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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
cur = con.cursor()
# Create the table
con.execute("create table person(lastname, firstname)")
AUSTRIA = "\xd6sterreich"
# by default, rows are returned as Unicode
cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,))
row = cur.fetchone()
assert row[0] == AUSTRIA
# but we can make sqlite3 always return bytestrings ...
con.text_factory = str
cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,))
row = cur.fetchone()
assert type(row[0]) == str
# the bytestrings will be encoded in UTF-8, unless you stored garbage in the
# database ...
assert row[0] == AUSTRIA.encode("utf-8")
# we can also implement a custom text_factory ...
# here we implement one that will ignore Unicode characters that cannot be
# decoded from UTF-8
con.text_factory = lambda x: str(x, "utf-8", "ignore")
cur.execute("select ?", ("this is latin1 and would normally create errors" +
"\xe4\xf6\xfc".encode("latin1"),))
row = cur.fetchone()
assert type(row[0]) == str
# sqlite3 offers a built-in optimized text_factory that will return bytestring
# objects, if the data is in ASCII only, and otherwise return unicode objects
con.text_factory = sqlite3.OptimizedUnicode
cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,))
row = cur.fetchone()
assert type(row[0]) == str
cur.execute("select ?", ("Germany",))
row = cur.fetchone()
assert type(row[0]) == str
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