Merged revisions 75264,75268,75293,75318,75391-75392,75436,75478,75971,76003,76058,76140-76141,76231,76380,76428-76429 via svnmerge from

svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk

........
  r75264 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-05 17:30:22 -0500 (Mon, 05 Oct 2009) | 1 line

  Add various items
........
  r75268 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-05 17:45:39 -0500 (Mon, 05 Oct 2009) | 1 line

  Remove two notes
........
  r75293 | kristjan.jonsson | 2009-10-09 09:32:19 -0500 (Fri, 09 Oct 2009) | 2 lines

  http://bugs.python.org/issue7029
  a non-default timer wasn't actually used by the individual Tests.
........
  r75318 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-10 16:15:58 -0500 (Sat, 10 Oct 2009) | 1 line

  remove script which uses long gone module
........
  r75391 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 10:49:33 -0500 (Tue, 13 Oct 2009) | 1 line

  Link to PEP
........
  r75392 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 11:11:49 -0500 (Tue, 13 Oct 2009) | 1 line

  Various link, textual, and markup fixes
........
  r75436 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-15 10:39:15 -0500 (Thu, 15 Oct 2009) | 1 line

  don't need to mess up sys.path
........
  r75478 | senthil.kumaran | 2009-10-17 20:58:45 -0500 (Sat, 17 Oct 2009) | 3 lines

  Fix a typo.
........
  r75971 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-30 22:56:15 -0500 (Fri, 30 Oct 2009) | 1 line

  add some checks for evaluation order with parenthesis #7210
........
  r76003 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-10-31 19:30:13 -0500 (Sat, 31 Oct 2009) | 6 lines

  Hopefully fix the buildbot problems on test_mailbox, by computing
  the maildir toc cache refresh date before actually refreshing the cache.

  (see #6896)
........
  r76058 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-02 10:14:19 -0600 (Mon, 02 Nov 2009) | 1 line

  grant list.index() a more informative error message #7252
........
  r76140 | nick.coghlan | 2009-11-07 02:13:55 -0600 (Sat, 07 Nov 2009) | 1 line

  Add test for runpy.run_module package execution and use something other than logging as the example of a non-executable package
........
  r76141 | nick.coghlan | 2009-11-07 02:15:01 -0600 (Sat, 07 Nov 2009) | 1 line

  Some minor cleanups to private runpy code and docstrings
........
  r76231 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-12 17:42:23 -0600 (Thu, 12 Nov 2009) | 1 line

  this main is much more useful
........
  r76380 | antoine.pitrou | 2009-11-18 14:20:46 -0600 (Wed, 18 Nov 2009) | 3 lines

  Mention Giampolo R's new FTP TLS support in the what's new file
........
  r76428 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-19 20:15:50 -0600 (Thu, 19 Nov 2009) | 1 line

  turn goto into do while loop
........
  r76429 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-11-19 20:56:43 -0600 (Thu, 19 Nov 2009) | 2 lines

  avoid doing an uneeded import in a function
........

12 files changed, 693 insertions, 257 deletions

diff --git a/Demo/scripts/wh.py b/Demo/scripts/wh.py
deleted file mode 100755
index b9b09efa6a..0000000000
--- a/Demo/scripts/wh.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-# This is here so I can use 'wh' instead of 'which' in '~/bin/generic_python'
-import which
diff --git a/Doc/faq/gui.rst b/Doc/faq/gui.rst
index 4761b7d334..1f2ae0989c 100644
--- a/Doc/faq/gui.rst
+++ b/Doc/faq/gui.rst
@@ -25,27 +25,26 @@ For more info about Tk, including pointers to the source, see the Tcl/Tk home
 page at http://www.tcl.tk.  Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the MacOS, Windows, and
 Unix platforms.
 
-wxWindows
+wxWidgets
 '''''''''
 
-wxWindows is a portable GUI class library written in C++ that's a portable
-interface to various platform-specific libraries; wxWidgets is a Python
-interface to wxWindows.  wxWindows supports Windows and MacOS; on Unix variants,
-it supports both GTk+ and Motif toolkits.  wxWindows preserves the look and feel
-of the underlying graphics toolkit, and there is quite a rich widget set and
-collection of GDI classes.  See `the wxWindows page <http://www.wxwindows.org>`_
-for more details.
+wxWidgets is a GUI class library written in C++ that's a portable
+interface to various platform-specific libraries, and that has a
+Python interface called `wxPython <http://www.wxpython.org>`__.
 
-`wxWidgets <http://wxwidgets.org>`_ is an extension module that wraps many of
-the wxWindows C++ classes, and is quickly gaining popularity amongst Python
-developers.  You can get wxWidgets as part of the source or CVS distribution of
-wxWindows, or directly from its home page.
+wxWidgets preserves the look and feel of the
+underlying graphics toolkit, and has a large set of widgets and
+collection of GDI classes.  See `the wxWidgets page
+<http://www.wxwidgets.org>`_ for more details.
+
+wxWidgets supports Windows and MacOS; on Unix variants,
+it supports both GTk+ and Motif toolkits.
 
 Qt
 '''
 
 There are bindings available for the Qt toolkit (`PyQt
-<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/>`_) and for KDE (PyKDE).  If
+<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/>`_) and for KDE (`PyKDE <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pykde/intro>`__).  If
 you're writing open source software, you don't need to pay for PyQt, but if you
 want to write proprietary applications, you must buy a PyQt license from
 `Riverbank Computing <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk>`_ and (up to Qt 4.4;
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ Gtk+
 ''''
 
 PyGtk bindings for the `Gtk+ toolkit <http://www.gtk.org>`_ have been
-implemented by by James Henstridge; see ftp://ftp.gtk.org/pub/gtk/python/.
+implemented by James Henstridge; see <http://www.pygtk.org>.
 
 FLTK
 ''''
@@ -85,14 +84,15 @@ What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?
 
 `The Mac port <http://python.org/download/mac>`_ by Jack Jansen has a rich and
 ever-growing set of modules that support the native Mac toolbox calls.  The port
-includes support for MacOS9 and MacOS X's Carbon libraries.  By installing the
-`PyObjc Objective-C bridge <http://pyobjc.sourceforge.net>`_, Python programs
-can use MacOS X's Cocoa libraries. See the documentation that comes with the Mac
-port.
+supports MacOS X's Carbon libraries.
+
+By installing the `PyObjc Objective-C bridge
+<http://pyobjc.sourceforge.net>`_, Python programs can use MacOS X's
+Cocoa libraries. See the documentation that comes with the Mac port.
 
 :ref:`Pythonwin <windows-faq>` by Mark Hammond includes an interface to the
-Microsoft Foundation Classes and a Python programming environment using it
-that's written mostly in Python.
+Microsoft Foundation Classes and a Python programming environment
+that's written mostly in Python using the MFC classes.
 
 
 Tkinter questions
@@ -105,23 +105,26 @@ Freeze is a tool to create stand-alone applications.  When freezing Tkinter
 applications, the applications will not be truly stand-alone, as the application
 will still need the Tcl and Tk libraries.
 
-One solution is to ship the application with the tcl and tk libraries, and point
+One solution is to ship the application with the Tcl and Tk libraries, and point
 to them at run-time using the :envvar:`TCL_LIBRARY` and :envvar:`TK_LIBRARY`
 environment variables.
 
 To get truly stand-alone applications, the Tcl scripts that form the library
 have to be integrated into the application as well. One tool supporting that is
 SAM (stand-alone modules), which is part of the Tix distribution
-(http://tix.mne.com).  Build Tix with SAM enabled, perform the appropriate call
-to Tclsam_init etc inside Python's Modules/tkappinit.c, and link with libtclsam
-and libtksam (you might include the Tix libraries as well).
+(http://tix.sourceforge.net/).
+
+Build Tix with SAM enabled, perform the appropriate call to
+:cfunc:`Tclsam_init`, etc. inside Python's
+:file:`Modules/tkappinit.c`, and link with libtclsam and libtksam (you
+might include the Tix libraries as well).
 
 
 Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O?
 ---------------------------------------------------
 
 Yes, and you don't even need threads!  But you'll have to restructure your I/O
-code a bit.  Tk has the equivalent of Xt's XtAddInput() call, which allows you
+code a bit.  Tk has the equivalent of Xt's :cfunc:`XtAddInput()` call, which allows you
 to register a callback function which will be called from the Tk mainloop when
 I/O is possible on a file descriptor.  Here's what you need::
 
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst
index bacf729de6..b791866000 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst
@@ -49,46 +49,195 @@
    This saves the maintainer some effort going through the SVN logs
    when researching a change.
 
-This article explains the new features in Python 2.7.
-No release schedule has been decided yet for 2.7.
+This article explains the new features in Python 2.7.  No release
+schedule has been decided yet for 2.7; the schedule will eventually be
+described in :pep:`373`.
 
 .. Compare with previous release in 2 - 3 sentences here.
    add hyperlink when the documentation becomes available online.
 
-Python 3.1
-================
+.. _whatsnew27-python31:
+
+Python 3.1 Features
+=======================
 
 Much as Python 2.6 incorporated features from Python 3.0,
-version 2.7 is influenced by features from 3.1.
+version 2.7 incorporates some of the new features
+in Python 3.1.  The 2.x series continues to provide tools
+for migrating to the 3.x series.
+
+A partial list of 3.1 features that were backported to 2.7:
 
-XXX mention importlib; anything else?
+* A version of the :mod:`io` library, rewritten in C for performance.
+* The ordered-dictionary type described in :ref:`pep-0372`.
+* The new format specified described in :ref:`pep-0378`.
+* The :class:`memoryview` object.
+* A small subset of the :mod:`importlib` module `described below <#importlib-section>`__.
 
 One porting change: the :option:`-3` switch now automatically
 enables the :option:`-Qwarn` switch that causes warnings
 about using classic division with integers and long integers.
 
+Other new Python3-mode warnings include:
+
+* :func:`operator.isCallable` and :func:`operator.sequenceIncludes`,
+  which are not supported in 3.x.
+
 .. ========================================================================
 .. Large, PEP-level features and changes should be described here.
 .. ========================================================================
 
+.. _pep-0372:
+
 PEP 372: Adding an ordered dictionary to collections
 ====================================================
 
-XXX write this
+Regular Python dictionaries iterate over key/value pairs in arbitrary order.
+Over the years, a number of authors have written alternative implementations
+that remember the order that the keys were originally inserted.  Based on
+the experiences from those implementations, a new
+:class:`collections.OrderedDict` class has been introduced.
+
+The :class:`OrderedDict` API is substantially the same as regular dictionaries
+but will iterate over keys and values in a guaranteed order depending on
+when a key was first inserted::
+
+    >>> from collections import OrderedDict
+    >>> d = OrderedDict([('first', 1), ('second', 2),
+    ...                  ('third', 3)])
+    >>> d.items()
+    [('first', 1), ('second', 2), ('third', 3)]
+
+If a new entry overwrites an existing entry, the original insertion
+position is left unchanged::
+
+    >>> d['second'] = 4
+    >>> d.items()
+    [('first', 1), ('second', 4), ('third', 3)]
+
+Deleting an entry and reinserting it will move it to the end::
+
+    >>> del d['second']
+    >>> d['second'] = 5
+    >>> d.items()
+    [('first', 1), ('third', 3), ('second', 5)]
+
+The :meth:`popitem` method has an optional *last* argument
+that defaults to True.  If *last* is True, the most recently
+added key is returned and removed; if it's False, the
+oldest key is selected::
+
+    >>> od = OrderedDict([(x,0) for x in range(20)])
+    >>> od.popitem()
+    (19, 0)
+    >>> od.popitem()
+    (18, 0)
+    >>> od.popitem(False)
+    (0, 0)
+    >>> od.popitem(False)
+    (1, 0)
+
+Comparing two ordered dictionaries checks both the keys and values,
+and requires that the insertion order was the same::
+
+    >>> od1 = OrderedDict([('first', 1), ('second', 2),
+    ...                    ('third', 3)])
+    >>> od2 = OrderedDict([('third', 3), ('first', 1),
+    ...                    ('second', 2)])
+    >>> od1==od2
+    False
+    >>> # Move 'third' key to the end
+    >>> del od2['third'] ; od2['third'] = 3
+    >>> od1==od2
+    True
+
+Comparing an :class:`OrderedDict` with a regular dictionary
+ignores the insertion order and just compares the keys and values.
+
+How does the :class:`OrderedDict` work?  It maintains a doubly-linked
+list of keys, appending new keys to the list as they're inserted.  A
+secondary dictionary maps keys to their corresponding list node, so
+deletion doesn't have to traverse the entire linked list and therefore
+remains O(1).
+
+.. XXX check O(1)-ness with Raymond
+
+The standard library now supports use of ordered dictionaries in several
+modules.  The :mod:`configparser` module uses them by default.  This lets
+configuration files be read, modified, and then written back in their original
+order.  The *_asdict()* method for :func:`collections.namedtuple` now
+returns an ordered dictionary with the values appearing in the same order as
+the underlying tuple indicies.  The :mod:`json` module is being built-out with
+an *object_pairs_hook* to allow OrderedDicts to be built by the decoder.
+Support was also added for third-party tools like `PyYAML <http://pyyaml.org/>`_.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+   :pep:`372` - Adding an ordered dictionary to collections
+     PEP written by Armin Ronacher and Raymond Hettinger;
+     implemented by Raymond Hettinger.
+
+.. _pep-0378:
+
+PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
+====================================================
+
+To make program output more readable, it can be useful to add
+separators to large numbers and render them as
+18,446,744,073,709,551,616 instead of 18446744073709551616.
+
+The fully general solution for doing this is the :mod:`locale` module,
+which can use different separators ("," in North America, "." in
+Europe) and different grouping sizes, but :mod:`locale` is complicated
+to use and unsuitable for multi-threaded applications where different
+threads are producing output for different locales.
+
+Therefore, a simple comma-grouping mechanism has been added to the
+mini-language used by the string :meth:`format` method.  When
+formatting a floating-point number, simply include a comma between the
+width and the precision::
+
+   >>> '{:20,.2}'.format(f)
+   '18,446,744,073,709,551,616.00'
+
+This mechanism is not adaptable at all; commas are always used as the
+separator and the grouping is always into three-digit groups.  The
+comma-formatting mechanism isn't as general as the :mod:`locale`
+module, but it's easier to use.
 
-Several modules will now use :class:`OrderedDict` by default.  The
-:mod:`ConfigParser` module uses :class:`OrderedDict` for the list
-of sections and the options within a section.
-The :meth:`namedtuple._asdict` method returns an :class:`OrderedDict`
-as well.
+.. XXX "Format String Syntax" in string.rst could use many more examples.
 
+.. seealso::
+
+   :pep:`378` - Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
+     PEP written by Raymond Hettinger; implemented by Eric Smith.
 
 Other Language Changes
 ======================
 
 Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:
 
-* :meth:`str.format` method now supports automatic numbering of the replacement
+* The :keyword:`with` statement can now use multiple context managers
+  in one statement.  Context managers are processed from left to right
+  and each one is treated as beginning a new :keyword:`with` statement.
+  This means that::
+
+   with A() as a, B() as b:
+       ... suite of statements ...
+
+  is equivalent to::
+
+   with A() as a:
+       with B() as b:
+           ... suite of statements ...
+
+  The :func:`contextlib.nested` function provides a very similar
+  function, so it's no longer necessary and has been deprecated.
+
+  (Proposed in http://codereview.appspot.com/53094; implemented by
+  Georg Brandl.)
+
+* The :meth:`str.format` method now supports automatic numbering of the replacement
   fields.  This makes using :meth:`str.format` more closely resemble using
   ``%s`` formatting::
 
@@ -102,7 +251,13 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:
   specifier will use the next argument, and so on.  You can't mix auto-numbering
   and explicit numbering -- either number all of your specifier fields or none
   of them -- but you can mix auto-numbering and named fields, as in the second
-  example above.  (Contributed by Eric Smith; :issue`5237`.)
+  example above.  (Contributed by Eric Smith; :issue:`5237`.)
+
+  Complex numbers now correctly support usage with :func:`format`.
+  Specifying a precision or comma-separation applies to both the real
+  and imaginary parts of the number, but a specified field width and
+  alignment is applied to the whole of the resulting ``1.5+3j``
+  output.  (Contributed by Eric Smith; :issue:`1588`.)
 
 * The :func:`int` and :func:`long` types gained a ``bit_length``
   method that returns the number of bits necessary to represent
@@ -125,7 +280,7 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:
   point now round differently, returning the floating-point number
   closest to the number.  This doesn't matter for small integers that
   can be converted exactly, but for large numbers that will
-  unavoidably lose precision, Python 2.7 will now approximate more
+  unavoidably lose precision, Python 2.7 now approximates more
   closely.  For example, Python 2.6 computed the following::
 
     >>> n = 295147905179352891391
@@ -146,10 +301,20 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:
 
   (Implemented by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`3166`.)
 
-* The :class:`bytearray` type's :meth:`translate` method will
-  now accept ``None`` as its first argument.  (Fixed by Georg Brandl;
+* The :class:`bytearray` type's :meth:`translate` method now accepts
+  ``None`` as its first argument.  (Fixed by Georg Brandl;
   :issue:`4759`.)
 
+* When using ``@classmethod`` and ``@staticmethod`` to wrap
+  methods as class or static methods, the wrapper object now
+  exposes the wrapped function as their :attr:`__func__` attribute.
+  (Contributed by Amaury Forgeot d'Arc, after a suggestion by
+  George Sakkis; :issue:`5982`.)
+
+* A new encoding named "cp720", used primarily for Arabic text, is now
+  supported.  (Contributed by Alexander Belchenko and Amaury Forgeot
+  d'Arc; :issue:`1616979`.)
+
 .. ======================================================================
 
 
@@ -164,6 +329,10 @@ Several performance enhancements have been added:
    and benchmark.  The new mechanism is only supported on certain
    compilers, such as gcc, SunPro, and icc.
 
+* A new opcode was added to perform the initial setup for
+  :keyword:`with` statements, looking up the :meth:`__enter__` and
+  :meth:`__exit__` methods.  (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson.)
+
 * The garbage collector now performs better when many objects are
   being allocated without deallocating any.  A full garbage collection
   pass is only performed when the middle generation has been collected
@@ -184,7 +353,7 @@ Several performance enhancements have been added:
   considered and traversed by the collector.
   (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`4688`.)
 
-* Integers are now stored internally either in base 2**15 or in base
+* Long integers are now stored internally either in base 2**15 or in base
   2**30, the base being determined at build time.  Previously, they
   were always stored in base 2**15.  Using base 2**30 gives
   significant performance improvements on 64-bit machines, but
@@ -227,6 +396,21 @@ Several performance enhancements have been added:
   faster bytecode.  (Patch by Antoine Pitrou, back-ported to 2.7
   by Jeffrey Yasskin; :issue:`4715`.)
 
+* The :mod:`pickle` and :mod:`cPickle` modules now automatically
+  intern the strings used for attribute names, reducing memory usage
+  of the objects resulting from unpickling.  (Contributed by Jake
+  McGuire; :issue:`5084`.)
+
+* The :mod:`cPickle` module now special-cases dictionaries,
+  nearly halving the time required to pickle them.
+  (Contributed by Collin Winter; :issue:`5670`.)
+
+* Converting an integer or long integer to a decimal string was made
+  faster by special-casing base 10 instead of using a generalized
+  conversion function that supports arbitrary bases.
+  (Patch by Gawain Bolton; :issue:`6713`.)
+
+
 .. ======================================================================
 
 New and Improved Modules
@@ -238,6 +422,14 @@ changes, sorted alphabetically by module name. Consult the
 :file:`Misc/NEWS` file in the source tree for a more complete list of
 changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
 
+* The :mod:`bdb` module's base debugging class :class:`Bdb`
+  gained a feature for skipping modules.  The constructor
+  now takes an iterable containing glob-style patterns such as
+  ``django.*``; the debugger will not step into stack frames
+  from a module that matches one of these patterns.
+  (Contributed by Maru Newby after a suggestion by
+  Senthil Kumaran; :issue:`5142`.)
+
 * The :mod:`bz2` module's :class:`BZ2File` now supports the context
   management protocol, so you can write ``with bz2.BZ2File(...) as f: ...``.
   (Contributed by Hagen Fuerstenau; :issue:`3860`.)
@@ -279,6 +471,9 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
 
   Contributed by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`1696199`.
 
+  The new `OrderedDict` class is described in the earlier section
+  :ref:`pep-0372`.
+
   The :class:`namedtuple` class now has an optional *rename* parameter.
   If *rename* is true, field names that are invalid because they've
   been repeated or that aren't legal Python identifiers will be
@@ -295,10 +490,42 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
   The :class:`deque` data type now exposes its maximum length as the
   read-only :attr:`maxlen` attribute.  (Added by Raymond Hettinger.)
 
-* In Distutils, :func:`distutils.sdist.add_defaults` now uses
+* The :mod:`ctypes` module now always converts ``None`` to a C NULL
+  pointer for arguments declared as pointers.  (Changed by Thomas
+  Heller; :issue:`4606`.)
+
+* New method: the :class:`Decimal` class gained a
+  :meth:`from_float` class method that performs an exact conversion
+  of a floating-point number to a :class:`Decimal`.
+  Note that this is an **exact** conversion that strives for the
+  closest decimal approximation to the floating-point representation's value;
+  the resulting decimal value will therefore still include the inaccuracy,
+  if any.
+  For example, ``Decimal.from_float(0.1)`` returns
+  ``Decimal('0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625')``.
+  (Implemented by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`4796`.)
+
+  The constructor for :class:`Decimal` now accepts non-European
+  Unicode characters, such as Arabic-Indic digits.  (Contributed by
+  Mark Dickinson; :issue:`6595`.)
+
+  When using :class:`Decimal` instances with a string's
+  :meth:`format` method, the default alignment was previously
+  left-alignment.  This has been changed to right-alignment, which seems
+  more sensible for numeric types.  (Changed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`6857`.)
+
+* Distutils is being more actively developed, thanks to Tarek Ziade
+  has taken over maintenance of the package.  A new
+  :file:`setup.py` subcommand, ``check``, will
+  check that the arguments being passed to the :func:`setup` function
+  are complete and correct (:issue:`5732`).
+
+  :func:`distutils.sdist.add_defaults` now uses
   *package_dir* and *data_files* to create the MANIFEST file.
-  :mod:`distutils.sysconfig` will now read the :envvar:`AR`
-  environment variable.
+  :mod:`distutils.sysconfig` now reads the :envvar:`AR` and
+  :envvar:`ARFLAGS` environment variables.
+
+  .. ARFLAGS done in #5941
 
   It is no longer mandatory to store clear-text passwords in the
   :file:`.pypirc` file when registering and uploading packages to PyPI. As long
@@ -312,18 +539,7 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
   process, but instead simply not install the failing extension.
   (Contributed by Georg Brandl; :issue:`5583`.)
 
-* New method: the :class:`Decimal` class gained a
-  :meth:`from_float` class method that performs an exact conversion
-  of a floating-point number to a :class:`Decimal`.
-  Note that this is an **exact** conversion that strives for the
-  closest decimal approximation to the floating-point representation's value;
-  the resulting decimal value will therefore still include the inaccuracy,
-  if any.
-  For example, ``Decimal.from_float(0.1)`` returns
-  ``Decimal('0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625')``.
-  (Implemented by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`4796`.)
-
-* The :class:`Fraction` class will now accept two rational numbers
+* The :class:`Fraction` class now accepts two rational numbers
   as arguments to its constructor.
   (Implemented by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`5812`.)
 
@@ -338,7 +554,32 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
   recorded in a gzipped file by providing an optional timestamp to
   the constructor.  (Contributed by Jacques Frechet; :issue:`4272`.)
 
-* The :class:`io.FileIO` class now raises an :exc:`OSError` when passed
+* The :mod:`hashlib` module was inconsistent about accepting
+  input as a Unicode object or an object that doesn't support
+  the buffer protocol.  The behavior was different depending on
+  whether :mod:`hashlib` was using an external OpenSSL library
+  or its built-in implementations.  Python 2.7 makes the
+  behavior consistent, always rejecting such objects by raising a
+  :exc:`TypeError`.  (Fixed by Gregory P. Smith; :issue:`3745`.)
+
+* The default :class:`HTTPResponse` class used by the :mod:`httplib` module now
+  supports buffering, resulting in much faster reading of HTTP responses.
+  (Contributed by Kristjan Valur Jonsson; :issue:`4879`.)
+
+* The :mod:`imaplib` module now supports IPv6 addresses.
+  (Contributed by Derek Morr; :issue:`1655`.)
+
+* The :mod:`io` library has been upgraded to the version shipped with
+  Python 3.1.  For 3.1, the I/O library was entirely rewritten in C
+  and is 2 to 20 times faster depending on the task at hand.  The
+  original Python version was renamed to the :mod:`_pyio` module.
+
+  One minor resulting change: the :class:`io.TextIOBase` class now
+  has an :attr:`errors` attribute giving the error setting
+  used for encoding and decoding errors (one of ``'strict'``, ``'replace'``,
+  ``'ignore'``).
+
+  The :class:`io.FileIO` class now raises an :exc:`OSError` when passed
   an invalid file descriptor.  (Implemented by Benjamin Peterson;
   :issue:`4991`.)
 
@@ -382,12 +623,19 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
   with any object literal that decodes to a list of pairs.
   (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`5381`.)
 
+* New functions: the :mod:`math` module now has
+  a :func:`gamma` function.
+  (Contributed by Mark Dickinson and nirinA raseliarison; :issue:`3366`.)
+
 * The :mod:`multiprocessing` module's :class:`Manager*` classes
   can now be passed a callable that will be called whenever
   a subprocess is started, along with a set of arguments that will be
   passed to the callable.
   (Contributed by lekma; :issue:`5585`.)
 
+* The :mod:`nntplib` module now supports IPv6 addresses.
+  (Contributed by Derek Morr; :issue:`1664`.)
+
 * The :mod:`pydoc` module now has help for the various symbols that Python
   uses.  You can now do ``help('<<')`` or ``help('@')``, for example.
   (Contributed by David Laban; :issue:`4739`.)
@@ -396,6 +644,36 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
   now accept an optional *flags* argument, for consistency with the
   other functions in the module.  (Added by Gregory P. Smith.)
 
+* The :mod:`shutil` module's :func:`copyfile` and :func:`copytree`
+  functions now raises a :exc:`SpecialFileError` exception when
+  asked to copy a named pipe.  Previously the code would treat
+  named pipes like a regular file by opening them for reading, and
+  this would block indefinitely.  (Fixed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`3002`.)
+
+* New functions: in the :mod:`site` module, three new functions
+  return various site- and user-specific paths.
+  :func:`getsitepackages` returns a list containing all
+  global site-packages directories, and
+  :func:`getusersitepackages` returns the path of the user's
+  site-packages directory.
+  :func:`getuserbase` returns the value of the :envvar:``USER_BASE``
+  environment variable, giving the path to a directory that can be used
+  to store data.
+  (Contributed by Tarek Ziade; :issue:`6693`.)
+
+* The :mod:`SocketServer` module's :class:`TCPServer` class now
+  has a :attr:`disable_nagle_algorithm` class attribute.
+  The default value is False; if overridden to be True,
+  new request connections will have the TCP_NODELAY option set to
+  prevent buffering many small sends into a single TCP packet.
+  (Contributed by Kristjan Valur Jonsson; :issue:`6192`.)
+
+* The :mod:`struct` module will no longer silently ignore overflow
+  errors when a value is too large for a particular integer format
+  code (one of ``bBhHiIlLqQ``); it now always raises a
+  :exc:`struct.error` exception.  (Changed by Mark Dickinson;
+  :issue:`1523`.)
+
 * New function: the :mod:`subprocess` module's
   :func:`check_output` runs a command with a specified set of arguments
   and returns the command's output as a string when the command runs without
@@ -422,122 +700,151 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
   named ``major``, ``minor``, ``micro``, ``releaselevel``, and ``serial``.
   (Contributed by Ross Light; :issue:`4285`.)
 
+* The :mod:`tarfile` module now supports filtering the :class:`TarInfo`
+  objects being added to a tar file.  When you call :meth:`TarFile.add`,
+  instance, you may supply an optional *filter* argument
+  that's a callable.  The *filter* callable will be passed the
+  :class:`TarInfo` for every file being added, and can modify and return it.
+  If the callable returns ``None``, the file will be excluded from the
+  resulting archive.  This is more powerful than the existing
+  *exclude* argument, which has therefore been deprecated.
+  (Added by Lars Gustaebel; :issue:`6856`.)
+
 * The :mod:`threading` module's :meth:`Event.wait` method now returns
   the internal flag on exit.  This means the method will usually
   return true because :meth:`wait` is supposed to block until the
   internal flag becomes true.  The return value will only be false if
   a timeout was provided and the operation timed out.
-  (Contributed by XXX; :issue:`1674032`.)
-
-* The :mod:`unittest` module was enhanced in several ways.
-  The progress messages will now show 'x' for expected failures
-  and 'u' for unexpected successes when run in verbose mode.
-  (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson.)
-  Test cases can raise the :exc:`SkipTest` exception to skip a test.
-  (:issue:`1034053`.)
-
-  The error messages for :meth:`assertEqual`,
-  :meth:`assertTrue`, and :meth:`assertFalse`
-  failures now provide more information.  If you set the
-  :attr:`longMessage` attribute of your :class:`TestCase` classes to
-  true, both the standard error message and any additional message you
-  provide will be printed for failures.  (Added by Michael Foord; :issue:`5663`.)
-
-  The :meth:`assertRaises` and :meth:`failUnlessRaises` methods now
-  return a context handler when called without providing a callable
-  object to run.  For example, you can write this::
-
-    with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-        raise ValueError
-
-  (Implemented by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`4444`.)
-
-  The methods :meth:`addCleanup` and :meth:`doCleanups` were added.
-  :meth:`addCleanup` allows you to add cleanup functions that
-  will be called unconditionally (after :meth:`setUp` if
-  :meth:`setUp` fails, otherwise after :meth:`tearDown`). This allows
-  for much simpler resource allocation and deallocation during tests.
-  :issue:`5679`
-
-  A number of new methods were added that provide more specialized
-  tests.  Many of these methods were written by Google engineers
-  for use in their test suites; Gregory P. Smith, Michael Foord, and
-  GvR worked on merging them into Python's version of :mod:`unittest`.
-
-  * :meth:`assertIsNone` and :meth:`assertIsNotNone` take one
-    expression and verify that the result is or is not ``None``.
-
-  * :meth:`assertIs` and :meth:`assertIsNot` take two values and check
-    whether the two values evaluate to the same object or not.
-    (Added by Michael Foord; :issue:`2578`.)
-
-  * :meth:`assertGreater`, :meth:`assertGreaterEqual`,
-    :meth:`assertLess`, and :meth:`assertLessEqual` compare
-    two quantities.
-
-  * :meth:`assertMultiLineEqual` compares two strings, and if they're
-    not equal, displays a helpful comparison that highlights the
-    differences in the two strings.
-
-  * :meth:`assertRegexpMatches` checks whether its first argument is a
-    string matching a regular expression provided as its second argument.
-
-  * :meth:`assertRaisesRegexp` checks whether a particular exception
-    is raised, and then also checks that the string representation of
-    the exception matches the provided regular expression.
-
-  * :meth:`assertIn` and :meth:`assertNotIn` tests whether
-    *first* is or is not in  *second*.
-
-  * :meth:`assertSameElements` tests whether two provided sequences
-    contain the same elements.
-
-  * :meth:`assertSetEqual` compares whether two sets are equal, and
-    only reports the differences between the sets in case of error.
-
-  * Similarly, :meth:`assertListEqual` and :meth:`assertTupleEqual`
-    compare the specified types and explain the differences.
-    More generally, :meth:`assertSequenceEqual` compares two sequences
-    and can optionally check whether both sequences are of a
-    particular type.
-
-  * :meth:`assertDictEqual` compares two dictionaries and reports the
-    differences.  :meth:`assertDictContainsSubset` checks whether
-    all of the key/value pairs in *first* are found in *second*.
-
-  * :meth:`assertAlmostEqual` and :meth:`assertNotAlmostEqual` short-circuit
-    (automatically pass or fail without checking decimal places) if the objects
-    are equal.
-
-  * :meth:`loadTestsFromName` properly honors the ``suiteClass`` attribute of
-    the :class:`TestLoader`. (Fixed by Mark Roddy; :issue:`6866`.)
-
-  * A new hook, :meth:`addTypeEqualityFunc` takes a type object and a
-    function.  The :meth:`assertEqual` method will use the function
-    when both of the objects being compared are of the specified type.
-    This function should compare the two objects and raise an
-    exception if they don't match; it's a good idea for the function
-    to provide additional information about why the two objects are
-    matching, much as the new sequence comparison methods do.
-
-  :func:`unittest.main` now takes an optional ``exit`` argument.
-  If False ``main`` doesn't call :func:`sys.exit` allowing it to
-  be used from the interactive interpreter. :issue:`3379`.
-
-  :class:`TestResult` has new :meth:`startTestRun` and
-  :meth:`stopTestRun` methods; called immediately before
-  and after a test run. :issue:`5728` by Robert Collins.
-
-* The :func:`is_zipfile` function in the :mod:`zipfile` module will now
-  accept a file object, in addition to the path names accepted in earlier
+  (Contributed by Tim Lesher; :issue:`1674032`.)
+
+* The :func:`is_zipfile` function in the :mod:`zipfile` module now
+  accepts a file object, in addition to the path names accepted in earlier
   versions.  (Contributed by Gabriel Genellina; :issue:`4756`.)
 
   :mod:`zipfile` now supports archiving empty directories and
   extracts them correctly.  (Fixed by Kuba Wieczorek; :issue:`4710`.)
 
+* The :mod:`ftplib` module gains the ability to establish secure FTP
+  connections using TLS encapsulation of authentication as well as
+  subsequent control and data transfers.  This is provided by the new
+  :class:`ftplib.FTP_TLS` class.
+  (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola', :issue:`2054`.)
+
 .. ======================================================================
 .. whole new modules get described in subsections here
 
+Unit Testing Enhancements
+---------------------------------
+
+The :mod:`unittest` module was enhanced in several ways.
+The progress messages now shows 'x' for expected failures
+and 'u' for unexpected successes when run in verbose mode.
+(Contributed by Benjamin Peterson.)
+Test cases can raise the :exc:`SkipTest` exception to skip a test.
+(:issue:`1034053`.)
+
+.. XXX describe test discovery (Contributed by Michael Foord; :issue:`6001`.)
+
+The error messages for :meth:`assertEqual`,
+:meth:`assertTrue`, and :meth:`assertFalse`
+failures now provide more information.  If you set the
+:attr:`longMessage` attribute of your :class:`TestCase` classes to
+true, both the standard error message and any additional message you
+provide will be printed for failures.  (Added by Michael Foord; :issue:`5663`.)
+
+The :meth:`assertRaises` and :meth:`failUnlessRaises` methods now
+return a context handler when called without providing a callable
+object to run.  For example, you can write this::
+
+  with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+      raise ValueError
+
+(Implemented by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`4444`.)
+
+The methods :meth:`addCleanup` and :meth:`doCleanups` were added.
+:meth:`addCleanup` allows you to add cleanup functions that
+will be called unconditionally (after :meth:`setUp` if
+:meth:`setUp` fails, otherwise after :meth:`tearDown`). This allows
+for much simpler resource allocation and deallocation during tests.
+:issue:`5679`
+
+A number of new methods were added that provide more specialized
+tests.  Many of these methods were written by Google engineers
+for use in their test suites; Gregory P. Smith, Michael Foord, and
+GvR worked on merging them into Python's version of :mod:`unittest`.
+
+* :meth:`assertIsNone` and :meth:`assertIsNotNone` take one
+  expression and verify that the result is or is not ``None``.
+
+* :meth:`assertIs` and :meth:`assertIsNot` take two values and check
+  whether the two values evaluate to the same object or not.
+  (Added by Michael Foord; :issue:`2578`.)
+
+* :meth:`assertGreater`, :meth:`assertGreaterEqual`,
+  :meth:`assertLess`, and :meth:`assertLessEqual` compare
+  two quantities.
+
+* :meth:`assertMultiLineEqual` compares two strings, and if they're
+  not equal, displays a helpful comparison that highlights the
+  differences in the two strings.
+
+* :meth:`assertRegexpMatches` checks whether its first argument is a
+  string matching a regular expression provided as its second argument.
+
+* :meth:`assertRaisesRegexp` checks whether a particular exception
+  is raised, and then also checks that the string representation of
+  the exception matches the provided regular expression.
+
+* :meth:`assertIn` and :meth:`assertNotIn` tests whether
+  *first* is or is not in  *second*.
+
+* :meth:`assertSameElements` tests whether two provided sequences
+  contain the same elements.
+
+* :meth:`assertSetEqual` compares whether two sets are equal, and
+  only reports the differences between the sets in case of error.
+
+* Similarly, :meth:`assertListEqual` and :meth:`assertTupleEqual`
+  compare the specified types and explain the differences.
+  More generally, :meth:`assertSequenceEqual` compares two sequences
+  and can optionally check whether both sequences are of a
+  particular type.
+
+* :meth:`assertDictEqual` compares two dictionaries and reports the
+  differences.  :meth:`assertDictContainsSubset` checks whether
+  all of the key/value pairs in *first* are found in *second*.
+
+* :meth:`assertAlmostEqual` and :meth:`assertNotAlmostEqual` short-circuit
+  (automatically pass or fail without checking decimal places) if the objects
+  are equal.
+
+* :meth:`loadTestsFromName` properly honors the ``suiteClass`` attribute of
+  the :class:`TestLoader`. (Fixed by Mark Roddy; :issue:`6866`.)
+
+* A new hook, :meth:`addTypeEqualityFunc` takes a type object and a
+  function.  The :meth:`assertEqual` method will use the function
+  when both of the objects being compared are of the specified type.
+  This function should compare the two objects and raise an
+  exception if they don't match; it's a good idea for the function
+  to provide additional information about why the two objects are
+  matching, much as the new sequence comparison methods do.
+
+:func:`unittest.main` now takes an optional ``exit`` argument.
+If False ``main`` doesn't call :func:`sys.exit` allowing it to
+be used from the interactive interpreter. :issue:`3379`.
+
+:class:`TestResult` has new :meth:`startTestRun` and
+:meth:`stopTestRun` methods; called immediately before
+and after a test run. :issue:`5728` by Robert Collins.
+
+With all these changes, the :file:`unittest.py` was becoming awkwardly
+large, so the module was turned into a package and the code split into
+several files (by Benjamin Peterson).  This doesn't affect how the
+module is imported.
+
+
+.. _importlib-section:
+
 importlib: Importing Modules
 ------------------------------
 
@@ -549,7 +856,7 @@ import process.  Python 2.7 doesn't contain the complete
 :mod:`importlib` package, but instead has a tiny subset that contains
 a single function, :func:`import_module`.
 
-``import_module(*name*, *package*=None)`` imports a module.  *name* is
+``import_module(name, package=None)`` imports a module.  *name* is
 a string containing the module or package's name.  It's possible to do
 relative imports by providing a string that begins with a ``.``
 character, such as ``..utils.errors``.  For relative imports, the
@@ -607,8 +914,8 @@ Build and C API Changes
 Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
 
 * If you use the :file:`.gdbinit` file provided with Python,
-  the "pyo" macro in the 2.7 version will now work when the thread being
-  debugged doesn't hold the GIL; the macro will now acquire it before printing.
+  the "pyo" macro in the 2.7 version now works correctly when the thread being
+  debugged doesn't hold the GIL; the macro now acquires it before printing.
   (Contributed by Victor Stinner; :issue:`3632`.)
 
 * :cfunc:`Py_AddPendingCall` is now thread-safe, letting any
@@ -616,8 +923,57 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
   is particularly useful for asynchronous IO operations.
   (Contributed by Kristjan Valur Jonsson; :issue:`4293`.)
 
+* New function: :cfunc:`PyCode_NewEmpty` creates an empty code object;
+  only the filename, function name, and first line number are required.
+  This is useful to extension modules that are attempting to
+  construct a more useful traceback stack.  Previously such
+  extensions needed to call :cfunc:`PyCode_New`, which had many
+  more arguments.  (Added by Jeffrey Yasskin.)
+
+* New function: :cfunc:`PyFrame_GetLineNumber` takes a frame object
+  and returns the line number that the frame is currently executing.
+  Previously code would need to get the index of the bytecode
+  instruction currently executing, and then look up the line number
+  corresponding to that address.  (Added by Jeffrey Yasskin.)
+
+* New macros: the Python header files now define the following macros:
+  :cmacro:`Py_ISALNUM`,
+  :cmacro:`Py_ISALPHA`,
+  :cmacro:`Py_ISDIGIT`,
+  :cmacro:`Py_ISLOWER`,
+  :cmacro:`Py_ISSPACE`,
+  :cmacro:`Py_ISUPPER`,
+  :cmacro:`Py_ISXDIGIT`,
+  and :cmacro:`Py_TOLOWER`, :cmacro:`Py_TOUPPER`.
+  All of these functions are analogous to the C
+  standard macros for classifying characters, but ignore the current
+  locale setting, because in
+  several places Python needs to analyze characters in a
+  locale-independent way.  (Added by Eric Smith;
+  :issue:`5793`.)
+
+  .. XXX these macros don't seem to be described in the c-api docs.
+
+* The complicated interaction between threads and process forking has
+  been changed.  Previously, the child process created by
+  :func:`os.fork` might fail because the child is created with only a
+  single thread running, the thread performing the :func:`os.fork`.
+  If other threads were holding a lock, such as Python's import lock,
+  when the fork was performed, the lock would still be marked as
+  "held" in the new process.  But in the child process nothing would
+  ever release the lock, since the other threads weren't replicated,
+  and the child process would no longer be able to perform imports.
+
+  Python 2.7 now acquires the import lock before performing an
+  :func:`os.fork`, and will also clean up any locks created using the
+  :mod:`threading` module.  C extension modules that have internal
+  locks, or that call :cfunc:`fork()` themselves, will not benefit
+  from this clean-up.
+
+  (Fixed by Thomas Wouters; :issue:`1590864`.)
+
 * Global symbols defined by the :mod:`ctypes` module are now prefixed
-  with ``Py`, or with ``_ctypes``.  (Implemented by Thomas
+  with ``Py``, or with ``_ctypes``.  (Implemented by Thomas
   Heller; :issue:`3102`.)
 
 * The :program:`configure` script now checks for floating-point rounding bugs
@@ -626,6 +982,12 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
   but it's available if anyone wishes to use it.
   (Added by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`2937`.)
 
+* The build process now creates the necessary files for pkg-config
+  support.  (Contributed by Clinton Roy; :issue:`3585`.)
+
+* The build process now supports Subversion 1.7.  (Contributed by
+  Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis; :issue:`6094`.)
+
 .. ======================================================================
 
 Port-Specific Changes: Windows
@@ -642,12 +1004,15 @@ Port-Specific Changes: Windows
   the native thread-local storage functions are now used.
   (Contributed by Kristjan Valur Jonsson; :issue:`3582`.)
 
+* The :func:`os.listdir` function now correctly fails
+  for an empty path.  (Fixed by Hirokazu Yamamoto; :issue:`5913`.)
+
 .. ======================================================================
 
 Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
 -----------------------------------
 
-* The ``/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages`` is now appended to
+* The path ``/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages`` is now appended to
   ``sys.path``, in order to share added packages between the system
   installation and a user-installed copy of the same version.
   (Changed by Ronald Oussoren; :issue:`4865`.)
@@ -666,12 +1031,12 @@ Other Changes and Fixes
 * The :file:`regrtest.py` script now takes a :option:`--randseed=`
   switch that takes an integer that will be used as the random seed
   for the :option:`-r` option that executes tests in random order.
-  The :option:`-r` option also now reports the seed that was used
+  The :option:`-r` option also reports the seed that was used
   (Added by Collin Winter.)
 
 * The :file:`regrtest.py` script now takes a :option:`-j` switch
   that takes an integer specifying how many tests run in parallel. This
-  allows to shorten the total runtime on multi-core machines.
+  allows reducing the total runtime on multi-core machines.
   This option is compatible with several other options, including the
   :option:`-R` switch which is known to produce long runtimes.
   (Added by Antoine Pitrou, :issue:`6152`.)
@@ -684,6 +1049,17 @@ Porting to Python 2.7
 This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes
 that may require changes to your code:
 
+* When using :class:`Decimal` instances with a string's
+  :meth:`format` method, the default alignment was previously
+  left-alignment.  This has been changed to right-alignment, which might
+  change the output of your programs.
+  (Changed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`6857`.)
+
+  Another :meth:`format`-related change: the default precision used
+  for floating-point and complex numbers was changed from 6 decimal
+  places to 12, which matches the precision used by :func:`str`.
+  (Changed by Eric Smith; :issue:`5920`.)
+
 * Because of an optimization for the :keyword:`with` statement, the special
   methods :meth:`__enter__` and :meth:`__exit__` must belong to the object's
   type, and cannot be directly attached to the object's instance.  This
diff --git a/Lib/code.py b/Lib/code.py
index 8962927d71..605aede5ef 100644
--- a/Lib/code.py
+++ b/Lib/code.py
@@ -287,6 +287,5 @@ def interact(banner=None, readfunc=None, local=None):
     console.interact(banner)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    import pdb
-    pdb.run("interact()\n")
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    interact()
diff --git a/Lib/mailbox.py b/Lib/mailbox.py
index d9c289b44f..3f299a8d7d 100755
--- a/Lib/mailbox.py
+++ b/Lib/mailbox.py
@@ -469,12 +469,21 @@ class Maildir(Mailbox):
 
     def _refresh(self):
         """Update table of contents mapping."""
-        new_mtime = os.path.getmtime(os.path.join(self._path, 'new'))
-        cur_mtime = os.path.getmtime(os.path.join(self._path, 'cur'))
+        if self._last_read is not None:
+            for subdir in ('new', 'cur'):
+                mtime = os.path.getmtime(os.path.join(self._path, subdir))
+                if mtime > self._last_read:
+                    break
+            else:
+                return
 
-        if (self._last_read is not None and
-            new_mtime <= self._last_read and cur_mtime <= self._last_read):
-            return
+        # We record the current time - 1sec so that, if _refresh() is called
+        # again in the same second, we will always re-read the mailbox
+        # just in case it's been modified.  (os.path.mtime() only has
+        # 1sec resolution.)  This results in a few unnecessary re-reads
+        # when _refresh() is called multiple times in the same second,
+        # but once the clock ticks over, we will only re-read as needed.
+        now = time.time() - 1
 
         self._toc = {}
         def update_dir (subdir):
@@ -489,14 +498,7 @@ class Maildir(Mailbox):
         update_dir('new')
         update_dir('cur')
 
-        # We record the current time - 1sec so that, if _refresh() is called
-        # again in the same second, we will always re-read the mailbox
-        # just in case it's been modified.  (os.path.mtime() only has
-        # 1sec resolution.)  This results in a few unnecessary re-reads
-        # when _refresh() is called multiple times in the same second,
-        # but once the clock ticks over, we will only re-read as needed.
-        now = int(time.time() - 1)
-        self._last_read = time.time() - 1
+        self._last_read = now
 
     def _lookup(self, key):
         """Use TOC to return subpath for given key, or raise a KeyError."""
diff --git a/Lib/os.py b/Lib/os.py
index a59c5df1f6..ec5d280b9e 100644
--- a/Lib/os.py
+++ b/Lib/os.py
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ def walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False):
             dirs.remove('CVS')  # don't visit CVS directories
     """
 
-    from os.path import join, isdir, islink
+    islink, join, isdir = path.islink, path.join, path.isdir
 
     # We may not have read permission for top, in which case we can't
     # get a list of the files the directory contains.  os.walk
@@ -275,9 +275,9 @@ def walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False):
     if topdown:
         yield top, dirs, nondirs
     for name in dirs:
-        path = join(top, name)
-        if followlinks or not islink(path):
-            for x in walk(path, topdown, onerror, followlinks):
+        new_path = join(top, name)
+        if followlinks or not islink(new_path):
+            for x in walk(new_path, topdown, onerror, followlinks):
                 yield x
     if not topdown:
         yield top, dirs, nondirs
diff --git a/Lib/runpy.py b/Lib/runpy.py
index e277de3831..9fe431a00e 100644
--- a/Lib/runpy.py
+++ b/Lib/runpy.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class _ModifiedArgv0(object):
 def _run_code(code, run_globals, init_globals=None,
               mod_name=None, mod_fname=None,
               mod_loader=None, pkg_name=None):
-    """Helper for _run_module_code"""
+    """Helper to run code in nominated namespace"""
     if init_globals is not None:
         run_globals.update(init_globals)
     run_globals.update(__name__ = mod_name,
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def _run_code(code, run_globals, init_globals=None,
 def _run_module_code(code, init_globals=None,
                     mod_name=None, mod_fname=None,
                     mod_loader=None, pkg_name=None):
-    """Helper for run_module"""
+    """Helper to run code in new namespace with sys modified"""
     with _TempModule(mod_name) as temp_module, _ModifiedArgv0(mod_fname):
         mod_globals = temp_module.module.__dict__
         _run_code(code, mod_globals, init_globals,
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def _get_module_details(mod_name):
         raise ImportError("No module named %s" % mod_name)
     if loader.is_package(mod_name):
         if mod_name == "__main__" or mod_name.endswith(".__main__"):
-            raise ImportError(("Cannot use package as __main__ module"))
+            raise ImportError("Cannot use package as __main__ module")
         try:
             pkg_main_name = mod_name + ".__main__"
             return _get_module_details(pkg_main_name)
@@ -116,29 +116,22 @@ def _get_module_details(mod_name):
     filename = _get_filename(loader, mod_name)
     return mod_name, loader, code, filename
 
-
-def _get_main_module_details():
-    # Helper that gives a nicer error message when attempting to
-    # execute a zipfile or directory by invoking __main__.py
-    main_name = "__main__"
-    try:
-        return _get_module_details(main_name)
-    except ImportError as exc:
-        if main_name in str(exc):
-            raise ImportError("can't find %r module in %r" %
-                              (main_name, sys.path[0]))
-        raise
-
-# This function is the actual implementation of the -m switch and direct
-# execution of zipfiles and directories and is deliberately kept private.
-# This avoids a repeat of the situation where run_module() no longer met the
-# needs of mainmodule.c, but couldn't be changed because it was public
+# XXX ncoghlan: Should this be documented and made public?
+# (Current thoughts: don't repeat the mistake that lead to its
+# creation when run_module() no longer met the needs of
+# mainmodule.c, but couldn't be changed because it was public)
 def _run_module_as_main(mod_name, alter_argv=True):
     """Runs the designated module in the __main__ namespace
 
-       These __*__ magic variables will be overwritten:
+       Note that the executed module will have full access to the
+       __main__ namespace. If this is not desirable, the run_module()
+       function sbould be used to run the module code in a fresh namespace.
+
+       At the very least, these variables in __main__ will be overwritten:
+           __name__
            __file__
            __loader__
+           __package__
     """
     try:
         if alter_argv or mod_name != "__main__": # i.e. -m switch
@@ -146,7 +139,16 @@ def _run_module_as_main(mod_name, alter_argv=True):
         else:          # i.e. directory or zipfile execution
             mod_name, loader, code, fname = _get_main_module_details()
     except ImportError as exc:
-        msg = "%s: %s" % (sys.executable, str(exc))
+        # Try to provide a good error message
+        # for directories, zip files and the -m switch
+        if alter_argv:
+            # For -m switch, just display the exception
+            info = str(exc)
+        else:
+            # For directories/zipfiles, let the user
+            # know what the code was looking for
+            info = "can't find '__main__.py' in %r" % sys.argv[0]
+        msg = "%s: %s" % (sys.executable, info)
         sys.exit(msg)
     pkg_name = mod_name.rpartition('.')[0]
     main_globals = sys.modules["__main__"].__dict__
@@ -173,6 +175,18 @@ def run_module(mod_name, init_globals=None,
         return _run_code(code, {}, init_globals, run_name,
                          fname, loader, pkg_name)
 
+def _get_main_module_details():
+    # Helper that gives a nicer error message when attempting to
+    # execute a zipfile or directory by invoking __main__.py
+    main_name = "__main__"
+    try:
+        return _get_module_details(main_name)
+    except ImportError as exc:
+        if main_name in str(exc):
+            raise ImportError("can't find %r module in %r" %
+                              (main_name, sys.path[0]))
+        raise
+
 
 # XXX (ncoghlan): Perhaps expose the C API function
 # as imp.get_importer instead of reimplementing it in Python?
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_grammar.py b/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
index b8612070fc..4ef4969afd 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
@@ -915,6 +915,14 @@ class GrammarTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual((6 / 2 if 1 else 3), 3)
         self.assertEqual((6 < 4 if 0 else 2), 2)
 
+    def test_paren_evaluation(self):
+        self.assertEqual(16 // (4 // 2), 8)
+        self.assertEqual((16 // 4) // 2, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(16 // 4 // 2, 2)
+        self.assertTrue(False is (2 is 3))
+        self.assertFalse((False is 2) is 3)
+        self.assertFalse(False is 2 is 3)
+
 
 def test_main():
     run_unittest(TokenTests, GrammarTests)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_runpy.py b/Lib/test/test_runpy.py
index 88e05fedfb..0542194146 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_runpy.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_runpy.py
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ class RunModuleTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.expect_import_error("a.bee")
         self.expect_import_error(".howard")
         self.expect_import_error("..eaten")
-        # Package
-        self.expect_import_error("logging")
+        # Package without __main__.py
+        self.expect_import_error("multiprocessing")
 
     def test_library_module(self):
         run_module("runpy")
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ class RunModuleTest(unittest.TestCase):
         pkg_file.close()
         return pkg_fname
 
-    def _make_pkg(self, source, depth):
+    def _make_pkg(self, source, depth, mod_base="runpy_test"):
         pkg_name = "__runpy_pkg__"
-        test_fname = "runpy_test.py"
+        test_fname = mod_base+os.extsep+"py"
         pkg_dir = sub_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         if verbose: print("  Package tree in:", sub_dir)
         sys.path.insert(0, pkg_dir)
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class RunModuleTest(unittest.TestCase):
         mod_file.write(source)
         mod_file.close()
         if verbose: print("  Created:", mod_fname)
-        mod_name = (pkg_name+".")*depth + "runpy_test"
+        mod_name = (pkg_name+".")*depth + mod_base
         return pkg_dir, mod_fname, mod_name
 
     def _del_pkg(self, top, depth, mod_name):
@@ -179,6 +179,28 @@ class RunModuleTest(unittest.TestCase):
             self._del_pkg(pkg_dir, depth, mod_name)
         if verbose: print("Module executed successfully")
 
+    def _check_package(self, depth):
+        pkg_dir, mod_fname, mod_name = (
+               self._make_pkg("x=1\n", depth, "__main__"))
+        pkg_name, _, _ = mod_name.rpartition(".")
+        forget(mod_name)
+        try:
+            if verbose: print("Running from source:", pkg_name)
+            d1 = run_module(pkg_name) # Read from source
+            self.assertTrue("x" in d1)
+            self.assertTrue(d1["x"] == 1)
+            del d1 # Ensure __loader__ entry doesn't keep file open
+            __import__(mod_name)
+            os.remove(mod_fname)
+            if verbose: print("Running from compiled:", pkg_name)
+            d2 = run_module(pkg_name) # Read from bytecode
+            self.assertTrue("x" in d2)
+            self.assertTrue(d2["x"] == 1)
+            del d2 # Ensure __loader__ entry doesn't keep file open
+        finally:
+            self._del_pkg(pkg_dir, depth, pkg_name)
+        if verbose: print("Package executed successfully")
+
     def _add_relative_modules(self, base_dir, source, depth):
         if depth <= 1:
             raise ValueError("Relative module test needs depth > 1")
@@ -240,6 +262,11 @@ from ..uncle.cousin import nephew
             if verbose: print("Testing package depth:", depth)
             self._check_module(depth)
 
+    def test_run_package(self):
+        for depth in range(1, 4):
+            if verbose: print("Testing package depth:", depth)
+            self._check_package(depth)
+
     def test_explicit_relative_import(self):
         for depth in range(2, 5):
             if verbose: print("Testing relative imports at depth:", depth)
diff --git a/Objects/listobject.c b/Objects/listobject.c
index 09fba48f6d..f54b97ddb5 100644
--- a/Objects/listobject.c
+++ b/Objects/listobject.c
@@ -2098,7 +2098,8 @@ static PyObject *
 listindex(PyListObject *self, PyObject *args)
 {
 	Py_ssize_t i, start=0, stop=Py_SIZE(self);
-	PyObject *v;
+	PyObject *v, *format_tuple, *err_string;
+	static PyObject *err_format = NULL;
 
 	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O&O&:index", &v,
 	                            _PyEval_SliceIndex, &start,
@@ -2121,7 +2122,20 @@ listindex(PyListObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		else if (cmp < 0)
 			return NULL;
 	}
-	PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "list.index(x): x not in list");
+	if (err_format == NULL) {
+		err_format = PyUnicode_FromString("%r is not in list");
+		if (err_format == NULL)
+			return NULL;
+	}
+	format_tuple = PyTuple_Pack(1, v);
+	if (format_tuple == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	err_string = PyUnicode_Format(err_format, format_tuple);
+	Py_DECREF(format_tuple);
+	if (err_string == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_ValueError, err_string);
+	Py_DECREF(err_string);
 	return NULL;
 }
 
diff --git a/Python/compile.c b/Python/compile.c
index 2bb9beb3d8..d8fb47b16e 100644
--- a/Python/compile.c
+++ b/Python/compile.c
@@ -3802,49 +3802,47 @@ static void
 assemble_jump_offsets(struct assembler *a, struct compiler *c)
 {
 	basicblock *b;
-	int bsize, totsize, extended_arg_count, last_extended_arg_count = 0;
+	int bsize, totsize, extended_arg_count = 0, last_extended_arg_count;
 	int i;
 
 	/* Compute the size of each block and fixup jump args.
 	   Replace block pointer with position in bytecode. */
-start:
-	totsize = 0;
-	for (i = a->a_nblocks - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-		b = a->a_postorder[i];
-		bsize = blocksize(b);
-		b->b_offset = totsize;
-		totsize += bsize;
-	}
-	extended_arg_count = 0;
-	for (b = c->u->u_blocks; b != NULL; b = b->b_list) {
-		bsize = b->b_offset;
-		for (i = 0; i < b->b_iused; i++) {
-			struct instr *instr = &b->b_instr[i];
-			/* Relative jumps are computed relative to
-			   the instruction pointer after fetching
-			   the jump instruction.
-			*/
-			bsize += instrsize(instr);
-			if (instr->i_jabs)
-				instr->i_oparg = instr->i_target->b_offset;
-			else if (instr->i_jrel) {
-				int delta = instr->i_target->b_offset - bsize;
-				instr->i_oparg = delta;
+	do {
+		totsize = 0;
+		for (i = a->a_nblocks - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+			b = a->a_postorder[i];
+			bsize = blocksize(b);
+			b->b_offset = totsize;
+			totsize += bsize;
+		}
+		last_extended_arg_count = extended_arg_count;
+		extended_arg_count = 0;
+		for (b = c->u->u_blocks; b != NULL; b = b->b_list) {
+			bsize = b->b_offset;
+			for (i = 0; i < b->b_iused; i++) {
+				struct instr *instr = &b->b_instr[i];
+				/* Relative jumps are computed relative to
+				   the instruction pointer after fetching
+				   the jump instruction.
+				*/
+				bsize += instrsize(instr);
+				if (instr->i_jabs)
+					instr->i_oparg = instr->i_target->b_offset;
+				else if (instr->i_jrel) {
+					int delta = instr->i_target->b_offset - bsize;
+					instr->i_oparg = delta;
+				}
+				else
+					continue;
+				if (instr->i_oparg > 0xffff)
+					extended_arg_count++;
 			}
-			else
-				continue;
-			if (instr->i_oparg > 0xffff)
-				extended_arg_count++;
 		}
-	}
 
 	/* XXX: This is an awful hack that could hurt performance, but
 		on the bright side it should work until we come up
 		with a better solution.
 
-		In the meantime, should the goto be dropped in favor
-		of a loop?
-
 		The issue is that in the first loop blocksize() is called
 		which calls instrsize() which requires i_oparg be set
 		appropriately.	There is a bootstrap problem because
@@ -3855,10 +3853,7 @@ start:
 		ones in jump instructions.  So this should converge
 		fairly quickly.
 	*/
-	if (last_extended_arg_count != extended_arg_count) {
-		last_extended_arg_count = extended_arg_count;
-		goto start;
-	}
+	} while (last_extended_arg_count != extended_arg_count);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
diff --git a/Tools/pybench/pybench.py b/Tools/pybench/pybench.py
index ea701363c9..2999271790 100755
--- a/Tools/pybench/pybench.py
+++ b/Tools/pybench/pybench.py
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class Test:
                 raise ValueError('at least one calibration run is required')
             self.calibration_runs = calibration_runs
         if timer is not None:
-            timer = timer
+            self.timer = timer
 
         # Init variables
         self.times = []