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diff --git a/contrib/RUNOFF/runoff.man b/contrib/RUNOFF/runoff.man deleted file mode 100644 index 269c9329..00000000 --- a/contrib/RUNOFF/runoff.man +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11247 +0,0 @@ -.\" t -.TH RUNOFF @MAN7EXT@ "@MDATE@" "Groff Version @VERSION@" -.SH NAME -RUNOFF \[em] the predecessor of the \f[CI]roff\f[] langugage -. -.\" The .SH was moved to this place in order to appease `apropos'. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" Legalese -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.de authors -This file was written by Bernd Warken -.MT groff\-bernd.warken\-72@web.de -.ME . -.. -. -. -.de copying -Copyright \(co 2013 -.RS -.ft CI -Free Software Foundation, Inc. -.ft R -.RE -. -.P -Last update: 14 May 2013 -. -.P -This file is part of -.ft CI -groff\\f[R], a free software project. -. -.P -You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the -.nh -.ft CI -GNU General Public License -.ft R -.hy -as published by the -.nh -.ft CI -Free Software Foundation (FSF)\\f[R], -.hy -either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. -. -.P -You should have received a copy of the -.nh -.ft CI -GNU General Public License -.ft R -.hy -along with -.ft CI -groff\\f[R], -see the files -.nh -.ft CB -COPYING -.ft R -and -.ft CB -LICENSE -.ft R -.hy -in the top directory of the -.ft CI -groff -.ft R -source package. -. -.P -You can also visit -.UR http://\\:www.gnu.org/\\:licenses -.UE . -.. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" Setup -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.ds1 Ellipsis "\&.\|.\|.\&\" -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" Macro definitions -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" .FONT (<font name> <text> [<font name> <text> ...]) -.\" -.\" Print in different fonts: R, I, B, CR, CI, CB -.\" -.de1 FONT -. if (\\n[.$] = 0) \{\ -. nop \&\f[P]\& -. return -. \} -. ds result \& -. while (\\n[.$] >= 2) \{\ -. as result \,\f[\\$1]\\$2 -. if !"\\$1"P" .as result \f[P] -. shift 2 -. \} -. if (\\n[.$] = 1) .as result \,\f[\\$1] -. nh -. nop \\*[result]\& -. hy -.. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" .Topic ([<indent>]) -.\" -.\" A bulleted paragraph -.\" -.de Topic -. ie \\n[.$]=0 \ -. ds @indent 2m\" -. el \ -. ds @indent \\$1\" -. IP \[bu] \\*[@indent] -. rm @indent -.. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" .UL (<text to underline> [<append>]) -.\" -.\" Underline $1 and append $2 without underline -.\" -.de UL -. if t \}\ -. nop \Z'\\$1'\v'.25m'\D'l \w'\\$1'u 0'\v'-.25m'\\$2 -. return -. \} -. ul 1 -\\$1\c -\\$2 -.. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" .TableHDTBL - table using hdtbl for troff -.\" -.de1 TableHDTBL eHDTBL -. -This list of commands is a table over 5 pages. -. -. -.bp -. -.\" use groff_hdtbl -.\" mso hdtbl.tmac -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" hdtbl Table: List of Commands (Alphabetical) page 1/5 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.hy -.fi -. -.TBL cols=3 -.TR hl=d ".TH colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TH Related Commands" -.\" TR hl=d ".TD colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TD Related Commands" -. -. -.nf -.nh -. -. -.\" A ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".AP" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".AUTOPARAGRAPH" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".APPENDIX " I "text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".AX" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NUMBER APPENDIX " I "a" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".AX" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".APPENDIX" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".AUTOPARAGRAPH" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".AP" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOAUTOPARAGRAPH" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".NAP" R ")" -. -.\" B ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".B" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".BLANK" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".BLANK" I " n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".B" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".SKIP" I " n" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".S" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".BR" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".BREAK" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".BREAK" -.TD -.FONT R "(" CB ".BR" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.\" C ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".C" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".CENTRE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".CENTER" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".CENTRE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".CENTRE" I " n" CB ";" I "text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".C" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".CH" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".CHAPTER" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".CHAPTER" I " text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".CH" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER" I " n" -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".COMMENT" I " text" -.TD -.TD -. -. -.\" D ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" I " text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".DX" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".PX" R ")" -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".DX" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".DO INDEX" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.\" E ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".ELS" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".END LIST" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".EN" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".END NOTE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".END LIST" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".ELS" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".LIST " I "n" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".LS" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".END LITERAL" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".ELI" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".LITERAL" -.FONT R "(" CB ".LIT" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".END NOTE" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".EN" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOTE " I "text" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".NT" R ")" -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".END SUBPAGE" -.TD -.TD -.FONT CB ".SUBPAGE" -. -. -.\" F ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".F" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".FILL" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".FG" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".FIGURE" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.ETB -. -. -.bp -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" hdtbl Table: List of Commands (Alphabetical) page 2/5 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.fi -.hy -. -.TBL cols=3 -.TR hl=d ".TH colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TH Related Commands" -. -. -.nf -.nh -. -. -.\" F2 ================================================================= -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".FIGURE" I " n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".FG" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".FILL" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".F" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOFILL" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".NF" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE" I " text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".FT" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".TITLE" I " text" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".FL CAPITALIZE" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".NFL" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".FL HYPHENATE" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS HYPHENATE" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".NFH" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".FN" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".FOOTNOTE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".FOOTNOTE" I " n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".FN" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".FT" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".FIRST TITLE" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.\" G ================================================================== -.\" H ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".HD" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".HEADER" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".HEADER" I " arg" -.br -.FONT R "[" I "arg" R "=" CB "UPPER" R ", " CB "LOWER" R ", or " CB "MIXED]" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".HD" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOHEADER " -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".NHD" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".HEADER LEVEL" I " n text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".HL" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".HL" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".HEADER LEVEL" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".HY" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".HYPHENATION" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".HYPHENATION" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".HY" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NO HYPHENATION" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".NHY" R ")" -. -. -.\" I ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".I" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".INDENT" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".INDENT" I " n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".I" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".INDEX" I " text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".X" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.\" J ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".J" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".JUSTIFY" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".JUSTIFY" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".J" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOJUSTIFY" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".NJ" R ")" -. -. -.\" K ================================================================== -.\" L ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".LC" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".LOWER CASE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".LE" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".LIST ELEMENT" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".LEFT MARGIN" I " n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".LM" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".RIGHT MARGIN" I " n" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".RM" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".LIST" I " n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".LS" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".END LIST" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".ELS" R ")" -. -.ETB -. -. -.bp -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" hdtbl Table: List of Commands (Alphabetical) page 3/5 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.fi -.hy -. -.TBL cols=3 -.TR hl=d ".TH colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TH Related Commands" -. -. -.nf -.nh -. -.\" L2 ================================================================= -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".LIST ELEMENT;" I "text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".LE" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".END LIST" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".ELS" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".LIT" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".LITERAL" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".LITERAL" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB .LIT R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".END LITERAL" -.FONT R ( CB .ELI R ) -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".LM" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".LEFT MARGIN" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".LOWER CASE" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".LC" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".UPPER CASE" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".UC" R ")" -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".LS" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".LIST" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.\" M ================================================================== -.\" N ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NAP" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NOAUTOPARAGRAPH" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NF" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NOFILL" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NFC" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NFH" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NO FLAGS HYPHENATE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NFL" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -.br -and -.br -.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS HYPHENATE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NHD" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NO HEADER" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NHY" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NO HYPHENATION" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NJ" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NO JUSTIFY" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NM" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NUMBER" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NNM" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NO NUMBER" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOAUTOPARAGRAPH" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NAP" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".AUTOPARAGRAPH" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".AP" R ")" -.br -.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH" I " h" CB "," I "v" CB "," I "t" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".P" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOFILL" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NF" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".FILL" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".F" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NFL" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -.br -.FONT R ( CB ".FL CAPITALIZE" R ) -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS HYPHENATE" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NFH" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOHEADER" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NHD" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".HEADER " I "arg" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".HD" R ")" -. -.ETB -. -. -.bp -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" hdtbl Table: List of Commands (Alphabetical) page 4/5 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.fi -.hy -. -.TBL cols=3 -.TR hl=d ".TH colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TH Related Commands" -. -. -.nf -.nh -. -.\" N2 ================================================================= -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NO HYPHENATION" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NHY" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".HYPHENATION" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".HY" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOJUSTIFY" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NJ" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".JUSTIFY" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".J" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NONUMBER" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NNM" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NUMBER " I "n" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".NM" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOPERIOD" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NPR" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".PERIOD" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".PR" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOTE" I " text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NT" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".END NOTE" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".EN" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NPR" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NO PERIOD" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NT" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".NOTE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".NUMBER APPENDIX" I " a" -.TD -.TD -.FONT CB ".APPENDIX" I " text" -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER " I "n" -.TD -.TD -.FONT CB ".CHAPTER text" -. -. -.\" P ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".P" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".PARAGRAPH" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".PAGE" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".PG" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".PAPER SIZE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".PAPER SIZE" I " v" CB "," I "h" -.br -.FONT R "(=" CB ".PS" R ", " CB ".PAGE SIZE" R ")" -.TD -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".PERIOD" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".PR" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".NOPERIOD" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".NPR" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".PG" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".PAGE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".PITCH" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".PIT" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".PX" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" I " text" -.FONT R "(" CB ".DX" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".PS" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".PAPER SIZE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".PX" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".PRINT INDEX" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.\" R ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".RIGHT MARGIN " I "n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".RM" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".RM" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".RIGHT MARGIN" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.\" S ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".S" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".SKIP" R ")" -.TD -. -.ETB -. -. -.bp -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" hdtbl Table: List of Commands (Alphabetical) page 5/5 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.fi -.hy -. -.TBL cols=3 -.TR hl=d ".TH colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TH Related Commands" -. -. -.nf -.nh -. -.\" S2 ================================================================= -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".SD" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".STANDARD" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".SKIP" I " n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".S" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".BLANK" I " n" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".B" R ")" -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".SP" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".SPACING" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".SPACING" I " n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".SP" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".ST" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".SUBTITLE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".SUBPAGE" -.TD -.TD -.FONT CB ".END SUBPAGE" -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".SUBTITLE" I " text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".ST" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.\" T ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".T" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".TITLE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS" I " n,n, \*[Ellipsis] ,n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".TS" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE" I " n" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".TP" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".TITLE" I " text" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".T" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".TP" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".TEST PAGE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR hl=d -.TD -.FONT CB ".TS" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".TAB STOPS" R ")" -.TD -. -. -\" U ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".UC" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".UPPER CASE" R ")" -.TD -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".UPPER CASE" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".UC" R ")" -.TD -.FONT CB ".LOWER CASE" -.br -.FONT R "(" CB ".LC" R ")" -. -. -\" U ================================================================== -. -.TR -.TD -.FONT CB ".X" -.TD -.FONT R "(=" CB ".INDEX" R ")" -.TD -. -. -.ETB -. -. -.fi -.hy -. -.bp -. -. -.eHDTBL -.\" end of .de1 TableHDTBL -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" End of macro definitions. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH DESCRIPTION -..\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.FONT CI RUNOFF -is a language for creating documents. -. -This was the first document language at all. -. -It is the ancestor of -.FONT CI roff R . -. -. -.P -See section -.FONT CB "SEE ALSO" -at the end of this document for internet addresses. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH HISTORY -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The first text processing language was -.FONT CI DITTO -at the -.FONT CI CTSS -computer at -.FONT CI MIT R . -. -But now there isn't any documentation about the corresponding programs -nor files written in the -.FONT CI DITTO -language. -. -. -.P -So -.FONT CI RUNOFF -can regarded as the oldest text processing language, because there is -enough documentation and files written inb this language. -. -. -.P -.FONT CI RUNOFF -was built by -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer" -in 1963 and 1964 at -.FONT CR \%MIT -using the operating system -.FONT CR CTSS -on computers -.FONT CR "IBM 7090" -and -.FONT CR 7094 -at the -.FONT CI MIT -in Boston. -. -. -.P -At the -.FONT CI Unix -operating system, the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language was the base for the generation of the text generator language -.IR \%roff . -. -Today -.I \%roff -is maintained by -.IR \%GNU\~troff , -the program -.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@) -and its language -.BR \%groff (@MAN7EXT@). -. -So -.FONT CI RUNOFF -is the ancestor for -.IR \%groff . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Old RUNOFF Documentation -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -Look at section -.FONT CR "SEE ALSO" -for the internet connections to these documents. -. -. -.P -All started at the operating system called -.I \%CTSS -in the early 1960s at the -.IR \%MIT . -. -. -.P -There was a first documentation in 1964 by -.FONT CI Saltzer -who created the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language. -. -He published a documentation titled -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em TYPSET and RUNOFF, Memorandum editor and \ -type\-out commands" R . -. -. -.P -In december 1966, -.FONT CI Saltzer -published an updated documentation -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Manuscript Typing and Editing" R . -. -This article can be regarded as the documentation of the original -.FONT CI RUNOFF R . -. -. -.P -Moreover -.FONT CI Saltzer -published another document in 1965. -. -It's titled -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Experimental Additions to the RUNOFF Command" -. -We integrate the -.I "control words" -in this documentation in a section about -.I \%Experimental -.IR \%Additions . -. -. -.P -In later years, many people worked with the operating system -.FONT CI Multics R . -. -There -.FONT CI RUNOFF -was further developed. -. -. -.P -There is a good documentation of 1973 titled -.FONT CI "Larry Barnes \(em RUNOFF: \ -A Program for the Preparation of Documents" R . -. -The -.FONT CI RUNOFF -was here further developed. -. -We use this document as well. -. -. -.P -Another good document comes from 1974 at the -.FONT CR "DEC RSTS" R . -. -It is titled -.FONT CI "RUNOFF User's Guide" R . -. -It contains the best description of the text lines. -. -We are glad to use that. -. -. -.P -The latest -.FONT CI RUNOFF -documentation is file -.FONT CB RUNOFF.DOC -from -.FONT CR PDP\-11 -at 1981, see -.FONT CR "SEE ALSO" R . -. -The content of this document is also included in this document, -although it has some errors. -. -. -.P -There is still more documentation by the -.FONT CR "DEC PDP\-10 archive" R . -. -So far this information is not yet included in this document, but it -will be done later on. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Early Environment 1963\-66 (CTSS) -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.FONT CI Saltzer -originally worked on -.IR \%MIT 's -.I \%CTSS time-sharing operating -.IR \%system . -. -There he had an editor -.FONT CB TYPSET -that he also documented in the documentation cited above. -. -This editor was an ancestor for -.BR \%ed (@MAN1EXT@). -. -. -.P -To use his -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language, he programmed a tool that he called -.FONT CB RUNOFF R . -. -. -.P -There is still an emulator and the old source files for -.FONT CB RUNOFF -and -.FONT CB TYPSET -at -.nh -.UR http://\:www.cozx.com/\:~dpitts/\:ibm7090.html -.FONT CR "IBM 7090 CTSS" -.UE . -.hy -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS The original RUNOFF program 1963-66 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The original -.FONT CB RUNOFF -program is also documented in the documentation of 1966 above. -. -. -.P -.FONT CI Saltzer -uses upper case -.FONT CB RUNOFF -to denote his program. -. -So we will also use -.FONT CB RUNOFF -to refer to the original program of 1963-66. -. -. -.P -This program has mainly the task to adjust a printer of that time and -then print a -.FONT CI RUNOFF -document with this configuration. -. -Today this does not make much sense, but some parts are still -available in the options of -.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@), -but under different names. -. -So we will not build this ancient program, but we will document its -old command line here. -. -A lower case program -.FONT CB runoff -will be something different. -. -. -.P -.FONT CB RUNOFF -is a command used to type out files of the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language in manuscript format. -. -.I Control words -(command names) scattered in the text may be used to provide detailed -control over the format. -. -Input files may be prepared by the context editor -.FONT CB TYPSET -which does not exist today. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Usage of RUNOFF Program -\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.SY RUNOFF -.I \%filespec -.RI [ "parameter \*[Ellipsis]" ] -.YS -. -. -.TP -.I filespec -is the primary name of a file to be typed out. -. -.TP -.I parameter -arguments are any number of the following parameters, in any order: -. -. -.RS -. -.TP -.FONT CB STOP -Pause between pages. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB NOWAIT -Suppress the initial pause to load paper and the pause between pages -(not necessary today). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB PAGE I " n" -Begin printing with the page numbered -.IR n . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB BALL I " n" -Typewriter is using printing ball -.IR n . -If this parameter is omitted, -.FONT CB RUNOFF -assumes that the ball in use will properly print all -.I CTSS characters -in the file. -. -The number -.I n -is engraved on top of the printing ball. -. -.I CTSS characters -not appearing on the ball being used will be printed as blanks, so -that they may be drawn in. -. -This parameter does not make sense in our modern printers. -. -.RE -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH BASIC RUNOFF LANGUAGE OF ALL TIMES -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -Files written in the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language are similar to modern -.FONT CI roff -files. -. -. -.P -They are both written in text mode. -. -So they can be manipulated with text editors like -.BR emacs (1). -. -. -.P -In files written in the text languages -.FONT CI RUNOFF -or -.FONT CI roff R , -there are command lines and text lines. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Basic Command Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -All lines beginning with a period (dot) -.FONT CB . -are command lines in both languages -.FONT CI RUNOFF -and -.FONT CI roff R . -. -The period is followed by the name of the command (1 or 2 words of -arbitrary length, later one even more words), optionally followed by 1 -or more arguments. -. -. -.P -The inventor -.FONT CI Saltzer -called the command name -.IR "control word" , -but we keep using -.I command name -as was done in later times. -. -. -.P -In -.FONT CI roff R , -lines starting with a single quote -.FONT CB ' -are also command lines, but that's not true for the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language by default. -. -. -.P -But in -.FONT CI RUNOFF R , -the period -.FONT CB . -at the beginning of a line can be changed into any character. -. -This can be done by the command -.FONT CB ".FLAG CONTROL" R . -. -So the starting period is only one possible special character. -. -But in this man\-page, we use the period before a command name, -because it is the default and helps recognizing commands directly. -. -. -.P -In -.FONT CI RUNOFF R , -the command names were quite long, sometimes consisting even of -several words. -. -This is the same in the -.FONT CI mom -language in -.FONT CI groff R . -. -. -.P -Moreover, the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -commands can be appreviated by defined 2 letters words (or 3 later on). -. -Later on, the -.FONT CI "classical roff" -languages used only the 2-letter abbreviations as requests; but -.FONT CI groff -expanded these to arbitrary length. -. -. -.P -In -.FONT CI RUNOFF R , -each -.FONT CI "control word" -(command name) can be written in upper or lower case. -. -That comes from the time where the computers had only upper case input. -. -This was not taken into -.FONT CI roff R , -because there were not enough 2-letter requests. -. -. -.P -In -.FONT CI RUNOFF R , -comments could be appended to a command line, see section -.FONT CB Comments R . -. -. -.P -Lines beginning with a period but having unrecognizable format are -treated as error. -. -. -.P -No lines beginning with a dot are printed unless the preceding line -was a -.I command line -with control name -.FONT CB .LITERAL R . -. -Then the the line is output or printed as is, special characters are -output without their special meaning. -. -. -.P -Abbreviations for command names are normally based on the first two -letters of a one word command or the first letter of the first two -words of a multi\-word command. -. -Later on 3-letter abbreviations where used for command names of 3 -words. -. -. -.P -An example of a -.I "control line" -(command line) with a single -.I "control word" -with 2 arguments is a long name with upper case -.IP -.FONT CB .COMMAND I " arg1 arg2" -.P -or the same name in lower case -.IP -.FONT CB .command I " arg1 arg2" -.P -or an abbreviation with upper case -.IP -.FONT CB .CO I " arg1 arg2" -.P -or the same abbreviation with lower case -.IP -.FONT CB .co I " arg1 arg2" -. -. -.P -Another example of a -.I "control line" -(command line) with 2 -.I "control words" -with 1 argument is a long name with upper case -.IP -.FONT CB ".WORD1 WORD2" I " arg" -.P -or the same name in lower case -.IP -.FONT CB ".word1 word2" I " arg" -.P -or an abbreviation with upper case -.IP -.FONT CB .WW I " arg" -.P -or the same abbreviation in lower case -.IP -.FONT CB .ww I " arg" -. -. -.P -These -.I "control words" -were renamed to -.I requests -and -.I macros -later on in -.FONT CI roff R . -. -. -In the 1973 document, the words -.I macros -and -.I formats -are used, but there isn't any documentation for these terms. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Comments -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -In -.FONT CI roff R , -comments can be included by preceding the special character combination -.FONT CB \[rs]\[rq] R . -. -. -.P -That was unknown in -.FONT CI RUNOFF R . -. -There was only 1 method for including comments. -. -Command lines could be appended by comments. -. -. -.P -In the original -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language, a comment could be appended after the command arguments -without using separators. -. -For example, -.RS -.FONT CB ".cmd1 cmd2 arg1 arg2 This is a comment" -.RE -. -. -.P -In the newer -.FONT CI RUNOFF -languages (documented in 1974), they preceded the comments in command -lines by the exclamation point (bang) -.FONT CB ! R . -. -For example, -.RS -.FONT CB ".cmd1 cmd2 arg1 arg2 !This is a comment" -.RE -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Basic Text Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -All lines that are not command lines are text lines in both languages. -. -. -.P -There are 2 modes of text lines in -.FONT CI RUNOFF R . -. -The newer mode had upper and lower case in the source file. -. -This was similar to -.FONT CI roff R . -. -. -.P -In the -.FONT CI CTSS -computer (early 1960s), there were only upper case input hardware. -. -So the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -files had only upper case ASCII characters in the original -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language. -. -. -.P -As the printers could print in upper and lower case, there were -special characters as case-shifters. -. -That was also used in late -.FONT CI RUNOFF -files. -. -This process is very different from -.FONT CI roff R . -. -. -.P -In the following sections, only the upper case text lines are documented. -. -. -.P -In -.FONT CI RUNOFF -and -.FONT CI roff R , -there are special character combinations that can change the handling -of the text. -. -But these special characters are totally different in both languages. -. -. -.P -One or more -.I blank lines -are not printed, but mean a -.IR "line break" . -. -This can also be reached by the -.FONT CB .BREAK -.IR "control word" . -. -. -.P -In -.IR groff , -blank lines are printed as lines of their own. -. -This is not a paragraph break, because a line is bigger than a -paragraph break. -. -. -.P -A text line that starts with one or more space characters means -.IR "begin a new paragraph" . -. -. -.P -In -.IR groff , -this will start a new line and inserts the space characters at the -beginning of the line. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Appending several Lines in RUNOFF -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -In the 1974 paper, it is documented that a command line can be -appended by several text or command lines into a single line, each -being separated by a -.FONT CI semi-colon -.FONT CB ; R . -. -. -.P -If the appended line is a command line, then it starts with a period. -. -That's regarded as enough for separation. -. -In this case, the separating semi\-colon can be omitted. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Default Conditions (modes) in RUNOFF -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The starting case-mode (for output or printing) is lower case. -. -Each text line starts with that mode. -. -. -.P -Usually the text is -.I filled -and -.I justified -as it is processed. -. -That is, the program -.I fills -a line by adding successive words from the source text until one more -word would cause the right margin to be exceeded. -. -The line is then -.I justified -by making the word spacings larger until the last word in the line -exactly meets the right margin. -. -. -.P -The user may occasionally wish to reproduce the source text exactly, -which is done by disabling -.I filling -and -.I justification -or by use of the -.FONT CR .LITERAL -command. -. -The program may be set to -.I fill -but not -.IR justify , -in which case the output will be normal except that lines will not be -justified to the right margin. -. -The program may also be set to -.I justify -but not -.IR fill , -although this would probably produce peculiar results and is not -recommended. -. -. -.P -When the -.I fill mode -is on, spaces and carriage returns occurring in the source text are -treated only as word separators. -. -Multiple separators are ignored. -. -. -.P -Some of the commands cause a BREAK in the output. -. -A -.I break -means that the current line is output without justification, and the -next word goes at the beginning of the next line. -. -This occurs at the end of paragraphs. -. -. -.P -The program will advance to new pages as necessary, placing the title -(if given) and the page number at the top of each page. -. -The user may call explicitly for a -.I page advance -where desired, and may inhibit the occurrence of a -.I page advance -within specified material. -. -. -.P -By the documentation of 1974 and 1981, some special characters in text -lines are initially disabled: -.FONT CB < R " (" CB CAPITALIZE R ), -.FONT CB > R " (" CB INDEX R ), -.FONT CB = R " (" CB HYPHENATE R ), -and -.FONT CB % R " (" CB OVERSTRIKE R ). -. -. -.P -The other special characters seem to be enabled by default. -. -These should be: -.FONT CB . R " (" CB CONTROL R ), -.FONT CB ! R " (" CB ENDFOOTNOTE R ), -.FONT CB ^ R " (" CB UPPERCASE R ), -.FONT CB \[rs] R " (" CB LOWERCASE R ), -.FONT CB & R " (" CB UNDERLINE R ), -.FONT CB # R " (" CB SPACE R ), -and -.FONT CB _ R " (" CB QUOTE R ). -. -. -.P -This can be changed by the commands -.RS -.FONT CB .FLAGS I " <mode>" -.RE -(enabling) and -.RS -.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS" I " <mode>" -.RE -(disabling). -. -Also, each special character can be set to another character by the -.RS -.FONT CB .FLAGS I " <mode> <some_character>" -.RE -command. -. -. -.P -The following informs about the -.I <mode> -arguments: -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB CONTROL -default: -.FONT CI period -on first column (start command line): -.FONT CB . -. -.TP -.FONT CB ENDFOOTNOTE -default: -.FONT CI "exclamation character" -on first column (end of footnote): -.FONT CB ! -. -.TP -.FONT CB UPPERCASE -upper case (single character) and case lock (2 characters), default: -.FONT CB ^ -. -.TP -.FONT CB LOWERCASE -lower case (single character) and case lock (2 characters), default: -.FONT CB \[rs] -. -.TP -.FONT CB UNDERLINE -underlining word witout spaces, default: -.FONT CB & -. -.TP -.FONT CB SPACE -quoted space (no filling and justifying), default: -.FONT CB # -. -.TP -.FONT CB QUOTE -quoting character (output special character without specialization), -default: -.FONT CB _ -. -.TP -.FONT CB CAPITALIZE -upper case for next character, default: -.FONT CB < -. -.TP -.FONT CB INDEX -set following word into index, default: -.FONT CB > -. -.TP -.FONT CB OVERSTRIKE -superimpose the surrounding characters, default: -.FONT CB % -. -.TP -.FONT CB HYPHENATE -default: -.FONT CB = -. -.TP -.FONT CB ALL -all but the 1st column characters -.FONT CB . -and -.FONT CB ! -. -.TP -.FONT CB null -same as -.FONT CB ALL -. -. -.P -The following special characters are only documented in 1981, but it -is not clear if they are initially enabled. -. -Also no -.I <mode> -for -.FONT CB .FLAGS -are documented: -.FONT CB { R , -.FONT CB } R , -.FONT CB | R , -and -.FONT CB Ctrl-N R . -. -. -.P -.FONT CI RUNOFF R 's -ability to change most special characters is unique. -. -.FONT CI roff -cannot do that. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH UPPER CASE TEXT LINES -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The original -.FONT CI RUNOFF -text lines are different from the -.FONT CI roff -language. -. -. -.P -As the early -.FONT CI CTSS -computers could only produce upper case characters as input, the text -lines look very strange today. -. -This wasn't documented in the documentation of the 1960s. -. -But there are good documentations of 1974 and 1981 which contain also -the old style. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Case Changing of Text Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -In this section, the specification of case for files prepared on an -upper case terminal is documented. -. -There are special characters that in printing act as case-shifters for -ASCII characters into lower (ASCII code 97 to 122 decimal) or upper -case (ASCII code 65 to 90 decimal). -. -. -.P -The lower case mode seems to be the default mode. -. -Also, according to existing old -.FONT CI RUNOFF -files, each text line starts with this default mode. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "single circumflex " CB ^ -The following ASCII character is shifted to -.FONT CI "upper case" R . -. -The following from the document of 1981 seems to be wrong: -. -(It is also used to lock the -.I case mode -in -.IR "upper case" , -and the -.I underline mode -to -.UL "underline all text" ). - -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "single back\-slash " CB \[rs] -The following ASCII character is shifted into lower case. -. -The following from the document of 1981 seems to be wrong: -. -(It is also used to lock the -.I case mode -in -.IR "lower case" , -and disable underlining.) -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "double circumflex " CB ^^ -The case mode is shifted into upper case. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "double back\-slash " CB \[rs]\[rs] -The case mode is shifted into lower case. -. -. -.P -A common example with starting mode in lower case for these 4 special -characters is: -. -.P -.RS -^HERE IS A ^SAMPLE ^SENTENCE IN ^^UPPER CASE\\ AND LOWER CASE. -.RE -. -.P -is printed as: -. -.RS -Here is a Sample Sentence in UPPER CASE and lower case. -.RE -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Further special Characters in Text Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CI "ampersand " CB & -This is used for underscoring the next following character. -. -For example: -. -.RS -.P -.RS -&s&o&f&t&w&a&r&e -.RE -. -.P -becomes: -.RS -.UL software -.RE -. -.P -in the output or printing. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "circumflex and ampersand " CB ^& -This is used for underscoring all following characters except for -blanks. -. -One could say that by this character combination the underline mode is -put on. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "back\-slash and ampersand " CB \[rs]& -This is used for stopping the underscoring. -. -One could say that by this character combination the underline mode is -put off. -. -. -.RS -.P -For example: -.RS -^&PLATO\[rs]& was a very ^&wise \[rs]&man. -.RE -becomes -.RS -.UL PLATO -was a very -.UL wise -man. -.RE -. -. -.P -In -.FONT CI groff R , -spaces are not underlined as well. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "number sign " CB # -.FONT CI RUNOFF -interprets this character as a -.FONT CI "quoted space" R . -. -It outputs exactly 1 space character, it is not justified or filled. -. -It cannot end a line. -. -In the text it is not treated as a -.IR "word separator" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "less\-than " CB < -This character preceding a word capitalizes the entire word up to the -first space character. -. -This is the same as preceding the word with -.FONT CB ^^ -and ending it with -.FONT CB \[rs]\[rs] R . -. -For example, if the current case mode is lower case, the following -text line -.RS -.RS -.FONT CB "<DIGITAL OF ^MAYNARD, <MA" -.RE -becomes -.RS -.FONT CB "DIGITAL of Maynard, MA" -.RE -in the output (printing). -. -This special character is initially disabled. -. -It can be activated by the command -.FONT CB .FLAGS R . -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "greater\-than " CB > -This character enters the immediately following word (up to the first -space character) into the index, including all case shifters in the -word. -. -This special character is initially disabled. -. -It can be enabled by the command -.FONT CB .FLAGS R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "percent " CB % -This is for -.FONT CI superimposition -of the surrounding characters, one character over the other. -. -For example, the combination -.FONT CB /%= -overstrikes the 2 characters -.FONT CI slash -and -.FONT CI equal -into the character -.FONT CB \[!=] -(unequal). -. -In underlining, superimposition cannot be done. -. -This special character is initially disabled. -. -So a percent character is output as is. -. -This character can be enabled by the command -.FONT CB .FLAGS R . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Special Characters in Text Lines of 1981 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB = CI " equals\-sign " I "\[em] hypenation disable" -If -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -has been engaged, the -.I equals -character -.FONT CB = -used to disable -.I hyphenation -for the word it precedes. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB { CI " left\-brace " I "\[em] Reverse half\-linefeed" -If the output device type is no -.FONT CB N R , -then the -.I left -and -.I right braces -are used for -.I superscripting -and -.IR subscripting . -. -The -.I left\-brace -.FONT R ( CB { CR " 173 octal" R ) -produces a -.IR "reverse half\-linefeed" . -When combined with the -.I right brace -.FONT R ( CB } CR " 175 octal" R ) -scripting is created; e.g. -.FONT CB {super} -becomes -.EQ -"" sup superscript -.EN -and -.FONT CB }sub{ -becomes -.EQ -"" sub subscript -.EN -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB } CR " right\-brace " I "forward half\-linefeed" -As described above, the -.I right brace -.FONT R ( CB } CR " 175 octal" R ) -when coupled with the -.I left brace -will produce scripting. -. -This will only occur when a scripting output device is selected. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB | CR " vertical\-bar " I "Engage/disengage alternate character set" -The -.I vertical bar -.FONT R ( CB | R , CR " 174 octal" R ) -acts as an on/off switch. -. -It will alternately transmit a -.I shift\-out -and a -.I shift\-in -character to change the selected character set; e.g. -.FONT CB |ABC| -becomes -.FONT CI Ctrl\-N CB ABC CI Ctrl\-O R . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Escape Sequences in Text Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The -.FONT CI "escape character" -in -.FONT CI RUNOFF -(also called -.FONT CI "quote character" R ) -is the -.FONT CI "sub character " CB _ R . -. -Using this character as a prefix before a special character, outputs -the special character as it is without its speciality, no formatting -is done by it. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB _^ -outputs the special character -.FONT CB ^ -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB _\[rs] -outputs the special character -.FONT CB \[rs] -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB _& -outputs the special character -.FONT CB & -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB _# -outputs the special character -.FONT CB # -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB _< -outputs the special character -.FONT CB < -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB _> -outputs the special character -.FONT CB > -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB _% -outputs the special character -.FONT CB % -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB __ -outputs the special character -.FONT CB _ -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH COMMAND NAMES (CONTROL WORDS) IN THE ORIGINAL RUNOFF LANGUAGE OF 1966 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The documentation for -.I "control words" -in this paragraph are taken from the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -documentation of 1966. -. -Often this documentation refers to the -.FONT CB RUNOFF -program that doesn't exist any more. -. -When the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language will be implemented for -.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@) -these documentations must be adjusted. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .ADJUST -.TQ -.FONT CB .AD -Enable -.I fill -mode. -. -The next line is the first one affected. -. -This is the default mode. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .APPEND I " file" -.TQ -.FONT CB .AP I " file" -Take as the next input line the first line of -.IR \%file . -. -Note that the whole of -.I \%file -is appended, and that the appending is an irreversible process \[em] that -is, once -.FONT CB RUNOFF -encounters the -.FONT CB .APPEND -.I "control line" -it will switch to the file -.I \%file -and continue from the first line of -.IR \%file . -. -All lines following the -.FONT CB .APPEND -.I "control line" -will not be processed by -.FONT CB RUNOFF R . -. -The file -.I \%file -may, of course, itself call for appending of still another file, and -so on. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".BEGIN PAGE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .BP -Print out this page, start next line on a new page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .BREAK -.TQ -.FONT CB .BR -The lines before and after the -.FONT CB .BREAK -.I "control word" -will not be run together by the -.FONT CI fill -mode of operation. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .CENTER -.TQ -.FONT CB .CD -The following line is to be centered between the left and right -margins. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".DOUBLE SPACE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .DS -Copy is to be double spaced. -. -This mode takes effect after the next line. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FILL -.TQ -.FONT CB .FI -Enable -.IR "fill mode" . -. -That means: Lengthen short lines by moving words from the following -line; trim long lines by moving words to the following line. -. -This is the default mode. -. -.FONT CB .NOFILL -disables the -.I fill -mode. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .HEADER I " word1 word2 \*[Ellipsis]" -.TQ -.FONT CB .HE I " word1 word2 \*[Ellipsis]" -All of the line after the first blank is used as a header line, and -appears at the top of each page, along with the page number, if -specified. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" I " arg" -.TQ -.FONT CB .HM I " arg" -This -.I control sequence -alters the mode of the running head to that specified by the parameter -.IR \%arg . -. -Any of the following parameters are allowed for -.IR \%arg: -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.RS -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB CENTER -The header will be centered on the page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB MARGIN -The header will be adjusted against the right margin of the page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB FACING -On even\-numbered pages, the header will be adjusted against the left -margin, on odd numbered pages against the right. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB OPPOSED -The header will be adjusted against the opposite margin from the page -number. -. -In the absence of a -.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" -.IR "control sequence" , -the default option is -.FONT CB OPPOSED R . -. -. -.RE -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .INDENT I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .IN I " n" -The argument -.I \%n -is a number. -. -Set the number of spaces to be inserted at the beginning of each line -to -.IR \%n . -. -Indent is preset to 0. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LINE LENGTH" I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .LL I " n" -The argument -.I \%n -is a positive number. -. -Set the line length to -.IR \%n . -. -The line length is preset to 60. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .LITERAL -.TQ -.FONT CB .LI -The following line is not a -.IR "control word" , -despite the fact that it begins with a period. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOFILL -.TQ -.FONT CB .NF -Disable -.IR "fill mode" . -. -That means: Print all lines exactly as they appear without right -adjustment or filling out. -. -In -.I NOFILL -mode each input line produces one output line; further blank lines are -output in this mode. -. -Use the -.FONT CB .FILL -.I control word -to restart -.IR filling . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOJUST -.TQ -.FONT CB .NJ -Disable -.IR "fill mode" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".ODD PAGE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .OP -This -.I "control word" -causes the current page to be printed out, and the next page to be -numbered with the next higher odd page number. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PAGE R " [" I n R ] -.TQ -.FONT CB .PA R " [" I n R ] -Print page numbers. -. -(The first page is not given a page number. -. -It has instead a two\-inch top margin. -. -See also -.FONT CB "Manuscript Conventions" R , -below.) -. -If argument -.I \%n -is present, insert a page break and number the next page -.IR \%n . -Note that -.FONT CB RUNOFF -does not output or print completely empty pages. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" I " arg1 arg2 \*[Ellipsis]" -.TQ -.FONT CB .PM I " arg1 arg2 \*[Ellipsis]" -This -.I control sequence -alters the mode of page numbering to that specified by the arguments. -. -The arguments may be in any order, and must be selected from the -following list: -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.RS -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB MARGIN -Page numbers will be adjusted against the right margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB FACING -Odd page numbers are adjusted against the right margin, even page -numbers are adjusted against the left margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB CENTER -Page numbers are centered between the right and left margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB TOP -Page numbers are placed on the fourth line from the top of the page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB BOTTOM -Page numbers are placed on the fourth line from the bottom of the -page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB OFF -Page numbers are discontinued. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB PREFIX I " \(dqstring\(dq" -The string of characters between quotation marks is prefixed to the -page number. -. -The quotation marks may be next to each other, in which case no prefix -is used. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ROMANU -Page numbers will be printed in upper case Roman numerals. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ROMANL -Page numbers will be printed in lower case Roman numerals. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ARABIC -Page numbers will be printed in Arabic. (This is the normal mode.) -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB SET I " n" -Set the next page number to be the positive number -.IR \%n . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB SKIP I " n" -Skip -.I \%n -page numbers. -. -. -.P -If in a single use of -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" -several arguments specify competing functions, the last one specified -takes precedence. -. -When the -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" -sequence appears in text at point A, all text up to A (and probably -some text after A) will appear on a page controlled by the previous -paging mode. -. -The new -.I paging mode -will take effect on the next page. -. -Then there is no danger of getting page numbers both at the top and -bottom of the same page. -. -. -.P -Use of the -.FONT CB .TOP -parameter may conflict with the -.I \%heading -.IR \%mode . -. -If a heading and a page number should be printed in the same column, -the page number will take precedence. -. -In the absence of a -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" -.I control -.IR sequence , -the default options are: -.FONT CB "TOP MARGIN PREFIX \(dqPAGE\(dq" R . -. -. -.RE -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAPER LENGTH" I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .PL I " n" -This -.I control word -is used for running off a documentation file on non\-standard paper. -. -The number -.I \%n -is a line count, figured at 6 lines per inch. -. -If this -.I control word -is not given, -.I n -is assumed to be 66, for 11\-inch paper. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".SINGLE SPACE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SS -Copy is to be single spaced. -. -This mode takes effect after the next line. -. -(The normal mode is single space.) -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SPACE R " [" I n R ] -.TQ -.FONT CB .SP R " [" I n R ] -Insert -.I \%n -vertical spaces (carriage returns) in the copy. -. -If -.I \%n -carries spacing to the bottom of a page, spacing is stopped. -. -If -.I \%n -is absent or 0, one space is inserted. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .UNDENT I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .UN I " n" -In an indented region, this -.I control word -causes a break, and the next line only will be indented n spaces fewer -than usual. -. -This -.I "control word" -is useful for typing indented numbered paragraphs. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1973 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -Here are described only the additional -.I control words -that are documented in the 1973 documentation. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Formats -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FORMAT I " name" -This command causes subsequent text to be output under the control of -tne specified format (see below at -.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" R ). -. -Each following logical line will be fit into the format until a -.FONT CB .FILL -or -.FONT CB .NOFILL -command 1s encountered. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" I " <name> <pos> <field_ definition> \ -\*[Ellipsis]" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".END FORMAT" -These commands define a format for use in producing tables, etc. -. -. -.RS -. -. -.TP -.I <name> -identifies the format. -. -It can be activated by the -.FONT CB .FORMAT -.IR command . -. -. -.TP -.I <pos> -is the position and may be one of -.FONT CB .LEFT R , -.FONT CB .RIGHT R , -or -.FONT CB .CENTER R , -and determines the overall positlon of the format with respect to the -margins. -. -. -.TP -.I <field_definition> -There can be several arguments of this type. -. -Each has the form: -. -. -.RS -. -.FONT CI <type> CB ( CI "<letter> \*[Ellipsis] <letter>" CB ) -. -.P -where the -.FONT CI <type> -is one of -. -.TP -.FONT CB L -for left, -. -.TP -.FONT CB R -for riqht, -. -.TP -.FONT CB C -for center, -. -.TP -.FONT CB F -for -.FONT CI fill R , -or -.FONT CB J -for -.FONT CI justify R . -. -. -.P -The first three types define fixed fields; the text to be formatted -must fit within the allocated space. -. -The latter types define variable fields; the text will be handled as -in normal fill mode processing. -. -. -.P -A picture showing the manner in which text should be output follows -the -.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" -command; following the picture should be an -.FONT CB ".END FORMAT" -command. -. -The following lines give an example: -. -. -.RS -. ft CB -. nf -. nh -. nop ".DEFINE FORMAT SUMMARY L(A) F(C) C(B)" -. nop "AAAA CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC BBBBBBB" -. nop " CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC " -. nop ".END FORMAT" -. hy -. fi -. ft -.RE -. -. -.P -The first field of text is left justified; the second is centered; the -third is subjected to -.I fill mode -processing without justification. -. -After the first line of output is generated using this format, all -subsequent lines are produced using the last picture 1ine. -. -(Strictly speaking the third line is unnecessary.) -. -. -.P -Text for formatted processing consists of a logical line (or -paragraph). -. -Each field except the last must be separated by -.IR tab . -. -The -.I tab character -is displayed here as backslash character -.FONT R ( CB \[rs] R ). -. -. -.P -The first field of text is -.FONT CB A R , -the second -.FONT CB B R , -etc. -. -Typical input for our example might be: -. -. -.RS -.nf -.nh -|A\\YES\\/THIS IS SOME TEXT -TO BE FILLED. -.hy -.fi -.RE -. -. -.P -The characters 1n the picture lines were 1nterpreted as follows. -. -Contiguous sequences of letters determine the fie1d positions; -non\-alphabetic characters are output literally. -. -(Note: -.FONT CB Q.QQ -wi11 not work, put the period -.RB \[dq] . \[dq] -in the text. -. -A sequence of characters written between double quotes is considered -literal text. -. -The -.I double quotes -are not output, and there is no way to use -.I double quote -as a -.IR literal . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Hyphenation Processing -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .HYPHENATE -Enable -.IR "hyphenation mode" . -. -This is the default when starting up. -. -The -.FONT CB RUNOFF -program used a small -.I glossary -for splitting. -. -In -.I hyphenation mode -.FONT CB RUNOFF -would try to find a word 1n the glossary which is the same (except for -the endings -.FONT CB \-S R , -.FONT CB \-ES R , -.FONT CB \-ED R , -and -.FONT CB \-E R ) -as the word at the end of the line of text. -. -When running in -.BR groff (1) -there are -.I glossaries -being much more complete than in -.BR RUNOFF . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOHYPHEN -Disable -.IR "hyphenation mode" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .GLOSSARY I " word" -This command inserts words into the -.I glossary -for use in -.IR hyphenation . -. -Each word should have the form -.FONT CB hy\[hy]phen\[hy]ate -and be separated by spaces. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".HYPHENATION BREAK" I " n" -This command set the parameter which determines the allowable number -of spaces to te inserted in a line before -.FONT CB RUNOFF -tried to hyphenate the last word. -. -Each space counts ten points. -. -If more than -.I n -points per word would have to be inserted, then -.I hyphenation -will be attempted. -. -The initial setting of this parameter is 5 (one\-half space per word). -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Margin Controls -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -There are two types of margins involved in -.FONT CI RUNOFF R . -. -. -.TP -(1) -The physical margins. -. -These are determined by the nature of the printing device. -. -The margins outline the area where it is physically possible to print -characters. -. -. -.TP -(2) -. -The logical margins. -. -These can be set bv the user as he wishes. -. -(Limits are imposed by the physical margins.) -. -They are initialized for standard 8.5\[dq] by 11\[dq] printing. -. -. -.P -Commands concerning vertical and horizontal margins are: -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAGE LAYOUT TM, EM, TOL" -This sets the vertical logical margins and vertical tolerence. -. -Parameters are top margin, bottom margin and tolerance. -. -The tolerance is used to determine where to break between pages on -page overflows. -. -If -there is a line break within -.I TCL lines -of the bottom, -.FONT CB RUNOFF -will break the page there; otherwise it will fill the page completely. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT LM, RM, NO, CS" -This sets the logical left and right margin, the number of columns, -and the number of spaces to insert between columns. -. -These margins are used for the page headings. -. -To adjust the relative -text position, use the subsequent commands. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".REDUCE MARGIN LM, RM" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".EXPAND MARGIN LM, RM" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".END REDUCTION" -These commands enable the user to indent a certain portion of his text -using the first command, or -.FONT CB .UNDENT -his text using the second command. -. -In either case the original margins are restored by the third command. -. -The use of several -.FONT CB ".REDUCE MARGIN" -commends before the corresponding -.FONT CB ".END REDUCTION" -commands succesively indents the text more, and more. -. -Thus these commands are 1ike brackets (i.e. recursive). -. -.FONT CB LM -is added to the left logical margin and -.FONT CB RM -is subtracted from the right logical margin in the first command. -. -Just -the opposite is done on the second command. -. -Negative numbers are permitted. -. -These commands do not effect the position of page headings. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LAYOUT PLM, PRM, PTM, PBM, LL, LO" -This command defines the physical margins in the followinq complex -manner. -. -(It should only be used for non\-standard devices, normally this -command should not be necessary.) -. -The parameters are the physical left margin (in spaces), the physical -right margin, the physical top 1ine, the physical bottom line, the -line lenqth, and line origin. -. -The first four parameters define the physical 1imits of the printing -device. -. -The final two parameters define the length of the logical line and its -origin with respect to the left edge of the paper. -. -Printing starts at column -.FONT CB "LO + LM" R , -and ends at -.FONT CB "LO + RM" R , -where -.FONT CB LM -and -.FONT CB RM -are the logical margins established by -.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT" R . -. -When using the -.FONT CI "facing feature" -(see -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" R ), -the logical left margin is -.FONT CB "LL \[em] RM" -on even pages, and the right margin is -. -.FONT CB "LL \[em] LM" R . -. -The parameters for the layout command must satisfy: -. -.RS -.RS -.nh -.nf -.ft CB -.nop "min(LO + LL \[em] PLM, PRM \[em] LO) > max(PLM \[em] LO, \ -LO + LL \[em] PRM)\f[],\f[CB]" -.nop LL > 25\f[], and \f[CB]PBM \[em] PTM > 6\f[] -.fi -.hy -.RE -. -. -.P -This command sets -.FONT CB LM -to 15, -.FONT CB RM -to -.FONT CB "LL \[em] 10" R , -.FONT CB TM -to -.FONT CB PTM R , -and -.cb BM -to -.FONT CB "PBM \[em] 6" R . -. -(These margin settings produce the standard 1.5 inch left, and 1 inch -right, too, and bottom margins.) -. -.RE -. -. -.P -Initially -.FONT CB RUNOFF -sets the margins for -.I teletype -output to: -. -. -.RS -.RS -.nh -.nf -.ft CB -.nop .LAYOUT 6, 89, 6, 66, 8S, 0 -.nop .LINE LAYOUT 15, 75 -.nop .FILL -.ft -.fi -.hy -.RE -.RE -. -. -.P -The printer layout is: -. -.RS -.RS -.nh -.nf -.ft CB -.nop ".layout 5, 137, 6, 66, 85, 15" -.nop ".page layout 6, 60, 4" -.ft -.fi -.hy -.RE -.RE -. -.P -The logical margins must satisfy: -. -.RS -.RS -.nh -.nf -.ft CB -.nop min(LL, PRM \[em] LO, LO \[em] LL \[em] PLM) >= RM > -.nop " LM >= max(0, PLM \[em] LO, LO + LL \[em] PRM)" \f[],\f[CB] -.nop "PBM >= BM > TM >= PTM" "\f[], and\f[CB]" -.nop BM \[em] TM > TOL\f[]. -.fi -.hy -.RE -.RE -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Paragraph Formatting -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH SPACING" I " n" -. -This specifies how many lines are to be inserted between paragraphs. -. -Initial setting = 1. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH INDENTATION" I " n" -This specifies how many additional spaces to insert at the beginning -of a paragraph. -. -Initial setting = 5. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH UNDENTATION" I " n" -This command is the same as -.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH INDENTATION" I " \-n" R . -. -That is, -.I n -fewer spaces are inserted at the beginning of the paragraph. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Special Line Justification and Control -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -These commands pertain to the next logical line. -. -The end of the line should be designated with a break. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .CENTER -. -Center the next line. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .INDENT I " n" -. -Indent the next line -.I n -spaces. -. -If -.I n -is not provided, 5 is assumed. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .UNDENT I " n" -. -Start the next line -.I n -spaces to the left of the normal margin. -. -This command is the same as -.FONT CB .INDENT I " \-n" R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .MARGIN -Justify the next 1ine against the right hand margin. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Heading and Paging -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .HEADER I " XXXXXXX" -.FONT CB RUNOFF -accepts a heading to go on the first line of -each paqe. -. -The heading strinq is assured to start at the first non\-blank -character after thd control word and end at carriage return. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" I " <param>" -.I <param> -determines the position of the heading on the 11ne. -. -.I <param> -may be any of the following. -. -. -.RS -. -.TP -.FONT CB CENTER -The header will be centered on the 1ine. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB MARGIN -The header will be adjusted against the riqht margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB PAGING -On even numbered pages the header is adjusted against the right -margin. -. -On odd pages it is adjusted against the left mergin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB OPPOSED -The header will be adjusted against the opposite margin from the -page numter. -. -This is the initial mode. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" I " <param>" -. -This command determines the placing of the page number. -. -All parameters are optional. -.I <param> -may be anyone or more of the following oommands. -. -In case of conflict the latest command wins. -. -.RS -. -.TP -.FONT CB CENTER -The page numbers are centered between the logical margins. -. -.TP -.FONT CB MARGIN -The page number is adjusted against the right margin. -. -.TP -.FONT CB FACING -On even numbered pages the number will be adjusted against the right -margin. -. -On odd numbered pages tne number will be adjusted against the -left margin. -. -.TP -.FONT CB TOP -Page numbers are placed on the first line. -. -.TP -.FONT CB BOTTOM -Page numbers are placed on the last line. -. -.TP -.FONT CB OFF -Printing page numbers is discontinued. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PREFIX I " <string>" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SECTION I " <string>" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SUFFIX I " <string>" -The strings of characters between quotation marks are used to form the -page string, which has the form: -. -.RS -.I <prefix><section><page number><suffix> -. -.P -Any or all of these strings mav be null. -. -The section string is considered to be part of the page number for -purposes of indexing. -. -.RE -.P -Initial mode is: -. -.RS -.RS -.ft CB -.nop ".PAGING MODE TOP MARGIN PREFIX \[dq]Page\[dq]" -.nop ".PAGING MODE SECTION \[dq]\[dq] SUFFIX \[dq]\[dq]" -.RE -.RE -. -. -.P -If neither page number nor heading is used, the text will start on the -first logical line. -. -Otherwise it will start on the fourth logical line. -. -If the page number is at the bottom, text will end on the fourth line -from the bottom. -. -If the paging and headinq mode conflict, the page string overwrites -the heading. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".ODD PAGE" -This -.FONT CI "control word" -causes the ourrent page to be printed out and the next page to be -started with the next higher odd number. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PAGE I " n" -If -.I n -is present, insert a page break and start numbering the next pege -with -.IR n . -Otherwise, turn the -.I paging mode -on and do not insert a page break. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" -Insert a page break if either there are fewer than -.I n -lines left on the page or -.I n -is not present. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Lines and Spacing -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".SINGLE SPACE" -Sing1e space all 1ines within paragraphs. -. -This is the initial state. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".DOUBLE SPACE" -Double space all lines within paragraphs. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SPACE I " n" -Output -.I n -1ine spaces. -. -If -.I n -is not provided, 1 is assumed. -. -In case of page overflow all remaining blank 1ines to be output are -deleted. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".FIGURE SPACING" I " n" -This command is equivalent to -.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" -followed by -.FONT CB .SPACE -.IR n . -. -These commands provide the only means of creatinq blank 11nes. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .BREAK -The lines before and after this command will not be run together in -.IR "fill mode" . -. -A simpler way to get a line break is to insert one or more blank lines -in the text. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".BEGIN GROUP" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".END GROUP" -The output lines enclosed between these two commands are forced to lie -on a page. -. -Thus this command acts in a manner similar to -.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" R , -where -.I n -has the 'right' value. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Miscellanous -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .UNDERLINE -The following 1ine is underlined. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .LITERAL -The next line is taken as part of text whether or not -it begins with dot. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .ESCAPE I <char> -.TQ -.FONT CB .SHIFT I <char> -.TQ -.FONT CB ".TAB CHARACTER" I <char> -The given character becomes the -.IR escape , -.IR shift , -or -.I tab -character. -. -The parameter for the -.FONT CB .SHIFT -and -.FONT CB ".TAB CHARACTER" -commands may be null, if no -.I shift -or -.I tab -character is desired. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".DEFINE COMMAND" I " <name>" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".END COMMAND" -.TQ -.FONT CB .CALL I " <name>" -These commands give the user the opportunity to combine text and -control lines to form his own commands. -. -All text and command lines between the first and second commands is -stored away under -.IR name . -. -When the third command is executed, the stored string is read and the -commands within the string are executed. -. -Recursion is not permitted. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .INDEX I " <phrase>, <phrase>" -. -.FONT CB RUNOfF -saves the first phrase in the main index table and the second phrase -(if any) in a sub\-index table associated with the first phrase. -. -.RS -. -The index is formatted and output after the last page of text. -. -Two built\-in but redefinable formats, -.FONT CI RINDEX -and -.FONT CI SINDEX R , -are used to format the index as shown in the following example. -. -.RS -.nh -.nf -.FONT CB "Algorithms, 40, 78," R " \[rs]\[dq] uses " I RINDEX -.FONT CB " analysis of, 27, " R " \[rs]\[dq] uses " I SINDEX -.fi -.hy -.RE -. -. -The following lines give the initial definitions for the indexing -formats. -. -. -.RS -.nh -.nf -.ft CB -.nop ".define format RINDEX f(A)" -.nop "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA" -.nop " AAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAA" -.nop ".end format" -.nop ".define format SINDEX f(A)" -.nop " AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA" -.nop " AAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAA" -.nop ".end format" -.ft -.fi -.hy -.RE -. -. -In order to get an index output in two columns, -.RS -.P -.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT 15, 75, 2, 4" -.P -should be the last line of the input. -.RE -. -.RE -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH RUNOFF DOCUMENTATION 1974 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -This document is the best documentation about text lines. -. -Parts of that is used in the document of 1981. -. -The documentation of text lines is the best at all. -. -This is reguarded above. -. -. -.P -The documentation of commands will be including later on. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH RUNOFF COMMAND ADDITIONS 1981 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The following -.I commands -will be recognized if they are at the beginning of a line started with -a period. -. -Any line in the source file beginning with a period is assumed to be -one of these -.IR commands . -. -If it is not, an -.I error diagnostic -will be typed and the line will be ignored. -. -Some -.I commands -take one or more decimal numeric arguments. -. -These are separated from the -.I command -by a -.FONT CR space R . -. -More than one -.I command -may be entered on a single line by separating the -.I commands -with a -.FONT CI semicolon -.FONT R ` CB ; R ' -or a -.FONT CI period -.FONT R ` CB . R '. -. -. -.P -.I Multi\-word commands -may appear in any form. -. -Thus, -.FONT CB ".NO HEADER" -and -.FONT CB .NOHEADER -are both legal. -. -. -.P -Many -.I commands -may be abbreviated. -. -Standard -.I abbreviations -are given below each -.IR command . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Text Formatting Commands -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .BREAK -.TQ -.FONT CB .BR -causes a -.IR break , -i.e. the current line will be output with no -.IR justification , -and the next word of the source text will be placed at the beginning -of the next line. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SKIP CI " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SK CI " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .S CI " n" -causes a BREAK after which -.CI n -is multiplied by the number of -.I spaces -between lines. -. -The result is the number of lines -.IR skipped . -. -Output is advanced to the top of the next page if there is no room on -the current page. -. -If the current page is empty, -.FONT CB .SKIP -does nothing. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .BLANK I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .B I " n" -causes the current line to be output with no -.IR justification , -skips -.FONT CI n -line spaces, and then starts output of the current source text. -. -.FONT CB .BLANK -is like -.FONT CB .SKIP R , -except that the -.I space -to be left is independent of line spacing. -. -If the page is empty, -.FONT CB .BLANK -does nothing. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FIGURE I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .FG I " n" -leaves -.I n -lines blank to make room for a figure or diagram. -. -If fewer than -.I n -lines remain on the current page, text continues to -.I fill -this page, then the page is advanced and -.I n -blank lines are left at the top of the next page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .INDENT I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .I I " n" -causes a -.CI break -and sets the next line to begin -.I n -spaces to the right of the left margin. -. -The -.I n -can be negative to allow beginning a line to the left of the left -margin. -. -However, a line cannot begin to the left of column 0. -. -If -.I n -is not supplied, the current paragraph indent is used. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PARAGRAPH I " n, v, t" -.FONT CB .P I " n, v, t" -causes a -.I break -and formats the output paragraphs. -. -The -.I n -is optional and, if present, sets the number of spaces the paragraph -is to be indented. -. -The default value for -.I n -is -.FONT CB 5 -.RI ( n -can also have a negative value). -. -.I v -is the vertical spacing between paragraphs. -. -.I v -can range from -.FONT CB 0 -to -.FONT CB 5 R . -. -.FONT R ( CB 1 -is -.IR "single spacing" , -.FONT CB 2 -is -.IR "double spacing" , -etc.) -. -.I t -causes an automatic -.FONT CI ".TEST PAGE" -(see the -.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE" -.IR command ). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .CENTER I " n" CB ; I text -.TQ -.FONT CB .CENTRE I " n" CB ; I text -.TQ -.FONT CB .C I " n" CB ; I text -causes a -.I break -and centers the following text in the source file. -. -The centering is over column -.FONT CB ( I n CB " + " I "left margin" CB )/2 R . -If -.I n -is not given, it is assumed to be the -. -.IR "right margin" . -. -. -.RS -.P -.ce -NOTE -. -.P -.FONT CB .CENTER R , -.FONT CB ".RIGHT MARGIN" R , -.FONT CB ".LEFT MARGIN" R , -.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" R , -and -.FONT CB .STANDARD -take both relative and absolute values. -. -Relative values are expressed as -.FONT CB + I n -or -.FONT CB \- I n R , -while absolute values of -.I n -are unsigned. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FOOTNOTE I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .FN I " n" -saves -.I n -lines at the bottom of the current page for a -.IR footnote . -. -The -.I n -is multiplied by the number of spaces set with the -.FONT CB .SPACING -command. -. -If insufficient room remains on the current page, space is allocated -at the bottom of the following page. -. -The text of the -.I footnote -should begin on the line following the -.FONT CB .FOOTNOTE -command. -. -.IR Indentation , -.IR "case lock" , -.IR justify , -.IR margins , -.IR spacing , -and -.I fill -are preserved around footnotes. -. -However, -.I commands -that affect page formatting are illegal in a -.IR footnote . -. -.I Tab stops -are illegal because they are not preserved. -. -A footnote within a footnote is also illegal. -. -. -.P -The actual space taken by a footnote can be more or less than -specified by -.IR n . -If necessary -.FONT CR adjust -.I n -after examining a draft printout. -. -. -.P -The -.I footnote -is terminated with a line beginning with an exclamation point (the -remainder of which is ignored). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOTE I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .NT I " text" -starts an -.IR "indented note" . -. -This command -.I blanks -.FONT CB 2 R , -reduces both -.IR margins , -.I centers -the text (if no text is given, it centers the word -.FONT CB NOTE R ), -and then -.I blanks -.FONT CB 1 R . -. -At this point you enter the text of the -.IR note . -. -If the left margin is at -.FONT CB 0 R , -the -.I margin reduction -is -.FONT CB 15 R , -otherwise it is -.FONT CB 5 R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".END NOTE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .EN -terminates the -.FONT CB .NOTE -command, -.I blanks -.CONT CB 2 R , -and reverts the margins and spacing modes to their settings before the -last -.FONT CB .NOTE -command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .LIST I " n" -.FONT CB .LS I " n" -starts an indented list with -.I n -spacing, moves the left margin -.FONT CB 9 -spaces to the right for the first -.FONT CB .LIST -command, and -.FONT CB 4 -more spaces for each subsequent nested -.FONT CB .LIST R . -. -The normal -.I fill -and -.I justify modes -remain in effect. -. -Therefore, you must disengage them just after the -.FONT CB .LS -command if you want a ragged right. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LIST ELEMENT;" I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .LE; I " text" -starts an item in the list, used in conjunction with the -.FONT CB .LIST -comand. -. -The elements are numbered sequentially and the number is given a -negative indent so that the list lines up. -. -The number is followed by a -.I period -and two -.I spaces -so that the indent will be by -.FONT CB \-4 R . -. -The -.I list elements -are separated by the standard paragraph spacing and -.FONT CI "TEST PAGE" R . -. -If you want to type the text on the same line as the command, you must -separate the text from the command with any number of intervening -.I spaces -or -.IR tabs , -or (optionally) one -.IR semicolon . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".END LIST" -.TQ -.FONT CB .ELS -terminates the -.FONT CB .LIST -command and returns to settings before the last -.FONT CB .LIST -command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .COMMENT I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .; I " text" -causes the line to be ignored. -. -The text is not printed in the output file, but rather is used as a -.I comment -line in the source text. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Page Formatting Commands -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PAGE -.FONT CB .PG -causes a -.I break -and an -.I advance -to a new page. -. -If the current page is empty, this -.I command -does not -.I advance -the page. -. -Just like an -.IR "automatic page advance" , -this -.I command -prints the -.I title -(if given) and -.I page numbers -on every page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE" I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .TP I " n" -causes a -.I break -followed by a -.IR "conditional page advance" . -. -It skips to the next page if fewer than -.I n -lines are left on the page. -. -This capability is to ensure that the following -.I n -lines are all output on the same page. -. -This -.I command -has the form -.I t -as an optional argument to the -.FONT CB .PARAGRAPH -command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NUMBER I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .NM I " n" -starts page numbering. -. -This is the default so there is no reason to issue this command unless -page numbering is disengaged. -. -If -.I resumption -of page numbering is desired at a certain page, specify -.IR n . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NONUMBER -.FONT CB .NNM -disengages page numbering. -. -However, pages continue to be counted, so that the normal page number -can appear if page numbering is re\-entered with the -.FONT CB .NUMBER -command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .CHAPTER I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .CH I " text" -starts a new chapter using the text as the title of the chapter. -. -This -.I command -acts as if the following -.I command string -were entered: -. -. -.P -.EX -.nop ".BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;CHAPTER n" -.EE -.P -The -.I n -is incremented by -.FONT CB 1 -automatically. -. -After the CHAPTER -.I n -is typed on the page, -. -. -.P -.EX -.nop .BLANK 2;.CENTER;text;.BLANK 3 -.EE -.P -occurs. -. -This -.I command -then resets the -.IR case , -.IR margins , -.IR spacing , -and -.IR "justify/fill modes" . -. -It also clears any -.I subtitles -and sets the -.I chapter name -as the -.IR title . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER " I " n" -supplies a number -.I n -to be used in a subsequent -.FONT CB .CHAPTER -command. -. -.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER" -would be used when a -.I chapter -of a document occupies a source file of its own. -. -In such a case, -.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER" -would be the first command of the source file. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".HEADER LEVEL" I " n text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .HL I " n text" -starts a section at the level specified and takes the following text -as the header. -. -.I n -can range from -.FONT CB 1 -to -.FONT CB 5 R . -. -The sections are incremented by -.FONT CB 1 -automatically, and the number is output in the form -.FONT I i CB . I j CB . I k CB . I l CB . I m R . -If this is a chapter oriented document, the -.I i -is the chapter number. -. -Otherwise, it is the number of the -.FONT CB ".HL 1" -level. -. -This command acts as a -. -.P -.EX -.FONT CB ".BREAK;.TEST PAGE 9;.BLANK 3" -.EE -. -.P -followed by the -.IR "section number" , -two -.IR spaces , -and the -.IR "section name" . -. -.FONT CI "HEADER LEVELS " CB 1 -and -.FONT CB 2 -end with a -.IR break . -.FONT CI "HEADER LEVELS" -.FONT CB 3 R ", " CB 4 R , -and -.FONT CB 5 -end with a space\-dash\-space combination (#\-#). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .TITLE I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .T I " text" -takes the remaining text as the title and outputs it on every page at -line -.FONT CB 0 R . -. -The default is no title. -. -If a -.I title -is desired, this -.I command -must be entered in the source file. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE" I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".FT" I " text" -Same as -.FONT CB .TITLE R , -but used to specify the title to be printed on the first page of the -document. -. -This command must precede all text in the source file. -. -Use of the -.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE" -command is the only way to print a title line on the first page of the -document. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SUBTITLE I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SUBTTL I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .ST I " text" -takes the remaining text as the -.I subtitle -and outputs it on every page. -. -It appears directly under the title. -. -The -.I subtitle -is not -.IR indented , -but -.I indentation -can be achieved by typing leading spaces. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .INDEX I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .X I " text" -takes the remaining text on the line as a keyword and adds it, along -with the current -.IR "page number" , -to the internal index buffer. -. -The command does not cause a -.IR break . -. -It should appear immediately before the item to be -.IR indexed . -. -A keyword may be -.I indexed -more than once. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".DX" I " text" -forces a new page, centers the text, if given, otherwise it centers -the word -.FONT CI "INDEX" R . -. -This command prints the entire contents of the index buffer. -. -Entries are printed in alphabetic order and are set against the left -margin. -. -Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is left between -entries of different first letters. -. -The page number of each entry is placed on the same line as the entry -and in the middle of the page. -. -Additional page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by -commas. -. -The index buffer is left empty. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".PX" -forces a new page after which it prints the entire contents of the -index buffer. -. -Entries are printed in alphabetical order and are set against the left -margin. -. -Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is left between -entries of different first letters. -. -The number of the first page on which each entry appeared is put on -the same line as the entry, beginning at the middle of the line -(midway betweeen the left and right margins). -. -Additional page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by -commas. -. -The index buffer is left empty. -. -. -.P -.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" -and -.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" -perform the same task. -. -The only difference is that -.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" -does not interrupt the normal chapter and page sequencing. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SUBPAGE -executes a -.FONT CB .PAGE -with page numbering suspended. -. -The page number is unchanged, but letters are appended to the page -number. -. -This permits insertion of additional pages within an existing document -without changing the existing page numbering. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".END SUBPAGE" -disengages the -.FONT CB .SUBPAGE -command by executing a -.FONT CB .PAGE -command with page numbering resumed. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .APPENDIX I " text" -.TP -.FONT CB .AX I " text" -starts a new appendix using the text as the title of the appendix. -. -This command acts as if the following command string were entered: -. -.RS -.P -.EX -.nop ".BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;APPENDIX a" -.EE -.RE -.P -The a is a letter that is incremented alphabetically automatically. -. -After the -.FONT CB "APPENDIX A" -is typed on the page, -. -.RS -.P -.EX -.nop .BLANK 2;.CENTER;text;.BLANK 3 -.EE -.RE -. -.P -occurs. -. -This command then resets the -.IR case , -.IR margins , -.IR spacing , -and -.IR justify/fill -modes. -. -It also clears any subtitles and sets the appendix name as the title. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".NUMBER APPENDIX" I " a" -supplies a letter -.I a -to be used as the letter for a subsequent -.FONT CB .APPENDIX -command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .HEADER I " arg" -.TQ -.FONT CB .HD I " arg" -causes the page header -.RI ( title , -.IR subtitle , -and -.IR "page number" ) -to be printed. -. -.I arg should be -.FONT CB UPPER -to specify -.I upper case characters -for the title text, -.FONT CB LOWER -to specify -.IR "lower case" , -or -.FONT CB MIXED R . -. -The initial setting is -.FONT CB ".HEADER UPPER" R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOHEADER -.TP -.FONT CB .NHD -causes the page header -.RI ( title , -.IR subtitle , -and -.IR "page number" ) -to be omitted. -. -The header lines are completely omitted, so that text begins at the -top of the page with no -.IR "top margin" . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Mode Setting Commands -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .JUSTIFY -.TQ -.FONT CB .J -causes a break and sets subsequent output lines to be justified -(initial setting). -. -The -.I command -increases the spaces between words until the last word exactly meets -the right margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOJUSTIFY -.TQ -.FONT CB .NJ -causes a -.I break -and prevents -.I justification -of subsequent output lines to make a ragged right margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FILL -.TQ -.FONT CB .F -causes a break and specifies that subsequent output lines be filled -(inital setting). -. -Sets the justification mode to be that specified by the last -appearance of -.FONT CB .JUSTIFY -or -.FONT CB .NOJUSTIFY R . -. -.FONT CB .FILL -adds successive words from the source text until the adding of one -more word will exceed the right margin. -. -It stops before putting the last word in. -. -(If -.I hyphenation -has not been disabled, -.FONT CB RNO -will attempt to -.I break -words which cause line overflow into syllables.) -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOFILL -.TP -.FONT CB .NF -disengages the -.I fill -and -.IR "justify modes" . -. -This -.I command -is used to permit typing a table. -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -.ce -NOTE -. -.P -1. The -.I nofill\-nojustify mode -need be used only where there are several lines of material to be -copied exactly. -. -A single line example will not require using these commands if there -are breaks before and after. -. -. -.P -2. Normally -.FONT CB .FILL -and -.FONT CB .NOFILL -are used to turn both -.I filling -and -.I justification -on and off. -. -It is usually desirable to do both. -. -A subsequent appearance of a -.I justification command -will override the -.I fill command -however. -. -. -.P -3. Because of the action of -.FONT CB .FILL R , -a single occurrance of -.FONT CB .NOJUSTIFY -will cause the remainder of the file to be -.IR unjustified , -with -.I filling -as specified. -. -In order to -.I justify -but -.I not fill -(not recommended), a -.FONT CB .JUSTIFY -command must follow every -.FONT CB .NOFILL -command. -. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".UPPER CASE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .UC -sets the output mode to -.IR "upper case" . -. -This comand acts the same as typing two -.CI circumflexes -.FONT CB ^^ R . -. -This is the default mode. -. -There is no need to type this command unless the mode was previously -altered to -.IR "lower case" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LOWER CASE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .LC -sets the typeout mode to -.IR "lower case" . -This command acts the same as typing two -.I back\-slashes -.FONT CB \[rs]\[rs] R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".FL CAPITALIZE" -enables the -.CI less\-than -.FONT CB < -character to -.I capitalize -the entire word it precedes. -. -It then returns the file to the current case mode. -. -This -.I special character -is usually -.FONT CR off -and must be typed at the very beginning of the source text to enable -this character. -. -Typing a space or another -.FONT CI "less\-than " CB < -returns the file to the current -.IR "case lock" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .NFC -disengages the -.FONT CB "FLAG CAPITALIZE" -command (inital setting). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .HYPHENATION -.TQ -.FONT CB .HY -engages -.I hyphenization -(initial setting). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".NO HYPHENATION" -.TQ -.FONT CB .NHY -disengages -IR hyphenization . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".FL HYPHENATE" -enables the -.I equals character -.FONT CB = -to disengage -.I hyphenization -for the word it precedes. -. -This -.I special character -is initially -.FONT CR off -and must be typed at the beginning of the source file to enable this -character. -. -The -.FONT CI "FLAGS HYPHENATE" -.I character -is used to disengage -.I hyphenization -for words improperly -.I hyphenated -by the -.IR "hyphenization algorithm" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS HYPHENATE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .NFH -disengages the -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -command (initial setting). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NFL -disengages the -.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -and the -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -commands (initial setting). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PERIOD -.TQ -.FONT CB .PR -enables printing of two -.I spaces -after every -.I period -.FONT CB . -that is followed by at least one -.I separator character -(initial setting). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOPERIOD -.TQ -.FONT CB .NPR -disengages conversion of -.I period/separator -to -.IR "period/two spaces" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .LITERAL -.TQ -,FONT CB .LIT -disengages -.I fill/justify -to permit printing of text exactly as entered in source file. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".END LITERAL" -.TQ -.FONT CB .ELI -used after -.FONT CB .LITERAL -command to re\-engage -.IR fill/justify . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Parameter Setting Commands -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LEFT MARGIN" I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .LM I " n" -sets the left margin to -.IR n . -. -The -.I n -must be less than the right margin but not less than -.FONT CB 0 R . -The initial setting is -.FONT CB 0 R . -If -.I n -is not supplied, -.FONT CB 0 -is used. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".RIGHT MARGIN" I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .RM I " n" -sets the right margin -.IR n . -The -.I n -must be greater than the left margin. -. -The initial setting is -.FONT CB 60 R . -. -If -.I n -is not supplied, the current page width (set with the -.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" -command) is used. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAPER SIZE" I " n" CB , I m -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" I " n" CB , I m -.TP -.FONT CB ".PS" I " n" CB , I m -sets the size of the page -.I n -lines by -.I m -columns and sets the right margin to -.IR m . -The default setting is -.FONT CB 58,60 R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PITCH I " n" CB , I m -.TQ -.FONT CB .PIT I " n" CB , I m -sets the horizontal and vertical pitch on a supporting output device. -. -The horizontal pitch is -.I n -and is specified as characters per inch. -. -The value must divide evenly into -.FONT CB 60 -for -.FONT CI "Anderson\-Jacobson devices" -and into -.FONT CB 120 -for -.FONT CI "Diablo devices" R . -. -The default is -.FONT CB 12 R . -. -. -.P -The vertical pitch is -.I m -and is specified as lines per inch. -. -.I m -must divide evenly into -.FONT CB 48 R . -. -The default is the hardware setting. -. -.I n -and -.I m -may be set independently. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SPACING I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SP I " n" -sets the number of spaces between lines. -. -The -.I n -can range from -.FONT CB 1 -to -.FONT CB 5 R . -. -The default setting is -.FONT CB 1 R . -. -.FONT CB ".SPACING 1" -is like -.I single spacing -on a typewriter and -.FONT CB ".SPACING 2" -is like -.IR "double spacing" . -.FONT CB ".SPACING 2" -puts one -.I blank line -between lines of text. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .STANDARD I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SD I " n" -returns all parameters, except the pitch settings, to their initial -settings and sets -.I n -as the page width. -. -If -.FONT CB ".STANDARD 60" -is specified, margins are reset -.FONT CB ".LM 0" R , -.FONT CB ".RM 60" R , -.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE 58,60" R , -.FONT CB ".SPACING 1" R , -.FONT CB "PARAGRAPH INDENT 5" R , -and -.I fill -and -.I justify -are enabled. -. -.FONT CB ".STANDARD 70" -sets right margin to -.FONT CB 70 -and -.I page size -to -.FONT CB 58,70 R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS" I " n" CB , I n CB , I \*[Ellipsis] -.TQ -.FONT CB ".TS" I " n" CB , I n CB , I \*[Ellipsis] -sets tabs. -. -The -.I n -must be greater than -.FONT CB 0 -and listed in ascending order. -. -If tabs already exist, the issuing of another -.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS" -command clears all previous -.I tabs -before setting new ones. -. -The -.I default tabs -are set at eight\-column intervals to match the -.FONT CR Digital -hardware standard. -. -These -.I tabs -are at columns -.FONT CB 8 R , -.FONT CB 16 R , -.FONT CB 24 R , -.FONT CB 32 R , -.FONT CB 40 R , -.FONT CB 48 R , -.FONT CB 56 R , -.FONT CB 64 R , -.FONT CB 72 R , -and -.FONT CB 80 R . -. -The tabs are converted to the appropriate number of non\-expandable -spaces. -. -If there are no regular spaces to the left of the -.IR tabs , -they will print out at the appropriate position, even if -.I fill -is on. -. -If -.I literal -is on, the -.I tabs -are not converted to -.IR spaces , -but are output as -.IR tabs . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .AUTOPARAGRAPH -.TQ -.FONT CB .AP -causes any -.I blank line -or any line starting with a -.I space -or -.I tab -to be considered as the start of a new paragraph. -. -This command allows normally typed text to be -.I justified -without special commands. -. -It does not cause a paragraph if -.I blank lines -are followed by a command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOAUTOPARAGRAPH -.TQ -.FONT CB .NAP -disengages the -.FONT CI AUTOPARAGRAPH -mode. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS List of Commands (Alphabetical) -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.if t \{ -.ig endTBL -.\} -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" Table using tbl for running in tty -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.nf -.nh -. -.TS -center,allbox,tab(@); -cIw(1.5i) sw(1.5i) cIw(1.5i). -Command or Abbreviation@Related Commands -= -. -.T& -l l l. -\f[CB].AP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R])@ -\f[CB].APPENDIX\f[I] text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].AX\f[R])@\f[CB].NUMBER APPENDIX\f[I] a -\f[CB].AX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].APPENDIX\f[R])@ -\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH \f[R]@(=\f[CB].AP\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NAP\f[R]) -T} -_ -\f[CB].B\f[R]@(=\f[CB].BLANK\f[R])@ -\f[CB].BLANK \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].B\f[R])@T{ -7\f[CB].SKIP \f[I]n -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].S\f[R]) -T} -\f[CB].BR\f[R]@(=\f[CB].BREAK\f[R])@ -\f[CB].BREAK@\f[R](=\f[CB].BR\f[R]) -_ -\f[CB].C\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CENTRE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].CENTER\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CENTRE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].CENTRE \f[I]n\f[CB];\f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].C\f[R])@ -\f[CB].CH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CHAPTER\f[R])@ -\f[CB].CHAPTER \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].CH\f[R])@\f[CB].NUMBER CHAPTER \f[I]n -\f[CB].COMMENT \f[I]text\f[R]@@ -_ -\f[CB].DO INDEX \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].DX\f[R])@T{ -. -\f[CB].PRINT INDEX -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].PX\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].DX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].DO INDEX\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].ELS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].END LIST\f[R])@ -\f[CB].EN\f[R]@(=\f[CB].END NOTE\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].END LIST\f[R]@(=\f[CB].ELS\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].LIST \f[I]n -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].LS\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].END LITERAL \f[R]@(=\f[CB].ELI\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].LITERAL -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].LIT\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].END NOTE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].EN\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NOTE \f[I]text -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NT\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].END SUBPAGE\f[R]@@\f[CB].SUBPAGE -_ -\f[CB].F\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FILL\f[R])@ -\f[CB].FG\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FIGURE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].FIGURE n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].FG\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].FILL \f[R]@(=\f[CB].F\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NOFILL -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NF\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].FIRST TITLE \f[I]text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FT\f[R])@\f[CB].TITLE \f[I]text -. -\f[CB].FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FL CAPITALIZE\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NFL\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].FLAGS HYPHENATE \f[R]@(=\f[CB].FL HYPHENATE\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NFH\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].FN\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FOOTNOTE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].FOOTNOTE \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FN\f[R])@ -\f[CB].FT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FIRST TITLE\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].HD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HEADER\f[R])@ -. -T{ -\f[CB].HEADER \f[I]arg\f[R] -.br -\f[R] [\f[I]arg\f[R]=\f[CB]UPPER\f[R], \f[CB]LOWER\f[R], or \f[CB]MIXED]\f[R] -T}@(=\f[CB].HD\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NOHEADER -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NHD\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].HEADER LEVEL \f[I]n text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HL\f[R])@ -\f[CB].HL\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HEADER LEVEL\f[R])@ -\f[CB].HY\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HYPHENATION\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].HYPHENATION \f[R]@(=\f[CB].HY\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NHY\f[R]) -T} -. -_ -\f[CB].I\f[R]@(=\f[CB].INDENT\f[R])@ -\f[CB].INDENT \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].I\f[R])@ -\f[CB].INDEX \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].X\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].J\f[R]@(=\f[CB].JUSTIFY\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].JUSTIFY \f[R](\f[CB].J\f[R])@@T{ -\f[CB].NOJUSTIFY -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NJ\f[R]) -T} -. -_ -\f[CB].LC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LOWER CASE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].LE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIST ELEMENT\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].LEFT MARGIN \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LM\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN \f[I]n -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].RM\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].LIST \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LS\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].END LIST -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].ELS\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].LIST ELEMENT;\f[I]text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LE\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].END LIST -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].ELS\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].LIT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LITERAL\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].LITERAL\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIT\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].END LITERAL -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].ELI\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].LM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LEFT MARGIN\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].LOWER CASE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LC\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].UPPER CASE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].UC\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].LS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIST\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].NAP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NF\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOFILL\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NFC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NFH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].NFL\f[R]@T{ -(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE -.br -.ce -\f[R] and -.br -\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R]) -T}@ -. -\f[CB].NHD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO HEADER\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NHY\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NJ\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO JUSTIFY\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NUMBER\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NNM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO NUMBER\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NAP\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH \f[R](\f[CB].AP\f[R]) -.br -\f[CB]\ .PARAGRAPH \f[I]n,v,t \f[R](\f[CB].P\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NOFILL\f[R]@=(\f[CB].NF\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].FILL -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].F\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NFL\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].FLAGS CAPITALIZE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].FL CAPITALIZE\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NFH\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].FLAGS HYPHENATE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].FL HYPHENATE\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NOHEADER\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NHD\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].HEADER \f[I]arg -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].HD\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NHY\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].HYPHENATION -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].HY\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NOJUSTIFY \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NJ\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].JUSTIFY -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].J\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NONUMBER \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NNM\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NUMBER \f[I]n -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NM\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NOPERIOD \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NPR\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].PERIOD -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].PR\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NOTE text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NT\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].END NOTE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].EN\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NPR\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO PERIOD\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOTE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NUMBER APPENDIX \f[I]a\f[R]@@\f[CB].APPENDIX text -\f[CB].NUMBER CHAPTER \f[I]n\f[R]@@\f[CB].CHAPTER text -_ -\f[CB].P\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PARAGRAPH\f[R])@ -\f[CB].PAGE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PG\f[R])@ -\f[CB].PAGE SIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAPER SIZE\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].PAPER SIZE \f[I]v\f[CB],\f[I]h\f[R]@T{ -(=\f[CB].PS\f[R] -.br -\f[CB].PAGE SIZE\f[R]) -T}@ -. -\f[CB].PARAGRAPH \f[I]h\f[CB],\f[I]v\f[CB],\f[I]t \f[R]@(=\f[CB].P\f[R])@ -\f[CB].SKIP \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].S\f[R])@\f[CB].BLANK \f[I]n \f[R](\f[CB].B\f[R]) -\f[CB].SP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SPACING\f[R])@ -\f[CB].SPACING \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].SP\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].PERIOD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PR\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NOPERIOD -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NPR\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].PG\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAGE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].PITCH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PIT\f[R])@ - -.\f[CB].PRINT INDEX \f[R]@(=\f[CB].PX\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].DO INDEX text -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].DX\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].PS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAPER SIZE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].PX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PRINT INDEX\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].RM\f[R])@ -\f[CB].RM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].S\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SKIP\f[R])@ -\f[CB].SD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].STANDARD\f[R])@ -\f[CB].ST\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SUBTITLE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].SUBPAGE\f[R]@@\f[CB].END SUBPAGE -\f[CB].SUBTITLE \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].ST\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].T\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TITLE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].TAB STOPS \f[I]n,n, \*[Ellipsis] ,n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].TS\f[R])@ -\f[CB].TEST PAGE \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].TP\f[R])@ -\f[CB].TITLE text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].T\f[R])@ -\f[CB].TP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TEST PAGE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].TS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TAB STOPS\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].UC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].UPPER CASE\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].UPPER CASE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].UC\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].LOWER CASE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].LC\f[R]) -T} -. -_ -\f[CB].X\f[R]@(=\f[CB].INDEX\f[R])@ -. -.TE -. -.hy -.fi -. -. -.\" End of tbl ---------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.if t \{ -. endTBL -.\} -. -. -.\" use groff_hdtbl -.if t \{ -. mso hdtbl.tmac -. TableHDTBL -.\} -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH EXPERIMENTAL ADDITIONS 1965 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -These -.I "control words" -are documented in -.FONT CI Saltzer R 's -documentation of 1965. -. -It is unsure whether they were really implemented. -. -. -.P -In this documentation, all -.I control words -are written in -.IR "lower case" . -. -The writing in -.I upper case -is not mentioned, the same is true for -.IR abbreviations . -. -So this documentation uses only -.IR "lower case" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FIGURE -This -.I control word -turns control over to a -.I figure -.IR processor , -which creates in -.I core memory -a representation of a -.I flow diagram -under the control of a few special -.IR "control words" . -When the -.I control word -.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" -is encountered, the completed picture is printed immediately on the -page being generated if there is room on that page; otherwise the -.I figure -will appear at the top of the next page. -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -Text following the -.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" -.I control word -will be smoothly attached to text before the -.FONT CB .FIGURE R . -. -No break is generated. -. -(Restriction: If a -.I figure -is being held for placement at the top of the next page, another -.I figure -may not be encountered before the first one is printed.) -. -. -.P -The only -.I control words -which are recognized when in the -.I \%figure processor -are the following three: -.FONT CB .FRAME R , -.FONT CB .BOX R , -and -.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" R . -. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FRAME I " m n" -This -.I control word -intitalizes the -.I figure processor -by giving the height and width of the figure to be produced. -. -.I m -is -the height, in lines; and -.I n -is the width, in characters. -. -(Note that a 1050 types 6 lines per inch, and 10 characters per inch.) -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -Any attempt to place items in the picture which extend beyond the -boundaries will cause an error comment to be generated. -. -.I \%m -and -.I \%n -must both be less than 100 and their product must be smaller than -5400. -. -We may now think of the -.I figure -to be produced as an array of -.I m -times -.I n -elements. -. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .BOX I " i j" -The text on the lines following this -.I control word -will be placed in the -.I figure -such that the first character on the first line following the -.FONT CB .BOX -will appear in row -.IR i , -character position --IR j . -. -The end of the text is indicated by a -.FONT CB .BOX -.I control word -for another piece of text or the -.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" -.I control -.IR word . -. -Temporarily, the text should not include underlined or overtyped -characters. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" -This -.I control word -causes control to return to the regular -.I control processor -of the -.FONT CB .RUNOFF -command, for the decision to print the picture. -. -Note that another -.FONT CB .FIGURE -.I control word -may not appear until after this -.I figure -has been printed. -. -. -.RS -.P -One further -.I control word -has been added which is intended to facilitate bringing out revised -editions of a memorandum. -. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FLAG -The next line to be printed after this -.I control word -is encountered will have an asterisk placed two spaces to the right of -the right margin, as illustrated. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .DEFINE I " symbol" -. -This -.I control word -defines the value of the symbol -.I symbol -to be the number of the page currently being printed. -. -The symbol may be used later with the -.FONT CB .USE -.I control word -to cause printing of the page number in text. -. -The characters in the symbol must be mappable into the six\-bit -character set, and all symbols must be six of fewer characters. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .USE I " symbol" -The value of the symbol -.I symbol -is inserted into the text with a single blank preceding and no blank -following. -. -If the symbol has not been previously defined, its value is -.FONT CB 0 R . -Text may continue following a blank typed after the symbol. -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -Here is an example of the use of these -.I control -.IR words . -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -In one area of text: -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -We now discuss the operation of the typewriter -.FONT CB ".DEFINE REF1" -coordinator module, which \*[Ellipsis] -. -. -.RE -. -. -.P -In a later area of text: -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -As we saw in the discussion of the typewriter coordinator on page -.FONT CB ".USE REF1" R , -the rest of \*[Ellipsis] -. -. -.RE -. -. -.P -if the first area of text were on page 14, the later line would read: -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -As we saw in the discussion of the typewriter coordinator on page 14, -the rest of \*[Ellipsis] -. -. -.RE -.RE -.RE -- -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Further Study of Experimental Additions -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -A number of suggestions have been made for extending the -.I control word -language of -.FONT CI RUNOFF R , -and its capabilities. -. -These are listed here, primarily to elicit comment and discussion, -both on the language which describes these operations and the less -important problem of their implementation. -- -. -.TP -1. -. -Word division. -. -This is a whole are of study in itself. -. -. -.TP -2. -. -Automatic footnote insertion. -. -This was handled somewhat awkwardly in the -.FONT CB .DITTO -.IR command , -although the basic approach was probably reasonable. -. -. -.TP -3. -. -Automatic page references, perhaps via some symbolic reference scheme. -. -This would enable the page number in "as was described on page 32" to -be inserted by the program. -. -The analogy with an assembly program should be hotly pursued for -ideas. -. -. -.TP -4. -. -Special provision for printing facing pages. -. -This would require alternate running heads, placing page numbers -alternately at right and left, and matching line counts on facing -pages. -. -. -.TP -5. -. -Improved page\-division rules, to prevent the last line of a paragraph -appearing alone at the top of a page, for example. -. -At present, copy must be run off to check by hand that awkward page -divisions have not been made. -. -. -.TP -6. -. -Automatic generation of page numbers for a table of contents. -. -Again, the analogy of an assembly program symbol table appears -fruitful. -. -. -.TP -7. -. -Automatic generations of an index. -. -The problem here is obtaining too many references to a given word, -many irrelevant. -. -. -.TP -8. -. -Arrangement of tabulated data. -. -This problem may have already been partly approached with the -above\-described figure generator, or the facilities already available -in -.IR RUNOFF , -but automatic setup of column widths and positions would be desirable. -. -One could include in this category the ability to call on other -programs to computer numbers to place in tables, although this is -going pretty far afield. -. -. -.TP -9. -. -Placing figures in a -.I "cut" -or -.IR inset . -. -The control language is the most difficult problem here. -. -. -.TP -10. -. -Equation typing and numbering. -. -Again, the control language appears formidable. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH "SEE ALSO" -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.PP -.\" BR RUNOFF (@MAN1EXT@), -.BR groff (@MAN1EXT@), -.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@), -.BR roff (@MAN7EXT@), -.BR groff_filenames (@MAN7EXT@) -. -. -.TP -.FONT R "1964 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R : -.nh -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \[em] TYPSET and RUNOFF, Memorandum editor and \ -type\-out commands" -.hy -available at -.UR \%http://\:mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:CC\-244.html -.UE -. -. -.TP -.FONT R "1965 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R : -.nh -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Experimental Additions to the RUNOFF Command" -available at -.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:afs/\:athena.mit.edu/\:user/\:other/\ -\:a/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:PSN\-40.html -.UE -.hy -. -. -.TP -.FONT R "1966 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R : -.nh -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \[em] Manuscript Typing and Editing" -.hy -which is available in the internet at -.UR http://\:mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:AH.9.01.html -.I MIT html -.UE -or -.UR \%http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:ctss\/\:AH.9.01.html -.I CTSS html -.UE -or -.UR \%http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:ctss/\:AH.9.01.pdf -.I CTSS pdf -.UE . -. -. -.TP -.FONT R "1973 " CR "Larry Barnes" R : -.FONT CI "Larry Barnes \[em] RUNOFF: A Program for the Preparation of Documents" -available as -.UR http://\:www.textfiles.com/\:bitsavers/\:pdf/\:sds/\:9xx/\:940/\ -\:ucbProjectGenie/\:mcjones/\:R\-37_RUNOFF.pdf -.I pdf -.UE . -. -. -.TP -. -.P -There is still more documentation by the -.FONT CR "DEC PDP\-10 archive" R . -. -So far this information is not yet included, but it will be done later -on. -. -. -.P -The latest -.FONT CI RUNOFF -documentation is file -.FONT CB RUNOFF.DOC -from -.FONT CR PDP\-11 -at 1981, see -.FONT CR "SEE ALSO" R . -. -The content of this document is also included in this document. -. -. -.P -Look at section -.FONT CR "SEE ALSO" -for the internet connections to the documents. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Early Environment 1963\-66 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.FONT CI Saltzer -originally worked on -.IR \%MIT 's -.I \%CTSS time-sharing operating -.IR \%system . -. -There he had an editor -.FONT CB TYPSET -that he also documented in the documentation cited above. -. -This editor was an ancestor for -.BR \%ed (@MAN1EXT@). -. -. -.P -To use his -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language, he programmed a tool that he called -.FONT CB RUNOFF R . -. -. -.P -There is still an emulator and the old source files for -.FONT CB RUNOFF -and -.FONT CB TYPSET -at -.nh -.UR http://\:www.cozx.com/\:~dpitts/\:ibm7090.html -.FONT CR "IBM 7090 CTSS" -.UE . -.hy -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS The original RUNOFF program 1963-66 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The original -.FONT CB RUNOFF -program is also documented in the documentation of 1966 above. -. -. -.P -.FONT CI Saltzer -uses upper case -.FONT CB RUNOFF -to denote his program. -. -So we will also use -.FONT CB RUNOFF -to refer to the original program of 1963-66. -. -. -.P -This program has mainly the task to adjust a printer of that time and -then print a -.FONT CI RUNOFF -document with this configuration. -. -Today this does not make much sense, but some parts are still -available in the options of -.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@), -but under different names. -. -So we will not build this ancient program, but we will document its -old command line here. -. -A lower case program -.FONT CB runoff -will be something different. -. -. -.P -.FONT CB RUNOFF -is a command used to type out files of the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language in manuscript format. -. -.I Control words -scattered in the text may be used to provide detailed control over the -format. -. -Input files may be prepared by the context editor -.FONT CB TYPSET -which does not exist today. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Usage of RUNOFF Program -\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.SY RUNOFF -.I \%filespec -.RI [ "parameter \*[Ellipsis]" ] -.YS -. -. -.TP -.I filespec -is the primary name of a file to be typed out. -. -.TP -.I parameter -arguments are any number of the following parameters, in any order: -. -. -.RS -. -.TP -.FONT CB STOP -Pause between pages. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB NOWAIT -Suppress the initial pause to load paper and the pause between pages -(not necessary today). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB PAGE I " n" -Begin printing with the page numbered -.IR n . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB BALL I " n" -Typewriter is using printing ball -.IR n . -If this parameter is omitted, -.FONT CB RUNOFF -assumes that the ball in use will properly print all -.I CTSS characters -in the file. -. -The number -.I n -is engraved on top of the printing ball. -. -.I CTSS characters -not appearing on the ball being used will be printed as blanks, so -that they may be drawn in. -. -This parameter does not make sense in our modern printers. -. -.RE -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH THE ORIGINAL RUNOFF LANGUAGE OF 1966 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -A -.FONT CI RUNOFF -file consists of -.I command lines -and -.IR "text lines" . -. -The -.I command lines -start with a period (dot) -.RB \(dq . \(dq, -all other lines are -IR "text lines" . -. -. -.P -.I Command lines -are also called -.I command lines -by -.FONT CI Saltzer R . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Text Lines and Conditions -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.FONT CI RUNOFF -.I text lines -are different from the -.FONT CI groff -language. -. -. -.P -As the early -.FONT CI CTSS -computers could only produce upper case characters, the text lines -look very strange today. -. -This wasn't documented in the documentation of the 1960s. -. -But there is a good documentation of 1981 which contains also the old -style. -. -Have a look at chapter -.FONT CI "RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1981" -section -.FONT CI "Case Information" -in this document. -. -. -.P -One or more -.I blank lines -are not printed, but mean a -.IR "line break" . -. -This can also be reached by the -.FONT CB .BREAK -.IR "control word" . -. -. -.P -In -.IR groff , -blank lines are printed as lines of their own. -. -This is not a paragraph break, because a line is bigger than a -paragraph break. -. -. -.P -A text line that starts with one or more space characters means -.IR "begin a new paragraph" . -. -. -.P -In -.IR groff , -this will start a new line and inserts the space characters at the -beginning of the line. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Command Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -A command line begins with a period (dot) -.RB \(dq . \(dq. -. -Following the dot -.FONT CB RUNOFF -expects a -.IR "command name" . -. -This is called -.I control word -by -.FONT CI Saltzer -.BI -. -. -.P -These -.I command names -or -.I control words -were defined by -.FONT CI Saltzer -as 1 or 2 words of arbitrary length. -. -or an -.I abbreviation -of defined 2 characters. -. -The later -.FONT CI roff -language uses only 2\-character requests; but -.FONT CI groff -expanded these to arbitrary length. -. -Each -.I control word -(1 or two words) can be written in upper or lower case as you like. -. -. -.P -Some -.FONT CI "control words" -are followed by a -.I space -and the -.I parameters -for that -.IR command , -followed optionally by a comment (Comments are not documented -further). -. -. -.P -Lines beginning with a dot but having an unrecognizable format are -treated as errors. -. -. -.P -No lines beginning with a dot are printed unless the preceding line -was a -.I control line -.FONT CB .LITERAL R . -. -All commands are described below. -. -Abbreviations for command names are normally based on the first two -letters of a one word command or the first letter of the first two -words of a multi\-word command. -. -Commands which should close a logical line break do. -. -Information on abbreviations and whether commands cause line breaks -will be found in the summary at the end of the manual. -. -In a command line -.FONT CB RUNOFF -will consider multiple blanks as a single blank (space), if a blank -character 1s legal. -. -. -A -.FONT CI RUNOFF -document contains text separated by so\-called -.IR "control words" . -. -As these are full lines, a better name would be -.I "control lines" -as is used in the documentation for -.BR \%groff (@MAN7EXT@), -. -. -.P -These are lines starting with a period -.RB ( . ) -and directly followed by a command with or without arguments. -. -The command names are arbitrarily long, they can even consist of -several words, possibly followed by arguments. -. -. -.P -The -.I "control words" -can be written in lower or upper case, just as wanted. -. -Moreover, each command name can be shortened to an abbreviation of 2 -characters. -. -When the command name has only 1 word, the first 2 characters are taken. -. -.I Command names -with 2 words abbreviate to the first character of each word. -. -These abbreviations led later to the 2 character -.I \%requests -of -.IR \%roff . -. -. -.P -An example of a -.I "control line" -with a single -.I "control word" -with 2 arguments is a long name with lower case -.IP -.FONT CB .command I " arg1 arg2" -.P -or a long name with upper case -.IP -.FONT CB .COMMAND I " arg1 arg2" -.P -or an abbreviation with lower case -.IP -.FONT CB .co I " arg1 arg2" -.P -or an abbreviation with upper case -.IP -.FONT CB .CO I " arg1 arg2" -. -. -.P -Another example of a -.I "control line" -with 2 -.I "control words" -with 1 argument is a long name with lower case -.IP -.FONT CB ".word1 word2" I " arg" -.P -or a long name with upper case -.IP -.FONT CB ".WORD1 WORD2" I " arg" -.P -or an abbreviation with lower case -.IP -.FONT CB .ww I " arg" -.P -or an abbreviation with upper case -.IP -.FONT CB .WW I " arg" -. -. -.P -These -.I "control words" -were renamed to -.I requests -later on in -.FONT CI roff R . -. -. -In the 1973 document, the words -.I macros -and -.I formats -are used without any documentation. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Control Words (Command Names, Requests) -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The documentation for -.I "control words" -in this paragraph are taken from the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -documentation of 1966. -. -Often this documentation refers to the -.FONT CB RUNOFF -program that doesn't exist any more. -. -When the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language will be implemented for -.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@) -these documentations must be adjusted. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .ADJUST -.TQ -.FONT CB .AD -Enable -.I fill -mode. -. -The next line is the first one affected. -. -This is the default mode. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .APPEND I " file" -.TQ -.FONT CB .AP I " file" -Take as the next input line the first line of -.IR \%file . -. -Note that the whole of -.I \%file -is appended, and that the appending is an irreversible process \[em] that -is, once -.FONT CB RUNOFF -encounters the -.FONT CB .APPEND -.I "control line" -it will switch to the file -.I \%file -and continue from the first line of -.IR \%file . -. -All lines following the -.FONT CB .APPEND -.I "control line" -will not be processed by -.FONT CB RUNOFF R . -. -The file -.I \%file -may, of course, itself call for appending of still another file, and -so on. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".BEGIN PAGE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .BP -Print out this page, start next line on a new page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .BREAK -.TQ -.FONT CB .BR -The lines before and after the -.FONT CB .BREAK -.I "control word" -will not be run together by the -.FONT CI fill -mode of operation. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .CENTER -.TQ -.FONT CB .CD -The following line is to be centered between the left and right -margins. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".DOUBLE SPACE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .DS -Copy is to be double spaced. -. -This mode takes effect after the next line. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FILL -.TQ -.FONT CB .FI -Enable -.IR "fill mode" . -. -That means: Lengthen short lines by moving words from the following -line; trim long lines by moving words to the following line. -. -This is the default mode. -. -.FONT CB .NOFILL -disables the -.I fill -mode. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .HEADER I " word1 word2 \*[Ellipsis]" -.TQ -.FONT CB .HE I " word1 word2 \*[Ellipsis]" -All of the line after the first blank is used as a header line, and -appears at the top of each page, along with the page number, if -specified. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" I " arg" -.TQ -.FONT CB .HM I " arg" -This -.I control sequence -alters the mode of the running head to that specified by the parameter -.IR \%arg . -. -Any of the following parameters are allowed for -.IR \%arg: -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.RS -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB CENTER -The header will be centered on the page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB MARGIN -The header will be adjusted against the right margin of the page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB FACING -On even\-numbered pages, the header will be adjusted against the left -margin, on odd numbered pages against the right. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB OPPOSED -The header will be adjusted against the opposite margin from the page -number. -. -In the absence of a -.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" -.IR "control sequence" , -the default option is -.FONT CB .OPPOSED R . -. -. -.RE -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .INDENT I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .IN I " n" -The argument -.I \%n -is a number. -. -Set the number of spaces to be inserted at the beginning of each line -to -.IR \%n . -. -Indent is preset to 0. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LINE LENGTH" I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .LL I " n" -The argument -.I \%n -is a positive number. -. -Set the line length to -.IR \%n . -. -The line length is preset to 60. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .LITERAL -.TQ -.FONT CB .LI -The following line is not a -.IR "control word" , -despite the fact that it begins with a period. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOFILL -.TQ -.FONT CB .NF -Disable -.IR "fill mode" . -. -That means: Print all lines exactly as they appear without right -adjustment or filling out. -. -In -.I NOFILL -mode each input line produces one output line; further blank lines are -output in this mode. -. -Use the -.FONT CB .FILL -.I control word -to restart -.IR filling . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOJUST -.TQ -.FONT CB .NJ -Disable -.IR "fill mode" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".ODD PAGE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .OP -This -.I "control word" -causes the current page to be printed out, and the next page to be -numbered with the next higher odd page number. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PAGE R " [" I n R ] -.TQ -.FONT CB .PA R " [" I n R ] -Print page numbers. -. -(The first page is not given a page number. -. -It has instead a two\-inch top margin. -. -See also -.FONT CB "Manuscript Conventions" R , -below.) -. -If argument -.I \%n -is present, insert a page break and number the next page -.IR \%n . -Note that -.FONT CB RUNOFF -does not print completely empty pages. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" I " arg1 arg2 \*[Ellipsis]" -.TQ -.FONT CB .PM I " arg1 arg2 \*[Ellipsis]" -This -.I control sequence -alters the mode of page numbering to that specified by the arguments. -. -The arguments may be in any order, and must be selected from the -following list: -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.RS -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB MARGIN -Page numbers will be adjusted against the right margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB FACING -Odd page numbers are adjusted against the right margin, even page -numbers are adjusted against the left margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB CENTER -Page numbers are centered between the right and left margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB TOP -Page numbers are placed on the fourth line from the top of the page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB BOTTOM -Page numbers are placed on the fourth line from the bottom of the -page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB OFF -Page numbers are discontinued. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB PREFIX I " \(dqstring\(dq" -The string of characters between quotation marks is prefixed to the -page number. -. -The quotation marks may be next to each other, in which case no prefix -is used. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ROMANU -Page numbers will be printed in upper case Roman numerals. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ROMANL -Page numbers will be printed in lower case Roman numerals. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ARABIC -Page numbers will be printed in Arabic. (This is the normal mode.) -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB SET I " n" -Set the next page number to be the positive number -.IR \%n . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB SKIP I " n" -Skip -.I \%n -page numbers. -. -. -.P -If in a single use of -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" -several arguments specify competing functions, the last one specified -takes precedence. -. -When the -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" -sequence appears in text at point A, all text up to A (and probably -some text after A) will appear on a page controlled by the previous -paging mode. -. -The new -.I paging mode -will take effect on the next page. -. -Then there is no danger of getting page numbers both at the top and -bottom of the same page. -. -. -.P -Use of the -.FONT CB TOP -parameter may conflict with the -.I \%heading -.IR \%mode . -. -If a heading and a page number should be printed in the same column, -the page number will take precedence. -. -In the absence of a -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" -.I control -.IR sequence , -the default options are: -.FONT CB "TOP MARGIN PREFIX \(dqPAGE\(dq" R . -. -. -.RE -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAPER LENGTH" I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .PL I " n" -This -.I control word -is used for running off a documentation file on non\-standard paper. -. -The number -.I \%n -is a line count, figured at 6 lines per inch. -. -If this -.I control word -is not given, -.I n -is assumed to be 66, for 11\-inch paper. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".SINGLE SPACE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SS -Copy is to be single spaced. -. -This mode takes effect after the next line. -. -(The normal mode is single space.) -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SPACE R " [" I n R ] -.TQ -.FONT CB .SP R " [" I n R ] -Insert -.I \%n -vertical spaces (carriage returns) in the copy. -. -If -.I \%n -carries spacing to the bottom of a page, spacing is stopped. -. -If -.I \%n -is absent or 0, one space is inserted. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .UNDENT I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .UN I " n" -In an indented region, this -.I control word -causes a break, and the next line only will be indented n spaces fewer -than usual. -. -This -.I "control word" -is useful for typing indented numbered paragraphs. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1973 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -Here are described only the additional -.I control words -that are documented in the 1973 documentation. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Formats -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FORMAT I " name" -This command causes subsequent text to be output under the control of -tne specified format (see below at -.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" R ). -. -Each following logical line will be fit into the format until a -.FONT CB .FILL -or -.FONT CB .NOFILL -command 1s encountered. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" I " <name> <pos> <field_ definition> \ -\*[Ellipsis]" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".END FORMAT" -These commands define a format for use in producing tables, etc. -. -. -.RS -. -. -.TP -.I <name> -identifies the format. -. -It can be activated by the -.FONT CB .FORMAT -.IR command . -. -. -.TP -.I <pos> -is the position and may be one of -.FONT CB LEFT R , -.FONT CB RIGHT R , -or -.FONT CB CENTER R , -and determines the overall positlon of the format with respect to the -margins. -. -. -.TP -.I <field_definition> -There can be several arguments of this type. -. -Each has the form: -. -. -.RS -. -.FONT CI <type> CB ( CI "<letter> \*[Ellipsis] <letter>" CB ) -. -.P -where the -.FONT CI <type> -is one of -. -.TP -.FONT CB L -for left, -. -.TP -.FONT CB R -for riqht, -. -.TP -.FONT CB C -for center, -. -.TP -.FONT CB F -fer fill, or -.FONT CB J -for justify. -. -. -.P -The first three types define fixed fields; the text to be formatted -must fit within the allocated space. -. -The latter types define variable fields; the text will be handled as -in normal fill mode processing. -. -. -.P -A picture showing the manner in which text should be output follows -the -.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" -command; following the picture should be an -.FONT CB ".END FORMAT" -command. -. -The following lines give an example: -. -. -.RS -. ft CB -. nf -. nh -. nop ".DEFINE FORMAT SUMMARY L(A) F(C) C(B)" -. nop "AAAA CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC BBBBBBB" -. nop " CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC " -. nop ".END FORMAT" -. hy -. fi -. ft -.RE -. -. -.P -The first field of text is left justified; the second is centered; the -third is subjected to -.I fill mode -processing without justification. -. -After the first line of output is generated using this format, all -subsequent lines are produced using the last picture 1ine. -. -(Strictly speaking the third line is unnecessary.) -. -. -.P -Text for formatted processing consists of a logical line (or -paragraph). -. -Each field except the last must be separated by -.IR tab . -. -The -.I tab character -is displayed here as backslash character -.FONT R ( CB \[rs] R ). -. -. -.P -The first field of text is -.FONT CB A R , -the second -.FONT CB B R , -etc. -. -Typical input for our example might be: -. -. -.RS -.nf -.nh -|A\\YES\\/THIS IS SOME TEXT -TO BE FILLED. -.hy -.fi -.RE -. -. -.P -The characters 1n the picture lines were 1nterpreted as follows. -. -Contiguous sequences of letters determine the fie1d positions; -non\-alphabetic characters are output literally. -. -(Note: -.FONT CB Q.QQ -wi11 not work, put the period -.RB \[dq] . \[dq] -in the text. -. -A sequence of characters written between double quotes is considered -literal text. -. -The -.I double quotes -are not output, and there is no way to use -.I double quote -as a -.IR literal . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Hyphenation Processing -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .HYPHENATE -Enable -.IR "hyphenation mode" . -. -This is the default when starting up. -. -The -.FONT CB RUNOFF -program used a small -.I glossary -for splitting. -. -In -.I hyphenation mode -.FONT CB RUNOFF -would try to find a word 1n the glossary which is the same (except for -the endings -.FONT CB \-S R , -.FONT CB \-ES R , -.FONT CB \-ED R , -and -.FONT CB \-E R ) -as the word at the end of the line of text. -. -When running in -.BR groff (1) -there are -.I glossaries -being much more complete than in -.BR RUNOFF . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOHYPHEN -Disable -.IR "hyphenation mode" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .GLOSSARY I " word" -This command inserts words into the -.I glossary -for use in -.IR hyphenation . -. -Each word should have the form -.FONT CB hy\[hy]phen\[hy]ate -and be separated by spaces. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".HYPHENATION BREAK" I " n" -This command set the parameter which determines the allowable number -of spaces to te inserted in a line before -.FONT CB RUNOFF -tried to hyphenate the last word. -. -Each space counts ten points. -. -If more than -.I n -points per word would have to be inserted, then -.I hyphenation -will be attempted. -. -The initial setting of this parameter is 5 (one\-half space per word). -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Margin Controls -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -There are two types of margins involved in -.FONT CI RUNOFF R . -. -. -.TP -(1) -The physical margins. -. -These are determined by the nature of the printing device. -. -The margins outline the area where it is physically possible to print -characters. -. -. -.TP -(2) -. -The logical margins. -. -These can be set bv the user as he wishes. -. -(Limits are imposed by the physical margins.) -. -They are initialized for standard 8.5\[dq] by 11\[dq] printing. -. -. -.P -Commands concerning vertical and horizontal margins are: -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAGE LAYOUT TM, EM, TOL" -This sets the vertical logical margins and vertical tolerence. -. -Parameters are top margin, bottom margin and tolerance. -. -The tolerance is used to determine where to break between pages on -page overflows. -. -If -there is a line break within -.I TCL lines -of the bottom, -.FONT CB RUNOFF -will break the page there; otherwise it will fill the page completely. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT LM, RM, NO, CS" -This sets the logical left and right margin, the number of columns, -and the number of spaces to insert between columns. -. -These margins are used for the page headings. -. -To adjust the relative -text position, use the subsequent commands. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".REDUCE MARGIN LM, RM" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".EXPAND MARGIN LM, RM" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".END REDUCTION" -These commands enable the user to indent a certain portion of his text -using the first command, or -.FONT CB .UNDENT -his text using the second command. -. -In either case the original margins are restored by the third command. -. -The use of several -.FONT CB ".REDUCE MARGIN" -commends before the corresponding -.FONT CB ".END REDUCTION" -commands succesively indents the text more, and more. -. -Thus these commands are 1ike brackets (i.e. recursive). -. -.FONT CB LM -is added to the left logical margin and -.FONT CB RM -is subtracted from the right logical margin in the first command. -. -Just -the opposite is done on the second command. -. -Negative numbers are permitted. -. -These commands do not effect the position of page headings. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LAYOUT PLM, PRM, PTM, PBM, LL, LO" -This command defines the physical margins in the followinq complex -manner. -. -(It should only be used for non\-standard devices, normally this -command should not be necessary.) -. -The parameters are the physical left margin (in spaces), the physical -right margin, the physical top 1ine, the physical bottom line, the -line lenqth, and line origin. -. -The first four parameters define the physical 1imits of the printing -device. -. -The final two parameters define the length of the logical line and its -origin with respect to the left edge of the paper. -. -Printing starts at column -.FONT CB "LO + LM" R , -and ends at -.FONT CB "LO + RM" R , -where -.FONT CB LM -and -.FONT CB RM -are the logical margins established by -.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT" R . -. -When using the -.FONT CI "facing feature" -(see -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" R ), -the logical left margin is -.FONT CB "LL \[em] RM" -on even pages, and the right margin is -. -.FONT CB "LL \[em] LM" R . -. -The parameters for the layout command must satisfy: -. -.RS -.RS -.nh -.nf -.ft CB -.nop "min(LO + LL \[em] PLM, PRM \[em] LO) > max(PLM \[em] LO, \ -LO + LL \[em] PRM)\f[],\f[CB]" -.nop LL > 25\f[], and \f[CB]PBM \[em] PTM > 6\f[] -.fi -.hy -.RE -. -. -.P -This command sets -.FONT CB LM -to 15, -.FONT CB RM -to -.FONT CB "LL \[em] 10" R , -.FONT CB TM -to -.FONT CB PTM R , -and -.cb BM -to -.FONT CB "PBM \[em] 6" R . -. -(These margin settings produce the standard 1.5 inch left, and 1 inch -right, too, and bottom margins.) -. -.RE -. -. -.P -Initially -.FONT CB RUNOFF -sets the margins for -.I teletype -output to: -. -. -.RS -.RS -.nh -.nf -.ft CB -.nop .LAYOUT 6, 89, 6, 66, 8S, 0 -.nop .LINE LAYOUT 15, 75 -.nop .FILL -.ft -.fi -.hy -.RE -.RE -. -. -.P -The printer layout is: -. -.RS -.RS -.nh -.nf -.ft CB -.nop ".layout 5, 137, 6, 66, 85, 15" -.nop ".page layout 6, 60, 4" -.ft -.fi -.hy -.RE -.RE -. -.P -The logical margins must satisfy: -. -.RS -.RS -.nh -.nf -.ft CB -.nop min(LL, PRM \[em] LO, LO \[em] LL \[em] PLM) >= RM > -.nop " LM >= max(0, PLM \[em] LO, LO + LL \[em] PRM)" \f[],\f[CB] -.nop "PBM >= BM > TM >= PTM" "\f[], and\f[CB]" -.nop BM \[em] TM > TOL\f[]. -.fi -.hy -.RE -.RE -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Paragraph Formatting -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH SPACING" I " n" -. -This specifies how many lines are to be inserted between paragraphs. -. -Initial setting = 1. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH INDENTATION" I " n" -This specifies how many additional spaces to insert at the beginning -of a paragraph. -. -Initial setting = 5. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH UNDENTATION" I " n" -This command is the same as -.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH INDENTATION" I " \-n" R . -. -That is, -.I n -fewer spaces are inserted at the beginning of the paragraph. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Special Line Justification and Control -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -These commands pertain to the next logical line. -. -The end of the line should be designated with a break. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .CENTER -. -Center the next line. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .INDENT I " n" -. -Indent the next line -.I n -spaces. -. -If -.I n -is not provided, 5 is assumed. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .UNDENT I " n" -. -Start the next line -.I n -spaces to the left of the normal margin. -. -This command is the same as -.FONT CB .INDENT I " \-n" R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .MARGIN -Justify the next 1ine against the right hand margin. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Heading and Paging -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .HEADER I " XXXXXXX" -.FONT CB RUNOFF -accepts a heading to go on the first line of -each paqe. -. -The heading strinq is assured to start at the first non\-blank -character after thd control word and end at carriage return. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" I " <param>" -.I <param> -determines the position of the heading on the 11ne. -. -.I <param> -may be any of the following. -. -. -.RS -. -.TP -.FONT CB CENTER -The header will be centered on the 1ine. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB MARGIN -The header will be adjusted against the riqht margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB PAGING -On even numbered pages tne header is adjusted against the right -margin. -. -On odd pages it is adjusted against the left mergin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB OPPOSED -The header will be adjusted against the opposite margin from the -page numter. -. -This is the initial mode. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" I " <param>" -. -This command determines the placing of the page number. -. -All parameters are optional. -.I <param> -may be anyone or more of the following oommands. -. -In case of conflict the latest command wins. -. -.RS -. -.TP -.FONT CB CENTER -The page numbers are centered between the logical margins. -. -.TP -.FONT CB MARGIN -The page number is adjusted against the right margin. -. -.TP -.FONT CB FACING -On even numbered pages the number will be adjusted against the right -margin. -. -On odd numbered pages tne number will be adjusted against the -left margin. -. -.TP -.FONT CB TOP -Page numbers are placed on the first line. -. -.TP -.FONT CB BOTTOM -Page numbers are placed on the last line. -. -.TP -.FONT CB OFF -Printing page numbers is discontinued. -. -.TP -.FONT CB PREFIX I " <string>" -.TQ -.FONT CB SECTION I " <string>" -.TQ -.FONT CB SUFFIX I " <string>" -The strings of characters between quotation marks are used to form the -page. string, which has the form: -. -.RS -.I <prefix><section><page number><suffix> -. -.P -Any or all of these strings mav be null. -. -The section string is considered to be part of the page number for -purposes of indexing. -. -.RE -.P -Initial mode is: -. -.RS -.RS -.ft CB -.nop ".PAGING MODE TOP MARGIN PREFIX \[dq]Page\[dq]" -.nop ".PAGING MODE SECTION \[dq]\[dq] SUFFIX \[dq]\[dq]" -.RE -.RE -. -. -.P -If neither page number nor heading is used, the text will start on the -first logical line. -. -Otherwise it will start on the fourth logical line. -. -If the page number is at the bottom, text will end on the fourth line -from the bottom. -. -If the paging and headinq mode conflict, the page string overwrites -the heading. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".ODD PAGE" -This -.FONT CI "control word" -causes the ourrent page to be printed out and the next page to be -started with the next higher odd number. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PAGE I " n" -If -.I n -is present, insert a page break and start numbering the next pege -with -.IR n . -Otherwise, turn the -.I paging mode -on and do not insert a page break. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" -Insert a page break if either there are fewer than -.I n -lines left on the page or -.I n -is not present. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Lines and Spacing -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".SINGLE SPACE" -Sing1e space all 1ines within paragraphs. -. -This is the initial state. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".DOUBLE SPACE" -Double space all lines within paragraphs. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SPACE I " n" -Output -.I n -1ine spaces. -. -If -.I n -is not provided, 1 is assumed. -. -In case of page overflow all remaining blank 1ines to be output are -deleted. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".FIGURE SPACING" I " n" -This command is equivalent to -.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" -followed by -.FONT CB .SPACE -.IR n . -. -These commands provide the only means of creatinq blank 11nes. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .BREAK -The lines before and after this command will not be run together in -.IR "fill mode" . -. -A simpler way to get a line break is to insert one or more blank lines -in the text. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".BEGIN GROUP" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".END GROUP" -The output lines enclosed between these two commands are forced to lie -on a page. -. -Thus this command acts in a manner similar to -.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" R , -where -.I n -has the 'right' value. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Miscellanous -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .UNDERLINE -The following 1ine is underlined. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .LITERAL -The next line is taken as part of text whether or not -it begins with dot. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .ESCAPE I <char> -.TQ -.FONT CB .SHIFT I <char> -.TQ -.FONT CB ".TAB CHARACTER" I <char> -The given character becomes the -.IR escape , -.IR shift , -or -.I tab -character. -. -The parameter for the -.FONT CB .SHIFT -and -.FONT CB ".TAB CHARACTER" -commands may be null, if no -.I shift -or -.I tab -character is desired. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".DEFINE COMMAND" I " <name>" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".END COMMAND" -.TQ -.FONT CB .CALL I " <name>" -These commands give the user the opportunity to combine text and -control lines to form his own commands. -. -All text and command lines between the first and second commands is -stored away under -.IR name . -. -When the third command is executed, the stored string is read and the -commands within the string are executed. -. -Recursion is not permitted. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .INDEX I " <phrase>, <phrase>" -. -.FONT CB RUNOfF -saves the first phrase in the main index table and the second phrase -(if any) in a sub\-index table associated with the first phrase. -. -.RS -. -The index is formatted and output after the last page of text. -. -Two built\-in but redefinable formats, -.FONT CI RINDEX -and -.FONT CI SINDEX R , -are used to format the index as shown in the following example. -. -.RS -.nh -.nf -.FONT CB "Algorithms, 40, 78," R " \[rs]\[dq] uses " I RINDEX -.FONT CB " analysis of, 27, " R " \[rs]\[dq] uses " I SINDEX -.fi -.hy -.RE -. -. -The following lines give the initial definitions for the indexing -formats. -. -. -.RS -.nh -.nf -.ft CB -.nop ".define format RINDEX f(A)" -.nop "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA" -.nop " AAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAA" -.nop ".end format" -.nop ".define format SINDEX f(A)" -.nop " AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA" -.nop " AAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAA" -.nop ".end format" -.ft -.fi -.hy -.RE -. -. -In order to get an index output in two columns, -.RS -.P -.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT 15, 75, 2, 4" -.P -should be the last line of the input. -.RE -. -.RE -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH RUNOFF DOCUMENTATION 1974 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -This document is the best documentation about text lines. -. -Parts of that is used in the document of 1981. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Command Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -All lines beginning with a period (dot) are -.FONT CI RUNOFF -command lines. -. -All other lines are text lines. -. -. -.P -A command line consists of a period, following by a command, which can -consist of one or more words, or a 2- or 3-letter abbreviation, -followed by 0 or 1 or more arguments. -. -This can be followed by a comment, which is preceeded by an -exclamation point (bang character) -.FONT CB ! R . -. -In ancient -.FONT CI RUNOFF R , -The comment didn't need to be preceeded. -. -. -.P -In this document, several command or text lines can be appended into a -multiple line if these parts are separated by a semi-colon -.FONT CB ; R . -. -If 2 commands are appended, the semi-colon may be omitted, because the -period is a sufficient separator. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Text Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.P -There are 2 modes of text line structures: -. -. -.TP -.I ancient style -This is the original style. -. -Due to very old hardware, there were only input methods for upper case -characters. -. -But typewriters and printers were able to use both upper and lower case. -. -So the text lines are all in upper case with special characters that -are case-shifters for the printing. -. -. -.TP -.I newer style -By better hardware, it was possible to use input methods with both -upper and lower case. -. -Here the text lines are like those in later -.FONT CI roff -and -.FONT CI groff -mode. -. -. -.P -This paragraph describes only the -.I ancient style -of text lines. -. -. -.P -This text is filled and justified such as with the later -.FONT CI roff -language. -. -Just as in -.FONT CI roff R , -the filling, justification, and line break can be turned on or off by -commands. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Case Changing of Text Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -In this section, the specification of case for files prepared on an -upper case terminal is documented. -. -There are special characters that in printing act as case-shifters for -ASCII characters into lower (ASCII code 97 to 122 decimal) or upper -case (ASCII code 65 to 90 decimal). -. -. -.P -The lower case mode seems to be the default mode. -. -Also, according to existing old -.FONT CI RUNOFF -files, each text line starts with this default mode. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "single circumflex " CB ^ -The following ASCII character is shifted into upper case. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "single back\-slash " CB \[rs] -The following ASCII character is shifted into lower case. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "double circumflex " CB ^^ -The case mode is shifted into upper case. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "double back\-slash " CB \[rs]\[rs] -The case mode is shifted into lower case. -. -. -.P -A common example with starting mode in lower case for these 4 special -characters is: -. -.P -.RS -^HERE IS A ^SAMPLE ^SENTENCE IN ^^UPPER CASE\\ AND LOWER CASE. -.RE -. -.P -is printed as: -. -.RS -Here is a Sample Sentence in UPPER CASE and lower case. -.RE -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Further special Characters in Text Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CI "ampersand " CB & -This is used for underscoring the next following character. -. -For example: -. -.RS -.P -.RS -&s&o&f&t&w&a&r&e -.RE -. -.P -becomes: -.RS -.UL software -.RE -. -.P -in the output or printing. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI "circumflex and ampersand " CB ^& -This is used for underscoring all following characters except for -blanks. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1981 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Source File Format -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The source file contains the textual material which will appear on the -final copy, plus information to specify formatting. -. -Most importantly, upper and lower case information also may be -supplied so that copy can be prepared on the terminal or other such -device which can input only upper case letters. -. -All command information consists of regular -.FONT CI ASCII -printing characters so that a listing of the source file may be -examined if the final copy is not exactly as desired. -. -. -.P -All material in the source file is taken to be source text except -those lines beginning with a period. -. -A line beginning with a period is assumed to be a command, and must -match one of those listed below. -. -The commands provide the formatting information, and control various -optional modes of operation. -. -. -.P -Usually the text is -.I filled -and -.I justified -as it is processed. -. -That is, the program -.I fills -a line by adding successive words from the source text until one more -word would cause the right margin to be exceeded. -. -The line is then -.I justified -by making the word spacings larger until the last word in the line -exactly meets the right margin. -. -. -.P -The user may occasionally wish to reproduce the source text exactly, -which is done by disabling -.I filling -and -.I justification -or by use of the -.FONT CR .LITERAL -command. -. -The program may be set to -.I fill -but not -.IR justify , -in which case the output will be normal except that lines will not be -justified to the right margin. -. -The program may also be set to -.I justify -but not -.IR fill , -although this would probably produce peculiar results and is not -recommended. -. -. -.P -When the -.I fill mode -is on, spaces and carriage returns occurring in the source text are -treated only as word separators. -. -Multiple separators are ignored. -. -. -.P -Some of the commands cause a BREAK in the output. -. -A -.I break -means that the current line is output without justification, and the -next word goes at the beginning of the next line. -. -This occurs at the end of paragraphs. -. -. -.P -The program will advance to new pages as necessary, placing the title -(if given) and the page number at the top of each page. -. -The user may call explicitly for a -.I page advance -where desired, and may inhibit the occurrence of a -.I page advance -within specified material. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Case Information of Text Lines -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The information in this section documents the style of the text lines -that could only be upper case in the ancient -.FONT CI CTSS -computers of the early 1960s.. -. -It seems as if this section documents the old -.FONT CI RUNOFF -style. -. -. -.P -Specification of -.I case -for files prepared on the terminal is done with two characters, -circumflex -.FONT R ( CB ^ R , CI " 136 octal" R ), -and -.FONT CR back\-slash R " (" CB \[rs] R , CI " 134 octal" R ). -The appearance of a circumflex causes the letter immediately following -to be transmitted in upper case. -. -The appearance of a -.FONT CR back\-slash -causes the letter immediately following to be converted to lower case. -. -Any letter not preceded by one of these characters is transmitted in -the current mode. -. -. -.P -The mode is initially -.I "upper case" -.FONT CB (wrong!) R . -. -(The initial mode seems to be -.IR "lower case" . -. -That's the style used by the available -.FONT CI RUNOFF -files in the PDP-10 archive and by the example below. -. -And each newline seems to switch back to the initial mode, well: -.IR "lower case" ). -. -. -.P -The mode is changed by the occurrance of two successive -.I case -control characters. -. -Two -.FONT CR circumflexes -.FONT CB ^^ -cause the mode to be set to -.IR "upper case" , -and two -.FONT CR back\-slashes -.FONT CB "\[rs]\[rs]" -cause the mode to be set to -.IR "lower case" . -. -. -.P -The use of the above corresponds to the use of the -.FONT CR shift -and -.FONT CR shift\-lock -keys on a typewriter. -. -Usually, typing appears in -.IR "lower case" . -To type one letter in -.IR "upper case" , -the -.FONT CR shift -.I key -is used. -. -The -.FONT CR shift\-lock -is set to type a series of -.IR "upper case letters" , -after which it is released. -. -. -.P -The following shows the uses of the case control characters: -.EX -^HERE IS A ^SAMPLE ^SENTENCE IN ^^UPPER CASE\[rs]\[rs] AND LOWER CASE. -.EE -becomes: -.EX -Here is a Sample Sentence in UPPER CASE and lower case. -.EE -. -. -.RS -.P -.ce -NOTE -. -.P -Case conversion takes place only on -.FONT CI ASCII -.I " codes" -.FONT CR 101 -to -.FONT CR "132 octal" R , -that is, the -.I upper case -letters. -. -Any actual -.I lower case -letters (codes -.FONT CR 141 -to -.FONT CR "172 octal" R ) -appearing in the source will be transmitted unchanged. -. -If the source is prepared on a device such as a -.FONT CI DECwriter -or model -.FONT CI "37 Teletype" -which produce letters of the proper -.IR case , -the mode should be set to -.I upper case -at the beginning of the file and left unchanged for the remainder. -.RE -. -. -.P -An additional character, -.FONT CR less\-than -.FONT R ( CR < R , -.FONT CR "074 octal" R ), -capitalizes the entire word it precedes. -. -It then returns the file to the current -.IR case . -. -This character is not engaged unless preceded by the -.nh -.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -.hy -.IR command . -. -Similarly, the -.nh -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -.hy -.I command -engages the special character -.FONT CR equals -.FONT R ( CB = R , CR "075 octal" R ), -which causes -.I hyphenization -to be suspended for the word it precedes. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Special Characters -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB & CI " Ampersand " CR Underscoring -The character -.FONT CI ampersand -.FONT R ( CB & R , -.FONT CR "046 octal" R ) -is used to specify -.UL underscoring . -. -The -.FONT CI ampersand -will cause the character following it to be -.IR underscored , -e.g. -.FONT CB &f&o&o -becomes -.UL \f[CB]foo\f[] . -. -. -.P -Underlining of a string of characters can also be specified in a -manner similar to that of the -.CI shift lock -operations described above. -; -An appearance of -.FONT CI ampersand -preceded by -.FONT CI circumflex -.FONT CB ^& -will cause underlining of all following characters except space. -. -An appearance of -.CI ampersand -preceded by -.CI back\-slash -.FONT CB \[rs]& -will disable this mode. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB # CR " Number Sign " I "Explicit space" -It is occasionally necessary to include -.I spaces -in the text which should not be treated as -.IR "word separators" . -. -For this purpose, -.FONT CI RUNOFF -treats the -.I number\-sign -character -.FONT R ( CB # R , -.FONT CR "043 octal" R ) -as a -.IR "quoted space" ; -i.e. it will print as exactly one -.I space -in the output, will never be expanded nor changed to a -.IR "carriage return" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB _ CR " Underline " I "Quote next character" -To allow the appearance of the -.I special characters -.FONT R ( CI ampersand -used as a -.IR "quote character" . -. -The character immediately following an -.FONT CR underscore -will be transmitted to the output with no formatting effect. -. -The -.FONT CR underscore -itself is thus another -.IR "case requiring quoting" . -. -The following five cases occur: -.FONT CB _& R , -.FONT CB _^ R , -.FONT CB _\[rs] R , -.FONT CB __ R , -.FONT CB _# R , -.FONT CB _{ R , -.FONT CB _} R , -and -.FONT CB _| R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ^ CI " Circumflex " I "Upper\-case shift or mode lock" -As described above, the -.FONT CI circumflex -character -.FONT CB ^ -is used to convert the letter following to -.IR upper\-case . -It is also used to lock the -.I case mode -in -.IR "upper case" , -and the -.I underline mode -to -.UL "underline all text" . -. -If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the -.I quote character -.FONT CB _^ R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CR \[rs] CI " back\-slash " I "lower\-case shift or mode unlock" -As described above, the -.FONT CI back\-slash -character -.FONT CB \[rs] -is used to output the letter following in -.IR lower\-case . -. -It is also used to lock the -.I case mode -in -.IR lower\-case , -and to disable -.IR underlining . -. -If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the -.I quote -character -.FONT CB _\[rs] R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB < CI " less\-than " I "Capitalize next word" -If -.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -has been engaged, the -.FONT CI less\-than -character -.FONT CB < -is a special character used to capitalize the entire word it precedes. -. -If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the -.I quote -character -.FONT CB _< R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB = CR " equals\-sign " I "hypenation disable" -If -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -has been engaged, the -.I equals -character -.FONT CB = -used to disable -.I hyphenation -for the word it preceds. -. -If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the -.I quote -character -.FONT CB _= R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB { CR " left\-brace " I "Reverse half\-linefeed" -If the output device type is no -.FONT CB N R , -then the -.I left -and -.I right braces -are used for -.I superscripting -and -.IR subscripting . -. -The -.I left\-brace -.FONT R ( CB { CR " 173 octal" R ) -produces a -.IR "reverse half\-linefeed" . -When combined with the -.I right brace -.FONT R ( CB } CR " 175 octal" R ) -scripting is created; e.g. -.FONT CB {super} -becomes -.FONT CB {super} R , -and -.FONT CB }sub{ -becomes -.FONT CB }sub{ R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB } CR " right\-brace " I "forward half\-linefeed" -As described above, the -.I right brace -.FONT R ( CB } CR " 175 octal" R ) -when coupled with the -.I left brace -will produce scripting. -. -This will only occur when a scripting output device is selected. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB | CR " vertical\-bar " I "Engage/disengage alternate character set" -The -.I vertical bar -.FONT R ( CB | R , CR " 174 octal" R ) -acts as an on/off switch. -. -It will alternatly transmit a -.I shift\-out -and a -.I shift\-in -character to change the selected character set; e.g. -.FONT CB |ABC| -becomes -.FONT CI Ctrl\-N CB ABC CI Ctrl\-O R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CI Ctrl\-N CR " Control-N " I "enchacement on/off; red/black ribbon" -If an -.I Anderson-Jacobson output device -is selected, a -.FONT CI Control\-N -.FONT R ( CI Ctrl\-N R , -.FONT CR "016 octal" R ) -will alternatly engage and disengage the print enchancement; e.g. -.FONT CB NFOO CI Ctrl\-N -becomes -.FONT CB FOO R . -. -. -.P -If a -.I Diablo output device -is selected, a -.FONT CI Control\-N -will alternatly select the red and black ribbon color; e.g. -.FONT CB NFOO CI Ctrl\-N -becomes -.FONT CB FOO R . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Special Characters Overview -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.P -Below is a list of -.FONT CI RUNOFF R 's -special characters. -. -To appear in the text, each must be preceded by the -.CI underscore -character (itself a special character). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ^ -shift character for upper case -. -.TP -.FONT CB \[rs] -shift character for lower case -. -.TP -.FONT CB < -flag character for upper case. -. -Only becomes a special character if -.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -is engaged. -. -.TP -.FONT CB # -quoted space character -. -.TP -.FONT CB = -flag character for disabling hyphenation. -. -Only becomes a -.I special character -if -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -is engaged. -. -.TP -.FONT CB & -.FONT CR underscore -. -.TP -.FONT CB _ -.I quote special character -. -.TP -.FONT CB { -.I reverse half\-linefeed -for scripting -. -.TP -.FONT CB } -.I forward half\-linefeed -for scripting -. -.TP -.FONT CB | -switch on/off the -.I alternate character set -. -.TP -.FONT CB ^n -switch on/off the print enchancement or switch to the red/black ribbon -color -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS RUNOFF Commands -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -The following -.I commands -will be recognized if they are at the beginning of a line started with -a period. -. -Any line in the source file beginning with a period is assumed to be -one of these -.IR commands . -. -If it is not, an -.I error diagnostic -will be typed and the line will be ignored. -. -Some -.I commands -take one or more decimal numeric arguments. -. -These are separated from the -.I command -by a -.FONT CR space R . -. -More than one -.I command -may be entered on a single line by separating the -.I commands -with a -.FONT CI semicolon -.FONT R ` CB ; R ' -or a -.FONT CI period -.FONT R ` CB . R '. -. -. -.P -.I Multi\-word commands -may appear in any form. -. -Thus, -.FONT CB ".NO HEADER" -and -.FONT CB .NOHEADER -are both legal. -. -. -.P -Many -.I commands -may be abbreviated. -. -Standard -.I abbreviations -are given below each -.IR command . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Text Formatting Commands -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .BREAK -.TQ -.FONT CB .BR -causes a -.IR break , -i.e. the current line will be output with no -.IR justification , -and the next word of the source text will be placed at the beginning -of the next line. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SKIP CI " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SK CI " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .S CI " n" -causes a BREAK after which -.CI n -is multiplied by the number of -.I spaces -between lines. -. -The result is the number of lines -.IR skipped . -. -Output is advanced to the top of the next page if there is no room on -the current page. -. -If the current page is empty, -.FONT CB .SKIP -does nothing. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .BLANK I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .B I " n" -causes the current line to be output with no -.IR justification , -skips -.FONT CI n -line spaces, and then starts output of the current source text. -. -.FONT CB .BLANK -is like -.FONT CB .SKIP R , -except that the -.I space -to be left is independent of line spacing. -. -If the page is empty, -.FONT CB .BLANK -does nothing. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FIGURE I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .FG I " n" -leaves -.I n -lines blank to make room for a figure or diagram. -. -If fewer than -.I n -lines remain on the current page, text continues to -.I fill -this page, then the page is advanced and -.I n -blank lines are left at the top of the next page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .INDENT I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .I I " n" -causes a -.CI break -and sets the next line to begin -.I n -spaces to the right of the left margin. -. -The -.I n -can be negative to allow beginning a line to the left of the left -margin. -. -However, a line cannot begin to the left of column 0. -. -If -.I n -is not supplied, the current paragraph indent is used. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PARAGRAPH I " n, v, t" -.FONT CB .P I " n, v, t" -causes a -.I break -and formats the output paragraphs. -. -The -.I n -is optional and, if present, sets the number of spaces the paragraph -is to be indented. -. -The default value for -.I n -is -.FONT CB 5 -.RI ( n -can also have a negative value). -. -.I v -is the vertical spacing between paragraphs. -. -.I v -can range from -.FONT CB 0 -to -.FONT CB 5 R . -. -.FONT R ( CB 1 -is -.IR "single spacing" , -.FONT CB 2 -is -.IR "double spacing" , -etc.) -. -.I t -causes an automatic -.FONT CI ".TEST PAGE" -(see the -.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE" -.IR command ). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .CENTER I " n" CB ; I text -.TQ -.FONT CB .CENTRE I " n" CB ; I text -.TQ -.FONT CB .C I " n" CB ; I text -causes a -.I break -and centers the following text in the source file. -. -The centering is over column -.FONT CB ( I n CB " + " I "left margin" CB )/2 R . -If -.I n -is not given, it is assumed to be the -. -.IR "right margin" . -. -. -.RS -.P -.ce -NOTE -. -.P -.FONT CB CENTER R , -.FONT CB "RIGHT MARGIN" R , -.FONT CB "LEFT MARGIN" R , -.FONT CB "PAGE SIZE" R , -and -.FONT CB STANDARD -take both relative and absolute values. -. -Relative values are expressed as -.FONT CB + I n -or -.FONT CB \- I n R , -while absolute values of -.I n -are unsigned. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FOOTNOTE I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .FN I " n" -saves -.I n -lines at the bottom of the current page for a -.IR footnote . -. -The -.I n -is multiplied by the number of spaces set with the -.FONT CB .SPACING -command. -. -If insufficient room remains on the current page, space is allocated -at the bottom of the following page. -. -The text of the -.I footnote -should begin on the line following the -.FONT CB .FOOTNOTE -command. -. -.IR Indentation , -.IR "case lock" , -.IR justify , -.IR margins , -.IR spacing , -and -.I fill -are preserved around footnotes. -. -However, -.I commands -that affect page formatting are illegal in a -.IR footnote . -. -.I Tab stops -are illegal because they are not preserved. -. -A footnote within a footnote is also illegal. -. -. -.P -The actual space taken by a footnote can be more or less than -specified by -.IR n . -If necessary -.FONT CR adjust -.I n -after examining a draft printout. -. -. -.P -The -.I footnote -is terminated with a line beginning with an exclamation point (the -remainder of which is ignored). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOTE I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .NT I " text" -starts an -.IR "indented note" . -. -This command -.I blanks -.FONT CB 2 R , -reduces both -.IR margins , -.I centers -the text (if no text is given, it centers the word -.FONT CB NOTE R ), -and then -.I blanks -.FONT CB 1 R . -. -At this point you enter the text of the -.IR note . -. -If the left margin is at -.FONT CB 0 R , -the -.I margin reduction -is -.FONT CB 15 R , -otherwise it is -.FONT CB 5 R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".END NOTE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .EN -terminates the -.FONT CB .NOTE -command, -.I blanks -.CONT CB 2 R , -and reverts the margins and spacing modes to their settings before the -last -.FONT CB .NOTE -command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .LIST I " n" -.FONT CB .LS I " n" -starts an indented list with -.I n -spacing, moves the left margin -.FONT CB 9 -spaces to the right for the first -.FONT CB .LIST -command, and -.FONT CB 4 -more spaces for each subsequent nested -.FONT CB .LIST R . -. -The normal -.I fill -and -.I justify modes -remain in effect. -. -Therefore, you must disengage them just after the -.FONT CB .LS -command if you want a ragged right. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LIST ELEMENT;" I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .LE; I " text" -starts an item in the list, used in conjunction with the -.FONT CB LIST -comand. -. -The elements are numbered sequentially and the number is given a -negative indent so that the list lines up. -. -The number is followed by a -.I period -and two -.I spaces -so that the indent will be by -.FONT CB \-4 R . -. -The -.I list elements -are separated by the standard paragraph spacing and -.FONT CI "TEST PAGE" R . -. -If you want to type the text on the same line as the command, you must -separate the text from the command with any number of intervening -.I spaces -or -.IR tabs , -or (optionally) one -.IR semicolon . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".END LIST" -.TQ -.FONT CB .ELS -terminates the -.FONT CB .LIST -command and returns to settings before the last -.FONT CB .LIST -command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .COMMENT I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .; I " text" -causes the line to be ignored. -. -The text is not printed in the output file, but rather is used as a -.I comment -line in the source text. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Page Formatting Commands -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PAGE -.FONT CB .PG -causes a -.I break -and an -.I advance -to a new page. -. -If the current page is empty, this -.I command -does not -.I advance -the page. -. -Just like an -.IR "automatic page advance" , -this -.I command -prints the -.I title -(if given) and -.I page numbers -on every page. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE" I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .TP I " n" -causes a -.I break -followed by a -.IR "conditional page advance" . -. -It skips to the next page if fewer than -.I n -lines are left on the page. -. -This capability is to ensure that the following -.I n -lines are all output on the same page. -. -This -.I command -has the form -.I t -as an optional argument to the -.FONT CB .PARAGRAPH -command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NUMBER I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .NM I " n" -starts page numbering. -. -This is the default so there is no reason to issue this command unless -page numbering is disengaged. -. -If -.I resumption -of page numbering is desired at a certain page, specify -.IR n . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NONUMBER -.FONT CB .NNM -disengages page numbering. -. -However, pages continue to be counted, so that the normal page number -can appear if page numbering is re\-entered with the -.FONT CB .NUMBER -command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .CHAPTER I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .CH I " text" -starts a new chapter using the text as the title of the chapter. -. -This -.I command -acts as if the following -.I command string -were entered: -. -. -.P -.EX -.nop ".BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;CHAPTER n" -.EE -.P -The -.I n -is incremented by -.FONT CB 1 -automatically. -. -After the CHAPTER -.I n -is typed on the page, -. -. -.P -.EX -.nop .BLANK 2;.CENTER;text;.BLANK 3 -.EE -.P -occurs. -. -This -.I command -then resets the -.IR case , -.IR margins , -.IR spacing , -and -.IR "justify/fill modes" . -. -It also clears any -.I subtitles -and sets the -.I chapter name -as the -.IR title . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER " I " n" -supplies a number -.I n -to be used in a subsequent -.FONT CB .CHAPTER -command. -. -.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER" -would be used when a -.I chapter -of a document occupies a source file of its own. -. -In such a case, -.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER" -would be the first command of the source file. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".HEADER LEVEL" I " n text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .HL I " n text" -starts a section at the level specified and takes the following text -as the header. -. -.I n -can range from -.FONT CB 1 -to -.FONT CB 5 R . -. -The sections are incremented by -.FONT CB 1 -automatically, and the number is output in the form -.FONT I i CB . I j CB . I k CB . I l CB . I m R . -If this is a chapter oriented document, the -.I i -is the chapter number. -. -Otherwise, it is the number of the -.FONT CB ".HL 1" -level. -. -This command acts as a -. -.P -.EX -.FONT CB ".BREAK;.TEST PAGE 9;.BLANK 3" -.EE -. -.P -followed by the -.IR "section number" , -two -.IR spaces , -and the -.IR "section name" . -. -.FONT CI "HEADER LEVELS " CB 1 -and -.FONT CB 2 -end with a -.IR break . -.FONT CI "HEADER LEVELS" -.FONT CB 3 R ", " CB 4 R , -and -.FONT CB 5 -end with a space\-dash\-space combination (#\-#). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .TITLE I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .T I " text" -takes the remaining text as the title and outputs it on every page at -line -.FONT CB 0 R . -. -The default is no title. -. -If a -.I title -is desired, this -.I command -must be entered in the source file. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE" I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".FT" I " text" -Same as -.FONT CB .TITLE R , -but used to specify the title to be printed on the first page of the -document. -. -This command must precede all text in the source file. -. -Use of the -.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE" -command is the only way to print a title line on the first page of the -document. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SUBTITLE I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SUBTTL I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .ST I " text" -takes the remaining text as the -.I subtitle -and outputs it on every page. -. -It appears directly under the title. -. -The -.I subtitle -is not -.IR indented , -but -.I indentation -can be achieved by typing leading spaces. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .INDEX I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB .X I " text" -takes the remaining text on the line as a keyword and adds it, along -with the current -.IR "page number" , -to the internal index buffer. -. -The command does not cause a -.IR break . -. -It should appear immediately before the item to be -.IR indexed . -. -A keyword may be -.I indexed -more than once. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" I " text" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".DX" I " text" -forces a new page, centers the text, if given, otherwise it centers -the word -.FONT CI "INDEX" R . -. -This command prints the entire contents of the index buffer. -. -Entries are printed in alphabetic order and are set against the left -margin. -. -Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is left between -entries of different first letters. -. -The page number of each entry is placed on the same line as the entry -and in the middle of the page. -. -Additional page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by -commas. -. -The index buffer is left empty. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".PX" -forces a new page after which it prints the entire contents of the -index buffer. -. -Entries are printed in alphabetical order and are set against the left -margin. -. -Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is left between -entries of different first letters. -. -The number of the first page on which each entry appeared is put on -the same line as the entry, beginning at the middle of the line -(midway betweeen the left and right margins). -. -Additional page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by -commas. -. -The index buffer is left empty. -. -. -.P -.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" -and -.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" -perform the same task. -. -The only difference is that -.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" -does not interrupt the normal chapter and page sequencing. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SUBPAGE -executes a -.FONT CB .PAGE -with page numbering suspended. -. -The page number is unchanged, but letters are appended to the page -number. -. -This permits insertion of additional pages within an existing document -without changing the existing page numbering. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".END SUBPAGE" -disengages the -.FONT CB .SUBPAGE -command by executing a -.FONT CB .PAGE -command with page numbering resumed. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .APPENDIX I " text" -.TP -.FONT CB .AX I " text" -starts a new appendix using the text as the title of the appendix. -. -This command acts as if the following command string were entered: -. -.RS -.P -.EX -.nop ".BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;APPENDIX a" -.EE -.RE -.P -The a is a letter that is incremented alphabetically automatically. -. -After the -.FONT CB "APPENDIX A" -is typed on the page, -. -.RS -.P -.EX -.nop .BLANK 2;.CENTER;text;.BLANK 3 -.EE -.RE -. -.P -occurs. -. -This command then resets the -.IR case , -.IR margins , -.IR spacing , -and -.IR justify/fill -modes. -. -It also clears any subtitles and sets the appendix name as the title. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".NUMBER APPENDIX" I " a" -supplies a letter -.I a -to be used as the letter for a subsequent -.FONT CB .APPENDIX -command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .HEADER I " arg" -.TQ -.FONT CB .HD I " arg" -causes the page header -.RI ( title , -.IR subtitle , -and -.IR "page number" ) -to be printed. -. -.I arg should be -.FONT CB UPPER -to specify -.I upper case characters -for the title text, -.FONT CB LOWER -to specify -.IR "lower case" , -or -.FONT CB MIXED R . -. -The initial setting is -.FONT CB ".HEADER UPPER" R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOHEADER -.TP -.FONT CB .NHD -causes the page header -.RI ( title , -.IR subtitle , -and -.IR "page number" ) -to be omitted. -. -The header lines are completely omitted, so that text begins at the -top of the page with no -.IR "top margin" . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Mode Setting Commands -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB .JUSTIFY -.TQ -.FONT CB .J -causes a break and sets subsequent output lines to be justified -(initial setting). -. -The -.I command -increases the spaces between words until the last word exactly meets -the right margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOJUSTIFY -.TQ -.FONT CB .NJ -causes a -.I break -and prevents -.I justification -of subsequent output lines to make a ragged right margin. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FILL -.TQ -.FONT CB .F -causes a break and specifies that subsequent output lines be filled -(inital setting). -. -Sets the justification mode to be that specified by the last -appearance of -.FONT CB .JUSTIFY -or -.FONT CB NOJUSTIFY R . -. -.FONT CB .FILL -adds successive words from the source text until the adding of one -more word will exceed the right margin. -. -It stops before putting the last word in. -. -(If -.I hyphenation -has not been disabled, -.FONT CB RNO -will attempt to -.I break -words which cause line overflow into syllables.) -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOFILL -.TP -.FONT CB .NF -disengages the -.I fill -and -.IR "justify modes" . -. -This -.I command -is used to permit typing a table. -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -.ce -NOTE -. -.P -1. The -.I nofill\-nojustify mode -need be used only where there are several lines of material to be -copied exactly. -. -A single line example will not require using these commands if there -are breaks before and after. -. -. -.P -2. Normally -.FONT CB .FILL -and -.FONT CB NOFILL -are used to turn both -.I filling -and -.I justification -on and off. -. -It is usually desirable to do both. -. -A subsequent appearance of a -.I justification command -will override the -.I fill command -however. -. -. -.P -3. Because of the action of -.FONT CB .FILL R , -a single occurrance of -.FONT CB NOJUSTIFY -will cause the remainder of the file to be -.IR unjustified , -with -.I filling -as specified. -. -In order to -.I justify -but -.I not fill -(not recommended), a -.FONT CB .JUSTIFY -command must follow every -.FONT CB .NOFILL -command. -. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".UPPER CASE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .UC -sets the output mode to -.IR "upper case" . -. -This comand acts the same as typing two -.CI circumflexes -.FONT CB ^^ R . -. -This is the default mode. -. -There is no need to type this command unless the mode was previously -altered to -.IR "lower case" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LOWER CASE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .LC -sets the typeout mode to -.IR "lower case" . -This command acts the same as typing two -.I back\-slashes -.FONT CB \[rs]\[rs] R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".FL CAPITALIZE" -enables the -.CI less\-than -.FONT CB < -character to -.I capitalize -the entire word it precedes. -. -It then returns the file to the current case mode. -. -This -.I special character -is usually -.FONT CR off -and must be typed at the very beginning of the source text to enable -this character. -. -Typing a space or another -.FONT CI "less\-than " CB < -returns the file to the current -.IR "case lock" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .NFC -disengages the -.FONT CB "FLAG CAPITALIZE" -command (inital setting). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .HYPHENATION -.TQ -.FONT CB .HY -engages -.I hyphenization -(initial setting). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".NO HYPHENATION" -.TQ -.FONT CB .NHY -disengages -IR hyphenization . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -.TQ -.FONT CB ".FL HYPHENATE" -enables the -.I equals character -.FONT CB = -to disengage -.I hyphenization -for the word it precedes. -. -This -.I special character -is initially -.FONT CR off -and must be typed at the beginning of the source file to enable this -character. -. -The -.FONT CI "FLAGS HYPHENATE" -.I character -is used to disengage -.I hyphenization -for words improperly -.I hyphenated -by the -.IR "hyphenization algorithm" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS HYPHENATE" -.TQ -.FONT CB .NFH -disengages the -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -command (initial setting). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NFL -disengages the -.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" -and the -.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" -commands (initial setting). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PERIOD -.TQ -.FONT CB .PR -enables printing of two -.I spaces -after every -.I period -.FONT CB . -that is followed by at least one -.I separator character -(initial setting). -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOPERIOD -.TQ -.FONT CB .NPR -disengages conversion of -.I period/separator -to -.IR "period/two spaces" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .LITERAL -.TQ -,FONT CB .LIT -disengages -.I fill/justify -to permit printing of text exactly as entered in source file. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".END LITERAL" -.TQ -.FONT CB .ELI -used after -.FONT CB .LITERAL -command to re\-engage -.IR fill/justify . -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Parameter Setting Commands -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".LEFT MARGIN" I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .LM I " n" -sets the left margin to -.IR n . -. -The -.I n -must be less than the right margin but not less than -.FONT CB 0 R . -The initial setting is -.FONT CB 0 R . -If -.I n -is not supplied, -.FONT CB 0 -is used. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".RIGHT MARGIN" I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .RM I " n" -sets the right margin -.IR n . -The -.I n -must be greater than the left margin. -. -The initial setting is -.FONT CB 60 R . -. -If -.I n -is not supplied, the current page width (set with the -.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" -command) is used. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAPER SIZE" I " n" CB , I m -.TP -.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" I " n" CB , I m -.TP -.FONT CB ".PS" I " n" CB , I m -sets the size of the page -.I n -lines by -.I m -columns and sets the right margin to -.IR m . -The default setting is -.FONT CB 58,60 R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .PITCH I " n" CB , I m -.TQ -.FONT CB .PIT I " n" CB , I m -sets the horizontal and vertical pitch on a supporting output device. -. -The horizontal pitch is -.I n -and is specified as characters per inch. -. -The value must divide evenly into -.FONT CB 60 -for -.FONT CI "Anderson\-Jacobson devices" -and into -.FONT CB 120 -for -.FONT CI "Diablo devices" R . -. -The default is -.FONT CB 12 R . -. -. -.P -The vertical pitch is -.I m -and is specified as lines per inch. -. -.I m -must divide evenly into -.FONT CB 48 R . -. -The default is the hardware setting. -. -.I n -and -.I m -may be set independently. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .SPACING I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SP I " n" -sets the number of spaces between lines. -. -The -.I n -can range from -.FONT CB 1 -to -.FONT CB 5 R . -. -The default setting is -.FONT CB 1 R . -. -.FONT CB ".SPACING 1" -is like -.I single spacing -on a typewriter and -.FONT CB ".SPACING 2" -is like -.IR "double spacing" . -.FONT CB ".SPACING 2" -puts one -.I blank line -between lines of text. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .STANDARD I " n" -.TQ -.FONT CB .SD I " n" -returns all parameters, except the pitch settings, to their initial -settings and sets -.I n -as the page width. -. -If -.FONT CB ".STANDARD 60" -is specified, margins are reset -.FONT CB ".LM 0" R , -.FONT CB ".RM 60" R , -.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE 58,60" R , -.FONT CB ".SPACING 1" R , -.FONT CB "PARAGRAPH INDENT 5" R , -and -.I fill -and -.I justify -are enabled. -. -.FONT CB ".STANDARD 70" -sets right margin to -.FONT CB 70 -and -.I page size -to -.FONT CB 58,70 R . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS" I " n" CB , I n CB , I \*[Ellipsis] -.TQ -.FONT CB ".TS" I " n" CB , I n CB , I \*[Ellipsis] -sets tabs. -. -The -.I n -must be greater than -.FONT CB 0 -and listed in ascending order. -. -If tabs already exist, the issuing of another -.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS" -command clears all previous -.I tabs -before setting new ones. -. -The -.I default tabs -are set at eight\-column intervals to match the -.FONT CR Digital -hardware standard. -. -These -.I tabs -are at columns -.FONT CB 8 R , -.FONT CB 16 R , -.FONT CB 24 R , -.FONT CB 32 R , -.FONT CB 40 R , -.FONT CB 48 R , -.FONT CB 56 R , -.FONT CB 64 R , -.FONT CB 72 R , -and -.FONT CB 80 R . -. -The tabs are converted to the appropriate number of non\-expandable -spaces. -. -If there are no regular spaces to the left of the -.IR tabs , -they will print out at the appropriate position, even if -.I fill -is on. -. -If -.I literal -is on, the -.I tabs -are not converted to -.IR spaces , -but are output as -.IR tabs . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .AUTOPARAGRAPH -.TQ -.FONT CB .AP -causes any -.I blank line -or any line starting with a -.I space -or -.I tab -to be considered as the start of a new paragraph. -. -This command allows normally typed text to be -.I justified -without special commands. -. -It does not cause a paragraph if -.I blank lines -are followed by a command. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .NOAUTOPARAGRAPH -.TQ -.FONT CB .NAP -disengages the -.FONT CI AUTOPARAGRAPH -mode. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS List of Commands (Alphabetical) -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.if t \{ -.ig endTBL -.\} -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" Table using tbl for running in tty -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.nf -.nh -. -.TS -center,allbox,tab(@); -cIw(1.5i) sw(1.5i) cIw(1.5i). -Command or Abbreviation@Related Commands -= -. -.T& -l l l. -\f[CB].AP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R])@ -\f[CB].APPENDIX\f[I] text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].AX\f[R])@\f[CB].NUMBER APPENDIX\f[I] a -\f[CB].AX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].APPENDIX\f[R])@ -\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH \f[R]@(=\f[CB].AP\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NAP\f[R]) -T} -_ -\f[CB].B\f[R]@(=\f[CB].BLANK\f[R])@ -\f[CB].BLANK \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].B\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].SKIP \f[I]n -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].S\f[R]) -T} -\f[CB].BR\f[R]@(=\f[CB].BREAK\f[R])@ -\f[CB].BREAK@\f[R](=\f[CB].BR\f[R]) -_ -\f[CB].C\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CENTRE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].CENTER\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CENTRE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].CENTRE \f[I]n\f[CB];\f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].C\f[R])@ -\f[CB].CH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CHAPTER\f[R])@ -\f[CB].CHAPTER \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].CH\f[R])@\f[CB].NUMBER CHAPTER \f[I]n -\f[CB].COMMENT \f[I]text\f[R]@@ -_ -\f[CB].DO INDEX \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].DX\f[R])@T{ -. -\f[CB].PRINT INDEX -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].PX\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].DX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].DO INDEX\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].ELS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].END LIST\f[R])@ -\f[CB].EN\f[R]@(=\f[CB].END NOTE\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].END LIST\f[R]@(=\f[CB].ELS\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].LIST \f[I]n -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].LS\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].END LITERAL \f[R]@(=\f[CB].ELI\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].LITERAL -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].LIT\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].END NOTE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].EN\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NOTE \f[I]text -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NT\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].END SUBPAGE\f[R]@@\f[CB].SUBPAGE -_ -\f[CB].F\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FILL\f[R])@ -\f[CB].FG\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FIGURE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].FIGURE n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].FG\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].FILL \f[R]@(=\f[CB].F\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NOFILL -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NF\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].FIRST TITLE \f[I]text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FT\f[R])@\f[CB].TITLE \f[I]text -. -\f[CB].FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FL CAPITALIZE\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NFL\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].FLAGS HYPHENATE \f[R]@(=\f[CB].FL HYPHENATE\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NFH\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].FN\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FOOTNOTE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].FOOTNOTE \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FN\f[R])@ -\f[CB].FT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FIRST TITLE\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].HD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HEADER\f[R])@ -. -T{ -\f[CB].HEADER \f[I]arg\f[R] -.br -\f[R] [\f[I]arg\f[R]=\f[CB]UPPER\f[R], \f[CB]LOWER\f[R], or \f[CB]MIXED]\f[R] -T}@(=\f[CB].HD\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NOHEADER -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NHD\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].HEADER LEVEL \f[I]n text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HL\f[R])@ -\f[CB].HL\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HEADER LEVEL\f[R])@ -\f[CB].HY\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HYPHENATION\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].HYPHENATION \f[R]@(=\f[CB].HY\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NHY\f[R]) -T} -. -_ -\f[CB].I\f[R]@(=\f[CB].INDENT\f[R])@ -\f[CB].INDENT \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].I\f[R])@ -\f[CB].INDEX \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].X\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].J\f[R]@(=\f[CB].JUSTIFY\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].JUSTIFY \f[R](\f[CB].J\f[R])@@T{ -\f[CB].NOJUSTIFY -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NJ\f[R]) -T} -. -_ -\f[CB].LC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LOWER CASE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].LE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIST ELEMENT\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].LEFT MARGIN \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LM\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN \f[I]n -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].RM\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].LIST \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LS\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].END LIST -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].ELS\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].LIST ELEMENT;\f[I]text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LE\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].END LIST -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].ELS\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].LIT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LITERAL\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].LITERAL\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIT\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].END LITERAL -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].ELI\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].LM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LEFT MARGIN\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].LOWER CASE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LC\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].UPPER CASE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].UC\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].LS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIST\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].NAP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NF\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOFILL\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NFC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NFH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].NFL\f[R]@T{ -(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE -.br -.ce -\f[R] and -.br -\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R]) -T}@ -. -\f[CB].NHD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO HEADER\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NHY\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NJ\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO JUSTIFY\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NUMBER\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NNM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO NUMBER\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NAP\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH \f[R](\f[CB].AP\f[R]) -.br -\f[CB]\ .PARAGRAPH \f[I]n,v,t \f[R](\f[CB].P\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NOFILL\f[R]@=(\f[CB].NF\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].FILL -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].F\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NFL\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].FLAGS CAPITALIZE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].FL CAPITALIZE\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NFH\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].FLAGS HYPHENATE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].FL HYPHENATE\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NOHEADER\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NHD\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].HEADER \f[I]arg -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].HD\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NHY\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].HYPHENATION -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].HY\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NOJUSTIFY \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NJ\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].JUSTIFY -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].J\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NONUMBER \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NNM\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NUMBER \f[I]n -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NM\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NOPERIOD \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NPR\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].PERIOD -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].PR\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NOTE text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NT\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].END NOTE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].EN\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].NPR\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO PERIOD\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOTE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].NUMBER APPENDIX \f[I]a\f[R]@@\f[CB].APPENDIX text -\f[CB].NUMBER CHAPTER \f[I]n\f[R]@@\f[CB].CHAPTER text -_ -\f[CB].P\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PARAGRAPH\f[R])@ -\f[CB].PAGE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PG\f[R])@ -\f[CB].PAGE SIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAPER SIZE\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].PAPER SIZE \f[I]v\f[CB],\f[I]h\f[R]@T{ -(=\f[CB].PS\f[R] -.br -\f[CB].PAGE SIZE\f[R]) -T}@ -. -\f[CB].PARAGRAPH \f[I]h\f[CB],\f[I]v\f[CB],\f[I]t \f[R]@(=\f[CB].P\f[R])@ -\f[CB].SKIP \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].S\f[R])@\f[CB].BLANK \f[I]n \f[R](\f[CB].B\f[R]) -\f[CB].SP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SPACING\f[R])@ -\f[CB].SPACING \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].SP\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].PERIOD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PR\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].NOPERIOD -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].NPR\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].PG\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAGE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].PITCH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PIT\f[R])@ - -.\f[CB].PRINT INDEX \f[R]@(=\f[CB].PX\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].DO INDEX text -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].DX\f[R]) -T} -. -\f[CB].PS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAPER SIZE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].PX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PRINT INDEX\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].RM\f[R])@ -\f[CB].RM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].S\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SKIP\f[R])@ -\f[CB].SD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].STANDARD\f[R])@ -\f[CB].ST\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SUBTITLE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].SUBPAGE\f[R]@@\f[CB].END SUBPAGE -\f[CB].SUBTITLE \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].ST\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].T\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TITLE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].TAB STOPS \f[I]n,n, \*[Ellipsis] ,n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].TS\f[R])@ -\f[CB].TEST PAGE \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].TP\f[R])@ -\f[CB].TITLE text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].T\f[R])@ -\f[CB].TP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TEST PAGE\f[R])@ -\f[CB].TS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TAB STOPS\f[R])@ -_ -\f[CB].UC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].UPPER CASE\f[R])@ -. -\f[CB].UPPER CASE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].UC\f[R])@T{ -\f[CB].LOWER CASE -.br -\f[R](\f[CB].LC\f[R]) -T} -. -_ -\f[CB].X\f[R]@(=\f[CB].INDEX\f[R])@ -. -.TE -. -.hy -.fi -. -. -.\" End of tbl ---------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.if t \{ -. endTBL -.\} -. -. -.\" use groff_hdtbl -.if t \{ -. mso hdtbl.tmac -. TableHDTBL -.\} -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH EXPERIMENTAL ADDITIONS 1965 -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -These -.I "control words" -are documented in -.FONT CI Saltzer R 's -documentation of 1965. -. -It is unsure whether they were really implemented. -. -. -.P -In this documentation, all -.I control words -are written in -.IR "lower case" . -. -The writing in -.I upper case -is not mentioned, the same is true for -.IR abbreviations . -. -So this documentation uses only -.IR "lower case" . -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FIGURE -This -.I control word -turns control over to a -.I figure -.IR processor , -which creates in -.I core memory -a representation of a -.I flow diagram -under the control of a few special -.IR "control words" . -When the -.I control word -.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" -is encountered, the completed picture is printed immediately on the -page being generated if there is room on that page; otherwise the -.I figure -will appear at the top of the next page. -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -Text following the -.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" -.I control word -will be smoothly attached to text before the -.FONT CB .FIGURE R . -. -No break is generated. -. -(Restriction: If a -.I figure -is being held for placement at the top of the next page, another -.I figure -may not be encountered before the first one is printed.) -. -. -.P -The only -.I control words -which are recognized when in the -.I \%figure processor -are the following three: -.FONT CB .FRAME R , -.FONT CB .BOX R , -and -.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" R . -. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FRAME I " m n" -This -.I control word -intitalizes the -.I figure processor -by giving the height and width of the figure to be produced. -. -.I m -is -the height, in lines; and -.I n -is the width, in characters. -. -(Note that a 1050 types 6 lines per inch, and 10 characters per inch.) -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -Any attempt to place items in the picture which extend beyond the -boundaries will cause an error comment to be generated. -. -.I \%m -and -.I \%n -must both be less than 100 and their product must be smaller than -5400. -. -We may now think of the -.I figure -to be produced as an array of -.I m -times -.I n -elements. -. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .BOX I " i j" -The text on the lines following this -.I control word -will be placed in the -.I figure -such that the first character on the first line following the -.FONT CB .BOX -will appear in row -.IR i , -character position --IR j . -. -The end of the text is indicated by a -.FONT CB .BOX -.I control word -for another piece of text or the -.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" -.I control -.IR word . -. -Temporarily, the text should not include underlined or overtyped -characters. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" -This -.I control word -causes control to return to the regular -.I control processor -of the -.FONT CB RUNOFF -command, for the decision to print the picture. -. -Note that another -.FONT CB .FIGURE -.I control word -may not appear until after this -.I figure -has been printed. -. -. -.RS -.P -One further -.I control word -has been added which is intended to facilitate bringing out revised -editions of a memorandum. -. -. -.RE -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .FLAG -The next line to be printed after this -.I control word -is encountered will have an asterisk placed two spaces to the right of -the right margin, as illustrated. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .DEFINE I " symbol" -. -This -.I control word -defines the value of the symbol -.I symbol -to be the number of the page currently being printed. -. -The symbol may be used later with the -.FONT CB .USE -.I control word -to cause printing of the page number in text. -. -The characters in the symbol must be mappable into the six\-bit -character set, and all symbols must be six of fewer characters. -. -. -.TP -.FONT CB .USE I " symbol" -The value of the symbol -.I symbol -is inserted into the text with a single blank preceding and no blank -following. -. -If the symbol has not been previously defined, its value is -.FONT CB 0 R . -Text may continue following a blank typed after the symbol. -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -Here is an example of the use of these -.I control -.IR words . -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -In one area of text: -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -We now discuss the operation of the typewriter -.FONT CB ".DEFINE REF1" -coordinator module, which \*[Ellipsis] -. -. -.RE -. -. -.P -In a later area of text: -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -As we saw in the discussion of the typewriter coordinator on page -.FONT CB ".USE REF1" R , -the rest of \*[Ellipsis] -. -. -.RE -. -. -.P -if the first area of text were on page 14, the later line would read: -. -. -.RS -. -. -.P -As we saw in the discussion of the typewriter coordinator on page 14, -the rest of \*[Ellipsis] -. -. -.RE -.RE -.RE -- -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SS Further Study of Experimental Additions -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -A number of suggestions have been made for extending the -.I control word -language of -.FONT CI RUNOFF R , -and its capabilities. -. -These are listed here, primarily to elicit comment and discussion, -both on the language which describes these operations and the less -important problem of their implementation. -- -. -.TP -1. -. -Word division. -. -This is a whole are of study in itself. -. -. -.TP -2. -. -Automatic footnote insertion. -. -This was handled somewhat awkwardly in the -.FONT CB DITTO -.IR command , -although the basic approach was probably reasonable. -. -. -.TP -3. -. -Automatic page references, perhaps via some symbolic reference scheme. -. -This would enable the page number in "as was described on page 32" to -be inserted by the program. -. -The analogy with an assembly program should be hotly pursued for -ideas. -. -. -.TP -4. -. -Special provision for printing facing pages. -. -This would require alternate running heads, placing page numbers -alternately at right and left, and matching line counts on facing -pages. -. -. -.TP -5. -. -Improved page\-division rules, to prevent the last line of a paragraph -appearing alone at the top of a page, for example. -. -At present, copy must be run off to check by hand that awkward page -divisions have not been made. -. -. -.TP -6. -. -Automatic generation of page numbers for a table of contents. -. -Again, the analogy of an assembly program symbol table appears -fruitful. -. -. -.TP -7. -. -Automatic generations of an index. -. -The problem here is obtaining too many references to a given word, -many irrelevant. -. -. -.TP -8. -. -Arrangement of tabulated data. -. -This problem may have already been partly approached with the -above\-described figure generator, or the facilities already available -in -.IR RUNOFF , -but automatic setup of column widths and positions would be desirable. -. -One could include in this category the ability to call on other -programs to computer numbers to place in tables, although this is -going pretty far afield. -. -. -.TP -9. -. -Placing figures in a -.I "cut" -or -.IR inset . -. -The control language is the most difficult problem here. -. -. -.TP -10. -. -Equation typing and numbering. -. -Again, the control language appears formidable. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH MANUSCRIPT CONVENTIONS -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -Initially, -.FONT CI RUNOFF -is set to -.I FILL -mode, such as by using -.FONT CB .FILL R . -. -The filling is identical to -.FONT CI groff R 's -filling mode: -. -Text lines will normally be adjuted by inserting extra spaces in -mid\-line so that the end of the line is on the right margin. -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH AVAILABLE RUNOFF FILES -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -You can still find text files in the -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language. -. -. -.P -In the -.nh -.UR http://\:www.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:pdp10.html -Kermit website -.UE -you find 3 files in -.FONT CI RUNOFF -language maybe of the -.FONT CR Multics -era or later: -. -.Topic -.UR ftp://\:kermit.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:d/\:k10133.rno -.FONT CR k10133.rno -.UE -. -.Topic -.UR ftp://\:kermit.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:d/\:k10mit.rnh -.FONT CR k10mit.rnh -.UE -. -.Topic -.UR ftp://\:kermit.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:d/\:k10v3.rno -.FONT CR k10v3.rno -.UE -.hy -. -. -.P -At -.nh -.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:pubs.html -.FONT CR Saltzer R 's -publication website -.UE -you find files in -.FONT CI RUNOFF -of the -.FONT CR Multics -era. -.hy -. -Search there for -.nh -.FONT CR runoff -and you will find the following 5 files: -. -.Topic -.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:whyring/\:whyring.run -.FONT CR whyring.run -.UE -. -.Topic -.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:starring/\:starring.run -.FONT CR starring.run -.UE -. -.Topic -.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:tmring.run -.FONT CR tmring.run -.UE -. -.Topic -.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:florence.run -.FONT CR "RFC1498 florence.run" -.UE -. -.Topic -.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:sourcerouting/\:zurich.run -.FONT CR zurich.run -.UE -.hy -. -. -.P -Most -.nh -.FONT CI RUNOFF -files are found in the -.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/ -.FONT CR "DEC PDP\-10 archive" -.UE . -. -Many files are very old as they are written in -.I upper case -only: -. -.Topic -.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=*.rno -normal documents -.FONT CB *.rno -in -.FONT CI RUNOFF -.UE -. -.Topic -.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=*.rnh -.FONT CB *.rnh -help files in -.FONT CI RUNOFF -.UE -. -.Topic -.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=runoff.* -.FONT CB runoff.* -documents about -.FONT CI RUNOFF -.UE -.hy -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH "SEE ALSO" -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -. -.PP -.\" BR RUNOFF (@MAN1EXT@), -.BR groff (@MAN1EXT@), -.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@), -.BR roff (@MAN7EXT@), -.BR groff_filenames (@MAN7EXT@) -. -. -.TP -.FONT R "1964 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R : -.nh -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \[em] TYPSET and RUNOFF, Memorandum editor and \ -type\-out commands" -.hy -available at -.UR \%http://\:mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:CC\-244.html -.UE -. -. -.TP -.FONT R "1965 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R : -.nh -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Experimental Additions to the RUNOFF Command" -available at -.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:afs/\:athena.mit.edu/\:user/\:other/\ -\:a/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:PSN\-40.html -.UE -.hy -. -. -.TP -.FONT R "1966 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R : -.nh -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \[em] Manuscript Typing and Editing" -.hy -which is available in the internet at -.UR http://\:mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:AH.9.01.html -.I MIT html -.UE -or -.UR \%http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:ctss\/\:AH.9.01.html -.I CTSS html -.UE -or -.UR \%http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:ctss/\:AH.9.01.pdf -.I CTSS pdf -.UE . -. -. -.TP -.FONT R "1973 " CR "Larry Barnes" R : -.FONT CI "Larry Barnes \[em] RUNOFF: A Program for the Preparation of Documents" -available as -.UR http://\:www.textfiles.com/\:bitsavers/\:pdf/\:sds/\:9xx/\:940/\ -\:ucbProjectGenie/\:mcjones/\:R\-37_RUNOFF.pdf -.I pdf -.UE . -. -. -.TP -.FONT R "1974 " CR "DEC RSTS" R : -.FONT CI "RUNOFF User's Guide" R : CR " v8.0-v4-d-rsts_e_runoff_users_guide.pdf" -at -.UR http://elvira.stacken.kth.se/rstsdoc/rsts-doc-v80/v8.0-v4-d-rsts_e_runoff_users_guide.pdf -.I DEC RSTS -.UE . -. -. -.TP -.FONT R "1981 " CR PDP\-11 R : -This is the latest documentation on -.FONT CI RUNOFF -available as -.UR http://\:malarky.udel.edu/\:~dmills/\:data/\:du0/\:RUNOFF.DOC -text file. -.UE . -. -More exactly, this -.FONT CB .DOC -file is an output file produced by the -.FONT CB RUNOFF -program a long time ago. -. -This extension doesn't work on actual systems who expect a Microsoft -office file. -. -You have to rename this file by appending the -.FONT CB .txt -extension. -. -Then the file can be viewed by -.FONT CB more -or -.FONT CB less R . -. -. -.P -.nh -.UR http://\:www.cozx.com/\:~dpitts/\:ibm7090.html -Emulator for -.FONT CR "IBM 7090 CTSS" -.UE . -.hy -. -. -.P -The home page of -.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer" -is -.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/ -.UE . -. -. -.SH "AUTHORS" -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.authors -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.SH "COPYING" -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.copying -. -. -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -.\" Emacs settings -.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- -. -.\" Local Variables: -.\" mode: nroff -.\" End: - |