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:mod:`glob` --- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
=====================================================
.. module:: glob
:synopsis: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion.
.. index:: single: filenames; pathname expansion
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/glob.py`
--------------
The :mod:`glob` module finds all the pathnames matching a specified pattern
according to the rules used by the Unix shell. No tilde expansion is done, but
``*``, ``?``, and character ranges expressed with ``[]`` will be correctly
matched. This is done by using the :func:`os.listdir` and
:func:`fnmatch.fnmatch` functions in concert, and not by actually invoking a
subshell. Note that unlike :func:`fnmatch.fnmatch`, :mod:`glob` treats
filenames beginning with a dot (``.``) as special cases. (For tilde and shell
variable expansion, use :func:`os.path.expanduser` and
:func:`os.path.expandvars`.)
For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets.
For example, ``'[?]'`` matches the character ``'?'``.
.. seealso::
The :mod:`pathlib` module offers high-level path objects.
.. function:: glob(pathname)
Return a possibly-empty list of path names that match *pathname*, which must be
a string containing a path specification. *pathname* can be either absolute
(like :file:`/usr/src/Python-1.5/Makefile`) or relative (like
:file:`../../Tools/\*/\*.gif`), and can contain shell-style wildcards. Broken
symlinks are included in the results (as in the shell).
.. function:: iglob(pathname)
Return an :term:`iterator` which yields the same values as :func:`glob`
without actually storing them all simultaneously.
.. function:: escape(pathname)
Escape all special characters (``'?'``, ``'*'`` and ``'['``).
This is useful if you want to match an arbitrary literal string that may
have special characters in it. Special characters in drive/UNC
sharepoints are not escaped, e.g. on Windows
``escape('//?/c:/Quo vadis?.txt')`` returns ``'//?/c:/Quo vadis[?].txt'``.
.. versionadded:: 3.4
For example, consider a directory containing only the following files:
:file:`1.gif`, :file:`2.txt`, and :file:`card.gif`. :func:`glob` will produce
the following results. Notice how any leading components of the path are
preserved. ::
>>> import glob
>>> glob.glob('./[0-9].*')
['./1.gif', './2.txt']
>>> glob.glob('*.gif')
['1.gif', 'card.gif']
>>> glob.glob('?.gif')
['1.gif']
If the directory contains files starting with ``.`` they won't be matched by
default. For example, consider a directory containing :file:`card.gif` and
:file:`.card.gif`::
>>> import glob
>>> glob.glob('*.gif')
['card.gif']
>>> glob.glob('.c*')
['.card.gif']
.. seealso::
Module :mod:`fnmatch`
Shell-style filename (not path) expansion
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