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|
.\" t
.TH GROFF_CHAR @MAN7EXT@ "@MDATE@" "@VERSION@"
.SH NAME
groff_char \- groff glyph names
.SH DESCRIPTION
.\" The lines above were designed to satisfy `apropos'.
.
.\" For best results, format this document with `groff' (GNU roff).
.
.
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" Legal terms
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.
.ig
groff_char(7)
This file is part of groff (GNU roff).
File position: <groff_src_top>/man/groff_char.man
Copyright (C) 1989-2004, 2006-2009, 2012
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
written by Werner Lemberg <wl@gnu.org>
with additions by Bernd Warken <bwarken@mayn.de>
revised to use real tables by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being this .ig-section and AUTHOR, with no
Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the Free Documentation License is included as a file called
FDL in the main directory of the groff source package.
..
.ig
A copy of the GNU Free Documentation License is also available in this
Debian package as /usr/share/doc/groff/copyright.
..
.
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" Setup
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.
.do nr groff_char_C \n[.C]
.cp 0
.
.\" groff only
.\".if \n(.g .ne 2v
.\".if \n(.g .sv 2v
.
.ds aq \(aq
.
.\" non-groff
.if !\n(.g .if '\(aq'' .ds aq \'
.
.nr Sp 2n
.
.do if !r ECFONTS .do fspecial CR R
.
.
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" .SH DESCRIPTION
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.
This manual page lists the standard
.B groff
glyph names and the default input mapping, \%latin1.
.
The glyphs in this document look different depending
on which output device was chosen (with option
.B \-T
for the
.BR man (1)
program or the roff formatter).
.
Glyphs not available for the device that
is being used to print or view this manual page are marked with
.ie \n(.g `(N/A)'; the device currently used is `\*(.T'.
.el `(N/A)'.
.
.
.P
In the actual version,
.B groff
provides only \%8-bit characters for direct input and named entities
for further glyphs.
.
On ASCII platforms, input character codes in the range 0 to 127 (decimal)
represent the usual \%7-bit ASCII characters, while codes between 127
and 255 are interpreted as the corresponding characters in the
.I \%latin1
.RI ( \%ISO-8859-1 )
code set by default.
.
This mapping is contained in the file \f(CWlatin1.tmac\fP
and can be changed by loading a different input encoding.
.
Note that some of the input characters are reserved by
.BR groff ,
either for internal use or for special input purposes.
.
On EBCDIC platforms, only code page
.I cp1047
is supported (which contains the same characters as \%latin1; the
input encoding file is called \f(CWcp1047.tmac\fP).
.
Again, some input characters are reserved for internal and special purposes.
.
.
.P
All roff systems provide the concept of named glyphs.
.
In traditional roff systems, only names of length\ 2 were used, while
groff also provides support for longer names.
.
It is strongly suggested that only named glyphs are used for all
character representations outside of the printable \%7-bit ASCII range.
.
.
.P
Some of the predefined groff escape sequences (with names of length\ 1)
also produce single glyphs; these exist for historical reasons or
are printable versions of syntactical characters.
.
They include `\f(CW\e\e\fP', `\f(CW\e\'\fP', `\f(CW\e`\fP', `\f(CW\e-\fP',
`\f(CW\e.\fP', and `\f(CW\ee\fP'; see
.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@).
.
.
.P
In groff, all of these different types of characters and glyphs can be
tested positively with the `\f(CW.if\ c\fP' conditional.
.
.
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH REFERENCE
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.
In this section, the glyphs in groff are specified in tabular
form.
.
The meaning of the columns is as follows.
.
.
.TP
.I "Output"
shows how the glyph is printed for the current device; although
this can have quite a different shape on other devices, it always
represents the same glyph.
.
.
.TP
.I "Input"
specifies how the glyph is input either directly by a key on the
keyboard, or by a groff escape sequence.
.
.
.TP
.I "Code"
applies to glyphs which can be input with a single character, and
gives the ISO \%latin1 decimal code of that input character.
.
Note that this code is equivalent to the lowest 256 Unicode characters,
including \%7-bit ASCII in the range 0 to\ 127.
.
.
.TP
.I "PostScript"
gives the usual PostScript name of the glyph.
.
.
.TP
.I "Unicode"
is the glyph name used in composite glyph names.
.
.
.
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.SS "7-bit Character Codes 32\(en126"
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.
These are the basic glyphs having 7-bit ASCII code values assigned.
.
They are identical to the printable characters of the
character standards \%ISO-8859-1 (\%latin1) and Unicode (range
.IR "Basic Latin" ).
.
The glyph names used in composite glyph names are `u0020' up to `u007E'.
.
.
.P
Note that input characters in the range \%0\-31 and character 127 are
.I not
printable characters.
.
Most of them are invalid input characters for
.B groff
anyway, and the valid ones have special meaning.
.
For EBCDIC, the printable characters are in the range \%66\-255.
.
.
.TP
48\-57
Decimal digits 0 to\ 9 (print as themselves).
.
.
.TP
65\-90
Upper case letters A\-Z (print as themselves).
.
.
.TP
97\-122
Lower case letters a\(enz (print as themselves).
.
.
.P
Most of the remaining characters not in the just described ranges print as
themselves; the only exceptions are the following characters:
.
.
.TP
.B \`
the ISO \%latin1 `Grave Accent' (code\ 96) prints as `, a left single
quotation mark; the original character can be obtained with `\f(CW\e`\fP'.
.
.
.TP
.B \*(aq
the ISO \%latin1 `Apostrophe' (code\ 39) prints as ', a right single
quotation mark; the original character can be obtained with `\f(CW\e(aq\fP'.
.
.
.TP
.B -
the ISO \%latin1 `Hyphen, Minus Sign' (code\ 45) prints as a hyphen; a
minus sign can be obtained with `\f(CW\e-\fP'.
.
.
.TP
.B ~
the ISO \%latin1 `Tilde' (code\ 126) is reduced in size to be usable as
a diacritic; a larger glyph can be obtained with `\f(CW\e(ti\fP'.
.
.
.TP
.B ^
the ISO \%latin1 `Circumflex Accent' (code\ 94) is reduced in size to be
usable as a diacritic; a larger glyph can be obtained with `\f(CW\e(ha\fP'.
.
.
.P
.TS
l l l l l l.
Output Input Code PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[char33] \[char33] 33 exclam u0021
\[char34] \[char34] 34 quotedbl u0022
\[char35] \[char35] 35 numbersign u0023
\[char36] \[char36] 36 dollar u0024
\[char37] \[char37] 37 percent u0025
\[char38] \[char38] 38 ampersand u0026
\[char39] \[char39] 39 quoteright u0027
\[char40] \[char40] 40 parenleft u0028
\[char41] \[char41] 41 parenright u0029
\[char42] \[char42] 42 asterisk u002A
\[char43] \[char43] 43 plus u002B
\[char44] \[char44] 44 comma u002C
\[char45] \[char45] 45 hyphen u2010
\[char46] \[char46] 46 period u002E
\[char47] \[char47] 47 slash u002F
\[char58] \[char58] 58 colon u003A
\[char59] \[char59] 59 semicolon u003B
\[char60] \[char60] 60 less u003C
\[char61] \[char61] 61 equal u003D
\[char62] \[char62] 62 greater u003E
\[char63] \[char63] 63 question u003F
\[char64] \[char64] 64 at u0040
\[char91] \[char91] 91 bracketleft u005B
\[char92] \[char92] 92 backslash u005C
\[char93] \[char93] 93 bracketright u005D
\[char94] \[char94] 94 circumflex u005E circumflex accent
\[char95] \[char95] 95 underscore u005F
\[char96] \[char96] 96 quoteleft u0060
\[char123] \[char123] 123 braceleft u007B
\[char124] \[char124] 124 bar u007C
\[char125] \[char125] 125 braceright u007D
\[char126] \[char126] 126 tilde u007E tilde accent
.TE
.
.
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.SS "8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255"
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.
They are interpreted as printable characters according to the
.I latin1
.RI ( ISO-8859-1 )
code set, being identical to the Unicode range
.IR "Latin-1 Supplement" .
.
.
.P
Input characters in range 128\-159 (on non-EBCDIC hosts) are not printable
characters.
.
.
.TP
160
.
the ISO \%latin1
.I no-break space
is mapped to `\f(CW\e~\fP', the stretchable space character.
.
.
.TP
173
.
the soft hyphen control character.
.
.B groff
never uses this character for output (thus it is omitted in the
table below); the input character\ 173 is mapped onto `\f(CW\e%\fP'.
.
.
.P
The remaining ranges (\%161\-172, \%174\-255)
are printable characters that print as themselves.
.
Although they can be specified directly with the keyboard on systems
with a \%latin1 code page, it is better to use their glyph names;
see next section.
.
.P
.TS
l l l l l l.
Output Input Code PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[char161] \[char161] 161 exclamdown u00A1 inverted exclamation mark
\[char162] \[char162] 162 cent u00A2
\[char163] \[char163] 163 sterling u00A3
\[char164] \[char164] 164 currency u00A4
\[char165] \[char165] 165 yen u00A5
\[char166] \[char166] 166 brokenbar u00A6
\[char167] \[char167] 167 section u00A7
\[char168] \[char168] 168 dieresis u00A8
\[char169] \[char169] 169 copyright u00A9
\[char170] \[char170] 170 ordfeminine u00AA
\[char171] \[char171] 171 guillemotleft u00AB
\[char172] \[char172] 172 logicalnot u00AC
\[char174] \[char174] 174 registered u00AE
\[char175] \[char175] 175 macron u00AF
\[char176] \[char176] 176 degree u00B0
\[char177] \[char177] 177 plusminus u00B1
\[char178] \[char178] 178 twosuperior u00B2
\[char179] \[char179] 179 threesuperior u00B3
\[char180] \[char180] 180 acute u00B4 acute accent
\[char181] \[char181] 181 mu u00B5 micro sign
\[char182] \[char182] 182 paragraph u00B6
\[char183] \[char183] 183 periodcentered u00B7
\[char184] \[char184] 184 cedilla u00B8
\[char185] \[char185] 185 onesuperior u00B9
\[char186] \[char186] 186 ordmasculine u00BA
\[char187] \[char187] 187 guillemotright u00BB
\[char188] \[char188] 188 onequarter u00BC
\[char189] \[char189] 189 onehalf u00BD
\[char190] \[char190] 190 threequarters u00BE
\[char191] \[char191] 191 questiondown u00BF
\[char192] \[char192] 192 Agrave u0041_0300
\[char193] \[char193] 193 Aacute u0041_0301
\[char194] \[char194] 194 Acircumflex u0041_0302
\[char195] \[char195] 195 Atilde u0041_0303
\[char196] \[char196] 196 Adieresis u0041_0308
\[char197] \[char197] 197 Aring u0041_030A
\[char198] \[char198] 198 AE u00C6
\[char199] \[char199] 199 Ccedilla u0043_0327
\[char200] \[char200] 200 Egrave u0045_0300
\[char201] \[char201] 201 Eacute u0045_0301
\[char202] \[char202] 202 Ecircumflex u0045_0302
\[char203] \[char203] 203 Edieresis u0045_0308
\[char204] \[char204] 204 Igrave u0049_0300
\[char205] \[char205] 205 Iacute u0049_0301
\[char206] \[char206] 206 Icircumflex u0049_0302
\[char207] \[char207] 207 Idieresis u0049_0308
\[char208] \[char208] 208 Eth u00D0
\[char209] \[char209] 209 Ntilde u004E_0303
\[char210] \[char210] 210 Ograve u004F_0300
\[char211] \[char211] 211 Oacute u004F_0301
\[char212] \[char212] 212 Ocircumflex u004F_0302
\[char213] \[char213] 213 Otilde u004F_0303
\[char214] \[char214] 214 Odieresis u004F_0308
\[char215] \[char215] 215 multiply u00D7
\[char216] \[char216] 216 Oslash u00D8
\[char217] \[char217] 217 Ugrave u0055_0300
\[char218] \[char218] 218 Uacute u0055_0301
\[char219] \[char219] 219 Ucircumflex u0055_0302
\[char220] \[char220] 220 Udieresis u0055_0308
\[char221] \[char221] 221 Yacute u0059_0301
\[char222] \[char222] 222 Thorn u00DE
\[char223] \[char223] 223 germandbls u00DF
\[char224] \[char224] 224 agrave u0061_0300
\[char225] \[char225] 225 aacute u0061_0301
\[char226] \[char226] 226 acircumflex u0061_0302
\[char227] \[char227] 227 atilde u0061_0303
\[char228] \[char228] 228 adieresis u0061_0308
\[char229] \[char229] 229 aring u0061_030A
\[char230] \[char230] 230 ae u00E6
\[char231] \[char231] 231 ccedilla u0063_0327
\[char232] \[char232] 232 egrave u0065_0300
\[char233] \[char233] 233 eacute u0065_0301
\[char234] \[char234] 234 ecircumflex u0065_0302
\[char235] \[char235] 235 edieresis u0065_0308
\[char236] \[char236] 236 igrave u0069_0300
\[char237] \[char237] 237 iacute u0069_0301
\[char238] \[char238] 238 icircumflex u0069_0302
\[char239] \[char239] 239 idieresis u0069_0308
\[char240] \[char240] 240 eth u00F0
\[char241] \[char241] 241 ntilde u006E_0303
\[char242] \[char242] 242 ograve u006F_0300
\[char243] \[char243] 243 oacute u006F_0301
\[char244] \[char244] 244 ocircumflex u006F_0302
\[char245] \[char245] 245 otilde u006F_0303
\[char246] \[char246] 246 odieresis u006F_0308
\[char247] \[char247] 247 divide u00F7
\[char248] \[char248] 248 oslash u00F8
\[char249] \[char249] 249 ugrave u0075_0300
\[char250] \[char250] 250 uacute u0075_0301
\[char251] \[char251] 251 ucircumflex u0075_0302
\[char252] \[char252] 252 udieresis u0075_0308
\[char253] \[char253] 253 yacute u0079_0301
\[char254] \[char254] 254 thorn u00FE
\[char255] \[char255] 255 ydieresis u0079_0308
.TE
.
.
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.SS "Named Glyphs"
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.
Glyph names can be embedded into the document text by using escape
sequences.
.
.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@)
describes how these escape sequences look.
.
Glyph names can consist of quite arbitrary characters from the
ASCII or \%latin1 code set, not only alphanumeric characters.
.
Here some examples:
.
.TP
\f(CW\e(\fP\fIch\fP
A glyph having the 2-character name
.IR ch .
.
.TP
\f(CW\e[\fP\,\fIchar_name\/\fP\f(CW]\fP
A glyph having the name
.I char_name
(having length 1, 2, 3, .\|.\|.).
.
Note that `\fIc\fP' is not the same as
`\f(CW\e[\fP\,\fIc\/\fP\f(CW]\fP' (\,\fIc\fP\ a single character):
The latter is internally mapped to glyph name `\e\fIc\fP'.
.
By default, groff defines a single glyph name starting with a backslash,
namely \%`\e-', which can be either accessed as `\f(CW\e\-\fP' or
`\f(CW\e[-]\fP'.
.
.TP
\f(CW\e[\fP\,\fIbase_glyph composite_1 composite_2 .\|.\|.\/\fP\f(CW]\fP
A composite glyph; see below for a more detailed description.
.
.
.P
In groff, each \%8-bit input character can also referred to by the construct
`\f(CW\e[char\fP\,\fIn\/\fP\f(CW]\fP' where
.I n
is the decimal code of the character, a number between 0 and\ 255
without leading zeros (those entities are
.I not
glyph names).
.
They are normally mapped onto glyphs using the \f(CW.trin\fP request.
.
Another special convention is the handling of glyphs with names directly
derived from a Unicode code point; this is discussed below.
.
Moreover, new glyph names can be created by the \f(CW.char\fP request; see
.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@).
.
.P
In the following, a plus sign in the `Notes' column indicates that this
particular glyph name appears in the PS version of the original troff
documentation, CSTR\ 54.
.
.P
Entries marked with `***' denote glyphs for mathematical purposes (mainly
used for DVI output). Normally, such glyphs have metrics which make them
unusable in normal text.
.
.
.P
.TS
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[-D] \e[-D] Eth u00D0 uppercase eth
\[Sd] \e[Sd] eth u00F0 lowercase eth
\[TP] \e[TP] Thorn u00DE uppercase thorn
\[Tp] \e[Tp] thorn u00FE lowercase thorn
\[ss] \e[ss] germandbls u00DF German sharp s
.TE
.
.P
.I Ligatures and Other Latin Glyphs
.P
.TS
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[ff] \e[ff] ff u0066_0066 ff ligature +
\[fi] \e[fi] fi u0066_0069 fi ligature +
\[fl] \e[fl] fl u0066_006C fl ligature +
\[Fi] \e[Fi] ffi u0066_0066_0069 ffi ligature +
\[Fl] \e[Fl] ffl u0066_0066_006C ffl ligature +
\[/L] \e[/L] Lslash u0141 (Polish)
\[/l] \e[/l] lslash u0142 (Polish)
\[/O] \e[/O] Oslash u00D8 (Scandinavian)
\[/o] \e[/o] oslash u00F8 (Scandinavian)
\[AE] \e[AE] AE u00C6
\[ae] \e[ae] ae u00E6
\[OE] \e[OE] OE u0152
\[oe] \e[oe] oe u0153
\[IJ] \e[IJ] IJ u0132 (Dutch)
\[ij] \e[ij] ij u0133 (Dutch)
\[.i] \e[.i] dotlessi u0131 (Turkish)
\[.j] \e[.j] dotlessj u0237 j without a dot
.TE
.
.P
.I Accented Characters
.P
.TS
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\['A] \e['A] Aacute u0041_0301
\['C] \e['C] Cacute u0043_0301
\['E] \e['E] Eacute u0045_0301
\['I] \e['I] Iacute u0049_0301
\['O] \e['O] Oacute u004F_0301
\['U] \e['U] Uacute u0055_0301
\['Y] \e['Y] Yacute u0059_0301
\['a] \e['a] aacute u0061_0301
\['c] \e['c] cacute u0063_0301
\['e] \e['e] eacute u0065_0301
\['i] \e['i] iacute u0069_0301
\['o] \e['o] oacute u006F_0301
\['u] \e['u] uacute u0075_0301
\['y] \e['y] yacute u0079_0301
\[:A] \e[:A] Adieresis u0041_0308 A with umlaut
\[:E] \e[:E] Edieresis u0045_0308
\[:I] \e[:I] Idieresis u0049_0308
\[:O] \e[:O] Odieresis u004F_0308
\[:U] \e[:U] Udieresis u0055_0308
\[:Y] \e[:Y] Ydieresis u0059_0308
\[:a] \e[:a] adieresis u0061_0308
\[:e] \e[:e] edieresis u0065_0308
\[:i] \e[:i] idieresis u0069_0308
\[:o] \e[:o] odieresis u006F_0308
\[:u] \e[:u] udieresis u0075_0308
\[:y] \e[:y] ydieresis u0079_0308
\[^A] \e[^A] Acircumflex u0041_0302
\[^E] \e[^E] Ecircumflex u0045_0302
\[^I] \e[^I] Icircumflex u0049_0302
\[^O] \e[^O] Ocircumflex u004F_0302
\[^U] \e[^U] Ucircumflex u0055_0302
\[^a] \e[^a] acircumflex u0061_0302
\[^e] \e[^e] ecircumflex u0065_0302
\[^i] \e[^i] icircumflex u0069_0302
\[^o] \e[^o] ocircumflex u006F_0302
\[^u] \e[^u] ucircumflex u0075_0302
\[`A] \e[`A] Agrave u0041_0300
\[`E] \e[`E] Egrave u0045_0300
\[`I] \e[`I] Igrave u0049_0300
\[`O] \e[`O] Ograve u004F_0300
\[`U] \e[`U] Ugrave u0055_0300
\[`a] \e[`a] agrave u0061_0300
\[`e] \e[`e] egrave u0065_0300
\[`i] \e[`i] igrave u0069_0300
\[`o] \e[`o] ograve u006F_0300
\[`u] \e[`u] ugrave u0075_0300
\[~A] \e[~A] Atilde u0041_0303
\[~N] \e[~N] Ntilde u004E_0303
\[~O] \e[~O] Otilde u004F_0303
\[~a] \e[~a] atilde u0061_0303
\[~n] \e[~n] ntilde u006E_0303
\[~o] \e[~o] otilde u006F_0303
\[vS] \e[vS] Scaron u0053_030C
\[vs] \e[vs] scaron u0073_030C
\[vZ] \e[vZ] Zcaron u005A_030C
\[vz] \e[vz] zcaron u007A_030C
\[,C] \e[,C] Ccedilla u0043_0327
\[,c] \e[,c] ccedilla u0063_0327
\[oA] \e[oA] Aring u0041_030A
\[oa] \e[oa] aring u0061_030A
.TE
.
.P
.I Accents
.P
The
.B composite
request is used to map most of the accents to non-spacing glyph names;
the values given in parentheses are the original (spacing) ones.
.
.P
.TS
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[a"] \e[a"] hungarumlaut u030B (u02DD) (Hungarian)
\[a-] \e[a-] macron u0304 (u00AF)
\[a.] \e[a.] dotaccent u0307 (u02D9)
\[a^] \e[a^] circumfle u0302 (u005E)
\[aa] \e[aa] acute u0301 (u00B4) +
\[ga] \e[ga] grave u0300 (u0060) +
\[ab] \e[ab] breve u0306 (u02D8)
\[ac] \e[ac] cedilla u0327 (u00B8)
\[ad] \e[ad] dieresis u0308 (u00A8) umlaut
\[ah] \e[ah] caron u030C (u02C7)
\[ao] \e[ao] ring u030A (u02DA) circle
\[a~] \e[a~] tilde u0303 (u007E)
\[ho] \e[ho] ogonek u0328 (u02DB) hook
\[ha] \e[ha] asciicircum u005E (spacing)
\[ti] \e[ti] asciitilde u007E (spacing)
.TE
.
.P
.I Quotes
.P
.TS
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[Bq] \e[Bq] quotedblbase u201E low double comma quote
\[bq] \e[bq] quotesinglbase u201A low single comma quote
\[lq] \e[lq] quotedblleft u201C
\[rq] \e[rq] quotedblright u201D
\[oq] \e[oq] quoteleft u2018 single open quote
\[cq] \e[cq] quoteright u2019 single closing quote
\[aq] \e[aq] quotesingle u0027 apostrophe quote (ASCII 39)
\[dq] \e[dq] quotedbl u0022 double quote (ASCII 34)
\[Fo] \e[Fo] guillemotleft u00AB
\[Fc] \e[Fc] guillemotright u00BB
\[fo] \e[fo] guilsinglleft u2039
\[fc] \e[fc] guilsinglright u203A
.TE
.
.P
.I Punctuation
.P
.TS
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[r!] \e[r!] exclamdown u00A1
\[r?] \e[r?] questiondown u00BF
\[em] \e[em] emdash u2014 +
\[en] \e[en] endash u2013
\[hy] \e[hy] hyphen u2010 +
.TE
.
.P
.I Brackets
.P
The extensible bracket pieces are font-invariant glyphs.
.
In classical troff only one glyph was available to vertically extend
brackets, braces, and parentheses: `bv'.
.
We map it rather arbitrarily to u23AA.
.
.P
Note that not all devices contain extensible bracket pieces which can
be piled up with `\f(CW\eb\fP' due to the restrictions of the escape's
piling algorithm.
.
A general solution to build brackets out of pieces is the following
macro:
.
.P
.nf
.RS
.ft C
\&.\e" Make a pile centered vertically 0.5em
\&.\e" above the baseline.
\&.\e" The first argument is placed at the top.
\&.\e" The pile is returned in string `pile'
\&.eo
\&.de pile-make
\&. nr pile-wd 0
\&. nr pile-ht 0
\&. ds pile-args
\&.
\&. nr pile-# \en[.$]
\&. while \en[pile-#] \e{\e
\&. nr pile-wd (\en[pile-wd] >? \ew'\e$[\en[pile-#]]')
\&. nr pile-ht +(\en[rst] - \en[rsb])
\&. as pile-args \ev'\en[rsb]u'\e"
\&. as pile-args \eZ'\e$[\en[pile-#]]'\e"
\&. as pile-args \ev'-\en[rst]u'\e"
\&. nr pile-# -1
\&. \e}
\&.
\&. ds pile \ev'(-0.5m + (\en[pile-ht]u / 2u))'\e"
\&. as pile \e*[pile-args]\e"
\&. as pile \ev'((\en[pile-ht]u / 2u) + 0.5m)'\e"
\&. as pile \eh'\en[pile-wd]u'\e"
\&..
\&.ec
.ft
.RE
.fi
.
.P
Another complication is the fact that some glyphs which represent bracket
pieces in original troff can be used for other mathematical symbols also,
for example `lf' and `rf' which provide the `floor' operator.
.
Other devices (most notably for DVI output) don't unify such glyphs.
.
For this reason, the four glyphs `lf', `rf', `lc', and `rc' are not
unified with similarly looking bracket pieces.
.
In
.BR groff ,
only glyphs with long names are guaranteed to pile up correctly for all
devices (provided those glyphs exist).
.
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[lB] \e[lB] bracketleft u005B
\[rB] \e[rB] bracketright u005D
\[lC] \e[lC] braceleft u007B
\[rC] \e[rC] braceright u007D
\[la] \e[la] angleleft u27E8 left angle bracket
\[ra] \e[ra] angleright u27E9 right angle bracket
\[bv] \e[bv] braceex u23AA vertical extension *** +
\[braceex] \e[braceex] braceex u23AA
\[bracketlefttp] \e[bracketlefttp] bracketlefttp u23A1
\[bracketleftbt] \e[bracketleftbt] bracketleftbt u23A3
\[bracketleftex] \e[bracketleftex] bracketleftex u23A2
\[bracketrighttp] \e[bracketrighttp] bracketrighttp u23A4
\[bracketrightbt] \e[bracketrightbt] bracketrightbt u23A6
\[bracketrightex] \e[bracketrightex] bracketrightex u23A5
\[lt] \e[lt] bracelefttp u23A7 +
\[bracelefttp] \e[bracelefttp] bracelefttp u23A7
\[lk] \e[lk] braceleftmid u23A8 +
\[braceleftmid] \e[braceleftmid] braceleftmid u23A8
\[lb] \e[lb] braceleftbt u23A9 +
\[braceleftbt] \e[braceleftbt] braceleftbt u23A9
\[braceleftex] \e[braceleftex] braceleftex u23AA
\[rt] \e[rt] bracerighttp u23AB +
\[bracerighttp] \e[bracerighttp] bracerighttp u23AB
\[rk] \e[rk] bracerightmid u23AC +
\[bracerightmid] \e[bracerightmid] bracerightmid u23AC
\[rb] \e[rb] bracerightbt u23AD +
\[bracerightbt] \e[bracerightbt] bracerightbt u23AD
\[bracerightex] \e[bracerightex] bracerightex u23AA
.
\[parenlefttp] \e[parenlefttp] parenlefttp u239B
\[parenleftbt] \e[parenleftbt] parenleftbt u239D
\[parenleftex] \e[parenleftex] parenleftex u239C
\[parenrighttp] \e[parenrighttp] parenrighttp u239E
\[parenrightbt] \e[parenrightbt] parenrightbt u23A0
\[parenrightex] \e[parenrightex] parenrightex u239F
.TE
.
.P
.I Arrows
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[<-] \e[<-] arrowleft u2190 +
\[->] \e[->] arrowright u2192 +
\[<>] \e[<>] arrowboth u2194 (horizontal)
\[da] \e[da] arrowdown u2193 +
\[ua] \e[ua] arrowup u2191 +
\[va] \e[va] arrowupdn u2195
\[lA] \e[lA] arrowdblleft u21D0
\[rA] \e[rA] arrowdblright u21D2
\[hA] \e[hA] arrowdblboth u21D4 (horizontal)
\[dA] \e[dA] arrowdbldown u21D3
\[uA] \e[uA] arrowdblup u21D1
\[vA] \e[vA] uni21D5 u21D5 vertical double-headed double arrow
\[an] \e[an] arrowhorizex u23AF horizontal arrow extension
.TE
.
.P
.I Lines
.P
The font-invariant glyphs `br', `ul', and `rn' form corners;
they can be used to build boxes.
.
Note that both the PostScript and the Unicode-derived names of
these three glyphs are just rough approximations.
.
.P
`rn' also serves in classical troff as the horizontal extension of the
square root sign.
.
.P
`ru' is a font-invariant glyph, namely a rule of length 0.5m.
.
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[ba] \e[ba] bar u007C
\[br] \e[br] SF110000 u2502 box rule +
\[ul] \e[ul] underscore u005F +
\[rn] \e[rn] overline u203E +
\[ru] \e[ru] --- --- baseline rule +
\[bb] \e[bb] brokenbar u00A6
\[sl] \e[sl] slash u002F +
\[rs] \e[rs] backslash u005C reverse solidus
.TE
.P
Use `\f(CW\e[radicalex]\fP', not `\f(CW\e[overline]\fP', for
continuation of square root.
.
.P
.I Text markers
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[ci] \e[ci] circle u25CB +
\[bu] \e[bu] bullet u2022 +
\[dd] \e[dd] daggerdbl u2021 double dagger sign +
\[dg] \e[dg] dagger u2020 +
\[lz] \e[lz] lozenge u25CA
\[sq] \e[sq] uni25A1 u25A1 white square +
\[ps] \e[ps] paragraph u00B6
\[sc] \e[sc] section u00A7 +
\[lh] \e[lh] uni261C u261C hand pointing left +
\[rh] \e[rh] a14 u261E hand pointing right +
\[at] \e[at] at u0040
\[sh] \e[sh] numbersign u0023
\[CR] \e[CR] carriagereturn u21B5
\[OK] \e[OK] a19 u2713 check mark, tick
.TE
.
.P
.I Legal Symbols
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[co] \e[co] copyright u00A9 +
\[rg] \e[rg] registered u00AE +
\[tm] \e[tm] trademark u2122
\[bs] \e[bs] --- --- AT&T Bell Labs logo +
.TE
.P
The Bell Labs logo is not supported in groff.
.
.P
.I Currency symbols
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[Do] \e[Do] dollar u0024
\[ct] \e[ct] cent u00A2 +
\[eu] \e[eu] --- u20AC official Euro symbol
\[Eu] \e[Eu] Euro u20AC font-specific Euro glyph variant
\[Ye] \e[Ye] yen u00A5
\[Po] \e[Po] sterling u00A3 British currency sign
\[Cs] \e[Cs] currency u00A4 Scandinavian currency sign
\[Fn] \e[Fn] florin u0192 Dutch currency sign
.TE
.
.P
.I Units
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[de] \e[de] degree u00B0 +
\[%0] \e[%0] perthousand u2030 per thousand, per mille sign
\[fm] \e[fm] minute u2032 footmark, prime +
\[sd] \e[sd] second u2033
\[mc] \e[mc] mu u00B5 micro sign
\[Of] \e[Of] ordfeminine u00AA
\[Om] \e[Om] ordmasculine u00BA
.TE
.
.P
.I Logical Symbols
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[AN] \e[AN] logicaland u2227
\[OR] \e[OR] logicalor u2228
\[no] \e[no] logicalnot u00AC +
\[tno] \e[tno] logicalnot u00AC text variant of `no'
\[te] \e[te] existential u2203 there exists
\[fa] \e[fa] universal u2200 for all
\[st] \e[st] suchthat u220B
\[3d] \e[3d] therefore u2234
\[tf] \e[tf] therefore u2234
\[or] \e[or] bar u007C bitwise OR operator (as used in C) +
.TE
.
.P
.I Mathematical Symbols
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[12] \e[12] onehalf u00BD +
\[14] \e[14] onequarter u00BC +
\[34] \e[34] threequarters u00BE +
\[18] \e[18] oneeighth u215B
\[38] \e[38] threeeighths u215C
\[58] \e[58] fiveeighths u215D
\[78] \e[78] seveneighths u215E
\[S1] \e[S1] onesuperior u00B9
\[S2] \e[S2] twosuperior u00B2
\[S3] \e[S3] threesuperior u00B3
\[pl] \e[pl] plus u002B plus in special font +
\[mi] \e[mi] minus u2212 minus in special font +
\[-+] \e[-+] uni2213 u2213
\[+-] \e[+-] plusminus u00B1 +
\[t+-] \e[t+-] plusminus u00B1 text variant of `+\-'
\[pc] \e[pc] periodcentered u00B7
\[md] \e[md] dotmath u22C5 multiplication dot
\[mu] \e[mu] multiply u00D7 +
\[tmu] \e[tmu] multiply u00D7 text variant of `mu'
\[c*] \e[c*] circlemultiply u2297 multiply sign in a circle
\[c+] \e[c+] circleplus u2295 plus in a circle
\[di] \e[di] divide u00F7 division +
\[tdi] \e[tdi] divide u00F7 text variant of `di'
\[f/] \e[f/] fraction u2044 bar for fractions
\[**] \e[**] asteriskmath u2217 +
\[<=] \e[<=] lessequal u2264 +
\[>=] \e[>=] greaterequal u2265 +
\[<<] \e[<<] uni226A u226A much less
\[>>] \e[>>] uni226B u226B much greater
\[eq] \e[eq] equal u003D equals in special font +
\[!=] \e[!=] notequal u003D_0338 +
\[==] \e[==] equivalence u2261 +
\[ne] \e[ne] uni2262 u2261_0338
\[=~] \e[=~] congruent u2245 approx.\& equal
\[|=] \e[|=] uni2243 u2243 asymptot.\& equal to +
\[ap] \e[ap] similar u223C +
\[~~] \e[~~] approxequal u2248 almost equal to
\[~=] \e[~=] approxequal u2248
\[pt] \e[pt] proportional u221D +
\[es] \e[es] emptyset u2205 +
\[mo] \e[mo] element u2208 +
\[nm] \e[nm] notelement u2208_0338
\[sb] \e[sb] propersubset u2282 +
\[nb] \e[nb] notsubset u2282_0338
\[sp] \e[sp] propersuperset u2283 +
\[nc] \e[nc] uni2285 u2283_0338 not superset
\[ib] \e[ib] reflexsubset u2286 +
\[ip] \e[ip] reflexsuperset u2287 +
\[ca] \e[ca] intersection u2229 intersection, cap +
\[cu] \e[cu] union u222A union, cup +
\[/_] \e[/_] angle u2220
\[pp] \e[pp] perpendicular u22A5
\[is] \e[is] integral u222B +
\[integral] \e[integral] integral u222B ***
\[sum] \e[sum] summation u2211 ***
\[product] \e[product] product u220F ***
\[coproduct] \e[coproduct] uni2210 u2210 ***
\[gr] \e[gr] gradient u2207 +
\[sr] \e[sr] radical u221A square root +
\[sqrt] \e[sqrt] radical u221A ***
\[radicalex] \e[radicalex] radicalex --- square root continuation
\[sqrtex] \e[sqrtex] radicalex --- ***
\[lc] \e[lc] uni2308 u2308 left ceiling +
\[rc] \e[rc] uni2309 u2309 right ceiling +
\[lf] \e[lf] uni230A u230A left floor +
\[rf] \e[rf] uni230B u230B right floor +
\[if] \e[if] infinity u221E +
\[Ah] \e[Ah] aleph u2135
\[Im] \e[Im] Ifraktur u2111 Gothic I, imaginary
\[Re] \e[Re] Rfraktur u211C Gothic R, real
\[wp] \e[wp] weierstrass u2118 Weierstrass p
\[pd] \e[pd] partialdiff u2202 partial differentiation +
\[-h] \e[-h] uni210F u210F Planck constant / 2pi
\[hbar] \e[hbar] uni210F u210F
.TE
.
.P
.I Greek glyphs
.P
These glyphs are intended for technical use, not for real Greek; normally,
the uppercase letters have upright shape, and the lowercase ones are
slanted.
.
There is a problem with the mapping of letter phi to Unicode.
.
Prior to Unicode version\ 3.0, the difference between U+03C6, GREEK
SMALL LETTER PHI, and U+03D5, GREEK PHI SYMBOL, was not clearly described;
only the glyph shapes in the Unicode book could be used as a reference.
.
Starting with Unicode\ 3.0, the reference glyphs have been exchanged and
described verbally also: In mathematical context, U+03D5 is the stroked
variant and U+03C6 the curly glyph.
.
Unfortunately, most font vendors didn't update their fonts to
this (incompatible) change in Unicode.
.
At the time of this writing (January 2006), it is not clear yet whether
the Adobe Glyph Names `phi' and `phi1' also change its meaning if used for
mathematics, thus compatibility problems are likely to happen \(en being
conservative, groff currently assumes that `phi' in a PostScript symbol
font is the stroked version.
.P
In groff, symbol `\f(CW\e[*f]\fP' always denotes the stroked version of
phi, and `\f(CW\e[+f]\fP' the curly variant.
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[*A] \e[*A] Alpha u0391 +
\[*B] \e[*B] Beta u0392 +
\[*G] \e[*G] Gamma u0393 +
\[*D] \e[*D] Delta u0394 +
\[*E] \e[*E] Epsilon u0395 +
\[*Z] \e[*Z] Zeta u0396 +
\[*Y] \e[*Y] Eta u0397 +
\[*H] \e[*H] Theta u0398 +
\[*I] \e[*I] Iota u0399 +
\[*K] \e[*K] Kappa u039A +
\[*L] \e[*L] Lambda u039B +
\[*M] \e[*M] Mu u039C +
\[*N] \e[*N] Nu u039D +
\[*C] \e[*C] Xi u039E +
\[*O] \e[*O] Omicron u039F +
\[*P] \e[*P] Pi u03A0 +
\[*R] \e[*R] Rho u03A1 +
\[*S] \e[*S] Sigma u03A3 +
\[*T] \e[*T] Tau u03A4 +
\[*U] \e[*U] Upsilon u03A5 +
\[*F] \e[*F] Phi u03A6 +
\[*X] \e[*X] Chi u03A7 +
\[*Q] \e[*Q] Psi u03A8 +
\[*W] \e[*W] Omega u03A9 +
\[*a] \e[*a] alpha u03B1 +
\[*b] \e[*b] beta u03B2 +
\[*g] \e[*g] gamma u03B3 +
\[*d] \e[*d] delta u03B4 +
\[*e] \e[*e] epsilon u03B5 +
\[*z] \e[*z] zeta u03B6 +
\[*y] \e[*y] eta u03B7 +
\[*h] \e[*h] theta u03B8 +
\[*i] \e[*i] iota u03B9 +
\[*k] \e[*k] kappa u03BA +
\[*l] \e[*l] lambda u03BB +
\[*m] \e[*m] mu u03BC +
\[*n] \e[*n] nu u03BD +
\[*c] \e[*c] xi u03BE +
\[*o] \e[*o] omicron u03BF +
\[*p] \e[*p] pi u03C0 +
\[*r] \e[*r] rho u03C1 +
\[ts] \e[ts] sigma1 u03C2 terminal sigma +
\[*s] \e[*s] sigma u03C3 +
\[*t] \e[*t] tau u03C4 +
\[*u] \e[*u] upsilon u03C5 +
\[*f] \e[*f] phi u03D5 (stroked glyph) +
\[*x] \e[*x] chi u03C7 +
\[*q] \e[*q] psi u03C8 +
\[*w] \e[*w] omega u03C9 +
\[+h] \e[+h] theta1 u03D1 variant theta
\[+f] \e[+f] phi1 u03C6 variant phi (curly shape)
\[+p] \e[+p] omega1 u03D6 variant pi, looking like omega
\[+e] \e[+e] uni03F5 u03F5 variant epsilon
.TE
.
.P
.I Card symbols
.P
.TS
expand;
l l l l l.
Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
_
\[CL] \e[CL] club u2663 black club suit
\[SP] \e[SP] spade u2660 black spade suit
\[HE] \e[HE] heart u2665 black heart suit
\[u2661] \e[u2661] uni2661 u2661 white heart suit
\[DI] \e[DI] diamond u2666 black diamond suit
\[u2662] \e[u2662] uni2662 u2662 white diamond suit
.TE
.
.
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH "AUTHOR"
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.
Copyright \(co 1989\-2004, 2006\-2009, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.
.P
This document is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free
Documentation License) version 1.3 or later.
.
You should have received a copy of the FDL on your system, it is also
available on-line at the
.UR http://\:www.gnu.org/\:copyleft/\:fdl.html
GNU copyleft site
.UE .
.
.P
This document is part of
.IR groff ,
the GNU roff distribution.
.
It was written by
.MT jjc@jclark.com
James Clark
.ME
with additions by
.MT wl@gnu.org
Werner Lemberg
.ME
and
.MT bwarken@mayn.de
Bernd Warken
.ME .
.
.
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.
.TP
.BR groff (@MAN1EXT@)
the GNU roff formatter
.
.TP
.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@)
a short reference of the groff formatting language
.
.
.P
.IR "An extension to the troff character set for Europe" ,
E.G.\& Keizer, K.J.\& Simonsen, J.\& Akkerhuis; EUUG Newsletter, Volume 9,
No.\& 2, Summer 1989
.
.
.P
.UR http://\:www.unicode.org
The Unicode Standard
.UE
.
.cp \n[groff_char_C]
.
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" Emacs settings
.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" Local Variables:
.\" mode: nroff
.\" tab-width: 20
.\" End:
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