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+import ast
+import types
+import decimal
+import unittest
+
+a_global = 'global variable'
+
+# You could argue that I'm too strict in looking for specific error
+# values with assertRaisesRegex, but without it it's way too easy to
+# make a syntax error in the test strings. Especially with all of the
+# triple quotes, raw strings, backslashes, etc. I think it's a
+# worthwhile tradeoff. When I switched to this method, I found many
+# examples where I wasn't testing what I thought I was.
+
+class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+ def assertAllRaise(self, exception_type, regex, error_strings):
+ for str in error_strings:
+ with self.subTest(str=str):
+ with self.assertRaisesRegex(exception_type, regex):
+ eval(str)
+
+ def test__format__lookup(self):
+ # Make sure __format__ is looked up on the type, not the instance.
+ class X:
+ def __format__(self, spec):
+ return 'class'
+
+ x = X()
+
+ # Add a bound __format__ method to the 'y' instance, but not
+ # the 'x' instance.
+ y = X()
+ y.__format__ = types.MethodType(lambda self, spec: 'instance', y)
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'{y}', format(y))
+ self.assertEqual(f'{y}', 'class')
+ self.assertEqual(format(x), format(y))
+
+ # __format__ is not called this way, but still make sure it
+ # returns what we expect (so we can make sure we're bypassing
+ # it).
+ self.assertEqual(x.__format__(''), 'class')
+ self.assertEqual(y.__format__(''), 'instance')
+
+ # This is how __format__ is actually called.
+ self.assertEqual(type(x).__format__(x, ''), 'class')
+ self.assertEqual(type(y).__format__(y, ''), 'class')
+
+ def test_ast(self):
+ # Inspired by http://bugs.python.org/issue24975
+ class X:
+ def __init__(self):
+ self.called = False
+ def __call__(self):
+ self.called = True
+ return 4
+ x = X()
+ expr = """
+a = 10
+f'{a * x()}'"""
+ t = ast.parse(expr)
+ c = compile(t, '', 'exec')
+
+ # Make sure x was not called.
+ self.assertFalse(x.called)
+
+ # Actually run the code.
+ exec(c)
+
+ # Make sure x was called.
+ self.assertTrue(x.called)
+
+ def test_docstring(self):
+ def f():
+ f'''Not a docstring'''
+ self.assertIsNone(f.__doc__)
+ def g():
+ '''Not a docstring''' \
+ f''
+ self.assertIsNone(g.__doc__)
+
+ def test_literal_eval(self):
+ with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'malformed node or string'):
+ ast.literal_eval("f'x'")
+
+ def test_ast_compile_time_concat(self):
+ x = ['']
+
+ expr = """x[0] = 'foo' f'{3}'"""
+ t = ast.parse(expr)
+ c = compile(t, '', 'exec')
+ exec(c)
+ self.assertEqual(x[0], 'foo3')
+
+ def test_compile_time_concat_errors(self):
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError,
+ 'cannot mix bytes and nonbytes literals',
+ [r"""f'' b''""",
+ r"""b'' f''""",
+ ])
+
+ def test_literal(self):
+ self.assertEqual(f'', '')
+ self.assertEqual(f'a', 'a')
+ self.assertEqual(f' ', ' ')
+
+ def test_unterminated_string(self):
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: unterminated string',
+ [r"""f'{"x'""",
+ r"""f'{"x}'""",
+ r"""f'{("x'""",
+ r"""f'{("x}'""",
+ ])
+
+ def test_mismatched_parens(self):
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: mismatched',
+ ["f'{((}'",
+ ])
+
+ def test_double_braces(self):
+ self.assertEqual(f'{{', '{')
+ self.assertEqual(f'a{{', 'a{')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{{b', '{b')
+ self.assertEqual(f'a{{b', 'a{b')
+ self.assertEqual(f'}}', '}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'a}}', 'a}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'}}b', '}b')
+ self.assertEqual(f'a}}b', 'a}b')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{{}}', '{}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'a{{}}', 'a{}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{{b}}', '{b}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{{}}c', '{}c')
+ self.assertEqual(f'a{{b}}', 'a{b}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'a{{}}c', 'a{}c')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{{b}}c', '{b}c')
+ self.assertEqual(f'a{{b}}c', 'a{b}c')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'{{{10}', '{10')
+ self.assertEqual(f'}}{10}', '}10')
+ self.assertEqual(f'}}{{{10}', '}{10')
+ self.assertEqual(f'}}a{{{10}', '}a{10')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'{10}{{', '10{')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{10}}}', '10}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{10}}}{{', '10}{')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{10}}}a{{' '}', '10}a{}')
+
+ # Inside of strings, don't interpret doubled brackets.
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"{{}}"}', '{{}}')
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(TypeError, 'unhashable type',
+ ["f'{ {{}} }'", # dict in a set
+ ])
+
+ def test_compile_time_concat(self):
+ x = 'def'
+ self.assertEqual('abc' f'## {x}ghi', 'abc## defghi')
+ self.assertEqual('abc' f'{x}' 'ghi', 'abcdefghi')
+ self.assertEqual('abc' f'{x}' 'gh' f'i{x:4}', 'abcdefghidef ')
+ self.assertEqual('{x}' f'{x}', '{x}def')
+ self.assertEqual('{x' f'{x}', '{xdef')
+ self.assertEqual('{x}' f'{x}', '{x}def')
+ self.assertEqual('{{x}}' f'{x}', '{{x}}def')
+ self.assertEqual('{{x' f'{x}', '{{xdef')
+ self.assertEqual('x}}' f'{x}', 'x}}def')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x}' 'x}}', 'defx}}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x}' '', 'def')
+ self.assertEqual('' f'{x}' '', 'def')
+ self.assertEqual('' f'{x}', 'def')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x}' '2', 'def2')
+ self.assertEqual('1' f'{x}' '2', '1def2')
+ self.assertEqual('1' f'{x}', '1def')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x}' f'-{x}', 'def-def')
+ self.assertEqual('' f'', '')
+ self.assertEqual('' f'' '', '')
+ self.assertEqual('' f'' '' f'', '')
+ self.assertEqual(f'', '')
+ self.assertEqual(f'' '', '')
+ self.assertEqual(f'' '' f'', '')
+ self.assertEqual(f'' '' f'' '', '')
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting '}'",
+ ["f'{3' f'}'", # can't concat to get a valid f-string
+ ])
+
+ def test_comments(self):
+ # These aren't comments, since they're in strings.
+ d = {'#': 'hash'}
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"#"}', '#')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{d["#"]}', 'hash')
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string expression part cannot include '#'",
+ ["f'{1#}'", # error because the expression becomes "(1#)"
+ "f'{3(#)}'",
+ "f'{#}'",
+ "f'{)#}'", # When wrapped in parens, this becomes
+ # '()#)'. Make sure that doesn't compile.
+ ])
+
+ def test_many_expressions(self):
+ # Create a string with many expressions in it. Note that
+ # because we have a space in here as a literal, we're actually
+ # going to use twice as many ast nodes: one for each literal
+ # plus one for each expression.
+ def build_fstr(n, extra=''):
+ return "f'" + ('{x} ' * n) + extra + "'"
+
+ x = 'X'
+ width = 1
+
+ # Test around 256.
+ for i in range(250, 260):
+ self.assertEqual(eval(build_fstr(i)), (x+' ')*i)
+
+ # Test concatenating 2 largs fstrings.
+ self.assertEqual(eval(build_fstr(255)*256), (x+' ')*(255*256))
+
+ s = build_fstr(253, '{x:{width}} ')
+ self.assertEqual(eval(s), (x+' ')*254)
+
+ # Test lots of expressions and constants, concatenated.
+ s = "f'{1}' 'x' 'y'" * 1024
+ self.assertEqual(eval(s), '1xy' * 1024)
+
+ def test_format_specifier_expressions(self):
+ width = 10
+ precision = 4
+ value = decimal.Decimal('12.34567')
+ self.assertEqual(f'result: {value:{width}.{precision}}', 'result: 12.35')
+ self.assertEqual(f'result: {value:{width!r}.{precision}}', 'result: 12.35')
+ self.assertEqual(f'result: {value:{width:0}.{precision:1}}', 'result: 12.35')
+ self.assertEqual(f'result: {value:{1}{0:0}.{precision:1}}', 'result: 12.35')
+ self.assertEqual(f'result: {value:{ 1}{ 0:0}.{ precision:1}}', 'result: 12.35')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{10:#{1}0x}', ' 0xa')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{10:{"#"}1{0}{"x"}}', ' 0xa')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{-10:-{"#"}1{0}x}', ' -0xa')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{-10:{"-"}#{1}0{"x"}}', ' -0xa')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{10:#{3 != {4:5} and width}x}', ' 0xa')
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting '}'",
+ ["""f'{"s"!r{":10"}}'""",
+
+ # This looks like a nested format spec.
+ ])
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax",
+ [# Invalid syntax inside a nested spec.
+ "f'{4:{/5}}'",
+ ])
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expressions nested too deeply",
+ [# Can't nest format specifiers.
+ "f'result: {value:{width:{0}}.{precision:1}}'",
+ ])
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: invalid conversion character',
+ [# No expansion inside conversion or for
+ # the : or ! itself.
+ """f'{"s"!{"r"}}'""",
+ ])
+
+ def test_side_effect_order(self):
+ class X:
+ def __init__(self):
+ self.i = 0
+ def __format__(self, spec):
+ self.i += 1
+ return str(self.i)
+
+ x = X()
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x} {x}', '1 2')
+
+ def test_missing_expression(self):
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: empty expression not allowed',
+ ["f'{}'",
+ "f'{ }'"
+ "f' {} '",
+ "f'{!r}'",
+ "f'{ !r}'",
+ "f'{10:{ }}'",
+ "f' { } '",
+
+ # Catch the empty expression before the
+ # invalid conversion.
+ "f'{!x}'",
+ "f'{ !xr}'",
+ "f'{!x:}'",
+ "f'{!x:a}'",
+ "f'{ !xr:}'",
+ "f'{ !xr:a}'",
+
+ "f'{!}'",
+ "f'{:}'",
+
+ # We find the empty expression before the
+ # missing closing brace.
+ "f'{!'",
+ "f'{!s:'",
+ "f'{:'",
+ "f'{:x'",
+ ])
+
+ def test_parens_in_expressions(self):
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3,}', '(3,)')
+
+ # Add these because when an expression is evaluated, parens
+ # are added around it. But we shouldn't go from an invalid
+ # expression to a valid one. The added parens are just
+ # supposed to allow whitespace (including newlines).
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'invalid syntax',
+ ["f'{,}'",
+ "f'{,}'", # this is (,), which is an error
+ ])
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting '}'",
+ ["f'{3)+(4}'",
+ ])
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'EOL while scanning string literal',
+ ["f'{\n}'",
+ ])
+
+ def test_backslashes_in_string_part(self):
+ self.assertEqual(f'\t', '\t')
+ self.assertEqual(r'\t', '\\t')
+ self.assertEqual(rf'\t', '\\t')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2}\t', '2\t')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2}\t{3}', '2\t3')
+ self.assertEqual(f'\t{3}', '\t3')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'\u0394', '\u0394')
+ self.assertEqual(r'\u0394', '\\u0394')
+ self.assertEqual(rf'\u0394', '\\u0394')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2}\u0394', '2\u0394')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2}\u0394{3}', '2\u03943')
+ self.assertEqual(f'\u0394{3}', '\u03943')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'\U00000394', '\u0394')
+ self.assertEqual(r'\U00000394', '\\U00000394')
+ self.assertEqual(rf'\U00000394', '\\U00000394')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2}\U00000394', '2\u0394')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2}\U00000394{3}', '2\u03943')
+ self.assertEqual(f'\U00000394{3}', '\u03943')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}', '\u0394')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2}\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}', '2\u0394')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2}\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}{3}', '2\u03943')
+ self.assertEqual(f'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}{3}', '\u03943')
+ self.assertEqual(f'2\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}', '2\u0394')
+ self.assertEqual(f'2\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}3', '2\u03943')
+ self.assertEqual(f'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}3', '\u03943')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'\x20', ' ')
+ self.assertEqual(r'\x20', '\\x20')
+ self.assertEqual(rf'\x20', '\\x20')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2}\x20', '2 ')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2}\x20{3}', '2 3')
+ self.assertEqual(f'\x20{3}', ' 3')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'2\x20', '2 ')
+ self.assertEqual(f'2\x203', '2 3')
+ self.assertEqual(f'\x203', ' 3')
+
+ def test_misformed_unicode_character_name(self):
+ # These test are needed because unicode names are parsed
+ # differently inside f-strings.
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r"\(unicode error\) 'unicodeescape' codec can't decode bytes in position .*: malformed \\N character escape",
+ [r"f'\N'",
+ r"f'\N{'",
+ r"f'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA'",
+
+ # Here are the non-f-string versions,
+ # which should give the same errors.
+ r"'\N'",
+ r"'\N{'",
+ r"'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA'",
+ ])
+
+ def test_no_backslashes_in_expression_part(self):
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string expression part cannot include a backslash',
+ [r"f'{\'a\'}'",
+ r"f'{\t3}'",
+ r"f'{\}'",
+ r"rf'{\'a\'}'",
+ r"rf'{\t3}'",
+ r"rf'{\}'",
+ r"""rf'{"\N{LEFT CURLY BRACKET}"}'""",
+ r"f'{\n}'",
+ ])
+
+ def test_no_escapes_for_braces(self):
+ """
+ Only literal curly braces begin an expression.
+ """
+ # \x7b is '{'.
+ self.assertEqual(f'\x7b1+1}}', '{1+1}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'\x7b1+1', '{1+1')
+ self.assertEqual(f'\u007b1+1', '{1+1')
+ self.assertEqual(f'\N{LEFT CURLY BRACKET}1+1\N{RIGHT CURLY BRACKET}', '{1+1}')
+
+ def test_newlines_in_expressions(self):
+ self.assertEqual(f'{0}', '0')
+ self.assertEqual(rf'''{3+
+4}''', '7')
+
+ def test_lambda(self):
+ x = 5
+ self.assertEqual(f'{(lambda y:x*y)("8")!r}', "'88888'")
+ self.assertEqual(f'{(lambda y:x*y)("8")!r:10}', "'88888' ")
+ self.assertEqual(f'{(lambda y:x*y)("8"):10}', "88888 ")
+
+ # lambda doesn't work without parens, because the colon
+ # makes the parser think it's a format_spec
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'unexpected EOF while parsing',
+ ["f'{lambda x:x}'",
+ ])
+
+ def test_yield(self):
+ # Not terribly useful, but make sure the yield turns
+ # a function into a generator
+ def fn(y):
+ f'y:{yield y*2}'
+
+ g = fn(4)
+ self.assertEqual(next(g), 8)
+
+ def test_yield_send(self):
+ def fn(x):
+ yield f'x:{yield (lambda i: x * i)}'
+
+ g = fn(10)
+ the_lambda = next(g)
+ self.assertEqual(the_lambda(4), 40)
+ self.assertEqual(g.send('string'), 'x:string')
+
+ def test_expressions_with_triple_quoted_strings(self):
+ self.assertEqual(f"{'''x'''}", 'x')
+ self.assertEqual(f"{'''eric's'''}", "eric's")
+
+ # Test concatenation within an expression
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"x" """eric"s""" "y"}', 'xeric"sy')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"x" """eric"s"""}', 'xeric"s')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"""eric"s""" "y"}', 'eric"sy')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"""x""" """eric"s""" "y"}', 'xeric"sy')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"""x""" """eric"s""" """y"""}', 'xeric"sy')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{r"""x""" """eric"s""" """y"""}', 'xeric"sy')
+
+ def test_multiple_vars(self):
+ x = 98
+ y = 'abc'
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x}{y}', '98abc')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'X{x}{y}', 'X98abc')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x}X{y}', '98Xabc')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x}{y}X', '98abcX')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'X{x}Y{y}', 'X98Yabc')
+ self.assertEqual(f'X{x}{y}Y', 'X98abcY')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x}X{y}Y', '98XabcY')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'X{x}Y{y}Z', 'X98YabcZ')
+
+ def test_closure(self):
+ def outer(x):
+ def inner():
+ return f'x:{x}'
+ return inner
+
+ self.assertEqual(outer('987')(), 'x:987')
+ self.assertEqual(outer(7)(), 'x:7')
+
+ def test_arguments(self):
+ y = 2
+ def f(x, width):
+ return f'x={x*y:{width}}'
+
+ self.assertEqual(f('foo', 10), 'x=foofoo ')
+ x = 'bar'
+ self.assertEqual(f(10, 10), 'x= 20')
+
+ def test_locals(self):
+ value = 123
+ self.assertEqual(f'v:{value}', 'v:123')
+
+ def test_missing_variable(self):
+ with self.assertRaises(NameError):
+ f'v:{value}'
+
+ def test_missing_format_spec(self):
+ class O:
+ def __format__(self, spec):
+ if not spec:
+ return '*'
+ return spec
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'{O():x}', 'x')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{O()}', '*')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{O():}', '*')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3:}', '3')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3!s:}', '3')
+
+ def test_global(self):
+ self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global}', 'g:global variable')
+ self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global!r}', "g:'global variable'")
+
+ a_local = 'local variable'
+ self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global} l:{a_local}',
+ 'g:global variable l:local variable')
+ self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global!r}',
+ "g:'global variable'")
+ self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global} l:{a_local!r}',
+ "g:global variable l:'local variable'")
+
+ self.assertIn("module 'unittest' from", f'{unittest}')
+
+ def test_shadowed_global(self):
+ a_global = 'really a local'
+ self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global}', 'g:really a local')
+ self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global!r}', "g:'really a local'")
+
+ a_local = 'local variable'
+ self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global} l:{a_local}',
+ 'g:really a local l:local variable')
+ self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global!r}',
+ "g:'really a local'")
+ self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global} l:{a_local!r}',
+ "g:really a local l:'local variable'")
+
+ def test_call(self):
+ def foo(x):
+ return 'x=' + str(x)
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'{foo(10)}', 'x=10')
+
+ def test_nested_fstrings(self):
+ y = 5
+ self.assertEqual(f'{f"{0}"*3}', '000')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{f"{y}"*3}', '555')
+
+ def test_invalid_string_prefixes(self):
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'unexpected EOF while parsing',
+ ["fu''",
+ "uf''",
+ "Fu''",
+ "fU''",
+ "Uf''",
+ "uF''",
+ "ufr''",
+ "urf''",
+ "fur''",
+ "fru''",
+ "rfu''",
+ "ruf''",
+ "FUR''",
+ "Fur''",
+ "fb''",
+ "fB''",
+ "Fb''",
+ "FB''",
+ "bf''",
+ "bF''",
+ "Bf''",
+ "BF''",
+ ])
+
+ def test_leading_trailing_spaces(self):
+ self.assertEqual(f'{ 3}', '3')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{ 3}', '3')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3 }', '3')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3 }', '3')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'expr={ {x: y for x, y in [(1, 2), ]}}',
+ 'expr={1: 2}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'expr={ {x: y for x, y in [(1, 2), ]} }',
+ 'expr={1: 2}')
+
+ def test_not_equal(self):
+ # There's a special test for this because there's a special
+ # case in the f-string parser to look for != as not ending an
+ # expression. Normally it would, while looking for !s or !r.
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3!=4}', 'True')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3!=4:}', 'True')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3!=4!s}', 'True')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3!=4!s:.3}', 'Tru')
+
+ def test_conversions(self):
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3.14:10.10}', ' 3.14')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3.14!s:10.10}', '3.14 ')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3.14!r:10.10}', '3.14 ')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3.14!a:10.10}', '3.14 ')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"a"}', 'a')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"a"!r}', "'a'")
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"a"!a}', "'a'")
+
+ # Not a conversion.
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"a!r"}', "a!r")
+
+ # Not a conversion, but show that ! is allowed in a format spec.
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3.14:!<10.10}', '3.14!!!!!!')
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: invalid conversion character',
+ ["f'{3!g}'",
+ "f'{3!A}'",
+ "f'{3!3}'",
+ "f'{3!G}'",
+ "f'{3!!}'",
+ "f'{3!:}'",
+ "f'{3! s}'", # no space before conversion char
+ ])
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting '}'",
+ ["f'{x!s{y}}'",
+ "f'{3!ss}'",
+ "f'{3!ss:}'",
+ "f'{3!ss:s}'",
+ ])
+
+ def test_assignment(self):
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'invalid syntax',
+ ["f'' = 3",
+ "f'{0}' = x",
+ "f'{x}' = x",
+ ])
+
+ def test_del(self):
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'invalid syntax',
+ ["del f''",
+ "del '' f''",
+ ])
+
+ def test_mismatched_braces(self):
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: single '}' is not allowed",
+ ["f'{{}'",
+ "f'{{}}}'",
+ "f'}'",
+ "f'x}'",
+ "f'x}x'",
+ r"f'\u007b}'",
+
+ # Can't have { or } in a format spec.
+ "f'{3:}>10}'",
+ "f'{3:}}>10}'",
+ ])
+
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting '}'",
+ ["f'{3:{{>10}'",
+ "f'{3'",
+ "f'{3!'",
+ "f'{3:'",
+ "f'{3!s'",
+ "f'{3!s:'",
+ "f'{3!s:3'",
+ "f'x{'",
+ "f'x{x'",
+ "f'{x'",
+ "f'{3:s'",
+ "f'{{{'",
+ "f'{{}}{'",
+ "f'{'",
+ ])
+
+ # But these are just normal strings.
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"{"}', '{')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{"}"}', '}')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{3:{"}"}>10}', '}}}}}}}}}3')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{2:{"{"}>10}', '{{{{{{{{{2')
+
+ def test_if_conditional(self):
+ # There's special logic in compile.c to test if the
+ # conditional for an if (and while) are constants. Exercise
+ # that code.
+
+ def test_fstring(x, expected):
+ flag = 0
+ if f'{x}':
+ flag = 1
+ else:
+ flag = 2
+ self.assertEqual(flag, expected)
+
+ def test_concat_empty(x, expected):
+ flag = 0
+ if '' f'{x}':
+ flag = 1
+ else:
+ flag = 2
+ self.assertEqual(flag, expected)
+
+ def test_concat_non_empty(x, expected):
+ flag = 0
+ if ' ' f'{x}':
+ flag = 1
+ else:
+ flag = 2
+ self.assertEqual(flag, expected)
+
+ test_fstring('', 2)
+ test_fstring(' ', 1)
+
+ test_concat_empty('', 2)
+ test_concat_empty(' ', 1)
+
+ test_concat_non_empty('', 1)
+ test_concat_non_empty(' ', 1)
+
+ def test_empty_format_specifier(self):
+ x = 'test'
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x}', 'test')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x:}', 'test')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x!s:}', 'test')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{x!r:}', "'test'")
+
+ def test_str_format_differences(self):
+ d = {'a': 'string',
+ 0: 'integer',
+ }
+ a = 0
+ self.assertEqual(f'{d[0]}', 'integer')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{d["a"]}', 'string')
+ self.assertEqual(f'{d[a]}', 'integer')
+ self.assertEqual('{d[a]}'.format(d=d), 'string')
+ self.assertEqual('{d[0]}'.format(d=d), 'integer')
+
+ def test_invalid_expressions(self):
+ self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'invalid syntax',
+ [r"f'{a[4)}'",
+ r"f'{a(4]}'",
+ ])
+
+ def test_errors(self):
+ # see issue 26287
+ self.assertAllRaise(TypeError, 'unsupported',
+ [r"f'{(lambda: 0):x}'",
+ r"f'{(0,):x}'",
+ ])
+ self.assertAllRaise(ValueError, 'Unknown format code',
+ [r"f'{1000:j}'",
+ r"f'{1000:j}'",
+ ])
+
+ def test_loop(self):
+ for i in range(1000):
+ self.assertEqual(f'i:{i}', 'i:' + str(i))
+
+ def test_dict(self):
+ d = {'"': 'dquote',
+ "'": 'squote',
+ 'foo': 'bar',
+ }
+ self.assertEqual(f'''{d["'"]}''', 'squote')
+ self.assertEqual(f"""{d['"']}""", 'dquote')
+
+ self.assertEqual(f'{d["foo"]}', 'bar')
+ self.assertEqual(f"{d['foo']}", 'bar')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ unittest.main()