v1[mode]["errors"] = [str(e)]
 
-    v1[mode]['finished'] = time.time()
-    v1['stage'] = None
+    v1[mode]["finished"] = time.time()
+    v1["stage"] = None
 
     atomic_helper.write_json(status_path, status)
 
@@ -710,23 +775,26 @@ def status_wrapper(name, args, data_d=None, link_d=None):
         # write the 'finished' file
         errors = []
         for m in modes:
-            if v1[m]['errors']:
-                errors.extend(v1[m].get('errors', []))
+            if v1[m]["errors"]:
+                errors.extend(v1[m].get("errors", []))
 
         atomic_helper.write_json(
-            result_path, {'v1': {'datasource': v1['datasource'],
-                          'errors': errors}})
-        util.sym_link(os.path.relpath(result_path, link_d), result_link,
-                      force=True)
+            result_path,
+            {"v1": {"datasource": v1["datasource"], "errors": errors}},
+        )
+        util.sym_link(
+            os.path.relpath(result_path, link_d), result_link, force=True
+        )
 
-    return len(v1[mode]['errors'])
+    return len(v1[mode]["errors"])
 
 
 def _maybe_persist_instance_data(init):
     """Write instance-data.json file if absent and datasource is restored."""
     if init.ds_restored:
         instance_data_file = os.path.join(
-            init.paths.run_dir, sources.INSTANCE_JSON_FILE)
+            init.paths.run_dir, sources.INSTANCE_JSON_FILE
+        )
         if not os.path.exists(instance_data_file):
             init.datasource.persist_instance_data()
 
@@ -739,18 +807,23 @@ def _maybe_set_hostname(init, stage, retry_stage):
     """
     cloud = init.cloudify()
     (hostname, _fqdn) = util.get_hostname_fqdn(
-        init.cfg, cloud, metadata_only=True)
+        init.cfg, cloud, metadata_only=True
+    )
     if hostname:  # meta-data or user-data hostname content
         try:
-            cc_set_hostname.handle('set-hostname', init.cfg, cloud, LOG, None)
+            cc_set_hostname.handle("set-hostname", init.cfg, cloud, LOG, None)
         except cc_set_hostname.SetHostnameError as e:
             LOG.debug(
-                'Failed setting hostname in %s stage. Will'
-                ' retry in %s stage. Error: %s.', stage, retry_stage, str(e))
+                "Failed setting hostname in %s stage. Will"
+                " retry in %s stage. Error: %s.",
+                stage,
+                retry_stage,
+                str(e),
+            )
 
 
 def main_features(name, args):
-    sys.stdout.write('\n'.join(sorted(version.FEATURES)) + '\n')
+    sys.stdout.write("\n".join(sorted(version.FEATURES)) + "\n")
 
 
 def main(sysv_args=None):
@@ -760,129 +833,182 @@ def main(sysv_args=None):
     sysv_args = sysv_args[1:]
 
     # Top level args
-    parser.add_argument('--version', '-v', action='version',
-                        version='%(prog)s ' + (version.version_string()))
-    parser.add_argument('--file', '-f', action='append',
-                        dest='files',
-                        help=('additional yaml configuration'
-                              ' files to use'),
-                        type=argparse.FileType('rb'))
-    parser.add_argument('--debug', '-d', action='store_true',
-                        help=('show additional pre-action'
-                              ' logging (default: %(default)s)'),
-                        default=False)
-    parser.add_argument('--force', action='store_true',
-                        help=('force running even if no datasource is'
-                              ' found (use at your own risk)'),
-                        dest='force',
-                        default=False)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--version",
+        "-v",
+        action="version",
+        version="%(prog)s " + (version.version_string()),
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--file",
+        "-f",
+        action="append",
+        dest="files",
+        help="additional yaml configuration files to use",
+        type=argparse.FileType("rb"),
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--debug",
+        "-d",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="show additional pre-action logging (default: %(default)s)",
+        default=False,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--force",
+        action="store_true",
+        help=(
+            "force running even if no datasource is"
+            " found (use at your own risk)"
+        ),
+        dest="force",
+        default=False,
+    )
 
     parser.set_defaults(reporter=None)
-    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title='Subcommands', dest='subcommand')
+    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title="Subcommands", dest="subcommand")
     subparsers.required = True
 
     # Each action and its sub-options (if any)
-    parser_init = subparsers.add_parser('init',
-                                        help=('initializes cloud-init and'
-                                              ' performs initial modules'))
-    parser_init.add_argument("--local", '-l', action='store_true',
-                             help="start in local mode (default: %(default)s)",
-                             default=False)
+    parser_init = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "init", help="initializes cloud-init and performs initial modules"
+    )
+    parser_init.add_argument(
+        "--local",
+        "-l",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="start in local mode (default: %(default)s)",
+        default=False,
+    )
     # This is used so that we can know which action is selected +
     # the functor to use to run this subcommand
-    parser_init.set_defaults(action=('init', main_init))
+    parser_init.set_defaults(action=("init", main_init))
 
     # These settings are used for the 'config' and 'final' stages
-    parser_mod = subparsers.add_parser('modules',
-                                       help=('activates modules using '
-                                             'a given configuration key'))
-    parser_mod.add_argument("--mode", '-m', action='store',
-                            help=("module configuration name "
-                                  "to use (default: %(default)s)"),
-                            default='config',
-                            choices=('init', 'config', 'final'))
-    parser_mod.set_defaults(action=('modules', main_modules))
+    parser_mod = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "modules", help="activates modules using a given configuration key"
+    )
+    parser_mod.add_argument(
+        "--mode",
+        "-m",
+        action="store",
+        help="module configuration name to use (default: %(default)s)",
+        default="config",
+        choices=("init", "config", "final"),
+    )
+    parser_mod.set_defaults(action=("modules", main_modules))
 
     # This subcommand allows you to run a single module
-    parser_single = subparsers.add_parser('single',
-                                          help=('run a single module '))
-    parser_single.add_argument("--name", '-n', action="store",
-                               help="module name to run",
-                               required=True)
-    parser_single.add_argument("--frequency", action="store",
-                               help=("frequency of the module"),
-                               required=False,
-                               choices=list(FREQ_SHORT_NAMES.keys()))
-    parser_single.add_argument("--report", action="store_true",
-                               help="enable reporting",
-                               required=False)
-    parser_single.add_argument("module_args", nargs="*",
-                               metavar='argument',
-                               help=('any additional arguments to'
-                                     ' pass to this module'))
-    parser_single.set_defaults(action=('single', main_single))
+    parser_single = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "single", help="run a single module "
+    )
+    parser_single.add_argument(
+        "--name",
+        "-n",
+        action="store",
+        help="module name to run",
+        required=True,
+    )
+    parser_single.add_argument(
+        "--frequency",
+        action="store",
+        help="frequency of the module",
+        required=False,
+        choices=list(FREQ_SHORT_NAMES.keys()),
+    )
+    parser_single.add_argument(
+        "--report",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="enable reporting",
+        required=False,
+    )
+    parser_single.add_argument(
+        "module_args",
+        nargs="*",
+        metavar="argument",
+        help="any additional arguments to pass to this module",
+    )
+    parser_single.set_defaults(action=("single", main_single))
 
     parser_query = subparsers.add_parser(
-        'query',
-        help='Query standardized instance metadata from the command line.')
+        "query",
+        help="Query standardized instance metadata from the command line.",
+    )
 
     parser_dhclient = subparsers.add_parser(
-        dhclient_hook.NAME, help=dhclient_hook.__doc__)
+        dhclient_hook.NAME, help=dhclient_hook.__doc__
+    )
     dhclient_hook.get_parser(parser_dhclient)
 
-    parser_features = subparsers.add_parser('features',
-                                            help=('list defined features'))
-    parser_features.set_defaults(action=('features', main_features))
+    parser_features = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "features", help="list defined features"
+    )
+    parser_features.set_defaults(action=("features", main_features))
 
     parser_analyze = subparsers.add_parser(
-        'analyze', help='Devel tool: Analyze cloud-init logs and data')
+        "analyze", help="Devel tool: Analyze cloud-init logs and data"
+    )
 
-    parser_devel = subparsers.add_parser(
-        'devel', help='Run development tools')
+    parser_devel = subparsers.add_parser("devel", help="Run development tools")
 
     parser_collect_logs = subparsers.add_parser(
-        'collect-logs', help='Collect and tar all cloud-init debug info')
+        "collect-logs", help="Collect and tar all cloud-init debug info"
+    )
 
     parser_clean = subparsers.add_parser(
-        'clean', help='Remove logs and artifacts so cloud-init can re-run.')
+        "clean", help="Remove logs and artifacts so cloud-init can re-run."
+    )
 
     parser_status = subparsers.add_parser(
-        'status', help='Report cloud-init status or wait on completion.')
+        "status", help="Report cloud-init status or wait on completion."
+    )
 
     if sysv_args:
         # Only load subparsers if subcommand is specified to avoid load cost
-        if sysv_args[0] == 'analyze':
+        if sysv_args[0] == "analyze":
             from cloudinit.analyze.__main__ import get_parser as analyze_parser
+
             # Construct analyze subcommand parser
             analyze_parser(parser_analyze)
-        elif sysv_args[0] == 'devel':
+        elif sysv_args[0] == "devel":
             from cloudinit.cmd.devel.parser import get_parser as devel_parser
+
             # Construct devel subcommand parser
             devel_parser(parser_devel)
-        elif sysv_args[0] == 'collect-logs':
+        elif sysv_args[0] == "collect-logs":
             from cloudinit.cmd.devel.logs import (
-                get_parser as logs_parser, handle_collect_logs_args)
+                get_parser as logs_parser,
+                handle_collect_logs_args,
+            )
+
             logs_parser(parser_collect_logs)
             parser_collect_logs.set_defaults(
-                action=('collect-logs', handle_collect_logs_args))
-        elif sysv_args[0] == 'clean':
+                action=("collect-logs", handle_collect_logs_args)
+            )
+        elif sysv_args[0] == "clean":
             from cloudinit.cmd.clean import (
-                get_parser as clean_parser, handle_clean_args)
+                get_parser as clean_parser,
+                handle_clean_args,
+            )
+
             clean_parser(parser_clean)
-            parser_clean.set_defaults(
-                action=('clean', handle_clean_args))
-        elif sysv_args[0] == 'query':
+            parser_clean.set_defaults(action=("clean", handle_clean_args))
+        elif sysv_args[0] == "query":
             from cloudinit.cmd.query import (
-                get_parser as query_parser, handle_args as handle_query_args)
+                get_parser as query_parser,
+                handle_args as handle_query_args,
+            )
+
             query_parser(parser_query)
-            parser_query.set_defaults(
-                action=('render', handle_query_args))
-        elif sysv_args[0] == 'status':
+            parser_query.set_defaults(action=("render", handle_query_args))
+        elif sysv_args[0] == "status":
             from cloudinit.cmd.status import (
-                get_parser as status_parser, handle_status_args)
+                get_parser as status_parser,
+                handle_status_args,
+            )
+
             status_parser(parser_status)
-            parser_status.set_defaults(
-                action=('status', handle_status_args))
+            parser_status.set_defaults(action=("status", handle_status_args))
 
     args = parser.parse_args(args=sysv_args)
 
@@ -906,14 +1032,20 @@ def main(sysv_args=None):
         if args.local:
             rname, rdesc = ("init-local", "searching for local datasources")
         else:
-            rname, rdesc = ("init-network",
-                            "searching for network datasources")
+            rname, rdesc = (
+                "init-network",
+                "searching for network datasources",
+            )
     elif name == "modules":
-        rname, rdesc = ("modules-%s" % args.mode,
-                        "running modules for %s" % args.mode)
+        rname, rdesc = (
+            "modules-%s" % args.mode,
+            "running modules for %s" % args.mode,
+        )
     elif name == "single":
-        rname, rdesc = ("single/%s" % args.name,
-                        "running single module %s" % args.name)
+        rname, rdesc = (
+            "single/%s" % args.name,
+            "running single module %s" % args.name,
+        )
         report_on = args.report
     else:
         rname = name
@@ -921,19 +1053,24 @@ def main(sysv_args=None):
         report_on = False
 
     args.reporter = events.ReportEventStack(
-        rname, rdesc, reporting_enabled=report_on)
+        rname, rdesc, reporting_enabled=report_on
+    )
 
     with args.reporter:
         retval = util.log_time(
-            logfunc=LOG.debug, msg="cloud-init mode '%s'" % name,
-            get_uptime=True, func=functor, args=(name, args))
+            logfunc=LOG.debug,
+            msg="cloud-init mode '%s'" % name,
+            get_uptime=True,
+            func=functor,
+            args=(name, args),
+        )
         reporting.flush_events()
         return retval
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    if 'TZ' not in os.environ:
-        os.environ['TZ'] = ":/etc/localtime"
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if "TZ" not in os.environ:
+        os.environ["TZ"] = ":/etc/localtime"
     return_value = main(sys.argv)
     if return_value:
         sys.exit(return_value)
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/query.py b/cloudinit/cmd/query.py
index e53cd855..46f17699 100644
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/query.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/query.py
@@ -14,22 +14,24 @@ output; if this fails, they are treated as binary.
 """
 
 import argparse
-from errno import EACCES
 import os
 import sys
+from errno import EACCES
 
+from cloudinit import log, util
+from cloudinit.cmd.devel import addLogHandlerCLI, read_cfg_paths
 from cloudinit.handlers.jinja_template import (
     convert_jinja_instance_data,
     get_jinja_variable_alias,
-    render_jinja_payload
+    render_jinja_payload,
 )
-from cloudinit.cmd.devel import addLogHandlerCLI, read_cfg_paths
-from cloudinit import log
 from cloudinit.sources import (
-    INSTANCE_JSON_FILE, INSTANCE_JSON_SENSITIVE_FILE, REDACT_SENSITIVE_VALUE)
-from cloudinit import util
+    INSTANCE_JSON_FILE,
+    INSTANCE_JSON_SENSITIVE_FILE,
+    REDACT_SENSITIVE_VALUE,
+)
 
-NAME = 'query'
+NAME = "query"
 LOG = log.getLogger(NAME)
 
 
@@ -43,41 +45,79 @@ def get_parser(parser=None):
     @returns: ArgumentParser with proper argument configuration.
     """
     if not parser:
-        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-            prog=NAME, description=__doc__)
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=NAME, description=__doc__)
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-d', '--debug', action='store_true', default=False,
-        help='Add verbose messages during template render')
+        "-d",
+        "--debug",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="Add verbose messages during template render",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-i', '--instance-data', type=str,
-        help=('Path to instance-data.json file. Default is /run/cloud-init/%s'
-              % INSTANCE_JSON_FILE))
+        "-i",
+        "--instance-data",
+        type=str,
+        help="Path to instance-data.json file. Default is /run/cloud-init/%s"
+        % INSTANCE_JSON_FILE,
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-l', '--list-keys', action='store_true', default=False,
-        help=('List query keys available at the provided instance-data'
-              ' <varname>.'))
+        "-l",
+        "--list-keys",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help=(
+            "List query keys available at the provided instance-data"
+            " <varname>."
+        ),
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-u', '--user-data', type=str,
-        help=('Path to user-data file. Default is'
-              ' /var/lib/cloud/instance/user-data.txt'))
+        "-u",
+        "--user-data",
+        type=str,
+        help=(
+            "Path to user-data file. Default is"
+            " /var/lib/cloud/instance/user-data.txt"
+        ),
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-v', '--vendor-data', type=str,
-        help=('Path to vendor-data file. Default is'
-              ' /var/lib/cloud/instance/vendor-data.txt'))
+        "-v",
+        "--vendor-data",
+        type=str,
+        help=(
+            "Path to vendor-data file. Default is"
+            " /var/lib/cloud/instance/vendor-data.txt"
+        ),
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        'varname', type=str, nargs='?',
-        help=('A dot-delimited specific variable to query from'
-              ' instance-data. For example: v1.local_hostname. If the'
-              ' value is not JSON serializable, it will be base64-encoded and'
-              ' will contain the prefix "ci-b64:". '))
+        "varname",
+        type=str,
+        nargs="?",
+        help=(
+            "A dot-delimited specific variable to query from"
+            " instance-data. For example: v1.local_hostname. If the"
+            " value is not JSON serializable, it will be base64-encoded and"
+            ' will contain the prefix "ci-b64:". '
+        ),
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-a', '--all', action='store_true', default=False, dest='dump_all',
-        help='Dump all available instance-data')
+        "-a",
+        "--all",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        dest="dump_all",
+        help="Dump all available instance-data",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-f', '--format', type=str, dest='format',
-        help=('Optionally specify a custom output format string. Any'
-              ' instance-data variable can be specified between double-curly'
-              ' braces. For example -f "{{ v2.cloud_name }}"'))
+        "-f",
+        "--format",
+        type=str,
+        dest="format",
+        help=(
+            "Optionally specify a custom output format string. Any"
+            " instance-data variable can be specified between double-curly"
+            ' braces. For example -f "{{ v2.cloud_name }}"'
+        ),
+    )
     return parser
 
 
@@ -91,7 +131,7 @@ def load_userdata(ud_file_path):
     """
     bdata = util.load_file(ud_file_path, decode=False)
     try:
-        return bdata.decode('utf-8')
+        return bdata.decode("utf-8")
     except UnicodeDecodeError:
         return util.decomp_gzip(bdata, quiet=False, decode=True)
 
@@ -118,13 +158,15 @@ def _read_instance_data(instance_data, user_data, vendor_data) -> dict:
         redacted_data_fn = os.path.join(paths.run_dir, INSTANCE_JSON_FILE)
         if uid == 0:
             sensitive_data_fn = os.path.join(
-                paths.run_dir, INSTANCE_JSON_SENSITIVE_FILE)
+                paths.run_dir, INSTANCE_JSON_SENSITIVE_FILE
+            )
             if os.path.exists(sensitive_data_fn):
                 instance_data_fn = sensitive_data_fn
             else:
                 LOG.warning(
-                    'Missing root-readable %s. Using redacted %s instead.',
-                    sensitive_data_fn, redacted_data_fn
+                    "Missing root-readable %s. Using redacted %s instead.",
+                    sensitive_data_fn,
+                    redacted_data_fn,
                 )
                 instance_data_fn = redacted_data_fn
         else:
@@ -132,11 +174,11 @@ def _read_instance_data(instance_data, user_data, vendor_data) -> dict:
     if user_data:
         user_data_fn = user_data
     else:
-        user_data_fn = os.path.join(paths.instance_link, 'user-data.txt')
+        user_data_fn = os.path.join(paths.instance_link, "user-data.txt")
     if vendor_data:
         vendor_data_fn = vendor_data
     else:
-        vendor_data_fn = os.path.join(paths.instance_link, 'vendor-data.txt')
+        vendor_data_fn = os.path.join(paths.instance_link, "vendor-data.txt")
 
     try:
         instance_json = util.load_file(instance_data_fn)
@@ -144,24 +186,30 @@ def _read_instance_data(instance_data, user_data, vendor_data) -> dict:
         if e.errno == EACCES:
             LOG.error("No read permission on '%s'. Try sudo", instance_data_fn)
         else:
-            LOG.error('Missing instance-data file: %s', instance_data_fn)
+            LOG.error("Missing instance-data file: %s", instance_data_fn)
         raise
 
     instance_data = util.load_json(instance_json)
     if uid != 0:
-        instance_data['userdata'] = (
-            '<%s> file:%s' % (REDACT_SENSITIVE_VALUE, user_data_fn))
-        instance_data['vendordata'] = (
-            '<%s> file:%s' % (REDACT_SENSITIVE_VALUE, vendor_data_fn))
+        instance_data["userdata"] = "<%s> file:%s" % (
+            REDACT_SENSITIVE_VALUE,
+            user_data_fn,
+        )
+        instance_data["vendordata"] = "<%s> file:%s" % (
+            REDACT_SENSITIVE_VALUE,
+            vendor_data_fn,
+        )
     else:
-        instance_data['userdata'] = load_userdata(user_data_fn)
-        instance_data['vendordata'] = load_userdata(vendor_data_fn)
+        instance_data["userdata"] = load_userdata(user_data_fn)
+        instance_data["vendordata"] = load_userdata(vendor_data_fn)
     return instance_data
 
 
 def _find_instance_data_leaf_by_varname_path(
-    jinja_vars_without_aliases: dict, jinja_vars_with_aliases: dict,
-    varname: str, list_keys: bool
+    jinja_vars_without_aliases: dict,
+    jinja_vars_with_aliases: dict,
+    varname: str,
+    list_keys: bool,
 ):
     """Return the value of the dot-delimited varname path in instance-data
 
@@ -174,7 +222,7 @@ def _find_instance_data_leaf_by_varname_path(
     """
     walked_key_path = ""
     response = jinja_vars_without_aliases
-    for key_path_part in varname.split('.'):
+    for key_path_part in varname.split("."):
         try:
             # Walk key path using complete aliases dict, yet response
             # should only contain jinja_without_aliases
@@ -205,8 +253,9 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
     addLogHandlerCLI(LOG, log.DEBUG if args.debug else log.WARNING)
     if not any([args.list_keys, args.varname, args.format, args.dump_all]):
         LOG.error(
-            'Expected one of the options: --all, --format,'
-            ' --list-keys or varname')
+            "Expected one of the options: --all, --format,"
+            " --list-keys or varname"
+        )
         get_parser().print_help()
         return 1
     try:
@@ -216,11 +265,13 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
     except (IOError, OSError):
         return 1
     if args.format:
-        payload = '## template: jinja\n{fmt}'.format(fmt=args.format)
+        payload = "## template: jinja\n{fmt}".format(fmt=args.format)
         rendered_payload = render_jinja_payload(
-            payload=payload, payload_fn='query commandline',
+            payload=payload,
+            payload_fn="query commandline",
             instance_data=instance_data,
-            debug=True if args.debug else False)
+            debug=True if args.debug else False,
+        )
         if rendered_payload:
             print(rendered_payload)
             return 0
@@ -240,7 +291,7 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
                 jinja_vars_without_aliases=response,
                 jinja_vars_with_aliases=jinja_vars_with_aliases,
                 varname=args.varname,
-                list_keys=args.list_keys
+                list_keys=args.list_keys,
             )
         except (KeyError, ValueError) as e:
             LOG.error(e)
@@ -248,11 +299,10 @@ def handle_args(name, args):
     if args.list_keys:
         if not isinstance(response, dict):
             LOG.error(
-                "--list-keys provided but '%s' is not a dict",
-                args.varname
+                "--list-keys provided but '%s' is not a dict", args.varname
             )
             return 1
-        response = '\n'.join(sorted(response.keys()))
+        response = "\n".join(sorted(response.keys()))
     if not isinstance(response, str):
         response = util.json_dumps(response)
     print(response)
@@ -265,7 +315,7 @@ def main():
     sys.exit(handle_args(NAME, parser.parse_args()))
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/cmd/status.py b/cloudinit/cmd/status.py
index ea79a85b..cff16c34 100644
--- a/cloudinit/cmd/status.py
+++ b/cloudinit/cmd/status.py
@@ -7,20 +7,20 @@
 import argparse
 import os
 import sys
-from time import gmtime, strftime, sleep
+from time import gmtime, sleep, strftime
 
 from cloudinit.distros import uses_systemd
 from cloudinit.stages import Init
 from cloudinit.util import get_cmdline, load_file, load_json
 
-CLOUDINIT_DISABLED_FILE = '/etc/cloud/cloud-init.disabled'
+CLOUDINIT_DISABLED_FILE = "/etc/cloud/cloud-init.disabled"
 
 # customer visible status messages
-STATUS_ENABLED_NOT_RUN = 'not run'
-STATUS_RUNNING = 'running'
-STATUS_DONE = 'done'
-STATUS_ERROR = 'error'
-STATUS_DISABLED = 'disabled'
+STATUS_ENABLED_NOT_RUN = "not run"
+STATUS_RUNNING = "running"
+STATUS_DONE = "done"
+STATUS_ERROR = "error"
+STATUS_DISABLED = "disabled"
 
 
 def get_parser(parser=None):
@@ -34,15 +34,25 @@ def get_parser(parser=None):
     """
     if not parser:
         parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-            prog='status',
-            description='Report run status of cloud init')
+            prog="status", description="Report run status of cloud init"
+        )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-l', '--long', action='store_true', default=False,
-        help=('Report long format of statuses including run stage name and'
-              ' error messages'))
+        "-l",
+        "--long",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help=(
+            "Report long format of statuses including run stage name and"
+            " error messages"
+        ),
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-w', '--wait', action='store_true', default=False,
-        help='Block waiting on cloud-init to complete')
+        "-w",
+        "--wait",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="Block waiting on cloud-init to complete",
+    )
     return parser
 
 
@@ -55,18 +65,18 @@ def handle_status_args(name, args):
     status, status_detail, time = _get_status_details(init.paths)
     if args.wait:
         while status in (STATUS_ENABLED_NOT_RUN, STATUS_RUNNING):
-            sys.stdout.write('.')
+            sys.stdout.write(".")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             status, status_detail, time = _get_status_details(init.paths)
             sleep(0.25)
-        sys.stdout.write('\n')
+        sys.stdout.write("\n")
     if args.long:
-        print('status: {0}'.format(status))
+        print("status: {0}".format(status))
         if time:
-            print('time: {0}'.format(time))
-        print('detail:\n{0}'.format(status_detail))
+            print("time: {0}".format(time))
+        print("detail:\n{0}".format(status_detail))
     else:
-        print('status: {0}'.format(status))
+        print("status: {0}".format(status))
     return 1 if status == STATUS_ERROR else 0
 
 
@@ -81,20 +91,20 @@ def _is_cloudinit_disabled(disable_file, paths):
     is_disabled = False
     cmdline_parts = get_cmdline().split()
     if not uses_systemd():
-        reason = 'Cloud-init enabled on sysvinit'
-    elif 'cloud-init=enabled' in cmdline_parts:
-        reason = 'Cloud-init enabled by kernel command line cloud-init=enabled'
+        reason = "Cloud-init enabled on sysvinit"
+    elif "cloud-init=enabled" in cmdline_parts:
+        reason = "Cloud-init enabled by kernel command line cloud-init=enabled"
     elif os.path.exists(disable_file):
         is_disabled = True
-        reason = 'Cloud-init disabled by {0}'.format(disable_file)
-    elif 'cloud-init=disabled' in cmdline_parts:
+        reason = "Cloud-init disabled by {0}".format(disable_file)
+    elif "cloud-init=disabled" in cmdline_parts:
         is_disabled = True
-        reason = 'Cloud-init disabled by kernel parameter cloud-init=disabled'
-    elif not os.path.exists(os.path.join(paths.run_dir, 'enabled')):
+        reason = "Cloud-init disabled by kernel parameter cloud-init=disabled"
+    elif not os.path.exists(os.path.join(paths.run_dir, "enabled")):
         is_disabled = True
-        reason = 'Cloud-init disabled by cloud-init-generator'
+        reason = "Cloud-init disabled by cloud-init-generator"
     else:
-        reason = 'Cloud-init enabled by systemd cloud-init-generator'
+        reason = "Cloud-init enabled by systemd cloud-init-generator"
     return (is_disabled, reason)
 
 
@@ -106,34 +116,35 @@ def _get_status_details(paths):
     Values are obtained from parsing paths.run_dir/status.json.
     """
     status = STATUS_ENABLED_NOT_RUN
-    status_detail = ''
+    status_detail = ""
     status_v1 = {}
 
-    status_file = os.path.join(paths.run_dir, 'status.json')
-    result_file = os.path.join(paths.run_dir, 'result.json')
+    status_file = os.path.join(paths.run_dir, "status.json")
+    result_file = os.path.join(paths.run_dir, "result.json")
 
     (is_disabled, reason) = _is_cloudinit_disabled(
-        CLOUDINIT_DISABLED_FILE, paths)
+        CLOUDINIT_DISABLED_FILE, paths
+    )
     if is_disabled:
         status = STATUS_DISABLED
         status_detail = reason
     if os.path.exists(status_file):
         if not os.path.exists(result_file):
             status = STATUS_RUNNING
-        status_v1 = load_json(load_file(status_file)).get('v1', {})
+        status_v1 = load_json(load_file(status_file)).get("v1", {})
     errors = []
     latest_event = 0
     for key, value in sorted(status_v1.items()):
-        if key == 'stage':
+        if key == "stage":
             if value:
                 status = STATUS_RUNNING
-                status_detail = 'Running in stage: {0}'.format(value)
-        elif key == 'datasource':
+                status_detail = "Running in stage: {0}".format(value)
+        elif key == "datasource":
             status_detail = value
         elif isinstance(value, dict):
-            errors.extend(value.get('errors', []))
-            start = value.get('start') or 0
-            finished = value.get('finished') or 0
+            errors.extend(value.get("errors", []))
+            start = value.get("start") or 0
+            finished = value.get("finished") or 0
             if finished == 0 and start != 0:
                 status = STATUS_RUNNING
             event_time = max(start, finished)
@@ -141,23 +152,23 @@ def _get_status_details(paths):
                 latest_event = event_time
     if errors:
         status = STATUS_ERROR
-        status_detail = '\n'.join(errors)
+        status_detail = "\n".join(errors)
     elif status == STATUS_ENABLED_NOT_RUN and latest_event > 0:
         status = STATUS_DONE
     if latest_event:
-        time = strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z', gmtime(latest_event))
+        time = strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z", gmtime(latest_event))
     else:
-        time = ''
+        time = ""
     return status, status_detail, time
 
 
 def main():
     """Tool to report status of cloud-init."""
     parser = get_parser()
-    sys.exit(handle_status_args('status', parser.parse_args()))
+    sys.exit(handle_status_args("status", parser.parse_args()))
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab