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diff --git a/doc/file.man b/doc/file.man new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c424d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/file.man @@ -0,0 +1,612 @@ +.\" $File: file.man,v 1.102 2013/01/04 15:39:22 christos Exp $ +.Dd October 25, 2012 +.Dt FILE __CSECTION__ +.Os +.Sh NAME +.Nm file +.Nd determine file type +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm +.Bk -words +.Op Fl bchiklLNnprsvz0 +.Op Fl Fl apple +.Op Fl Fl mime-encoding +.Op Fl Fl mime-type +.Op Fl e Ar testname +.Op Fl F Ar separator +.Op Fl f Ar namefile +.Op Fl m Ar magicfiles +.Ar +.Ek +.Nm +.Fl C +.Op Fl m Ar magicfiles +.Nm +.Op Fl Fl help +.Sh DESCRIPTION +This manual page documents version __VERSION__ of the +.Nm +command. +.Pp +.Nm +tests each argument in an attempt to classify it. +There are three sets of tests, performed in this order: +filesystem tests, magic tests, and language tests. +The +.Em first +test that succeeds causes the file type to be printed. +.Pp +The type printed will usually contain one of the words +.Em text +(the file contains only +printing characters and a few common control +characters and is probably safe to read on an +.Dv ASCII +terminal), +.Em executable +(the file contains the result of compiling a program +in a form understandable to some +.Tn UNIX +kernel or another), +or +.Em data +meaning anything else (data is usually +.Dq binary +or non-printable). +Exceptions are well-known file formats (core files, tar archives) +that are known to contain binary data. +When modifying magic files or the program itself, make sure to +.Em "preserve these keywords" . +Users depend on knowing that all the readable files in a directory +have the word +.Dq text +printed. +Don't do as Berkeley did and change +.Dq shell commands text +to +.Dq shell script . +.Pp +The filesystem tests are based on examining the return from a +.Xr stat 2 +system call. +The program checks to see if the file is empty, +or if it's some sort of special file. +Any known file types appropriate to the system you are running on +(sockets, symbolic links, or named pipes (FIFOs) on those systems that +implement them) +are intuited if they are defined in the system header file +.In sys/stat.h . +.Pp +The magic tests are used to check for files with data in +particular fixed formats. +The canonical example of this is a binary executable (compiled program) +.Dv a.out +file, whose format is defined in +.In elf.h , +.In a.out.h +and possibly +.In exec.h +in the standard include directory. +These files have a +.Dq "magic number" +stored in a particular place +near the beginning of the file that tells the +.Tn UNIX +operating system +that the file is a binary executable, and which of several types thereof. +The concept of a +.Dq "magic" +has been applied by extension to data files. +Any file with some invariant identifier at a small fixed +offset into the file can usually be described in this way. +The information identifying these files is read from the compiled +magic file +.Pa __MAGIC__.mgc , +or the files in the directory +.Pa __MAGIC__ +if the compiled file does not exist. +In addition, if +.Pa $HOME/.magic.mgc +or +.Pa $HOME/.magic +exists, it will be used in preference to the system magic files. +.Pp +If a file does not match any of the entries in the magic file, +it is examined to see if it seems to be a text file. +ASCII, ISO-8859-x, non-ISO 8-bit extended-ASCII character sets +(such as those used on Macintosh and IBM PC systems), +UTF-8-encoded Unicode, UTF-16-encoded Unicode, and EBCDIC +character sets can be distinguished by the different +ranges and sequences of bytes that constitute printable text +in each set. +If a file passes any of these tests, its character set is reported. +ASCII, ISO-8859-x, UTF-8, and extended-ASCII files are identified +as +.Dq text +because they will be mostly readable on nearly any terminal; +UTF-16 and EBCDIC are only +.Dq character data +because, while +they contain text, it is text that will require translation +before it can be read. +In addition, +.Nm +will attempt to determine other characteristics of text-type files. +If the lines of a file are terminated by CR, CRLF, or NEL, instead +of the Unix-standard LF, this will be reported. +Files that contain embedded escape sequences or overstriking +will also be identified. +.Pp +Once +.Nm +has determined the character set used in a text-type file, +it will +attempt to determine in what language the file is written. +The language tests look for particular strings (cf. +.In names.h ) +that can appear anywhere in the first few blocks of a file. +For example, the keyword +.Em .br +indicates that the file is most likely a +.Xr troff 1 +input file, just as the keyword +.Em struct +indicates a C program. +These tests are less reliable than the previous +two groups, so they are performed last. +The language test routines also test for some miscellany +(such as +.Xr tar 1 +archives). +.Pp +Any file that cannot be identified as having been written +in any of the character sets listed above is simply said to be +.Dq data . +.Sh OPTIONS +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Fl b , Fl Fl brief +Do not prepend filenames to output lines (brief mode). +.It Fl C , Fl Fl compile +Write a +.Pa magic.mgc +output file that contains a pre-parsed version of the magic file or directory. +.It Fl c , Fl Fl checking-printout +Cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic file. +This is usually used in conjunction with the +.Fl m +flag to debug a new magic file before installing it. +.It Fl e , Fl Fl exclude Ar testname +Exclude the test named in +.Ar testname +from the list of tests made to determine the file type. +Valid test names are: +.Bl -tag -width compress +.It apptype +.Dv EMX +application type (only on EMX). +.It ascii +Various types of text files (this test will try to guess the text +encoding, irrespective of the setting of the +.Sq encoding +option). +.It encoding +Different text encodings for soft magic tests. +.It tokens +Ignored for backwards compatibility. +.It cdf +Prints details of Compound Document Files. +.It compress +Checks for, and looks inside, compressed files. +.It elf +Prints ELF file details. +.It soft +Consults magic files. +.It tar +Examines tar files. +.El +.It Fl F , Fl Fl separator Ar separator +Use the specified string as the separator between the filename and the +file result returned. +Defaults to +.Sq \&: . +.It Fl f , Fl Fl files-from Ar namefile +Read the names of the files to be examined from +.Ar namefile +(one per line) +before the argument list. +Either +.Ar namefile +or at least one filename argument must be present; +to test the standard input, use +.Sq - +as a filename argument. +Please note that +.Ar namefile +is unwrapped and the enclosed filenames are processed when this option is +encountered and before any further options processing is done. +This allows one to process multiple lists of files with different command line +arguments on the same +.Nm +invocation. +Thus if you want to set the delimiter, you need to do it before you specify +the list of files, like: +.Dq Fl F Ar @ Fl f Ar namefile , +instead of: +.Dq Fl f Ar namefile Fl F Ar @ . +.It Fl h , Fl Fl no-dereference +option causes symlinks not to be followed +(on systems that support symbolic links). +This is the default if the environment variable +.Dv POSIXLY_CORRECT +is not defined. +.It Fl i , Fl Fl mime +Causes the file command to output mime type strings rather than the more +traditional human readable ones. +Thus it may say +.Sq text/plain; charset=us-ascii +rather than +.Dq ASCII text . +.It Fl Fl mime-type , Fl Fl mime-encoding +Like +.Fl i , +but print only the specified element(s). +.It Fl k , Fl Fl keep-going +Don't stop at the first match, keep going. +Subsequent matches will be +have the string +.Sq "\[rs]012\- " +prepended. +(If you want a newline, see the +.Fl r +option.) +The magic pattern with the highest strength (see the +.Fl l +option) comes first. +.It Fl l , Fl Fl list +Shows a list of patterns and their strength sorted descending by +.Xr magic 4 +strength +which is used for the matching (see also the +.Fl k +option). +.It Fl L , Fl Fl dereference +option causes symlinks to be followed, as the like-named option in +.Xr ls 1 +(on systems that support symbolic links). +This is the default if the environment variable +.Ev POSIXLY_CORRECT +is defined. +.It Fl m , Fl Fl magic-file Ar magicfiles +Specify an alternate list of files and directories containing magic. +This can be a single item, or a colon-separated list. +If a compiled magic file is found alongside a file or directory, +it will be used instead. +.It Fl N , Fl Fl no-pad +Don't pad filenames so that they align in the output. +.It Fl n , Fl Fl no-buffer +Force stdout to be flushed after checking each file. +This is only useful if checking a list of files. +It is intended to be used by programs that want filetype output from a pipe. +.It Fl p , Fl Fl preserve-date +On systems that support +.Xr utime 3 +or +.Xr utimes 2 , +attempt to preserve the access time of files analyzed, to pretend that +.Nm +never read them. +.It Fl r , Fl Fl raw +Don't translate unprintable characters to \eooo. +Normally +.Nm +translates unprintable characters to their octal representation. +.It Fl s , Fl Fl special-files +Normally, +.Nm +only attempts to read and determine the type of argument files which +.Xr stat 2 +reports are ordinary files. +This prevents problems, because reading special files may have peculiar +consequences. +Specifying the +.Fl s +option causes +.Nm +to also read argument files which are block or character special files. +This is useful for determining the filesystem types of the data in raw +disk partitions, which are block special files. +This option also causes +.Nm +to disregard the file size as reported by +.Xr stat 2 +since on some systems it reports a zero size for raw disk partitions. +.It Fl v , Fl Fl version +Print the version of the program and exit. +.It Fl z , Fl Fl uncompress +Try to look inside compressed files. +.It Fl 0 , Fl Fl print0 +Output a null character +.Sq \e0 +after the end of the filename. +Nice to +.Xr cut 1 +the output. +This does not affect the separator which is still printed. +.It Fl -help +Print a help message and exit. +.El +.Sh FILES +.Bl -tag -width __MAGIC__.mgc -compact +.It Pa __MAGIC__.mgc +Default compiled list of magic. +.It Pa __MAGIC__ +Directory containing default magic files. +.El +.Sh ENVIRONMENT +The environment variable +.Ev MAGIC +can be used to set the default magic file name. +If that variable is set, then +.Nm +will not attempt to open +.Pa $HOME/.magic . +.Nm +adds +.Dq Pa .mgc +to the value of this variable as appropriate. +However, +.Pa file +has to exist in order for +.Pa file.mime +to be considered. +The environment variable +.Ev POSIXLY_CORRECT +controls (on systems that support symbolic links), whether +.Nm +will attempt to follow symlinks or not. +If set, then +.Nm +follows symlink, otherwise it does not. +This is also controlled by the +.Fl L +and +.Fl h +options. +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr magic __FSECTION__ , +.Xr hexdump 1 , +.Xr od 1 , +.Xr strings 1 , +.Sh STANDARDS CONFORMANCE +This program is believed to exceed the System V Interface Definition +of FILE(CMD), as near as one can determine from the vague language +contained therein. +Its behavior is mostly compatible with the System V program of the same name. +This version knows more magic, however, so it will produce +different (albeit more accurate) output in many cases. +.\" URL: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/file.html +.Pp +The one significant difference +between this version and System V +is that this version treats any white space +as a delimiter, so that spaces in pattern strings must be escaped. +For example, +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\*[Gt]10 string language impress\ (imPRESS data) +.Ed +.Pp +in an existing magic file would have to be changed to +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\*[Gt]10 string language\e impress (imPRESS data) +.Ed +.Pp +In addition, in this version, if a pattern string contains a backslash, +it must be escaped. +For example +.Bd -literal -offset indent +0 string \ebegindata Andrew Toolkit document +.Ed +.Pp +in an existing magic file would have to be changed to +.Bd -literal -offset indent +0 string \e\ebegindata Andrew Toolkit document +.Ed +.Pp +SunOS releases 3.2 and later from Sun Microsystems include a +.Nm +command derived from the System V one, but with some extensions. +This version differs from Sun's only in minor ways. +It includes the extension of the +.Sq \*[Am] +operator, used as, +for example, +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\*[Gt]16 long\*[Am]0x7fffffff \*[Gt]0 not stripped +.Ed +.Sh MAGIC DIRECTORY +The magic file entries have been collected from various sources, +mainly USENET, and contributed by various authors. +Christos Zoulas (address below) will collect additional +or corrected magic file entries. +A consolidation of magic file entries +will be distributed periodically. +.Pp +The order of entries in the magic file is significant. +Depending on what system you are using, the order that +they are put together may be incorrect. +If your old +.Nm +command uses a magic file, +keep the old magic file around for comparison purposes +(rename it to +.Pa __MAGIC__.orig ) . +.Sh EXAMPLES +.Bd -literal -offset indent +$ file file.c file /dev/{wd0a,hda} +file.c: C program text +file: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), + dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped +/dev/wd0a: block special (0/0) +/dev/hda: block special (3/0) + +$ file -s /dev/wd0{b,d} +/dev/wd0b: data +/dev/wd0d: x86 boot sector + +$ file -s /dev/hda{,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} +/dev/hda: x86 boot sector +/dev/hda1: Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem +/dev/hda2: x86 boot sector +/dev/hda3: x86 boot sector, extended partition table +/dev/hda4: Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem +/dev/hda5: Linux/i386 swap file +/dev/hda6: Linux/i386 swap file +/dev/hda7: Linux/i386 swap file +/dev/hda8: Linux/i386 swap file +/dev/hda9: empty +/dev/hda10: empty + +$ file -i file.c file /dev/{wd0a,hda} +file.c: text/x-c +file: application/x-executable +/dev/hda: application/x-not-regular-file +/dev/wd0a: application/x-not-regular-file + +.Ed +.Sh HISTORY +There has been a +.Nm +command in every +.Dv UNIX since at least Research Version 4 +(man page dated November, 1973). +The System V version introduced one significant major change: +the external list of magic types. +This slowed the program down slightly but made it a lot more flexible. +.Pp +This program, based on the System V version, +was written by Ian Darwin +.Aq ian@darwinsys.com +without looking at anybody else's source code. +.Pp +John Gilmore revised the code extensively, making it better than +the first version. +Geoff Collyer found several inadequacies +and provided some magic file entries. +Contributions by the +.Sq \*[Am] +operator by Rob McMahon, +.Aq cudcv@warwick.ac.uk , +1989. +.Pp +Guy Harris, +.Aq guy@netapp.com , +made many changes from 1993 to the present. +1989. +.Pp +Primary development and maintenance from 1990 to the present by +Christos Zoulas +.Aq christos@astron.com . +.Pp +Altered by Chris Lowth +.Aq chris@lowth.com , +2000: handle the +.Fl i +option to output mime type strings, using an alternative +magic file and internal logic. +.Pp +Altered by Eric Fischer +.Aq enf@pobox.com , +July, 2000, +to identify character codes and attempt to identify the languages +of non-ASCII files. +.Pp +Altered by Reuben Thomas +.Aq rrt@sc3d.org , +2007-2011, to improve MIME support, merge MIME and non-MIME magic, +support directories as well as files of magic, apply many bug fixes, +update and fix a lot of magic, improve the build system, improve the +documentation, and rewrite the Python bindings in pure Python. +.Pp +The list of contributors to the +.Sq magic +directory (magic files) +is too long to include here. +You know who you are; thank you. +Many contributors are listed in the source files. +.Sh LEGAL NOTICE +Copyright (c) Ian F. Darwin, Toronto, Canada, 1986-1999. +Covered by the standard Berkeley Software Distribution copyright; see the file +COPYING in the source distribution. +.Pp +The files +.Pa tar.h +and +.Pa is_tar.c +were written by John Gilmore from his public-domain +.Xr tar 1 +program, and are not covered by the above license. +.Sh RETURN CODE +.Nm +returns 0 on success, and non-zero on error. +.Sh BUGS +.Pp +Please report bugs and send patches to the bug tracker at +.Pa http://bugs.gw.com/ +or the mailing list at +.Aq file@mx.gw.com . +.Sh TODO +.Pp +Fix output so that tests for MIME and APPLE flags are not needed all +over the place, and actual output is only done in one place. +This needs a design. +Suggestion: push possible outputs on to a list, then pick the +last-pushed (most specific, one hopes) value at the end, or +use a default if the list is empty. +This should not slow down evaluation. +.Pp +Continue to squash all magic bugs. +See Debian BTS for a good source. +.Pp +Store arbitrarily long strings, for example for %s patterns, so that +they can be printed out. +Fixes Debian bug #271672. +Would require more complex store/load code in apprentice. +.Pp +Add syntax for relative offsets after current level (Debian bug #466037). +.Pp +Make file -ki work, i.e. give multiple MIME types. +.Pp +Add a zip library so we can peek inside Office2007 documents to +figure out what they are. +.Pp +Add an option to print URLs for the sources of the file descriptions. +.Pp +Combine script searches and add a way to map executable names to MIME +types (e.g. have a magic value for !:mime which causes the resulting +string to be looked up in a table). +This would avoid adding the same magic repeatedly for each new +hash-bang interpreter. +.Pp +Fix +.Dq name +and +.Dq use +to check for consistency at compile time (duplicate +.Dq name , +.Dq use +pointing to undefined +.Dq name +). +Make +.Dq name +/ +.Dq use +more efficient by keeping a sorted list of names. +Special-case ^ to flip endianness in the parser so that it does not +have to be escaped, and document it. +.Sh AVAILABILITY +You can obtain the original author's latest version by anonymous FTP +on +.Pa ftp.astron.com +in the directory +.Pa /pub/file/file-X.YZ.tar.gz . |