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Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 991 |
1 files changed, 501 insertions, 490 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index d0312ec6..685df45b 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -6005,11 +6005,11 @@ Auto-set::): PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "RETRY"] = 1 - When this element exists, `gawk' checks the value of the system -`errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If `errno' indicates a -subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, `getline' instead returns -2 and -further calls to `getline' may succeed. This applies to the `errno' -values `EAGAIN', `EWOULDBLOCK', `EINTR', or `ETIMEDOUT'. + When this element exists, `gawk' checks the value of the system (C +language) `errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If `errno' +indicates a subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, `getline' instead +returns -2 and further calls to `getline' may succeed. This applies to +the `errno' values `EAGAIN', `EWOULDBLOCK', `EINTR', or `ETIMEDOUT'. This feature is useful in conjunction with `PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "READ_TIMEOUT"]' or situations where a file descriptor has been @@ -12031,7 +12031,17 @@ brackets ([ ]): `cos(X)' Return the cosine of X, with X in radians. -`div(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RESULT)' +`exp(X)' + Return the exponential of X (`e ^ X') or report an error if X is + out of range. The range of values X can have depends on your + machine's floating-point representation. + +`int(X)' + Return the nearest integer to X, located between X and zero and + truncated toward zero. For example, `int(3)' is 3, `int(3.9)' is + 3, `int(-3.9)' is -3, and `int(-3)' is -3 as well. + +`intdiv(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RESULT)' Perform integer division, similar to the standard C function of the same name. First, truncate `numerator' and `denominator' towards zero, creating integer values. Clear the `result' array, and then @@ -12046,16 +12056,6 @@ brackets ([ ]): This function is a `gawk' extension. It is not available in compatibility mode (*note Options::). -`exp(X)' - Return the exponential of X (`e ^ X') or report an error if X is - out of range. The range of values X can have depends on your - machine's floating-point representation. - -`int(X)' - Return the nearest integer to X, located between X and zero and - truncated toward zero. For example, `int(3)' is 3, `int(3.9)' is - 3, `int(-3.9)' is -3, and `int(-3)' is -3 as well. - `log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, return `NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, @@ -12075,9 +12075,9 @@ brackets ([ ]): return int(n * rand()) } - The multiplication produces a random number greater than zero and - less than `n'. Using `int()', this result is made into an integer - between zero and `n' - 1, inclusive. + The multiplication produces a random number greater than or equal + to zero and less than `n'. Using `int()', this result is made into + an integer between zero and `n' - 1, inclusive. The following example uses a similar function to produce random integers between one and N. This program prints a new random @@ -14440,9 +14440,17 @@ function call. Starting with version 4.1.2 of `gawk', indirect function calls may also be used with built-in functions and with extension functions -(*note Dynamic Extensions::). The only thing you cannot do is pass a -regular expression constant to a built-in function through an indirect -function call.(1) +(*note Dynamic Extensions::). There are some limitations when calling +built-in functions indirectly, as follows. + + * You cannot pass a regular expression constant to a built-in + function through an indirect function call.(1) This applies to the + `sub()', `gsub()', `gensub()', `match()', `split()' and + `patsplit()' functions. + + * If calling `sub()' or `gsub()', you may only pass two arguments, + since those functions are unusual in that they update their third + argument. This means that `$0' will be updated. `gawk' does its best to make indirect function calls efficient. For example, in the following case: @@ -22610,14 +22618,15 @@ the following: `%', the result is typically an arbitrary precision floating point value (unless the denominator evenly divides into the numerator). In order to do integer division or remainder with arbitrary precision -integers, use the built-in `div()' function (*note Numeric Functions::). +integers, use the built-in `intdiv()' function (*note Numeric +Functions::). - You can simulate the `div()' function in standard `awk' using this -user-defined function: + You can simulate the `intdiv()' function in standard `awk' using +this user-defined function: - # div --- do integer division + # intdiv --- do integer division - function div(numerator, denominator, result) + function intdiv(numerator, denominator, result) { split("", result) @@ -22630,8 +22639,8 @@ user-defined function: } The following example program, contributed by Katie Wasserman, uses -`div()' to compute the digits of pi to as many places as you choose to -set: +`intdiv()' to compute the digits of pi to as many places as you choose +to set: # pi.awk --- compute the digits of pi @@ -22642,7 +22651,7 @@ set: for (m = digits * 4; m > 0; --m) { d = m * 2 + 1 x = pi * m - div(x, d, result) + intdiv(x, d, result) pi = result["quotient"] pi = pi + two } @@ -26259,15 +26268,17 @@ project. * GD graphics library extension + * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR + functions that `gawk''s native MPFR support does not) + * PDF extension * PostgreSQL extension - * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR - functions that `gawk''s native MPFR support does not) - * Redis extension + * Select extension + * XML parser extension, using the Expat (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library @@ -26742,8 +26753,8 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - The `bindtextdomain()', `dcgettext()', and `dcngettext()' functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::) - - The `div()' function for doing integer division and remainder - (*note Numeric Functions::) + - The `intdiv()' function for doing integer division and + remainder (*note Numeric Functions::) * Changes and/or additions in the command-line options: @@ -27203,7 +27214,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * The `igawk' program and its manual page are no longer installed when `gawk' is built. *Note Igawk Program::. - * The `div()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. + * The `intdiv()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. * The maximum number of hexdecimal digits in `\x' escapes is now two. *Note Escape Sequences::. @@ -32931,7 +32942,6 @@ Index * display debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 8) * display debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 57) -* div: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * do-while statement: Do Statement. (line 6) * do-while statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) @@ -33051,10 +33061,10 @@ Index * exit status, of VMS: VMS Running. (line 28) * exit the debugger: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* exp: Numeric Functions. (line 33) +* exp: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 73) -* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) -* exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 33) +* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 37) +* exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) * expressions, assignment: Assignment Ops. (line 6) @@ -33473,7 +33483,7 @@ Index * git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) * git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29) -* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) +* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 31) * Git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 51) @@ -33598,8 +33608,9 @@ Index * installation, VMS: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 90) -* int: Numeric Functions. (line 38) +* int: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* intdiv: Numeric Functions. (line 28) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. @@ -34339,7 +34350,7 @@ Index * Robbins, Miriam <2>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) * Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Rommel, Kai Uwe: Contributors. (line 42) -* round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 38) +* round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) * ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 127) @@ -34997,452 +35008,452 @@ Ref: table-getline-variants261262 Node: Read Timeout262091 Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265994 Node: Retrying Input266052 -Node: Command-line directories267238 -Node: Input Summary268145 -Node: Input Exercises271530 -Node: Printing272258 -Node: Print274093 -Node: Print Examples275550 -Node: Output Separators278329 -Node: OFMT280347 -Node: Printf281702 -Node: Basic Printf282487 -Node: Control Letters284059 -Node: Format Modifiers288044 -Node: Printf Examples294050 -Node: Redirection296536 -Node: Special FD303374 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1306540 -Node: Special Files306614 -Node: Other Inherited Files307231 -Node: Special Network308231 -Node: Special Caveats309093 -Node: Close Files And Pipes310042 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1317227 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2317375 -Node: Nonfatal317525 -Node: Output Summary319850 -Node: Output Exercises321071 -Node: Expressions321751 -Node: Values322940 -Node: Constants323617 -Node: Scalar Constants324308 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1325170 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers325420 -Node: Regexp Constants328430 -Node: Using Constant Regexps328956 -Node: Variables332119 -Node: Using Variables332776 -Node: Assignment Options334687 -Node: Conversion336562 -Node: Strings And Numbers337086 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1340151 -Node: Locale influences conversions340260 -Ref: table-locale-affects343006 -Node: All Operators343598 -Node: Arithmetic Ops344227 -Node: Concatenation346732 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1349551 -Node: Assignment Ops349658 -Ref: table-assign-ops354637 -Node: Increment Ops355947 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions359378 -Node: Truth Values360461 -Node: Typing and Comparison361510 -Node: Variable Typing362326 -Node: Comparison Operators365993 -Ref: table-relational-ops366403 -Node: POSIX String Comparison369898 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1370970 -Node: Boolean Ops371109 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1375587 -Node: Conditional Exp375678 -Node: Function Calls377416 -Node: Precedence381296 -Node: Locales384956 -Node: Expressions Summary386588 -Node: Patterns and Actions389159 -Node: Pattern Overview390279 -Node: Regexp Patterns391958 -Node: Expression Patterns392501 -Node: Ranges396281 -Node: BEGIN/END399388 -Node: Using BEGIN/END400149 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1402885 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END402991 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE405306 -Node: Empty408203 -Node: Using Shell Variables408520 -Node: Action Overview410793 -Node: Statements413119 -Node: If Statement414967 -Node: While Statement416462 -Node: Do Statement418490 -Node: For Statement419638 -Node: Switch Statement422796 -Node: Break Statement425178 -Node: Continue Statement427271 -Node: Next Statement429098 -Node: Nextfile Statement431479 -Node: Exit Statement434107 -Node: Built-in Variables436518 -Node: User-modified437651 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1445285 -Node: Auto-set445347 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1459580 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2459785 -Node: ARGC and ARGV459841 -Node: Pattern Action Summary464059 -Node: Arrays466492 -Node: Array Basics467821 -Node: Array Intro468665 -Ref: figure-array-elements470602 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1473225 -Node: Reference to Elements473353 -Node: Assigning Elements475815 -Node: Array Example476306 -Node: Scanning an Array478065 -Node: Controlling Scanning481088 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1486482 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts486798 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts488983 -Node: Delete490600 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1493349 -Node: Multidimensional493406 -Node: Multiscanning496503 -Node: Arrays of Arrays498092 -Node: Arrays Summary502846 -Node: Functions504937 -Node: Built-in505976 -Node: Calling Built-in507054 -Node: Numeric Functions509049 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1513867 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2514224 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3514272 -Node: String Functions514544 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1538045 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2538174 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3538422 -Node: Gory Details538509 -Ref: table-sub-escapes540290 -Ref: table-sub-proposed541805 -Ref: table-posix-sub543167 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes544704 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1545537 -Node: I/O Functions545688 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1552924 -Node: Time Functions553071 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1563580 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2563648 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3563806 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4563917 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5564029 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6564256 -Node: Bitwise Functions564522 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops565084 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1569412 -Node: Type Functions569584 -Node: I18N Functions570736 -Node: User-defined572383 -Node: Definition Syntax573188 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1578847 -Node: Function Example578918 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1581839 -Node: Function Caveats581861 -Node: Calling A Function582379 -Node: Variable Scope583337 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference586330 -Node: Return Statement589827 -Node: Dynamic Typing592806 -Node: Indirect Calls593735 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1603600 -Node: Functions Summary603728 -Node: Library Functions606430 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1610038 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2610181 -Node: Library Names610352 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1613810 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2614033 -Node: General Functions614119 -Node: Strtonum Function615222 -Node: Assert Function618244 -Node: Round Function621568 -Node: Cliff Random Function623109 -Node: Ordinal Functions624125 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1627188 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2627440 -Node: Join Function627651 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1629421 -Node: Getlocaltime Function629621 -Node: Readfile Function633365 -Node: Shell Quoting635337 -Node: Data File Management636738 -Node: Filetrans Function637370 -Node: Rewind Function641466 -Node: File Checking642852 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1644185 -Node: Empty Files644386 -Node: Ignoring Assigns646365 -Node: Getopt Function647915 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1659379 -Node: Passwd Functions659579 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1668419 -Node: Group Functions668507 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1676404 -Node: Walking Arrays676609 -Node: Library Functions Summary679615 -Node: Library Exercises681017 -Node: Sample Programs682297 -Node: Running Examples683067 -Node: Clones683795 -Node: Cut Program685019 -Node: Egrep Program694739 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1702242 -Node: Id Program702352 -Node: Split Program706028 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1709482 -Node: Tee Program709610 -Node: Uniq Program712399 -Node: Wc Program719818 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1724068 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs724162 -Node: Dupword Program725375 -Node: Alarm Program727406 -Node: Translate Program732211 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1736774 -Node: Labels Program737044 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1740395 -Node: Word Sorting740479 -Node: History Sorting744549 -Node: Extract Program746384 -Node: Simple Sed753908 -Node: Igawk Program756978 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1771304 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2771505 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3771627 -Node: Anagram Program771742 -Node: Signature Program774803 -Node: Programs Summary776050 -Node: Programs Exercises777271 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1781402 -Node: Advanced Features781493 -Node: Nondecimal Data783475 -Node: Array Sorting785065 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal785765 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1794131 -Node: Array Sorting Functions794249 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1798135 -Node: Two-way I/O798331 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1803276 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2803462 -Node: TCP/IP Networking803544 -Node: Profiling806416 -Node: Advanced Features Summary814687 -Node: Internationalization816620 -Node: I18N and L10N818100 -Node: Explaining gettext818786 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1823811 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2823995 -Node: Programmer i18n824160 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1829036 -Node: Translator i18n829085 -Node: String Extraction829879 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1831010 -Node: Printf Ordering831096 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1833882 -Node: I18N Portability833946 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1836402 -Node: I18N Example836465 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1839268 -Node: Gawk I18N839340 -Node: I18N Summary839984 -Node: Debugger841324 -Node: Debugging842346 -Node: Debugging Concepts842787 -Node: Debugging Terms844597 -Node: Awk Debugging847169 -Node: Sample Debugging Session848075 -Node: Debugger Invocation848609 -Node: Finding The Bug849994 -Node: List of Debugger Commands856473 -Node: Breakpoint Control857805 -Node: Debugger Execution Control861482 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data864841 -Node: Execution Stack868217 -Node: Debugger Info869852 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands873897 -Node: Readline Support878898 -Node: Limitations879792 -Node: Debugging Summary881907 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic883081 -Node: Computer Arithmetic884497 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges888074 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1888598 -Node: Math Definitions888655 -Ref: table-ieee-formats891950 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1892554 -Node: MPFR features892659 -Node: FP Math Caution894330 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1895380 -Node: Inexactness of computations895749 -Node: Inexact representation896708 -Node: Comparing FP Values898066 -Node: Errors accumulate899148 -Node: Getting Accuracy900580 -Node: Try To Round903284 -Node: Setting precision904183 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings904867 -Node: Setting the rounding mode906696 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes907060 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1910512 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers910691 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1915589 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems915738 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1919617 -Node: Floating point summary919655 -Node: Dynamic Extensions921842 -Node: Extension Intro923394 -Node: Plugin License924659 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline925456 -Ref: figure-load-extension925884 -Ref: figure-register-new-function927364 -Ref: figure-call-new-function928368 -Node: Extension API Description930355 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction931889 -Node: General Data Types936758 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1942658 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions942957 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1945796 -Node: Constructor Functions945895 -Node: Registration Functions947634 -Node: Extension Functions948319 -Node: Exit Callback Functions950616 -Node: Extension Version String951864 -Node: Input Parsers952527 -Node: Output Wrappers962402 -Node: Two-way processors966915 -Node: Printing Messages969178 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1970254 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'970406 -Node: Requesting Values971146 -Ref: table-value-types-returned971873 -Node: Accessing Parameters972830 -Node: Symbol Table Access974064 -Node: Symbol table by name974578 -Node: Symbol table by cookie976598 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1980743 -Node: Cached values980806 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1984302 -Node: Array Manipulation984393 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1985483 -Node: Array Data Types985520 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1988175 -Node: Array Functions988267 -Node: Flattening Arrays992126 -Node: Creating Arrays999028 -Node: Redirection API1003799 -Node: Extension API Variables1006624 -Node: Extension Versioning1007257 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables1009148 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1010213 -Node: Finding Extensions1014022 -Node: Extension Example1014582 -Node: Internal File Description1015354 -Node: Internal File Ops1019421 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11031172 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1031312 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11033695 -Node: Extension Samples1033968 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1035496 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1043177 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1044665 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1045880 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1047966 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1048802 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1049679 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1050490 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1051079 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1051819 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1053759 -Node: Extension Sample Time1054854 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1056202 -Node: gawkextlib1056693 -Node: Extension summary1059371 -Node: Extension Exercises1063060 -Node: Language History1064556 -Node: V7/SVR3.11066212 -Node: SVR41068365 -Node: POSIX1069799 -Node: BTL1071180 -Node: POSIX/GNU1071911 -Node: Feature History1077747 -Node: Common Extensions1091541 -Node: Ranges and Locales1092913 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11097532 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21097559 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31097794 -Node: Contributors1098015 -Node: History summary1103555 -Node: Installation1104934 -Node: Gawk Distribution1105880 -Node: Getting1106364 -Node: Extracting1107187 -Node: Distribution contents1108824 -Node: Unix Installation1114926 -Node: Quick Installation1115609 -Node: Shell Startup Files1118020 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1119099 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1120903 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1123272 -Node: PC Installation1123730 -Node: PC Binary Installation1125050 -Node: PC Compiling1126898 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11129919 -Node: PC Testing1130028 -Node: PC Using1131204 -Node: Cygwin1135319 -Node: MSYS1136089 -Node: VMS Installation1136590 -Node: VMS Compilation1137382 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11138611 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1138669 -Node: VMS Installation Details1140353 -Node: VMS Running1142604 -Node: VMS GNV1145444 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1146179 -Node: Bugs1146649 -Node: Other Versions1150538 -Node: Installation summary1156972 -Node: Notes1158031 -Node: Compatibility Mode1158896 -Node: Additions1159678 -Node: Accessing The Source1160603 -Node: Adding Code1162038 -Node: New Ports1168195 -Node: Derived Files1172677 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11178152 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21178186 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31178782 -Node: Future Extensions1178896 -Node: Implementation Limitations1179502 -Node: Extension Design1180750 -Node: Old Extension Problems1181904 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11183421 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1183478 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11186838 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1187027 -Node: Extension Future Growth1189135 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1189971 -Node: Notes summary1191733 -Node: Basic Concepts1192919 -Node: Basic High Level1193600 -Ref: figure-general-flow1193872 -Ref: figure-process-flow1194471 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11197700 -Node: Basic Data Typing1197885 -Node: Glossary1201213 -Node: Copying1233142 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1270698 -Node: Index1295834 +Node: Command-line directories267251 +Node: Input Summary268158 +Node: Input Exercises271543 +Node: Printing272271 +Node: Print274106 +Node: Print Examples275563 +Node: Output Separators278342 +Node: OFMT280360 +Node: Printf281715 +Node: Basic Printf282500 +Node: Control Letters284072 +Node: Format Modifiers288057 +Node: Printf Examples294063 +Node: Redirection296549 +Node: Special FD303387 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1306553 +Node: Special Files306627 +Node: Other Inherited Files307244 +Node: Special Network308244 +Node: Special Caveats309106 +Node: Close Files And Pipes310055 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1317240 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2317388 +Node: Nonfatal317538 +Node: Output Summary319863 +Node: Output Exercises321084 +Node: Expressions321764 +Node: Values322953 +Node: Constants323630 +Node: Scalar Constants324321 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1325183 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers325433 +Node: Regexp Constants328443 +Node: Using Constant Regexps328969 +Node: Variables332132 +Node: Using Variables332789 +Node: Assignment Options334700 +Node: Conversion336575 +Node: Strings And Numbers337099 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1340164 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I/O And BEGIN/END403004 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE405319 +Node: Empty408216 +Node: Using Shell Variables408533 +Node: Action Overview410806 +Node: Statements413132 +Node: If Statement414980 +Node: While Statement416475 +Node: Do Statement418503 +Node: For Statement419651 +Node: Switch Statement422809 +Node: Break Statement425191 +Node: Continue Statement427284 +Node: Next Statement429111 +Node: Nextfile Statement431492 +Node: Exit Statement434120 +Node: Built-in Variables436531 +Node: User-modified437664 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1445298 +Node: Auto-set445360 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1459593 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2459798 +Node: ARGC and ARGV459854 +Node: Pattern Action Summary464072 +Node: Arrays466505 +Node: Array Basics467834 +Node: Array Intro468678 +Ref: figure-array-elements470615 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1473238 +Node: Reference to Elements473366 +Node: Assigning Elements475828 +Node: Array Example476319 +Node: Scanning an Array478078 +Node: Controlling Scanning481101 +Ref: 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