path: root/doc/ref/srfi-modules.texi

@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Guile Reference Manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 2000-2004, 2006, 2007-2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
@c   Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file guile.texi for copying conditions.

@node SRFI Support
@section SRFI Support Modules
@cindex SRFI

SRFI is an acronym for Scheme Request For Implementation.  The SRFI
documents define a lot of syntactic and procedure extensions to standard
Scheme as defined in R5RS.

Guile has support for a number of SRFIs.  This chapter gives an overview
over the available SRFIs and some usage hints.  For complete
documentation, design rationales and further examples, we advise you to
get the relevant SRFI documents from the SRFI home page
@url{http://srfi.schemers.org/}.

@menu
* About SRFI Usage::            What to know about Guile's SRFI support.
* SRFI-0::                      cond-expand
* SRFI-1::                      List library.
* SRFI-2::                      and-let*.
* SRFI-4::                      Homogeneous numeric vector datatypes.
* SRFI-6::                      Basic String Ports.
* SRFI-8::                      receive.
* SRFI-9::                      define-record-type.
* SRFI-10::                     Hash-Comma Reader Extension.
* SRFI-11::                     let-values and let*-values.
* SRFI-13::                     String library.
* SRFI-14::                     Character-set library.
* SRFI-16::                     case-lambda
* SRFI-17::                     Generalized set!
* SRFI-18::                     Multithreading support
* SRFI-19::                     Time/Date library.
* SRFI-23::                     Error reporting
* SRFI-26::                     Specializing parameters
* SRFI-27::                     Sources of Random Bits
* SRFI-28::                     Basic format strings.
* SRFI-30::                     Nested multi-line block comments
* SRFI-31::                     A special form `rec' for recursive evaluation
* SRFI-34::                     Exception handling.
* SRFI-35::                     Conditions.
* SRFI-37::                     args-fold program argument processor
* SRFI-38::                     External Representation for Data With Shared Structure
* SRFI-39::                     Parameter objects
* SRFI-41::                     Streams.
* SRFI-42::                     Eager comprehensions
* SRFI-43::                     Vector Library.
* SRFI-45::                     Primitives for expressing iterative lazy algorithms
* SRFI-46::                     Basic syntax-rules Extensions.
* SRFI-55::                     Requiring Features.
* SRFI-60::                     Integers as bits.
* SRFI-61::                     A more general `cond' clause
* SRFI-62::                     S-expression comments.
* SRFI-64::                     A Scheme API for test suites.
* SRFI-67::                     Compare procedures
* SRFI-69::                     Basic hash tables.
* SRFI-71::                     Extended let-syntax for multiple values.
* SRFI-87::                     => in case clauses.
* SRFI-88::                     Keyword objects.
* SRFI-98::                     Accessing environment variables.
* SRFI-105::                    Curly-infix expressions.
* SRFI-111::                    Boxes.
* SRFI-171::                    Transducers
@end menu


@node About SRFI Usage
@subsection About SRFI Usage

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

SRFI support in Guile is currently implemented partly in the core
library, and partly as add-on modules.  That means that some SRFIs are
automatically available when the interpreter is started, whereas the
other SRFIs require you to use the appropriate support module
explicitly.

There are several reasons for this inconsistency.  First, the feature
checking syntactic form @code{cond-expand} (@pxref{SRFI-0}) must be
available immediately, because it must be there when the user wants to
check for the Scheme implementation, that is, before she can know that
it is safe to use @code{use-modules} to load SRFI support modules.  The
second reason is that some features defined in SRFIs had been
implemented in Guile before the developers started to add SRFI
implementations as modules (for example SRFI-13 (@pxref{SRFI-13})).  In
the future, it is possible that SRFIs in the core library might be
factored out into separate modules, requiring explicit module loading
when they are needed.  So you should be prepared to have to use
@code{use-modules} someday in the future to access SRFI-13 bindings.  If
you want, you can do that already.  We have included the module
@code{(srfi srfi-13)} in the distribution, which currently does nothing,
but ensures that you can write future-safe code.

Generally, support for a specific SRFI is made available by using
modules named @code{(srfi srfi-@var{number})}, where @var{number} is the
number of the SRFI needed.  Another possibility is to use the command
line option @code{--use-srfi}, which will load the necessary modules
automatically (@pxref{Invoking Guile}).


@node SRFI-0
@subsection SRFI-0 - cond-expand
@cindex SRFI-0

This SRFI lets a portable Scheme program test for the presence of
certain features, and adapt itself by using different blocks of code,
or fail if the necessary features are not available.  There's no
module to load, this is in the Guile core.

A program designed only for Guile will generally not need this
mechanism, such a program can of course directly use the various
documented parts of Guile.

@deffn syntax cond-expand (feature body@dots{}) @dots{}
Expand to the @var{body} of the first clause whose @var{feature}
specification is satisfied.  It is an error if no @var{feature} is
satisfied.

Features are symbols such as @code{srfi-1}, and a feature
specification can use @code{and}, @code{or} and @code{not} forms to
test combinations.  The last clause can be an @code{else}, to be used
if no other passes.

For example, define a private version of @code{alist-cons} if SRFI-1
is not available.

@example
(cond-expand (srfi-1
              )
             (else
              (define (alist-cons key val alist)
                (cons (cons key val) alist))))
@end example

Or demand a certain set of SRFIs (list operations, string ports,
@code{receive} and string operations), failing if they're not
available.

@example
(cond-expand ((and srfi-1 srfi-6 srfi-8 srfi-13)
              ))
@end example
@end deffn

@noindent
The Guile core has the following features,

@example
guile
guile-2   ;; starting from Guile 2.x
guile-2.2 ;; starting from Guile 2.2
guile-3   ;; starting from Guile 3.x
guile-3.0 ;; starting from Guile 3.0
r5rs
r6rs
r7rs
exact-closed ieee-float full-unicode ratios ;; R7RS features
srfi-0
srfi-4
srfi-6
srfi-13
srfi-14
srfi-16
srfi-23
srfi-30
srfi-39
srfi-46
srfi-55
srfi-61
srfi-62
srfi-87
srfi-105
@end example

Other SRFI feature symbols are defined once their code has been loaded
with @code{use-modules}, since only then are their bindings available.

The @samp{--use-srfi} command line option (@pxref{Invoking Guile}) is
a good way to load SRFIs to satisfy @code{cond-expand} when running a
portable program.

Testing the @code{guile} feature allows a program to adapt itself to
the Guile module system, but still run on other Scheme systems.  For
example the following demands SRFI-8 (@code{receive}), but also knows
how to load it with the Guile mechanism.

@example
(cond-expand (srfi-8
              )
             (guile
              (use-modules (srfi srfi-8))))
@end example

@cindex @code{guile-2} SRFI-0 feature
@cindex portability between 2.0 and older versions
Likewise, testing the @code{guile-2} feature allows code to be portable
between Guile 2.@var{x} and previous versions of Guile.  For instance, it
makes it possible to write code that accounts for Guile 2.@var{x}'s compiler,
yet be correctly interpreted on 1.8 and earlier versions:

@example
(cond-expand (guile-2 (eval-when (compile)
                        ;; This must be evaluated at compile time.
                        (fluid-set! current-reader my-reader)))
             (guile
                      ;; Earlier versions of Guile do not have a
                      ;; separate compilation phase.
                      (fluid-set! current-reader my-reader)))
@end example

It should be noted that @code{cond-expand} is separate from the
@code{*features*} mechanism (@pxref{Feature Tracking}), feature
symbols in one are unrelated to those in the other.


@node SRFI-1
@subsection SRFI-1 - List library
@cindex SRFI-1
@cindex list

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

The list library defined in SRFI-1 contains a lot of useful list
processing procedures for construction, examining, destructuring and
manipulating lists and pairs.

Since SRFI-1 also defines some procedures which are already contained
in R5RS and thus are supported by the Guile core library, some list
and pair procedures which appear in the SRFI-1 document may not appear
in this section.  So when looking for a particular list/pair
processing procedure, you should also have a look at the sections
@ref{Lists} and @ref{Pairs}.

@menu
* SRFI-1 Constructors::         Constructing new lists.
* SRFI-1 Predicates::           Testing list for specific properties.
* SRFI-1 Selectors::            Selecting elements from lists.
* SRFI-1 Length Append etc::    Length calculation and list appending.
* SRFI-1 Fold and Map::         Higher-order list processing.
* SRFI-1 Filtering and Partitioning::  Filter lists based on predicates.
* SRFI-1 Searching::            Search for elements.
* SRFI-1 Deleting::             Delete elements from lists.
* SRFI-1 Association Lists::    Handle association lists.
* SRFI-1 Set Operations::       Use lists for representing sets.
@end menu

@node SRFI-1 Constructors
@subsubsection Constructors
@cindex list constructor

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

New lists can be constructed by calling one of the following
procedures.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} xcons d a
Like @code{cons}, but with interchanged arguments.  Useful mostly when
passed to higher-order procedures.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} list-tabulate n init-proc
Return an @var{n}-element list, where each list element is produced by
applying the procedure @var{init-proc} to the corresponding list
index.  The order in which @var{init-proc} is applied to the indices
is not specified.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} list-copy lst
Return a new list containing the elements of the list @var{lst}.

This function differs from the core @code{list-copy} (@pxref{List
Constructors}) in accepting improper lists too.  And if @var{lst} is
not a pair at all then it's treated as the final tail of an improper
list and simply returned.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} circular-list elt1 elt2 @dots{}
Return a circular list containing the given arguments @var{elt1}
@var{elt2} @dots{}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} iota count [start step]
Return a list containing @var{count} numbers, starting from
@var{start} and adding @var{step} each time.  The default @var{start}
is 0, the default @var{step} is 1.  For example,

@example
(iota 6)        @result{} (0 1 2 3 4 5)
(iota 4 2.5 -2) @result{} (2.5 0.5 -1.5 -3.5)
@end example

This function takes its name from the corresponding primitive in the
APL language.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-1 Predicates
@subsubsection Predicates
@cindex list predicate

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

The procedures in this section test specific properties of lists.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} proper-list? obj
Return @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a proper list, or @code{#f}
otherwise.  This is the same as the core @code{list?} (@pxref{List
Predicates}).

A proper list is a list which ends with the empty list @code{()} in
the usual way.  The empty list @code{()} itself is a proper list too.

@example
(proper-list? '(1 2 3))  @result{} #t
(proper-list? '())       @result{} #t
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} circular-list? obj
Return @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a circular list, or @code{#f}
otherwise.

A circular list is a list where at some point the @code{cdr} refers
back to a previous pair in the list (either the start or some later
point), so that following the @code{cdr}s takes you around in a
circle, with no end.

@example
(define x (list 1 2 3 4))
(set-cdr! (last-pair x) (cddr x))
x @result{} (1 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 ...)
(circular-list? x)  @result{} #t
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dotted-list? obj
Return @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a dotted list, or @code{#f}
otherwise.

A dotted list is a list where the @code{cdr} of the last pair is not
the empty list @code{()}.  Any non-pair @var{obj} is also considered a
dotted list, with length zero.

@example
(dotted-list? '(1 2 . 3))  @result{} #t
(dotted-list? 99)          @result{} #t
@end example
@end deffn

It will be noted that any Scheme object passes exactly one of the
above three tests @code{proper-list?}, @code{circular-list?} and
@code{dotted-list?}.  Non-lists are @code{dotted-list?}, finite lists
are either @code{proper-list?} or @code{dotted-list?}, and infinite
lists are @code{circular-list?}.

@sp 1
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} null-list? lst
Return @code{#t} if @var{lst} is the empty list @code{()}, @code{#f}
otherwise.  If something else than a proper or circular list is passed
as @var{lst}, an error is signalled.  This procedure is recommended
for checking for the end of a list in contexts where dotted lists are
not allowed.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} not-pair? obj
Return @code{#t} is @var{obj} is not a pair, @code{#f} otherwise.
This is shorthand notation @code{(not (pair? @var{obj}))} and is
supposed to be used for end-of-list checking in contexts where dotted
lists are allowed.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} list= elt= list1 @dots{}
Return @code{#t} if all argument lists are equal, @code{#f} otherwise.
List equality is determined by testing whether all lists have the same
length and the corresponding elements are equal in the sense of the
equality predicate @var{elt=}.  If no or only one list is given,
@code{#t} is returned.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-1 Selectors
@subsubsection Selectors
@cindex list selector

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} first pair
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} second pair
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} third pair
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} fourth pair
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} fifth pair
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} sixth pair
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} seventh pair
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} eighth pair
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} ninth pair
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} tenth pair
These are synonyms for @code{car}, @code{cadr}, @code{caddr}, @dots{}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} car+cdr pair
Return two values, the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} of @var{pair}.
@end deffn

@lisp
(car+cdr '(0 1 2 3))
@result{}
0
(1 2 3)
@end lisp

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} take lst i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} take! lst i
Return a list containing the first @var{i} elements of @var{lst}.

@code{take!} may modify the structure of the argument list @var{lst}
in order to produce the result.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} drop lst i
Return a list containing all but the first @var{i} elements of
@var{lst}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} take-right lst i
Return a list containing the @var{i} last elements of @var{lst}.
The return shares a common tail with @var{lst}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} drop-right lst i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} drop-right! lst i
Return a list containing all but the @var{i} last elements of
@var{lst}.

@code{drop-right} always returns a new list, even when @var{i} is
zero.  @code{drop-right!} may modify the structure of the argument
list @var{lst} in order to produce the result.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} split-at lst i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} split-at! lst i
Return two values, a list containing the first @var{i} elements of the
list @var{lst} and a list containing the remaining elements.

@code{split-at!} may modify the structure of the argument list
@var{lst} in order to produce the result.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} last lst
Return the last element of the non-empty, finite list @var{lst}.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-1 Length Append etc
@subsubsection Length, Append, Concatenate, etc.

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} length+ lst
Return the length of the argument list @var{lst}.  When @var{lst} is a
circular list, @code{#f} is returned.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} concatenate list-of-lists
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} concatenate! list-of-lists
Construct a list by appending all lists in @var{list-of-lists}.

@code{concatenate!} may modify the structure of the given lists in
order to produce the result.

@code{concatenate} is the same as @code{(apply append
@var{list-of-lists})}.  It exists because some Scheme implementations
have a limit on the number of arguments a function takes, which the
@code{apply} might exceed.  In Guile there is no such limit.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} append-reverse rev-head tail
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} append-reverse! rev-head tail
Reverse @var{rev-head}, append @var{tail} to it, and return the
result.  This is equivalent to @code{(append (reverse @var{rev-head})
@var{tail})}, but its implementation is more efficient.

@example
(append-reverse '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6)) @result{} (3 2 1 4 5 6)
@end example

@code{append-reverse!} may modify @var{rev-head} in order to produce
the result.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} zip lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Return a list as long as the shortest of the argument lists, where
each element is a list.  The first list contains the first elements of
the argument lists, the second list contains the second elements, and
so on.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} unzip1 lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} unzip2 lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} unzip3 lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} unzip4 lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} unzip5 lst
@code{unzip1} takes a list of lists, and returns a list containing the
first elements of each list, @code{unzip2} returns two lists, the
first containing the first elements of each lists and the second
containing the second elements of each lists, and so on.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} count pred lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Return a count of the number of times @var{pred} returns true when
called on elements from the given lists.

@var{pred} is called with @var{N} parameters @code{(@var{pred}
@var{elem1} @dots{} @var{elemN} )}, each element being from the
corresponding list.  The first call is with the first element of each
list, the second with the second element from each, and so on.

Counting stops when the end of the shortest list is reached.  At least
one list must be non-circular.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-1 Fold and Map
@subsubsection Fold, Unfold & Map
@cindex list fold
@cindex list map

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} fold proc init lst1 lst2 @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} fold-right proc init lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Apply @var{proc} to the elements of @var{lst1} @var{lst2} @dots{} to
build a result, and return that result.

Each @var{proc} call is @code{(@var{proc} @var{elem1} @var{elem2}
@dots{}  @var{previous})}, where @var{elem1} is from @var{lst1},
@var{elem2} is from @var{lst2}, and so on.  @var{previous} is the return
from the previous call to @var{proc}, or the given @var{init} for the
first call.  If any list is empty, just @var{init} is returned.

@code{fold} works through the list elements from first to last.  The
following shows a list reversal and the calls it makes,

@example
(fold cons '() '(1 2 3))

(cons 1 '())
(cons 2 '(1))
(cons 3 '(2 1)
@result{} (3 2 1)
@end example

@code{fold-right} works through the list elements from last to first,
ie.@: from the right.  So for example the following finds the longest
string, and the last among equal longest,

@example
(fold-right (lambda (str prev)
              (if (> (string-length str) (string-length prev))
                  str
                  prev))
            ""
            '("x" "abc" "xyz" "jk"))
@result{} "xyz"
@end example

If @var{lst1} @var{lst2} @dots{} have different lengths, @code{fold}
stops when the end of the shortest is reached; @code{fold-right}
commences at the last element of the shortest.  Ie.@: elements past the
length of the shortest are ignored in the other @var{lst}s.  At least
one @var{lst} must be non-circular.

@code{fold} should be preferred over @code{fold-right} if the order of
processing doesn't matter, or can be arranged either way, since
@code{fold} is a little more efficient.

The way @code{fold} builds a result from iterating is quite general,
it can do more than other iterations like say @code{map} or
@code{filter}.  The following for example removes adjacent duplicate
elements from a list,

@example
(define (delete-adjacent-duplicates lst)
  (fold-right (lambda (elem ret)
                (if (equal? elem (first ret))
                    ret
                    (cons elem ret)))
              (list (last lst))
              lst))
(delete-adjacent-duplicates '(1 2 3 3 4 4 4 5))
@result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
@end example

Clearly the same sort of thing can be done with a @code{for-each} and
a variable in which to build the result, but a self-contained
@var{proc} can be re-used in multiple contexts, where a
@code{for-each} would have to be written out each time.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} pair-fold proc init lst1 lst2 @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} pair-fold-right proc init lst1 lst2 @dots{}
The same as @code{fold} and @code{fold-right}, but apply @var{proc} to
the pairs of the lists instead of the list elements.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} reduce proc default lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} reduce-right proc default lst
@code{reduce} is a variant of @code{fold}, where the first call to
@var{proc} is on two elements from @var{lst}, rather than one element
and a given initial value.

If @var{lst} is empty, @code{reduce} returns @var{default} (this is
the only use for @var{default}).  If @var{lst} has just one element
then that's the return value.  Otherwise @var{proc} is called on the
elements of @var{lst}.

Each @var{proc} call is @code{(@var{proc} @var{elem} @var{previous})},
where @var{elem} is from @var{lst} (the second and subsequent elements
of @var{lst}), and @var{previous} is the return from the previous call
to @var{proc}.  The first element of @var{lst} is the @var{previous}
for the first call to @var{proc}.

For example, the following adds a list of numbers, the calls made to
@code{+} are shown.  (Of course @code{+} accepts multiple arguments
and can add a list directly, with @code{apply}.)

@example
(reduce + 0 '(5 6 7)) @result{} 18

(+ 6 5)  @result{} 11
(+ 7 11) @result{} 18
@end example

@code{reduce} can be used instead of @code{fold} where the @var{init}
value is an ``identity'', meaning a value which under @var{proc}
doesn't change the result, in this case 0 is an identity since
@code{(+ 5 0)} is just 5.  @code{reduce} avoids that unnecessary call.

@code{reduce-right} is a similar variation on @code{fold-right},
working from the end (ie.@: the right) of @var{lst}.  The last element
of @var{lst} is the @var{previous} for the first call to @var{proc},
and the @var{elem} values go from the second last.

@code{reduce} should be preferred over @code{reduce-right} if the
order of processing doesn't matter, or can be arranged either way,
since @code{reduce} is a little more efficient.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} unfold p f g seed [tail-gen]
@code{unfold} is defined as follows:

@lisp
(unfold p f g seed) =
   (if (p seed) (tail-gen seed)
       (cons (f seed)
             (unfold p f g (g seed))))
@end lisp

@table @var
@item p
Determines when to stop unfolding.

@item f
Maps each seed value to the corresponding list element.

@item g
Maps each seed value to next seed value.

@item seed
The state value for the unfold.

@item tail-gen
Creates the tail of the list; defaults to @code{(lambda (x) '())}.
@end table

@var{g} produces a series of seed values, which are mapped to list
elements by @var{f}.  These elements are put into a list in
left-to-right order, and @var{p} tells when to stop unfolding.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} unfold-right p f g seed [tail]
Construct a list with the following loop.

@lisp
(let lp ((seed seed) (lis tail))
   (if (p seed) lis
       (lp (g seed)
           (cons (f seed) lis))))
@end lisp

@table @var
@item p
Determines when to stop unfolding.

@item f
Maps each seed value to the corresponding list element.

@item g
Maps each seed value to next seed value.

@item seed
The state value for the unfold.

@item tail
The tail of the list; defaults to @code{'()}.
@end table

@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} map f lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Map the procedure over the list(s) @var{lst1}, @var{lst2}, @dots{} and
return a list containing the results of the procedure applications.
This procedure is extended with respect to R5RS, because the argument
lists may have different lengths.  The result list will have the same
length as the shortest argument lists.  The order in which @var{f}
will be applied to the list element(s) is not specified.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} for-each f lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Apply the procedure @var{f} to each pair of corresponding elements of
the list(s) @var{lst1}, @var{lst2}, @dots{}.  The return value is not
specified.  This procedure is extended with respect to R5RS, because
the argument lists may have different lengths.  The shortest argument
list determines the number of times @var{f} is called.  @var{f} will
be applied to the list elements in left-to-right order.

@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} append-map f lst1 lst2 @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} append-map! f lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Equivalent to

@lisp
(apply append (map f clist1 clist2 ...))
@end lisp

and

@lisp
(apply append! (map f clist1 clist2 ...))
@end lisp

Map @var{f} over the elements of the lists, just as in the @code{map}
function. However, the results of the applications are appended
together to make the final result. @code{append-map} uses
@code{append} to append the results together; @code{append-map!} uses
@code{append!}.

The dynamic order in which the various applications of @var{f} are
made is not specified.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} map! f lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Linear-update variant of @code{map} -- @code{map!} is allowed, but not
required, to alter the cons cells of @var{lst1} to construct the
result list.

The dynamic order in which the various applications of @var{f} are
made is not specified. In the n-ary case, @var{lst2}, @var{lst3},
@dots{} must have at least as many elements as @var{lst1}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} pair-for-each f lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Like @code{for-each}, but applies the procedure @var{f} to the pairs
from which the argument lists are constructed, instead of the list
elements.  The return value is not specified.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} filter-map f lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Like @code{map}, but only results from the applications of @var{f}
which are true are saved in the result list.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-1 Filtering and Partitioning
@subsubsection Filtering and Partitioning
@cindex list filter
@cindex list partition

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

Filtering means to collect all elements from a list which satisfy a
specific condition.  Partitioning a list means to make two groups of
list elements, one which contains the elements satisfying a condition,
and the other for the elements which don't.

The @code{filter} and @code{filter!} functions are implemented in the
Guile core, @xref{List Modification}.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} partition pred lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} partition! pred lst
Split @var{lst} into those elements which do and don't satisfy the
predicate @var{pred}.

The return is two values (@pxref{Multiple Values}), the first being a
list of all elements from @var{lst} which satisfy @var{pred}, the
second a list of those which do not.

The elements in the result lists are in the same order as in @var{lst}
but the order in which the calls @code{(@var{pred} elem)} are made on
the list elements is unspecified.

@code{partition} does not change @var{lst}, but one of the returned
lists may share a tail with it.  @code{partition!} may modify
@var{lst} to construct its return.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} remove pred lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} remove! pred lst
Return a list containing all elements from @var{lst} which do not
satisfy the predicate @var{pred}.  The elements in the result list
have the same order as in @var{lst}.  The order in which @var{pred} is
applied to the list elements is not specified.

@code{remove!} is allowed, but not required to modify the structure of
the input list.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-1 Searching
@subsubsection Searching
@cindex list search

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

The procedures for searching elements in lists either accept a
predicate or a comparison object for determining which elements are to
be searched.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} find pred lst
Return the first element of @var{lst} that satisfies the predicate
@var{pred} and @code{#f} if no such element is found.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} find-tail pred lst
Return the first pair of @var{lst} whose @sc{car} satisfies the
predicate @var{pred} and @code{#f} if no such element is found.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} take-while pred lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} take-while! pred lst
Return the longest initial prefix of @var{lst} whose elements all
satisfy the predicate @var{pred}.

@code{take-while!} is allowed, but not required to modify the input
list while producing the result.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} drop-while pred lst
Drop the longest initial prefix of @var{lst} whose elements all
satisfy the predicate @var{pred}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} span pred lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} span! pred lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} break pred lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} break! pred lst
@code{span} splits the list @var{lst} into the longest initial prefix
whose elements all satisfy the predicate @var{pred}, and the remaining
tail.  @code{break} inverts the sense of the predicate.

@code{span!} and @code{break!} are allowed, but not required to modify
the structure of the input list @var{lst} in order to produce the
result.

Note that the name @code{break} conflicts with the @code{break}
binding established by @code{while} (@pxref{while do}).  Applications
wanting to use @code{break} from within a @code{while} loop will need
to make a new define under a different name.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} any pred lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Test whether any set of elements from @var{lst1} @var{lst2} @dots{}
satisfies @var{pred}.  If so, the return value is the return value from
the successful @var{pred} call, or if not, the return value is
@code{#f}.

If there are n list arguments, then @var{pred} must be a predicate
taking n arguments.  Each @var{pred} call is @code{(@var{pred}
@var{elem1} @var{elem2} @dots{} )} taking an element from each
@var{lst}.  The calls are made successively for the first, second, etc.
elements of the lists, stopping when @var{pred} returns non-@code{#f},
or when the end of the shortest list is reached.

The @var{pred} call on the last set of elements (i.e., when the end of
the shortest list has been reached), if that point is reached, is a
tail call.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} every pred lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Test whether every set of elements from @var{lst1} @var{lst2} @dots{}
satisfies @var{pred}.  If so, the return value is the return from the
final @var{pred} call, or if not, the return value is @code{#f}.

If there are n list arguments, then @var{pred} must be a predicate
taking n arguments.  Each @var{pred} call is @code{(@var{pred}
@var{elem1} @var{elem2 @dots{}})} taking an element from each
@var{lst}.  The calls are made successively for the first, second, etc.
elements of the lists, stopping if @var{pred} returns @code{#f}, or when
the end of any of the lists is reached.

The @var{pred} call on the last set of elements (i.e., when the end of
the shortest list has been reached) is a tail call.

If one of @var{lst1} @var{lst2} @dots{}is empty then no calls to
@var{pred} are made, and the return value is @code{#t}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} list-index pred lst1 lst2 @dots{}
Return the index of the first set of elements, one from each of
@var{lst1} @var{lst2} @dots{}, which satisfies @var{pred}.

@var{pred} is called as @code{(@var{elem1} @var{elem2 @dots{}})}.
Searching stops when the end of the shortest @var{lst} is reached.
The return index starts from 0 for the first set of elements.  If no
set of elements pass, then the return value is @code{#f}.

@example
(list-index odd? '(2 4 6 9))      @result{} 3
(list-index = '(1 2 3) '(3 1 2))  @result{} #f
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} member x lst [=]
Return the first sublist of @var{lst} whose @sc{car} is equal to
@var{x}.  If @var{x} does not appear in @var{lst}, return @code{#f}.

Equality is determined by @code{equal?}, or by the equality predicate
@var{=} if given.  @var{=} is called @code{(= @var{x} elem)},
ie.@: with the given @var{x} first, so for example to find the first
element greater than 5,

@example
(member 5 '(3 5 1 7 2 9) <) @result{} (7 2 9)
@end example

This version of @code{member} extends the core @code{member}
(@pxref{List Searching}) by accepting an equality predicate.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-1 Deleting
@subsubsection Deleting
@cindex list delete

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} delete x lst [=]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} delete! x lst [=]
Return a list containing the elements of @var{lst} but with those
equal to @var{x} deleted.  The returned elements will be in the same
order as they were in @var{lst}.

Equality is determined by the @var{=} predicate, or @code{equal?} if
not given.  An equality call is made just once for each element, but
the order in which the calls are made on the elements is unspecified.

The equality calls are always @code{(= x elem)}, ie.@: the given @var{x}
is first.  This means for instance elements greater than 5 can be
deleted with @code{(delete 5 lst <)}.

@code{delete} does not modify @var{lst}, but the return might share a
common tail with @var{lst}.  @code{delete!} may modify the structure
of @var{lst} to construct its return.

These functions extend the core @code{delete} and @code{delete!}
(@pxref{List Modification}) in accepting an equality predicate.  See
also @code{lset-difference} (@pxref{SRFI-1 Set Operations}) for
deleting multiple elements from a list.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} delete-duplicates lst [=]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} delete-duplicates! lst [=]
Return a list containing the elements of @var{lst} but without
duplicates.

When elements are equal, only the first in @var{lst} is retained.
Equal elements can be anywhere in @var{lst}, they don't have to be
adjacent.  The returned list will have the retained elements in the
same order as they were in @var{lst}.

Equality is determined by the @var{=} predicate, or @code{equal?} if
not given.  Calls @code{(= x y)} are made with element @var{x} being
before @var{y} in @var{lst}.  A call is made at most once for each
combination, but the sequence of the calls across the elements is
unspecified.

@code{delete-duplicates} does not modify @var{lst}, but the return
might share a common tail with @var{lst}.  @code{delete-duplicates!}
may modify the structure of @var{lst} to construct its return.

In the worst case, this is an @math{O(N^2)} algorithm because it must
check each element against all those preceding it.  For long lists it
is more efficient to sort and then compare only adjacent elements.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-1 Association Lists
@subsubsection Association Lists
@cindex association list
@cindex alist

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

Association lists are described in detail in section @ref{Association
Lists}.  The present section only documents the additional procedures
for dealing with association lists defined by SRFI-1.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} assoc key alist [=]
Return the pair from @var{alist} which matches @var{key}.  This
extends the core @code{assoc} (@pxref{Retrieving Alist Entries}) by
taking an optional @var{=} comparison procedure.

The default comparison is @code{equal?}.  If an @var{=} parameter is
given it's called @code{(@var{=} @var{key} @var{alistcar})}, i.e.@: the
given target @var{key} is the first argument, and a @code{car} from
@var{alist} is second.

For example a case-insensitive string lookup,

@example
(assoc "yy" '(("XX" . 1) ("YY" . 2)) string-ci=?)
@result{} ("YY" . 2)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} alist-cons key datum alist
Cons a new association @var{key} and @var{datum} onto @var{alist} and
return the result.  This is equivalent to

@lisp
(cons (cons @var{key} @var{datum}) @var{alist})
@end lisp

@code{acons} (@pxref{Adding or Setting Alist Entries}) in the Guile
core does the same thing.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} alist-copy alist
Return a newly allocated copy of @var{alist}, that means that the
spine of the list as well as the pairs are copied.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} alist-delete key alist [=]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} alist-delete! key alist [=]
Return a list containing the elements of @var{alist} but with those
elements whose keys are equal to @var{key} deleted.  The returned
elements will be in the same order as they were in @var{alist}.

Equality is determined by the @var{=} predicate, or @code{equal?} if
not given.  The order in which elements are tested is unspecified, but
each equality call is made @code{(= key alistkey)}, i.e.@: the given
@var{key} parameter is first and the key from @var{alist} second.
This means for instance all associations with a key greater than 5 can
be removed with @code{(alist-delete 5 alist <)}.

@code{alist-delete} does not modify @var{alist}, but the return might
share a common tail with @var{alist}.  @code{alist-delete!} may modify
the list structure of @var{alist} to construct its return.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-1 Set Operations
@subsubsection Set Operations on Lists
@cindex list set operation

Lists can be used to represent sets of objects.  The procedures in
this section operate on such lists as sets.

Note that lists are not an efficient way to implement large sets.  The
procedures here typically take time @math{@var{m}@cross{}@var{n}} when
operating on @var{m} and @var{n} element lists.  Other data structures
like trees, bitsets (@pxref{Bit Vectors}) or hash tables (@pxref{Hash
Tables}) are faster.

All these procedures take an equality predicate as the first argument.
This predicate is used for testing the objects in the list sets for
sameness.  This predicate must be consistent with @code{eq?}
(@pxref{Equality}) in the sense that if two list elements are
@code{eq?} then they must also be equal under the predicate.  This
simply means a given object must be equal to itself.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} lset<= = list @dots{}
Return @code{#t} if each list is a subset of the one following it.
I.e., @var{list1} is a subset of @var{list2}, @var{list2} is a subset of
@var{list3}, etc., for as many lists as given.  If only one list or no
lists are given, the return value is @code{#t}.

A list @var{x} is a subset of @var{y} if each element of @var{x} is
equal to some element in @var{y}.  Elements are compared using the
given @var{=} procedure, called as @code{(@var{=} xelem yelem)}.

@example
(lset<= eq?)                      @result{} #t
(lset<= eqv? '(1 2 3) '(1))       @result{} #f
(lset<= eqv? '(1 3 2) '(4 3 1 2)) @result{} #t
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} lset= = list @dots{}
Return @code{#t} if all argument lists are set-equal.  @var{list1} is
compared to @var{list2}, @var{list2} to @var{list3}, etc., for as many
lists as given.  If only one list or no lists are given, the return
value is @code{#t}.

Two lists @var{x} and @var{y} are set-equal if each element of @var{x}
is equal to some element of @var{y} and conversely each element of
@var{y} is equal to some element of @var{x}.  The order of the
elements in the lists doesn't matter.  Element equality is determined
with the given @var{=} procedure, called as @code{(@var{=} xelem
yelem)}, but exactly which calls are made is unspecified.

@example
(lset= eq?)                      @result{} #t
(lset= eqv? '(1 2 3) '(3 2 1))   @result{} #t
(lset= string-ci=? '("a" "A" "b") '("B" "b" "a")) @result{} #t
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} lset-adjoin = list elem @dots{}
Add to @var{list} any of the given @var{elem}s not already in the list.
@var{elem}s are @code{cons}ed onto the start of @var{list} (so the
return value shares a common tail with @var{list}), but the order that
the @var{elem}s are added is unspecified.

The given @var{=} procedure is used for comparing elements, called as
@code{(@var{=} listelem elem)}, i.e., the second argument is one of
the given @var{elem} parameters.

@example
(lset-adjoin eqv? '(1 2 3) 4 1 5) @result{} (5 4 1 2 3)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} lset-union = list @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} lset-union! = list @dots{}
Return the union of the argument list sets.  The result is built by
taking the union of @var{list1} and @var{list2}, then the union of
that with @var{list3}, etc., for as many lists as given.  For one list
argument that list itself is the result, for no list arguments the
result is the empty list.

The union of two lists @var{x} and @var{y} is formed as follows.  If
@var{x} is empty then the result is @var{y}.  Otherwise start with
@var{x} as the result and consider each @var{y} element (from first to
last).  A @var{y} element not equal to something already in the result
is @code{cons}ed onto the result.

The given @var{=} procedure is used for comparing elements, called as
@code{(@var{=} relem yelem)}.  The first argument is from the result
accumulated so far, and the second is from the list being union-ed in.
But exactly which calls are made is otherwise unspecified.

Notice that duplicate elements in @var{list1} (or the first non-empty
list) are preserved, but that repeated elements in subsequent lists
are only added once.

@example
(lset-union eqv?)                          @result{} ()
(lset-union eqv? '(1 2 3))                 @result{} (1 2 3)
(lset-union eqv? '(1 2 1 3) '(2 4 5) '(5)) @result{} (5 4 1 2 1 3)
@end example

@code{lset-union} doesn't change the given lists but the result may
share a tail with the first non-empty list.  @code{lset-union!} can
modify all of the given lists to form the result.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} lset-intersection = list1 list2 @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} lset-intersection! = list1 list2 @dots{}
Return the intersection of @var{list1} with the other argument lists,
meaning those elements of @var{list1} which are also in all of
@var{list2} etc.  For one list argument, just that list is returned.

The test for an element of @var{list1} to be in the return is simply
that it's equal to some element in each of @var{list2} etc.  Notice
this means an element appearing twice in @var{list1} but only once in
each of @var{list2} etc will go into the return twice.  The return has
its elements in the same order as they were in @var{list1}.

The given @var{=} procedure is used for comparing elements, called as
@code{(@var{=} elem1 elemN)}.  The first argument is from @var{list1}
and the second is from one of the subsequent lists.  But exactly which
calls are made and in what order is unspecified.

@example
(lset-intersection eqv? '(x y))                        @result{} (x y)
(lset-intersection eqv? '(1 2 3) '(4 3 2))             @result{} (2 3)
(lset-intersection eqv? '(1 1 2 2) '(1 2) '(2 1) '(2)) @result{} (2 2)
@end example

The return from @code{lset-intersection} may share a tail with
@var{list1}.  @code{lset-intersection!} may modify @var{list1} to form
its result.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} lset-difference = list1 list2 @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} lset-difference! = list1 list2 @dots{}
Return @var{list1} with any elements in @var{list2}, @var{list3} etc
removed (ie.@: subtracted).  For one list argument, just that list is
returned.

The given @var{=} procedure is used for comparing elements, called as
@code{(@var{=} elem1 elemN)}.  The first argument is from @var{list1}
and the second from one of the subsequent lists.  But exactly which
calls are made and in what order is unspecified.

@example
(lset-difference eqv? '(x y))             @result{} (x y)
(lset-difference eqv? '(1 2 3) '(3 1))    @result{} (2)
(lset-difference eqv? '(1 2 3) '(3) '(2)) @result{} (1)
@end example

The return from @code{lset-difference} may share a tail with
@var{list1}.  @code{lset-difference!} may modify @var{list1} to form
its result.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} lset-diff+intersection = list1 list2 @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} lset-diff+intersection! = list1 list2 @dots{}
Return two values (@pxref{Multiple Values}), the difference and
intersection of the argument lists as per @code{lset-difference} and
@code{lset-intersection} above.

For two list arguments this partitions @var{list1} into those elements
of @var{list1} which are in @var{list2} and not in @var{list2}.  (But
for more than two arguments there can be elements of @var{list1} which
are neither part of the difference nor the intersection.)

One of the return values from @code{lset-diff+intersection} may share
a tail with @var{list1}.  @code{lset-diff+intersection!} may modify
@var{list1} to form its results.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} lset-xor = list @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} lset-xor! = list @dots{}
Return an XOR of the argument lists.  For two lists this means those
elements which are in exactly one of the lists.  For more than two
lists it means those elements which appear in an odd number of the
lists.

To be precise, the XOR of two lists @var{x} and @var{y} is formed by
taking those elements of @var{x} not equal to any element of @var{y},
plus those elements of @var{y} not equal to any element of @var{x}.
Equality is determined with the given @var{=} procedure, called as
@code{(@var{=} e1 e2)}.  One argument is from @var{x} and the other
from @var{y}, but which way around is unspecified.  Exactly which
calls are made is also unspecified, as is the order of the elements in
the result.

@example
(lset-xor eqv? '(x y))             @result{} (x y)
(lset-xor eqv? '(1 2 3) '(4 3 2))  @result{} (4 1)
@end example

The return from @code{lset-xor} may share a tail with one of the list
arguments.  @code{lset-xor!} may modify @var{list1} to form its
result.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-2
@subsection SRFI-2 - and-let*
@cindex SRFI-2

@noindent
The following syntax can be obtained with

@lisp
(use-modules (srfi srfi-2))
@end lisp

or alternatively

@lisp
(use-modules (ice-9 and-let-star))
@end lisp

@deffn {library syntax} and-let* (clause @dots{}) body @dots{}
A combination of @code{and} and @code{let*}.

Each @var{clause} is evaluated in turn, and if @code{#f} is obtained
then evaluation stops and @code{#f} is returned.  If all are
non-@code{#f} then @var{body} is evaluated and the last form gives the
return value, or if @var{body} is empty then the result is @code{#t}.
Each @var{clause} should be one of the following,

@table @code
@item (symbol expr)
Evaluate @var{expr}, check for @code{#f}, and bind it to @var{symbol}.
Like @code{let*}, that binding is available to subsequent clauses.
@item (expr)
Evaluate @var{expr} and check for @code{#f}.
@item symbol
Get the value bound to @var{symbol} and check for @code{#f}.
@end table

Notice that @code{(expr)} has an ``extra'' pair of parentheses, for
instance @code{((eq? x y))}.  One way to remember this is to imagine
the @code{symbol} in @code{(symbol expr)} is omitted.

@code{and-let*} is good for calculations where a @code{#f} value means
termination, but where a non-@code{#f} value is going to be needed in
subsequent expressions.

The following illustrates this, it returns text between brackets
@samp{[...]} in a string, or @code{#f} if there are no such brackets
(ie.@: either @code{string-index} gives @code{#f}).

@example
(define (extract-brackets str)
  (and-let* ((start (string-index str #\[))
             (end   (string-index str #\] start)))
    (substring str (1+ start) end)))
@end example

The following shows plain variables and expressions tested too.
@code{diagnostic-levels} is taken to be an alist associating a
diagnostic type with a level.  @code{str} is printed only if the type
is known and its level is high enough.

@example
(define (show-diagnostic type str)
  (and-let* (want-diagnostics
             (level (assq-ref diagnostic-levels type))
             ((>= level current-diagnostic-level)))
    (display str)))
@end example

The advantage of @code{and-let*} is that an extended sequence of
expressions and tests doesn't require lots of nesting as would arise
from separate @code{and} and @code{let*}, or from @code{cond} with
@code{=>}.

@end deffn


@node SRFI-4
@subsection SRFI-4 - Homogeneous numeric vector datatypes
@cindex SRFI-4

SRFI-4 provides an interface to uniform numeric vectors: vectors whose elements
are all of a single numeric type. Guile offers uniform numeric vectors for
signed and unsigned 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit integers, two sizes of
floating point values, and, as an extension to SRFI-4, complex floating-point
numbers of these two sizes.

The standard SRFI-4 procedures and data types may be included via loading the
appropriate module:

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-4))
@end example

This module is currently a part of the default Guile environment, but it is a
good practice to explicitly import the module. In the future, using SRFI-4
procedures without importing the SRFI-4 module will cause a deprecation message
to be printed. (Of course, one may call the C functions at any time. Would that
C had modules!)

@menu
* SRFI-4 Overview::             The warp and weft of uniform numeric vectors.
* SRFI-4 API::                  Uniform vectors, from Scheme and from C.
* SRFI-4 and Bytevectors::      SRFI-4 vectors are backed by bytevectors.
* SRFI-4 Extensions::           Guile-specific extensions to the standard.
@end menu

@node SRFI-4 Overview
@subsubsection SRFI-4 - Overview

Uniform numeric vectors can be useful since they consume less memory
than the non-uniform, general vectors.  Also, since the types they can
store correspond directly to C types, it is easier to work with them
efficiently on a low level.  Consider image processing as an example,
where you want to apply a filter to some image.  While you could store
the pixels of an image in a general vector and write a general
convolution function, things are much more efficient with uniform
vectors: the convolution function knows that all pixels are unsigned
8-bit values (say), and can use a very tight inner loop.

This is implemented in Scheme by having the compiler notice calls to the SRFI-4
accessors, and inline them to appropriate compiled code. From C you have access
to the raw array; functions for efficiently working with uniform numeric vectors
from C are listed at the end of this section.

Uniform numeric vectors are the special case of one dimensional uniform
numeric arrays.

There are 12 standard kinds of uniform numeric vectors, and they all have their
own complement of constructors, accessors, and so on. Procedures that operate on
a specific kind of uniform numeric vector have a ``tag'' in their name,
indicating the element type.

@table @nicode
@item u8
unsigned 8-bit integers

@item s8
signed 8-bit integers

@item u16
unsigned 16-bit integers

@item s16
signed 16-bit integers

@item u32
unsigned 32-bit integers

@item s32
signed 32-bit integers

@item u64
unsigned 64-bit integers

@item s64
signed 64-bit integers

@item f32
the C type @code{float}

@item f64
the C type @code{double}

@end table

In addition, Guile supports uniform arrays of complex numbers, with the
nonstandard tags:

@table @nicode

@item c32
complex numbers in rectangular form with the real and imaginary part
being a @code{float}

@item c64
complex numbers in rectangular form with the real and imaginary part
being a @code{double}

@end table

The external representation (ie.@: read syntax) for these vectors is
similar to normal Scheme vectors, but with an additional tag from the
tables above indicating the vector's type.  For example,

@lisp
#u16(1 2 3)
#f64(3.1415 2.71)
@end lisp

Note that the read syntax for floating-point here conflicts with
@code{#f} for false.  In Standard Scheme one can write @code{(1 #f3)}
for a three element list @code{(1 #f 3)}, but for Guile @code{(1 #f3)}
is invalid.  @code{(1 #f 3)} is almost certainly what one should write
anyway to make the intention clear, so this is rarely a problem.


@node SRFI-4 API
@subsubsection SRFI-4 - API

Note that the @nicode{c32} and @nicode{c64} functions are only available from
@nicode{(srfi srfi-4 gnu)}.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} u8vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s8vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u16vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s16vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u32vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s32vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u64vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s64vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f32vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f64vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c32vector? obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c64vector? obj
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u8vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s8vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u16vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s16vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u32vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s32vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u64vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s64vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f32vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f64vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c32vector_p (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c64vector_p (obj)
Return @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a homogeneous numeric vector of the
indicated type.
@end deffn

@deffn  {Scheme Procedure} make-u8vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-s8vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-u16vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-s16vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-u32vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-s32vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-u64vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-s64vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-f32vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-f64vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-c32vector n [value]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} make-c64vector n [value]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_u8vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_s8vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_u16vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_s16vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_u32vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_s32vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_u64vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_s64vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_f32vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_f64vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_c32vector (n, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_c64vector (n, value)
Return a newly allocated homogeneous numeric vector holding @var{n}
elements of the indicated type.  If @var{value} is given, the vector
is initialized with that value, otherwise the contents are
unspecified.
@end deffn

@deffn  {Scheme Procedure} u8vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s8vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u16vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s16vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u32vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s32vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u64vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s64vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f32vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f64vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c32vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c64vector value @dots{}
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u8vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s8vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u16vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s16vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u32vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s32vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u64vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s64vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f32vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f64vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c32vector (values)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c64vector (values)
Return a newly allocated homogeneous numeric vector of the indicated
type, holding the given parameter @var{value}s.  The vector length is
the number of parameters given.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} u8vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s8vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u16vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s16vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u32vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s32vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u64vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s64vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f32vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f64vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c32vector-length vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c64vector-length vec
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u8vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s8vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u16vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s16vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u32vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s32vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u64vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s64vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f32vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f64vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c32vector_length (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c64vector_length (vec)
Return the number of elements in @var{vec}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} u8vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s8vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u16vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s16vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u32vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s32vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u64vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s64vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f32vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f64vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c32vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c64vector-ref vec i
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u8vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s8vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u16vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s16vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u32vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s32vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u64vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s64vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f32vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f64vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c32vector_ref (vec, i)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c64vector_ref (vec, i)
Return the element at index @var{i} in @var{vec}.  The first element
in @var{vec} is index 0.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} u8vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s8vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u16vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s16vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u32vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s32vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u64vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s64vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f32vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f64vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c32vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c64vector-set! vec i value
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u8vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s8vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u16vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s16vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u32vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s32vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u64vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s64vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f32vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f64vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c32vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c64vector_set_x (vec, i, value)
Set the element at index @var{i} in @var{vec} to @var{value}.  The
first element in @var{vec} is index 0.  The return value is
unspecified.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} u8vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s8vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u16vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s16vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u32vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s32vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u64vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s64vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f32vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f64vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c32vector->list vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c64vector->list vec
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u8vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s8vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u16vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s16vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u32vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s32vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_u64vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_s64vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f32vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_f64vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c32vector_to_list (vec)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_c64vector_to_list (vec)
Return a newly allocated list holding all elements of @var{vec}.
@end deffn

@deffn  {Scheme Procedure} list->u8vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->s8vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->u16vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->s16vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->u32vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->s32vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->u64vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->s64vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->f32vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->f64vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->c32vector lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->c64vector lst
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_u8vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_s8vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_u16vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_s16vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_u32vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_s32vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_u64vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_s64vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_f32vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_f64vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_c32vector (lst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_list_to_c64vector (lst)
Return a newly allocated homogeneous numeric vector of the indicated type,
initialized with the elements of the list @var{lst}.
@end deffn

@deftypefn  {C Function} SCM scm_take_u8vector (const scm_t_uint8 *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_s8vector (const scm_t_int8 *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_u16vector (const scm_t_uint16 *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_s16vector (const scm_t_int16 *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_u32vector (const scm_t_uint32 *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_s32vector (const scm_t_int32 *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_u64vector (const scm_t_uint64 *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_s64vector (const scm_t_int64 *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_f32vector (const float *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_f64vector (const double *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_c32vector (const float *data, size_t len)
@deftypefnx {C Function} SCM scm_take_c64vector (const double *data, size_t len)
Return a new uniform numeric vector of the indicated type and length
that uses the memory pointed to by @var{data} to store its elements.
This memory will eventually be freed with @code{free}.  The argument
@var{len} specifies the number of elements in @var{data}, not its size
in bytes.

The @code{c32} and @code{c64} variants take a pointer to a C array of
@code{float}s or @code{double}s.  The real parts of the complex numbers
are at even indices in that array, the corresponding imaginary parts are
at the following odd index.
@end deftypefn

@deftypefn {C Function} {const scm_t_uint8 *} scm_u8vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const scm_t_int8 *} scm_s8vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const scm_t_uint16 *} scm_u16vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const scm_t_int16 *} scm_s16vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const scm_t_uint32 *} scm_u32vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const scm_t_int32 *} scm_s32vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const scm_t_uint64 *} scm_u64vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const scm_t_int64 *} scm_s64vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const float *} scm_f32vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const double *} scm_f64vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const float *} scm_c32vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {const double *} scm_c64vector_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
Like @code{scm_vector_elements} (@pxref{Vector Accessing from C}), but
returns a pointer to the elements of a uniform numeric vector of the
indicated kind.
@end deftypefn

@deftypefn {C Function} {scm_t_uint8 *} scm_u8vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {scm_t_int8 *} scm_s8vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {scm_t_uint16 *} scm_u16vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {scm_t_int16 *} scm_s16vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {scm_t_uint32 *} scm_u32vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {scm_t_int32 *} scm_s32vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {scm_t_uint64 *} scm_u64vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {scm_t_int64 *} scm_s64vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {float *} scm_f32vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {double *} scm_f64vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {float *} scm_c32vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
@deftypefnx {C Function} {double *} scm_c64vector_writable_elements (SCM vec, scm_t_array_handle *handle, size_t *lenp, ssize_t *incp)
Like @code{scm_vector_writable_elements} (@pxref{Vector Accessing from C}),
but returns a pointer to the elements of a uniform numeric vector of the
indicated kind.
@end deftypefn

@node SRFI-4 and Bytevectors
@subsubsection SRFI-4 - Relation to bytevectors

Guile implements SRFI-4 vectors using bytevectors (@pxref{Bytevectors}). Often
when you have a numeric vector, you end up wanting to write its bytes somewhere,
or have access to the underlying bytes, or read in bytes from somewhere else.
Bytevectors are very good at this sort of thing. But the SRFI-4 APIs are nicer
to use when doing number-crunching, because they are addressed by element and
not by byte.

So as a compromise, Guile allows all bytevector functions to operate on numeric
vectors. They address the underlying bytes in the native endianness, as one
would expect.

Following the same reasoning, that it's just bytes underneath, Guile also allows
uniform vectors of a given type to be accessed as if they were of any type. One
can fill a @nicode{u32vector}, and access its elements with
@nicode{u8vector-ref}. One can use @nicode{f64vector-ref} on bytevectors. It's
all the same to Guile.

In this way, uniform numeric vectors may be written to and read from
input/output ports using the procedures that operate on bytevectors.

@xref{Bytevectors}, for more information.


@node SRFI-4 Extensions
@subsubsection SRFI-4 - Guile extensions

Guile defines some useful extensions to SRFI-4, which are not available in the
default Guile environment. They may be imported by loading the extensions
module:

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-4 gnu))
@end example

@deffn  {Scheme Procedure} srfi-4-vector-type-size obj
Return the size, in bytes, of each element of SRFI-4 vector
@var{obj}. For example, @code{(srfi-4-vector-type-size #u32())} returns
@code{4}.
@end deffn

@deffn  {Scheme Procedure} any->u8vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->s8vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->u16vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->s16vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->u32vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->s32vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->u64vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->s64vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->f32vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->f64vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->c32vector obj
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} any->c64vector obj
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_u8vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_s8vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_u16vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_s16vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_u32vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_s32vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_u64vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_s64vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_f32vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_f64vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_c32vector (obj)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_any_to_c64vector (obj)
Return a (maybe newly allocated) uniform numeric vector of the indicated
type, initialized with the elements of @var{obj}, which must be a list,
a vector, or a uniform vector.  When @var{obj} is already a suitable
uniform numeric vector, it is returned unchanged.
@end deffn

@deffn  {Scheme Procedure} u8vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s8vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u16vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s16vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u32vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s32vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u64vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s64vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f32vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f64vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c32vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c64vector-copy! dst at src [start [end]]
Copy a block of elements from @var{src} to @var{dst}, both of which must
be vectors of the indicated type, starting in @var{dst} at @var{at} and
starting in @var{src} at @var{start} and ending at @var{end}.  It is an
error for @var{dst} to have a length less than @var{at} + (@var{end} -
@var{start}). @var{at} and @var{start} default to 0 and @var{end}
defaults to the length of @var{src}.

If source and destination overlap, copying takes place as if the
source is first copied into a temporary vector and then into the
destination.

See also @ref{x-vector-copy!,@code{vector-copy!}}.
@end deffn

@deffn  {Scheme Procedure} u8vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s8vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u16vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s16vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u32vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s32vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} u64vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} s64vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f32vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} f64vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c32vector-copy src [start [end]]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} c64vector-copy src [start [end]]
Returns a freshly allocated vector of the indicated type, which must be
the same as that of @var{src}, containing the elements of @var{src}
between @var{start} and @var{end}. @var{start} defaults to 0 and
@var{end} defaults to the length of @var{src}.

See also @ref{x-vector-copy,@code{vector-copy}}.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-6
@subsection SRFI-6 - Basic String Ports
@cindex SRFI-6

SRFI-6 defines the procedures @code{open-input-string},
@code{open-output-string} and @code{get-output-string}.  These
procedures are included in the Guile core, so using this module does not
make any difference at the moment.  But it is possible that support for
SRFI-6 will be factored out of the core library in the future, so using
this module does not hurt, after all.

@node SRFI-8
@subsection SRFI-8 - receive
@cindex SRFI-8

@code{receive} is a syntax for making the handling of multiple-value
procedures easier.  It is documented in @xref{Multiple Values}.


@node SRFI-9
@subsection SRFI-9 - define-record-type

This SRFI is a syntax for defining new record types and creating
predicate, constructor, and field getter and setter functions.  It is
documented in the ``Data Types'' section of the manual (@pxref{SRFI-9
Records}).


@node SRFI-10
@subsection SRFI-10 - Hash-Comma Reader Extension
@cindex SRFI-10

@cindex hash-comma
@cindex #,()
This SRFI implements a reader extension @code{#,()} called hash-comma.
It allows the reader to give new kinds of objects, for use both in data
and as constants or literals in source code.  This feature is available
with

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-10))
@end example

@noindent
The new read syntax is of the form

@example
#,(@var{tag} @var{arg}@dots{})
@end example

@noindent
where @var{tag} is a symbol and the @var{arg}s are objects taken as
parameters.  @var{tag}s are registered with the following procedure.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} define-reader-ctor tag proc
Register @var{proc} as the constructor for a hash-comma read syntax
starting with symbol @var{tag}, i.e.@: @nicode{#,(@var{tag} arg@dots{})}.
@var{proc} is called with the given arguments @code{(@var{proc}
arg@dots{})} and the object it returns is the result of the read.
@end deffn

@noindent
For example, a syntax giving a list of @var{N} copies of an object.

@example
(define-reader-ctor 'repeat
  (lambda (obj reps)
    (make-list reps obj)))

(display '#,(repeat 99 3))
@print{} (99 99 99)
@end example

Notice the quote @nicode{'} when the @nicode{#,( )} is used.  The
@code{repeat} handler returns a list and the program must quote to use
it literally, the same as any other list.  Ie.

@example
(display '#,(repeat 99 3))
@result{}
(display '(99 99 99))
@end example

When a handler returns an object which is self-evaluating, like a
number or a string, then there's no need for quoting, just as there's
no need when giving those directly as literals.  For example an
addition,

@example
(define-reader-ctor 'sum
  (lambda (x y)
    (+ x y)))
(display #,(sum 123 456)) @print{} 579
@end example

Once @code{(srfi srfi-10)} has loaded, @nicode{#,()} is available
globally, there's no need to use @code{(srfi srfi-10)} in later
modules.  Similarly the tags registered are global and can be used
anywhere once registered.

We do not recommend @nicode{#,()} reader extensions, however, and for
three reasons.

First of all, this SRFI is not modular: the tag is matched by name, not
as an identifier within a scope.  Defining a reader extension in one
part of a program can thus affect unrelated parts of a program because
the tag is not scoped.

Secondly, reader extensions can be hard to manage from a time
perspective: when does the reader extension take effect?  @xref{Eval
When}, for more discussion.

Finally, reader extensions can easily produce objects that can't be
reified to an object file by the compiler.  For example if you define a
reader extension that makes a hash table (@pxref{Hash Tables}), then it
will work fine when run with the interpreter, and you think you have a
neat hack.  But then if you try to compile your program, after wrangling
with the @code{eval-when} concerns mentioned above, the compiler will
carp that it doesn't know how to serialize a hash table to disk.

In the specific case of hash tables, it would be possible for Guile to
know how to pack hash tables into compiled files, but this doesn't work
in general.  What if the object you produce is an instance of a record
type?  Guile would then have to serialize the record type to disk too,
and then what happens if the program independently loads the code that
defines the record type?  Does it define the same type or a different
type?  Guile's record types are nominal, not structural, so the answer
is not clear at all.

For all of these reasons we recommend macros over reader extensions.
Macros fulfill many of the same needs while preserving modular
composition, and their interaction with @code{eval-when} is well-known.
If you need brevity, instead use @code{read-hash-extend} and make your
reader extension expand to a macro invocation.  In that way we preserve
scoping as much as possible.  @xref{Reader Extensions}.


@node SRFI-11
@subsection SRFI-11 - let-values
@cindex SRFI-11

@findex let-values
@findex let*-values
This module implements the binding forms for multiple values
@code{let-values} and @code{let*-values}.  These forms are similar to
@code{let} and @code{let*} (@pxref{Local Bindings}), but they support
binding of the values returned by multiple-valued expressions.

Write @code{(use-modules (srfi srfi-11))} to make the bindings
available.

@lisp
(let-values (((x y) (values 1 2))
             ((z f) (values 3 4)))
   (+ x y z f))
@result{}
10
@end lisp

@code{let-values} performs all bindings simultaneously, which means that
no expression in the binding clauses may refer to variables bound in the
same clause list.  @code{let*-values}, on the other hand, performs the
bindings sequentially, just like @code{let*} does for single-valued
expressions.


@node SRFI-13
@subsection SRFI-13 - String Library
@cindex SRFI-13

The SRFI-13 procedures are always available, @xref{Strings}.

@node SRFI-14
@subsection SRFI-14 - Character-set Library
@cindex SRFI-14

The SRFI-14 data type and procedures are always available,
@xref{Character Sets}.

@node SRFI-16
@subsection SRFI-16 - case-lambda
@cindex SRFI-16
@cindex variable arity
@cindex arity, variable

SRFI-16 defines a variable-arity @code{lambda} form,
@code{case-lambda}. This form is available in the default Guile
environment. @xref{Case-lambda}, for more information.

@node SRFI-17
@subsection SRFI-17 - Generalized set!
@cindex SRFI-17

This SRFI implements a generalized @code{set!}, allowing some
``referencing'' functions to be used as the target location of a
@code{set!}.  This feature is available from

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-17))
@end example

@noindent
For example @code{vector-ref} is extended so that

@example
(set! (vector-ref vec idx) new-value)
@end example

@noindent
is equivalent to

@example
(vector-set! vec idx new-value)
@end example

The idea is that a @code{vector-ref} expression identifies a location,
which may be either fetched or stored.  The same form is used for the
location in both cases, encouraging visual clarity.  This is similar
to the idea of an ``lvalue'' in C.

The mechanism for this kind of @code{set!} is in the Guile core
(@pxref{Procedures with Setters}).  This module adds definitions of
the following functions as procedures with setters, allowing them to
be targets of a @code{set!},

@quotation
@nicode{car}, @nicode{cdr}, @nicode{caar}, @nicode{cadr},
@nicode{cdar}, @nicode{cddr}, @nicode{caaar}, @nicode{caadr},
@nicode{cadar}, @nicode{caddr}, @nicode{cdaar}, @nicode{cdadr},
@nicode{cddar}, @nicode{cdddr}, @nicode{caaaar}, @nicode{caaadr},
@nicode{caadar}, @nicode{caaddr}, @nicode{cadaar}, @nicode{cadadr},
@nicode{caddar}, @nicode{cadddr}, @nicode{cdaaar}, @nicode{cdaadr},
@nicode{cdadar}, @nicode{cdaddr}, @nicode{cddaar}, @nicode{cddadr},
@nicode{cdddar}, @nicode{cddddr}

@nicode{string-ref}, @nicode{vector-ref}
@end quotation

The SRFI specifies @code{setter} (@pxref{Procedures with Setters}) as
a procedure with setter, allowing the setter for a procedure to be
changed, eg.@: @code{(set! (setter foo) my-new-setter-handler)}.
Currently Guile does not implement this, a setter can only be
specified on creation (@code{getter-with-setter} below).

@defun getter-with-setter
The same as the Guile core @code{make-procedure-with-setter}
(@pxref{Procedures with Setters}).
@end defun


@node SRFI-18
@subsection SRFI-18 - Multithreading support
@cindex SRFI-18

This is an implementation of the SRFI-18 threading and synchronization
library.  The functions and variables described here are provided by

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-18))
@end example

SRFI-18 defines facilities for threads, mutexes, condition variables,
time, and exception handling.  Because these facilities are at a higher
level than Guile's primitives, they are implemented as a layer on top of
what Guile provides.  In particular this means that a Guile mutex is not
a SRFI-18 mutex, and a Guile thread is not a SRFI-18 thread, and so on.
Guile provides a set of primitives and SRFI-18 is one of the systems built in terms of those primitives.

@menu
* SRFI-18 Threads::             Executing code 
* SRFI-18 Mutexes::             Mutual exclusion devices
* SRFI-18 Condition variables:: Synchronizing of groups of threads
* SRFI-18 Time::                Representation of times and durations
* SRFI-18 Exceptions::          Signalling and handling errors
@end menu

@node SRFI-18 Threads
@subsubsection SRFI-18 Threads

Threads created by SRFI-18 differ in two ways from threads created by 
Guile's built-in thread functions.  First, a thread created by SRFI-18
@code{make-thread} begins in a blocked state and will not start 
execution until @code{thread-start!} is called on it.  Second, SRFI-18
threads are constructed with a top-level exception handler that 
captures any exceptions that are thrown on thread exit.

SRFI-18 threads are disjoint from Guile's primitive threads.
@xref{Threads}, for more on Guile's primitive facility.

@defun current-thread
Returns the thread that called this function.  This is the same
procedure as the same-named built-in procedure @code{current-thread}
(@pxref{Threads}).
@end defun

@defun thread? obj
Returns @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a thread, @code{#f} otherwise.  This
is the same procedure as the same-named built-in procedure 
@code{thread?} (@pxref{Threads}).
@end defun

@defun make-thread thunk [name]
Call @code{thunk} in a new thread and with a new dynamic state,
returning the new thread and optionally assigning it the object name
@var{name}, which may be any Scheme object.

Note that the name @code{make-thread} conflicts with the 
@code{(ice-9 threads)} function @code{make-thread}.  Applications 
wanting to use both of these functions will need to refer to them by 
different names.
@end defun

@defun thread-name thread
Returns the name assigned to @var{thread} at the time of its creation,
or @code{#f} if it was not given a name.
@end defun

@defun thread-specific thread
@defunx thread-specific-set! thread obj
Get or set the ``object-specific'' property of @var{thread}.  In
Guile's implementation of SRFI-18, this value is stored as an object
property, and will be @code{#f} if not set.
@end defun

@defun thread-start! thread
Unblocks @var{thread} and allows it to begin execution if it has not
done so already.
@end defun

@defun thread-yield!
If one or more threads are waiting to execute, calling 
@code{thread-yield!} forces an immediate context switch to one of them.
Otherwise, @code{thread-yield!} has no effect.  @code{thread-yield!} 
behaves identically to the Guile built-in function @code{yield}.
@end defun

@defun thread-sleep! timeout
The current thread waits until the point specified by the time object
@var{timeout} is reached (@pxref{SRFI-18 Time}).  This blocks the 
thread only if @var{timeout} represents a point in the future.  it is 
an error for @var{timeout} to be @code{#f}.
@end defun

@defun thread-terminate! thread
Causes an abnormal termination of @var{thread}.  If @var{thread} is
not already terminated, all mutexes owned by @var{thread} become
unlocked/abandoned.  If @var{thread} is the current thread, 
@code{thread-terminate!} does not return.  Otherwise 
@code{thread-terminate!} returns an unspecified value; the termination
of @var{thread} will occur before @code{thread-terminate!} returns.  
Subsequent attempts to join on @var{thread} will cause a ``terminated 
thread exception'' to be raised.

@code{thread-terminate!} is compatible with the thread cancellation
procedures in the core threads API (@pxref{Threads}) in that if a 
cleanup handler has been installed for the target thread, it will be 
called before the thread exits and its return value (or exception, if
any) will be stored for later retrieval via a call to 
@code{thread-join!}.
@end defun

@defun thread-join! thread [timeout [timeout-val]]
Wait for @var{thread} to terminate and return its exit value.  When a 
time value @var{timeout} is given, it specifies a point in time where
the waiting should be aborted.  When the waiting is aborted, 
@var{timeout-val} is returned if it is specified; otherwise, a
@code{join-timeout-exception} exception is raised 
(@pxref{SRFI-18 Exceptions}).  Exceptions may also be raised if the 
thread was terminated by a call to @code{thread-terminate!} 
(@code{terminated-thread-exception} will be raised) or if the thread 
exited by raising an exception that was handled by the top-level 
exception handler (@code{uncaught-exception} will be raised; the 
original exception can be retrieved using 
@code{uncaught-exception-reason}).
@end defun


@node SRFI-18 Mutexes
@subsubsection SRFI-18 Mutexes

SRFI-18 mutexes are disjoint from Guile's primitive mutexes.
@xref{Mutexes and Condition Variables}, for more on Guile's primitive
facility.

@defun make-mutex [name]
Returns a new mutex, optionally assigning it the object name @var{name},
which may be any Scheme object.  The returned mutex will be created with
the configuration described above.
@end defun

@defun mutex-name mutex
Returns the name assigned to @var{mutex} at the time of its creation, or
@code{#f} if it was not given a name.
@end defun

@defun mutex-specific mutex
Return the ``object-specific'' property of @var{mutex}, or @code{#f} if
none is set.
@end defun

@defun mutex-specific-set! mutex obj
Set the ``object-specific'' property of @var{mutex}.
@end defun

@defun mutex-state mutex
Returns information about the state of @var{mutex}.  Possible values 
are:
@itemize @bullet
@item
thread @var{t}: the mutex is in the locked/owned state and thread
@var{t} is the owner of the mutex
@item 
symbol @code{not-owned}: the mutex is in the locked/not-owned state
@item
symbol @code{abandoned}: the mutex is in the unlocked/abandoned state
@item
symbol @code{not-abandoned}: the mutex is in the 
unlocked/not-abandoned state 
@end itemize
@end defun

@defun mutex-lock! mutex [timeout [thread]]
Lock @var{mutex}, optionally specifying a time object @var{timeout}
after which to abort the lock attempt and a thread @var{thread} giving
a new owner for @var{mutex} different than the current thread.
@end defun

@defun mutex-unlock! mutex [condition-variable [timeout]]
Unlock @var{mutex}, optionally specifying a condition variable
@var{condition-variable} on which to wait, either indefinitely or,
optionally, until the time object @var{timeout} has passed, to be
signalled.
@end defun


@node SRFI-18 Condition variables
@subsubsection SRFI-18 Condition variables

SRFI-18 does not specify a ``wait'' function for condition variables.
Waiting on a condition variable can be simulated using the SRFI-18
@code{mutex-unlock!} function described in the previous section.

SRFI-18 condition variables are disjoint from Guile's primitive
condition variables.  @xref{Mutexes and Condition Variables}, for more
on Guile's primitive facility.

@defun condition-variable? obj
Returns @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a condition variable, @code{#f}
otherwise.
@end defun

@defun make-condition-variable [name]
Returns a new condition variable, optionally assigning it the object
name @var{name}, which may be any Scheme object.
@end defun

@defun condition-variable-name condition-variable
Returns the name assigned to @var{condition-variable} at the time of its
creation, or @code{#f} if it was not given a name.
@end defun

@defun condition-variable-specific condition-variable
Return the ``object-specific'' property of @var{condition-variable}, or
@code{#f} if none is set.
@end defun

@defun condition-variable-specific-set! condition-variable obj
Set the ``object-specific'' property of @var{condition-variable}.
@end defun

@defun condition-variable-signal! condition-variable
@defunx condition-variable-broadcast! condition-variable
Wake up one thread that is waiting for @var{condition-variable}, in
the case of @code{condition-variable-signal!}, or all threads waiting
for it, in the case of @code{condition-variable-broadcast!}.
@end defun


@node SRFI-18 Time
@subsubsection SRFI-18 Time

The SRFI-18 time functions manipulate time in two formats: a 
``time object'' type that represents an absolute point in time in some 
implementation-specific way; and the number of seconds since some 
unspecified ``epoch''.  In Guile's implementation, the epoch is the
Unix epoch, 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.

@defun current-time
Return the current time as a time object.  This procedure replaces 
the procedure of the same name in the core library, which returns the
current time in seconds since the epoch.
@end defun

@defun time? obj
Returns @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a time object, @code{#f} otherwise.
@end defun

@defun time->seconds time
@defunx seconds->time seconds
Convert between time objects and numerical values representing the
number of seconds since the epoch.  When converting from a time object 
to seconds, the return value is the number of seconds between 
@var{time} and the epoch.  When converting from seconds to a time 
object, the return value is a time object that represents a time 
@var{seconds} seconds after the epoch.
@end defun


@node SRFI-18 Exceptions
@subsubsection SRFI-18 Exceptions

SRFI-18 exceptions are identical to the exceptions provided by 
Guile's implementation of SRFI-34.  The behavior of exception 
handlers invoked to handle exceptions thrown from SRFI-18 functions,
however, differs from the conventional behavior of SRFI-34 in that
the continuation of the handler is the same as that of the call to
the function.  Handlers are called in a tail-recursive manner; the
exceptions do not ``bubble up''.

@defun current-exception-handler
Returns the current exception handler.
@end defun

@defun with-exception-handler handler thunk
Installs @var{handler} as the current exception handler and calls the
procedure @var{thunk} with no arguments, returning its value as the 
value of the exception.  @var{handler} must be a procedure that accepts
a single argument. The current exception handler at the time this 
procedure is called will be restored after the call returns.
@end defun

@defun raise obj
Raise @var{obj} as an exception.  This is the same procedure as the
same-named procedure defined in SRFI 34.
@end defun

@defun join-timeout-exception? obj
Returns @code{#t} if @var{obj} is an exception raised as the result of 
performing a timed join on a thread that does not exit within the
specified timeout, @code{#f} otherwise.
@end defun

@defun abandoned-mutex-exception? obj
Returns @code{#t} if @var{obj} is an exception raised as the result of
attempting to lock a mutex that has been abandoned by its owner thread,
@code{#f} otherwise.
@end defun

@defun terminated-thread-exception? obj
Returns @code{#t} if @var{obj} is an exception raised as the result of 
joining on a thread that exited as the result of a call to
@code{thread-terminate!}.
@end defun

@defun uncaught-exception? obj
@defunx uncaught-exception-reason exc
@code{uncaught-exception?} returns @code{#t} if @var{obj} is an 
exception thrown as the result of joining a thread that exited by
raising an exception that was handled by the top-level exception
handler installed by @code{make-thread}.  When this occurs, the 
original exception is preserved as part of the exception thrown by
@code{thread-join!} and can be accessed by calling 
@code{uncaught-exception-reason} on that exception.  Note that
because this exception-preservation mechanism is a side-effect of
@code{make-thread}, joining on threads that exited as described above
but were created by other means will not raise this 
@code{uncaught-exception} error.
@end defun


@node SRFI-19
@subsection SRFI-19 - Time/Date Library
@cindex SRFI-19
@cindex time
@cindex date

This is an implementation of the SRFI-19 time/date library.  The
functions and variables described here are provided by

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-19))
@end example

@menu
* SRFI-19 Introduction::        
* SRFI-19 Time::                
* SRFI-19 Date::                
* SRFI-19 Time/Date conversions::  
* SRFI-19 Date to string::      
* SRFI-19 String to date::      
@end menu

@node SRFI-19 Introduction
@subsubsection SRFI-19 Introduction

@cindex universal time
@cindex atomic time
@cindex UTC
@cindex TAI
This module implements time and date representations and calculations,
in various time systems, including Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
and International Atomic Time (TAI).

For those not familiar with these time systems, TAI is based on a
fixed length second derived from oscillations of certain atoms.  UTC
differs from TAI by an integral number of seconds, which is increased
or decreased at announced times to keep UTC aligned to a mean solar
day (the orbit and rotation of the earth are not quite constant).

@cindex leap second
So far, only increases in the TAI
@tex
$\leftrightarrow$
@end tex
@ifnottex
<->
@end ifnottex
UTC difference have been needed.  Such an increase is a ``leap
second'', an extra second of TAI introduced at the end of a UTC day.
When working entirely within UTC this is never seen, every day simply
has 86400 seconds.  But when converting from TAI to a UTC date, an
extra 23:59:60 is present, where normally a day would end at 23:59:59.
Effectively the UTC second from 23:59:59 to 00:00:00 has taken two TAI
seconds.

@cindex system clock
In the current implementation, the system clock is assumed to be UTC,
and a table of leap seconds in the code converts to TAI.  See comments
in @file{srfi-19.scm} for how to update this table.

@cindex julian day
@cindex modified julian day
Also, for those not familiar with the terminology, a @dfn{Julian Day}
represents a point in time as a real number of days since
-4713-11-24T12:00:00Z, i.e.@: midday UT on 24 November 4714 BC in the
proleptic Gregorian calendar (1 January 4713 BC in the proleptic Julian
calendar).

A @dfn{Modified Julian Day} represents a point in time as a real number
of days since 1858-11-17T00:00:00Z, i.e.@: midnight UT on Wednesday 17
November AD 1858.  That time is julian day 2400000.5.


@node SRFI-19 Time
@subsubsection SRFI-19 Time
@cindex time

A @dfn{time} object has type, seconds and nanoseconds fields
representing a point in time starting from some epoch.  This is an
arbitrary point in time, not just a time of day.  Although times are
represented in nanoseconds, the actual resolution may be lower.

The following variables hold the possible time types.  For instance
@code{(current-time time-process)} would give the current CPU process
time.

@defvar time-utc
Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).
@cindex UTC
@end defvar

@defvar time-tai
International Atomic Time (TAI).
@cindex TAI
@end defvar

@defvar time-monotonic
Monotonic time, meaning a monotonically increasing time starting from
an unspecified epoch.

Note that in the current implementation @code{time-monotonic} is the
same as @code{time-tai}, and unfortunately is therefore affected by
adjustments to the system clock.  Perhaps this will change in the
future.
@end defvar

@defvar time-duration
A duration, meaning simply a difference between two times.
@end defvar

@defvar time-process
CPU time spent in the current process, starting from when the process
began.
@cindex process time
@end defvar

@defvar time-thread
CPU time spent in the current thread.  Not currently implemented.
@cindex thread time
@end defvar

@sp 1
@defun time? obj
Return @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a time object, or @code{#f} if not.
@end defun

@defun make-time type nanoseconds seconds
Create a time object with the given @var{type}, @var{seconds} and
@var{nanoseconds}.
@end defun

@defun time-type time
@defunx time-nanosecond time
@defunx time-second time
@defunx set-time-type! time type
@defunx set-time-nanosecond! time nsec
@defunx set-time-second! time sec
Get or set the type, seconds or nanoseconds fields of a time object.

@code{set-time-type!} merely changes the field, it doesn't convert the
time value.  For conversions, see @ref{SRFI-19 Time/Date conversions}.
@end defun

@defun copy-time time
Return a new time object, which is a copy of the given @var{time}.
@end defun

@defun current-time [type]
Return the current time of the given @var{type}.  The default
@var{type} is @code{time-utc}.

Note that the name @code{current-time} conflicts with the Guile core
@code{current-time} function (@pxref{Time}) as well as the SRFI-18
@code{current-time} function (@pxref{SRFI-18 Time}).  Applications 
wanting to use more than one of these functions will need to refer to
them by different names.
@end defun

@defun time-resolution [type]
Return the resolution, in nanoseconds, of the given time @var{type}.
The default @var{type} is @code{time-utc}.
@end defun

@defun time<=? t1 t2
@defunx time<? t1 t2
@defunx time=? t1 t2
@defunx time>=? t1 t2
@defunx time>? t1 t2
Return @code{#t} or @code{#f} according to the respective relation
between time objects @var{t1} and @var{t2}.  @var{t1} and @var{t2}
must be the same time type.
@end defun

@defun time-difference t1 t2
@defunx time-difference! t1 t2
Return a time object of type @code{time-duration} representing the
period between @var{t1} and @var{t2}.  @var{t1} and @var{t2} must be
the same time type.

@code{time-difference} returns a new time object,
@code{time-difference!} may modify @var{t1} to form its return.
@end defun

@defun add-duration time duration
@defunx add-duration! time duration
@defunx subtract-duration time duration
@defunx subtract-duration! time duration
Return a time object which is @var{time} with the given @var{duration}
added or subtracted.  @var{duration} must be a time object of type
@code{time-duration}.

@code{add-duration} and @code{subtract-duration} return a new time
object.  @code{add-duration!} and @code{subtract-duration!} may modify
the given @var{time} to form their return.
@end defun


@node SRFI-19 Date
@subsubsection SRFI-19 Date
@cindex date

A @dfn{date} object represents a date in the Gregorian calendar and a
time of day on that date in some timezone.

The fields are year, month, day, hour, minute, second, nanoseconds and
timezone.  A date object is immutable, its fields can be read but they
cannot be modified once the object is created.

Historically, the Gregorian calendar was only used from the latter part
of the year 1582 onwards, and not until even later in many countries.
Prior to that most countries used the Julian calendar.  SRFI-19 does
not deal with the Julian calendar at all, and so does not reflect this
historical calendar reform.  Instead it projects the Gregorian calendar
back proleptically as far as necessary.  When dealing with historical
data, especially prior to the British Empire's adoption of the Gregorian
calendar in 1752, one should be mindful of which calendar is used in
each context, and apply non-SRFI-19 facilities to convert where necessary.

@defun date? obj
Return @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a date object, or @code{#f} if not.
@end defun

@defun make-date nsecs seconds minutes hours date month year zone-offset
Create a new date object.
@c
@c  FIXME: What can we say about the ranges of the values.  The
@c  current code looks it doesn't normalize, but expects then in their
@c  usual range already.
@c
@end defun

@defun date-nanosecond date
Nanoseconds, 0 to 999999999.
@end defun

@defun date-second date
Seconds, 0 to 59, or 60 for a leap second.  60 is never seen when working
entirely within UTC, it's only when converting to or from TAI.
@end defun

@defun date-minute date
Minutes, 0 to 59.
@end defun

@defun date-hour date
Hour, 0 to 23.
@end defun

@defun date-day date
Day of the month, 1 to 31 (or less, according to the month).
@end defun

@defun date-month date
Month, 1 to 12.
@end defun

@defun date-year date
Year, eg.@: 2003.  Dates B.C.@: are negative, eg.@: @math{-46} is 46
B.C.  There is no year 0, year @math{-1} is followed by year 1.
@end defun

@defun date-zone-offset date
Time zone, an integer number of seconds east of Greenwich.
@end defun

@defun date-year-day date
Day of the year, starting from 1 for 1st January.
@end defun

@defun date-week-day date
Day of the week, starting from 0 for Sunday.
@end defun

@defun date-week-number date dstartw
Week of the year, ignoring a first partial week.  @var{dstartw} is the
day of the week which is taken to start a week, 0 for Sunday, 1 for
Monday, etc.
@c
@c  FIXME: The spec doesn't say whether numbering starts at 0 or 1.
@c  The code looks like it's 0, if that's the correct intention.
@c
@end defun

@c  The SRFI text doesn't actually give the default for tz-offset, but
@c  the reference implementation has the local timezone and the
@c  conversions functions all specify that, so it should be ok to
@c  document it here.
@c
@defun current-date [tz-offset]
Return a date object representing the current date/time, in UTC offset
by @var{tz-offset}.  @var{tz-offset} is seconds east of Greenwich and
defaults to the local timezone.
@end defun

@defun current-julian-day
@cindex julian day
Return the current Julian Day.
@end defun

@defun current-modified-julian-day
@cindex modified julian day
Return the current Modified Julian Day.
@end defun


@node SRFI-19 Time/Date conversions
@subsubsection SRFI-19 Time/Date conversions
@cindex time conversion
@cindex date conversion

@defun date->julian-day date
@defunx date->modified-julian-day date
@defunx date->time-monotonic date
@defunx date->time-tai date
@defunx date->time-utc date
@end defun
@defun julian-day->date jdn [tz-offset]
@defunx julian-day->time-monotonic jdn
@defunx julian-day->time-tai jdn
@defunx julian-day->time-utc jdn
@end defun
@defun modified-julian-day->date jdn [tz-offset]
@defunx modified-julian-day->time-monotonic jdn
@defunx modified-julian-day->time-tai jdn
@defunx modified-julian-day->time-utc jdn
@end defun
@defun time-monotonic->date time [tz-offset]
@defunx time-monotonic->time-tai time
@defunx time-monotonic->time-tai! time
@defunx time-monotonic->time-utc time
@defunx time-monotonic->time-utc! time
@end defun
@defun time-tai->date time [tz-offset]
@defunx time-tai->julian-day time
@defunx time-tai->modified-julian-day time
@defunx time-tai->time-monotonic time
@defunx time-tai->time-monotonic! time
@defunx time-tai->time-utc time
@defunx time-tai->time-utc! time
@end defun
@defun time-utc->date time [tz-offset]
@defunx time-utc->julian-day time
@defunx time-utc->modified-julian-day time
@defunx time-utc->time-monotonic time
@defunx time-utc->time-monotonic! time
@defunx time-utc->time-tai time
@defunx time-utc->time-tai! time
@sp 1
Convert between dates, times and days of the respective types.  For
instance @code{time-tai->time-utc} accepts a @var{time} object of type
@code{time-tai} and returns an object of type @code{time-utc}.

The @code{!} variants may modify their @var{time} argument to form
their return.  The plain functions create a new object.

For conversions to dates, @var{tz-offset} is seconds east of
Greenwich.  The default is the local timezone, at the given time, as
provided by the system, using @code{localtime} (@pxref{Time}).

On 32-bit systems, @code{localtime} is limited to a 32-bit
@code{time_t}, so a default @var{tz-offset} is only available for
times between Dec 1901 and Jan 2038.  For prior dates an application
might like to use the value in 1902, though some locations have zone
changes prior to that.  For future dates an application might like to
assume today's rules extend indefinitely.  But for correct daylight
savings transitions it will be necessary to take an offset for the
same day and time but a year in range and which has the same starting
weekday and same leap/non-leap (to support rules like last Sunday in
October).
@end defun

@node SRFI-19 Date to string
@subsubsection SRFI-19 Date to string
@cindex date to string
@cindex string, from date

@defun date->string date [format]
Convert a date to a string under the control of a format.
@var{format} should be a string containing @samp{~} escapes, which
will be expanded as per the following conversion table.  The default
@var{format} is @samp{~c}, a locale-dependent date and time.

Many of these conversion characters are the same as POSIX
@code{strftime} (@pxref{Time}), but there are some extras and some
variations.

@multitable {MMMM} {MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM}
@item @nicode{~~} @tab literal ~
@item @nicode{~a} @tab locale abbreviated weekday, eg.@: @samp{Sun}
@item @nicode{~A} @tab locale full weekday, eg.@: @samp{Sunday}
@item @nicode{~b} @tab locale abbreviated month, eg.@: @samp{Jan}
@item @nicode{~B} @tab locale full month, eg.@: @samp{January}
@item @nicode{~c} @tab locale date and time, eg.@: @*
@samp{Fri Jul 14 20:28:42-0400 2000}
@item @nicode{~d} @tab day of month, zero padded, @samp{01} to @samp{31}

@c  Spec says d/m/y, reference implementation says m/d/y.
@c  Apparently the reference code was the intention, but would like to
@c  see an errata published for the spec before contradicting it here.
@c
@c  @item @nicode{~D} @tab date @nicode{~d/~m/~y}

@item @nicode{~e} @tab day of month, blank padded, @samp{ 1} to @samp{31}
@item @nicode{~f} @tab seconds and fractional seconds,
with locale decimal point, eg.@: @samp{5.2}
@item @nicode{~h} @tab same as @nicode{~b}
@item @nicode{~H} @tab hour, 24-hour clock, zero padded, @samp{00} to @samp{23}
@item @nicode{~I} @tab hour, 12-hour clock, zero padded, @samp{01} to @samp{12}
@item @nicode{~j} @tab day of year, zero padded, @samp{001} to @samp{366}
@item @nicode{~k} @tab hour, 24-hour clock, blank padded, @samp{ 0} to @samp{23}
@item @nicode{~l} @tab hour, 12-hour clock, blank padded, @samp{ 1} to @samp{12}
@item @nicode{~m} @tab month, zero padded, @samp{01} to @samp{12}
@item @nicode{~M} @tab minute, zero padded, @samp{00} to @samp{59}
@item @nicode{~n} @tab newline
@item @nicode{~N} @tab nanosecond, zero padded, @samp{000000000} to @samp{999999999}
@item @nicode{~p} @tab locale AM or PM
@item @nicode{~r} @tab time, 12 hour clock, @samp{~I:~M:~S ~p}
@item @nicode{~s} @tab number of full seconds since ``the epoch'' in UTC
@item @nicode{~S} @tab second, zero padded @samp{00} to @samp{60} @*
(usual limit is 59, 60 is a leap second)
@item @nicode{~t} @tab horizontal tab character
@item @nicode{~T} @tab time, 24 hour clock, @samp{~H:~M:~S}
@item @nicode{~U} @tab week of year, Sunday first day of week,
@samp{00} to @samp{52}
@item @nicode{~V} @tab week of year, Monday first day of week,
@samp{01} to @samp{53}
@item @nicode{~w} @tab day of week, 0 for Sunday, @samp{0} to @samp{6}
@item @nicode{~W} @tab week of year, Monday first day of week,
@samp{00} to @samp{52}

@c  The spec has ~x as an apparent duplicate of ~W, and ~X as a locale
@c  date.  The reference code has ~x as the locale date and ~X as a
@c  locale time.  The rule is apparently that the code should be
@c  believed, but would like to see an errata for the spec before
@c  contradicting it here.
@c
@c  @item @nicode{~x} @tab week of year, Monday as first day of week,
@c  @samp{00} to @samp{53}
@c  @item @nicode{~X} @tab locale date, eg.@: @samp{07/31/00}

@item @nicode{~y} @tab year, two digits, @samp{00} to @samp{99}
@item @nicode{~Y} @tab year, full, eg.@: @samp{2003}
@item @nicode{~z} @tab time zone, RFC-822 style
@item @nicode{~Z} @tab time zone symbol (not currently implemented)
@item @nicode{~1} @tab ISO-8601 date, @samp{~Y-~m-~d}
@item @nicode{~2} @tab ISO-8601 time+zone, @samp{~H:~M:~S~z}
@item @nicode{~3} @tab ISO-8601 time, @samp{~H:~M:~S}
@item @nicode{~4} @tab ISO-8601 date/time+zone, @samp{~Y-~m-~dT~H:~M:~S~z}
@item @nicode{~5} @tab ISO-8601 date/time, @samp{~Y-~m-~dT~H:~M:~S}
@end multitable
@end defun

Conversions @samp{~D}, @samp{~x} and @samp{~X} are not currently
described here, since the specification and reference implementation
differ.

Conversion is locale-dependent on systems that support it
(@pxref{Accessing Locale Information}).  @xref{Locales,
@code{setlocale}}, for information on how to change the current
locale.


@node SRFI-19 String to date
@subsubsection SRFI-19 String to date
@cindex string to date
@cindex date, from string

@c  FIXME: Can we say what happens when an incomplete date is
@c  converted?  I.e. fields left as 0, or what?  The spec seems to be
@c  silent on this.

@defun string->date input template
Convert an @var{input} string to a date under the control of a
@var{template} string.  Return a newly created date object.

Literal characters in @var{template} must match characters in
@var{input} and @samp{~} escapes must match the input forms described
in the table below.  ``Skip to'' means characters up to one of the
given type are ignored, or ``no skip'' for no skipping.  ``Read'' is
what's then read, and ``Set'' is the field affected in the date
object.

For example @samp{~Y} skips input characters until a digit is reached,
at which point it expects a year and stores that to the year field of
the date.

@multitable {MMMM} {@nicode{char-alphabetic?}} {MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM} {@nicode{date-zone-offset}}
@item
@tab Skip to
@tab Read
@tab Set

@item @nicode{~~}
@tab no skip
@tab literal ~
@tab nothing

@item @nicode{~a}
@tab @nicode{char-alphabetic?}
@tab locale abbreviated weekday name
@tab nothing

@item @nicode{~A}
@tab @nicode{char-alphabetic?}
@tab locale full weekday name
@tab nothing

@c  Note that the SRFI spec says that ~b and ~B don't set anything,
@c  but that looks like a mistake.  The reference implementation sets
@c  the month field, which seems sensible and is what we describe
@c  here.

@item @nicode{~b}
@tab @nicode{char-alphabetic?}
@tab locale abbreviated month name
@tab @nicode{date-month}

@item @nicode{~B}
@tab @nicode{char-alphabetic?}
@tab locale full month name
@tab @nicode{date-month}

@item @nicode{~d}
@tab @nicode{char-numeric?}
@tab day of month
@tab @nicode{date-day}

@item @nicode{~e}
@tab no skip
@tab day of month, blank padded
@tab @nicode{date-day}

@item @nicode{~h}
@tab same as @samp{~b}

@item @nicode{~H}
@tab @nicode{char-numeric?}
@tab hour
@tab @nicode{date-hour}

@item @nicode{~k}
@tab no skip
@tab hour, blank padded
@tab @nicode{date-hour}

@item @nicode{~m}
@tab @nicode{char-numeric?}
@tab month
@tab @nicode{date-month}

@item @nicode{~M}
@tab @nicode{char-numeric?}
@tab minute
@tab @nicode{date-minute}

@item @nicode{~N}
@tab @nicode{char-numeric?}
@tab nanosecond
@tab @nicode{date-nanosecond}

@item @nicode{~S}
@tab @nicode{char-numeric?}
@tab second
@tab @nicode{date-second}

@item @nicode{~y}
@tab no skip
@tab 2-digit year
@tab @nicode{date-year} within 50 years

@item @nicode{~Y}
@tab @nicode{char-numeric?}
@tab year
@tab @nicode{date-year}

@item @nicode{~z}
@tab no skip
@tab time zone
@tab date-zone-offset
@end multitable

Notice that the weekday matching forms don't affect the date object
returned, instead the weekday will be derived from the day, month and
year.

Conversion is locale-dependent on systems that support it
(@pxref{Accessing Locale Information}).  @xref{Locales,
@code{setlocale}}, for information on how to change the current
locale.
@end defun

@node SRFI-23
@subsection SRFI-23 - Error Reporting
@cindex SRFI-23

The SRFI-23 @code{error} procedure is always available.

@node SRFI-26
@subsection SRFI-26 - specializing parameters
@cindex SRFI-26
@cindex parameter specialize
@cindex argument specialize
@cindex specialize parameter

This SRFI provides a syntax for conveniently specializing selected
parameters of a function.  It can be used with,

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-26))
@end example

@deffn {library syntax} cut slot1 slot2 @dots{}
@deffnx {library syntax} cute slot1 slot2 @dots{}
Return a new procedure which will make a call (@var{slot1} @var{slot2}
@dots{}) but with selected parameters specialized to given expressions.

An example will illustrate the idea.  The following is a
specialization of @code{write}, sending output to
@code{my-output-port},

@example
(cut write <> my-output-port)
@result{}
(lambda (obj) (write obj my-output-port))
@end example

The special symbol @code{<>} indicates a slot to be filled by an
argument to the new procedure.  @code{my-output-port} on the other
hand is an expression to be evaluated and passed, ie.@: it specializes
the behaviour of @code{write}.

@table @nicode
@item <>
A slot to be filled by an argument from the created procedure.
Arguments are assigned to @code{<>} slots in the order they appear in
the @code{cut} form, there's no way to re-arrange arguments.

The first argument to @code{cut} is usually a procedure (or expression
giving a procedure), but @code{<>} is allowed there too.  For example,

@example
(cut <> 1 2 3)
@result{}
(lambda (proc) (proc 1 2 3))
@end example

@item <...>
A slot to be filled by all remaining arguments from the new procedure.
This can only occur at the end of a @code{cut} form.

For example, a procedure taking a variable number of arguments like
@code{max} but in addition enforcing a lower bound,

@example
(define my-lower-bound 123)

(cut max my-lower-bound <...>)
@result{}
(lambda arglist (apply max my-lower-bound arglist))
@end example
@end table

For @code{cut} the specializing expressions are evaluated each time
the new procedure is called.  For @code{cute} they're evaluated just
once, when the new procedure is created.  The name @code{cute} stands
for ``@code{cut} with evaluated arguments''.  In all cases the
evaluations take place in an unspecified order.

The following illustrates the difference between @code{cut} and
@code{cute},

@example
(cut format <> "the time is ~s" (current-time))
@result{}
(lambda (port) (format port "the time is ~s" (current-time)))

(cute format <> "the time is ~s" (current-time))
@result{}
(let ((val (current-time)))
  (lambda (port) (format port "the time is ~s" val))
@end example

(There's no provision for a mixture of @code{cut} and @code{cute}
where some expressions would be evaluated every time but others
evaluated only once.)

@code{cut} is really just a shorthand for the sort of @code{lambda}
forms shown in the above examples.  But notice @code{cut} avoids the
need to name unspecialized parameters, and is more compact.  Use in
functional programming style or just with @code{map}, @code{for-each}
or similar is typical.

@example
(map (cut * 2 <>) '(1 2 3 4))         

(for-each (cut write <> my-port) my-list)  
@end example
@end deffn

@node SRFI-27
@subsection SRFI-27 - Sources of Random Bits
@cindex SRFI-27

This subsection is based on the
@uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-27/srfi-27.html, specification of
SRFI-27} written by Sebastian Egner.

@c The copyright notice and license text of the SRFI-27 specification is
@c reproduced below:

@c Copyright (C) Sebastian Egner (2002). All Rights Reserved.

@c Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
@c copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@c "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
@c without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
@c distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
@c permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
@c the following conditions:

@c The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
@c in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

@c THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
@c OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
@c MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
@c NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
@c LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
@c OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
@c WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

This SRFI provides access to a (pseudo) random number generator; for
Guile's built-in random number facilities, which SRFI-27 is implemented
upon, @xref{Random}.  With SRFI-27, random numbers are obtained from a
@emph{random source}, which encapsulates a random number generation
algorithm and its state.

@menu
* SRFI-27 Default Random Source::    Obtaining random numbers
* SRFI-27 Random Sources::           Creating and manipulating random sources
* SRFI-27 Random Number Generators:: Obtaining random number generators
@end menu

@node SRFI-27 Default Random Source
@subsubsection The Default Random Source
@cindex SRFI-27

@defun random-integer n
Return a random number between zero (inclusive) and @var{n} (exclusive),
using the default random source.  The numbers returned have a uniform
distribution.
@end defun

@defun random-real
Return a random number in (0,1), using the default random source.  The
numbers returned have a uniform distribution.
@end defun

@defun default-random-source
A random source from which @code{random-integer} and @code{random-real}
have been derived using @code{random-source-make-integers} and
@code{random-source-make-reals} (@pxref{SRFI-27 Random Number Generators}
for those procedures).  Note that an assignment to
@code{default-random-source} does not change @code{random-integer} or
@code{random-real}; it is also strongly recommended not to assign a new
value.
@end defun

@node SRFI-27 Random Sources
@subsubsection Random Sources
@cindex SRFI-27

@defun make-random-source
Create a new random source.  The stream of random numbers obtained from
each random source created by this procedure will be identical, unless
its state is changed by one of the procedures below.
@end defun

@defun random-source? object
Tests whether @var{object} is a random source.  Random sources are a
disjoint type.
@end defun

@defun random-source-randomize! source
Attempt to set the state of the random source to a truly random value.
The current implementation uses a seed based on the current system time.
@end defun

@defun random-source-pseudo-randomize! source i j
Changes the state of the random source s into the initial state of the
(@var{i}, @var{j})-th independent random source, where @var{i} and
@var{j} are non-negative integers.  This procedure provides a mechanism
to obtain a large number of independent random sources (usually all
derived from the same backbone generator), indexed by two integers. In
contrast to @code{random-source-randomize!}, this procedure is entirely
deterministic.
@end defun

The state associated with a random state can be obtained an reinstated
with the following procedures:

@defun random-source-state-ref source
@defunx random-source-state-set! source state
Get and set the state of a random source.  No assumptions should be made
about the nature of the state object, besides it having an external
representation (i.e.@: it can be passed to @code{write} and subsequently
@code{read} back).
@end defun

@node SRFI-27 Random Number Generators
@subsubsection Obtaining random number generator procedures
@cindex SRFI-27

@defun random-source-make-integers source
Obtains a procedure to generate random integers using the random source
@var{source}.  The returned procedure takes a single argument @var{n},
which must be a positive integer, and returns the next uniformly
distributed random integer from the interval @{0, ..., @var{n}-1@} by
advancing the state of @var{source}.

If an application obtains and uses several generators for the same
random source @var{source}, a call to any of these generators advances
the state of @var{source}.  Hence, the generators do not produce the
same sequence of random integers each but rather share a state. This
also holds for all other types of generators derived from a fixed random
sources.  

While the SRFI text specifies that ``Implementations that support
concurrency make sure that the state of a generator is properly
advanced'', this is currently not the case in Guile's implementation of
SRFI-27, as it would cause a severe performance penalty.  So in
multi-threaded programs, you either must perform locking on random
sources shared between threads yourself, or use different random sources
for multiple threads.
@end defun

@defun random-source-make-reals source
@defunx random-source-make-reals source unit
Obtains a procedure to generate random real numbers @math{0 < x < 1}
using the random source @var{source}.  The procedure rand is called
without arguments.

The optional parameter @var{unit} determines the type of numbers being
produced by the returned procedure and the quantization of the output.
@var{unit} must be a number such that @math{0 < @var{unit} < 1}.  The
numbers created by the returned procedure are of the same numerical type
as @var{unit} and the potential output values are spaced by at most
@var{unit}.  One can imagine rand to create numbers as @var{x} *
@var{unit} where @var{x} is a random integer in @{1, ...,
floor(1/unit)-1@}.  Note, however, that this need not be the way the
values are actually created and that the actual resolution of rand can
be much higher than unit. In case @var{unit} is absent it defaults to a
reasonably small value (related to the width of the mantissa of an
efficient number format).
@end defun

@node SRFI-28
@subsection SRFI-28 - Basic Format Strings
@cindex SRFI-28

SRFI-28 provides a basic @code{format} procedure that provides only
the @code{~a}, @code{~s}, @code{~%}, and @code{~~} format specifiers.
You can import this procedure by using:

@lisp
(use-modules (srfi srfi-28))
@end lisp

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} format message arg @dots{}
Returns a formatted message, using @var{message} as the format string,
which can contain the following format specifiers:

@table @code
@item ~a
Insert the textual representation of the next @var{arg}, as if printed
by @code{display}.

@item ~s
Insert the textual representation of the next @var{arg}, as if printed
by @code{write}.

@item ~%
Insert a newline.

@item ~~
Insert a tilde.
@end table

This procedure is the same as calling @code{simple-format}
(@pxref{Simple Output}) with @code{#f} as the destination.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-30
@subsection SRFI-30 - Nested Multi-line Comments
@cindex SRFI-30

Starting from version 2.0, Guile's @code{read} supports SRFI-30/R6RS
nested multi-line comments by default, @ref{Block Comments}.

@node SRFI-31
@subsection SRFI-31 - A special form `rec' for recursive evaluation
@cindex SRFI-31
@cindex recursive expression
@findex rec

SRFI-31 defines a special form that can be used to create
self-referential expressions more conveniently.  The syntax is as
follows:

@example
@group
<rec expression> --> (rec <variable> <expression>)
<rec expression> --> (rec (<variable>+) <body>)
@end group
@end example

The first syntax can be used to create self-referential expressions,
for example:

@lisp
  guile> (define tmp (rec ones (cons 1 (delay ones))))
@end lisp

The second syntax can be used to create anonymous recursive functions:

@lisp
  guile> (define tmp (rec (display-n item n)
                       (if (positive? n)
                           (begin (display n) (display-n (- n 1))))))
  guile> (tmp 42 3)
  424242
  guile>
@end lisp


@node SRFI-34
@subsection SRFI-34 - Exception handling for programs

@cindex SRFI-34
Guile provides an implementation of
@uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-34/srfi-34.html, SRFI-34's exception
handling mechanisms} as an alternative to its own built-in mechanisms
(@pxref{Exceptions}).  It can be made available as follows:

@lisp
(use-modules (srfi srfi-34))
@end lisp

@xref{Raising and Handling Exceptions}, for more on
@code{with-exception-handler} and @code{raise} (known as
@code{raise-exception} in core Guile).

SRFI-34's @code{guard} form is syntactic sugar over
@code{with-exception-handler}:

@deffn {Syntax} guard (var clause @dots{}) body @dots{}
Evaluate @var{body} with an exception handler that binds the raised
object to @var{var} and within the scope of that binding evaluates
@var{clause}@dots{} as if they were the clauses of a cond expression.
That implicit cond expression is evaluated with the continuation and
dynamic environment of the guard expression.

If every @var{clause}'s test evaluates to false and there is no
@code{else} clause, then @code{raise} is re-invoked on the raised object
within the dynamic environment of the original call to @code{raise}
except that the current exception handler is that of the @code{guard}
expression.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-35
@subsection SRFI-35 - Conditions

@cindex SRFI-35
@cindex conditions
@cindex exceptions

@uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-35/srfi-35.html, SRFI-35} defines
@dfn{conditions}, a data structure akin to records designed to convey
information about exceptional conditions between parts of a program.  It
is normally used in conjunction with SRFI-34's @code{raise}:

@lisp
(raise (condition (&message
                    (message "An error occurred"))))
@end lisp

Users can define @dfn{condition types} containing arbitrary information.
Condition types may inherit from one another.  This allows the part of
the program that handles (or ``catches'') conditions to get accurate
information about the exceptional condition that arose.

SRFI-35 conditions are made available using:

@lisp
(use-modules (srfi srfi-35))
@end lisp

The procedures available to manipulate condition types are the
following:

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} make-condition-type id parent field-names
Return a new condition type named @var{id}, inheriting from
@var{parent}, and with the fields whose names are listed in
@var{field-names}.  @var{field-names} must be a list of symbols and must
not contain names already used by @var{parent} or one of its supertypes.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} condition-type? obj
Return true if @var{obj} is a condition type.
@end deffn

Conditions can be created and accessed with the following procedures:

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} make-condition type . field+value
Return a new condition of type @var{type} with fields initialized as
specified by @var{field+value}, a sequence of field names (symbols) and
values as in the following example:

@lisp
(let ((&ct (make-condition-type 'foo &condition '(a b c))))
  (make-condition &ct 'a 1 'b 2 'c 3))
@end lisp

Note that all fields of @var{type} and its supertypes must be specified.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} make-compound-condition condition1 condition2 @dots{}
Return a new compound condition composed of @var{condition1}
@var{condition2} @enddots{}.  The returned condition has the type of
each condition of condition1 condition2 @dots{} (per
@code{condition-has-type?}).
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} condition-has-type? c type
Return true if condition @var{c} has type @var{type}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} condition-ref c field-name
Return the value of the field named @var{field-name} from condition @var{c}.

If @var{c} is a compound condition and several underlying condition
types contain a field named @var{field-name}, then the value of the
first such field is returned, using the order in which conditions were
passed to @code{make-compound-condition}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} extract-condition c type
Return a condition of condition type @var{type} with the field values
specified by @var{c}.

If @var{c} is a compound condition, extract the field values from the
subcondition belonging to @var{type} that appeared first in the call to
@code{make-compound-condition} that created the condition.
@end deffn

Convenience macros are also available to create condition types and
conditions.

@deffn {library syntax} define-condition-type type supertype predicate field-spec...
Define a new condition type named @var{type} that inherits from
@var{supertype}.  In addition, bind @var{predicate} to a type predicate
that returns true when passed a condition of type @var{type} or any of
its subtypes.  @var{field-spec} must have the form @code{(field
accessor)} where @var{field} is the name of field of @var{type} and
@var{accessor} is the name of a procedure to access field @var{field} in
conditions of type @var{type}.

The example below defines condition type @code{&foo}, inheriting from
@code{&condition} with fields @code{a}, @code{b} and @code{c}:

@lisp
(define-condition-type &foo &condition
  foo-condition?
  (a  foo-a)
  (b  foo-b)
  (c  foo-c))
@end lisp
@end deffn

@deffn {library syntax} condition type-field-binding1 type-field-binding2 @dots{}
Return a new condition or compound condition, initialized according to
@var{type-field-binding1} @var{type-field-binding2} @enddots{}.  Each
@var{type-field-binding} must have the form @code{(type
field-specs...)}, where @var{type} is the name of a variable bound to a
condition type; each @var{field-spec} must have the form
@code{(field-name value)} where @var{field-name} is a symbol denoting
the field being initialized to @var{value}.  As for
@code{make-condition}, all fields must be specified.

The following example returns a simple condition:

@lisp
(condition (&message (message "An error occurred")))
@end lisp

The one below returns a compound condition:

@lisp
(condition (&message (message "An error occurred"))
           (&serious))
@end lisp
@end deffn

Finally, SRFI-35 defines a several standard condition types.

@defvar &condition
This condition type is the root of all condition types.  It has no
fields.
@end defvar

@defvar &message
A condition type that carries a message describing the nature of the
condition to humans.
@end defvar

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} message-condition? c
Return true if @var{c} is of type @code{&message} or one of its
subtypes.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} condition-message c
Return the message associated with message condition @var{c}.
@end deffn

@defvar &serious
This type describes conditions serious enough that they cannot safely be
ignored.  It has no fields.
@end defvar

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} serious-condition? c
Return true if @var{c} is of type @code{&serious} or one of its
subtypes.
@end deffn

@defvar &error
This condition describes errors, typically caused by something that has
gone wrong in the interaction of the program with the external world or
the user.
@end defvar

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} error? c
Return true if @var{c} is of type @code{&error} or one of its subtypes.
@end deffn

As an implementation note, condition objects in Guile are the same as
``exception objects''.  @xref{Exception Objects}.  The
@code{&condition}, @code{&serious}, and @code{&error} condition types
are known in core Guile as @code{&exception}, @code{&error}, and
@code{&external-error}, respectively.

@node SRFI-37
@subsection SRFI-37 - args-fold
@cindex SRFI-37

This is a processor for GNU @code{getopt_long}-style program
arguments.  It provides an alternative, less declarative interface
than @code{getopt-long} in @code{(ice-9 getopt-long)}
(@pxref{getopt-long,,The (ice-9 getopt-long) Module}).  Unlike
@code{getopt-long}, it supports repeated options and any number of
short and long names per option.  Access it with:

@lisp
(use-modules (srfi srfi-37))
@end lisp

@acronym{SRFI}-37 principally provides an @code{option} type and the
@code{args-fold} function.  To use the library, create a set of
options with @code{option} and use it as a specification for invoking
@code{args-fold}.

Here is an example of a simple argument processor for the typical
@samp{--version} and @samp{--help} options, which returns a backwards
list of files given on the command line:

@lisp
(args-fold (cdr (program-arguments))
           (let ((display-and-exit-proc
                  (lambda (msg)
                    (lambda (opt name arg loads)
                      (display msg) (quit)))))
             (list (option '(#\v "version") #f #f
                           (display-and-exit-proc "Foo version 42.0\n"))
                   (option '(#\h "help") #f #f
                           (display-and-exit-proc
                            "Usage: foo scheme-file ..."))))
           (lambda (opt name arg loads)
             (error "Unrecognized option `~A'" name))
           (lambda (op loads) (cons op loads))
           '())
@end lisp

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} option names required-arg? optional-arg? processor
Return an object that specifies a single kind of program option.

@var{names} is a list of command-line option names, and should consist of
characters for traditional @code{getopt} short options and strings for
@code{getopt_long}-style long options.

@var{required-arg?} and @var{optional-arg?} are mutually exclusive;
one or both must be @code{#f}.  If @var{required-arg?}, the option
must be followed by an argument on the command line, such as
@samp{--opt=value} for long options, or an error will be signalled.
If @var{optional-arg?}, an argument will be taken if available.

@var{processor} is a procedure that takes at least 3 arguments, called
when @code{args-fold} encounters the option: the containing option
object, the name used on the command line, and the argument given for
the option (or @code{#f} if none).  The rest of the arguments are
@code{args-fold} ``seeds'', and the @var{processor} should return
seeds as well.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} option-names opt
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} option-required-arg? opt
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} option-optional-arg? opt
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} option-processor opt
Return the specified field of @var{opt}, an option object, as
described above for @code{option}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} args-fold args options unrecognized-option-proc operand-proc seed @dots{}
Process @var{args}, a list of program arguments such as that returned by
@code{(cdr (program-arguments))}, in order against @var{options}, a list
of option objects as described above.  All functions called take the
``seeds'', or the last multiple-values as multiple arguments, starting
with @var{seed} @dots{}, and must return the new seeds.  Return the
final seeds.

Call @code{unrecognized-option-proc}, which is like an option object's
processor, for any options not found in @var{options}.

Call @code{operand-proc} with any items on the command line that are
not named options.  This includes arguments after @samp{--}.  It is
called with the argument in question, as well as the seeds.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-38
@subsection SRFI-38 - External Representation for Data With Shared Structure
@cindex SRFI-38

This subsection is based on
@uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-38/srfi-38.html, the specification
of SRFI-38} written by Ray Dillinger.

@c Copyright (C) Ray Dillinger 2003. All Rights Reserved.

@c Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
@c copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@c "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
@c without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
@c distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
@c permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
@c the following conditions:

@c The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
@c in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

@c THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
@c OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
@c MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
@c NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
@c LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
@c OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
@c WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

This SRFI creates an alternative external representation for data
written and read using @code{write-with-shared-structure} and
@code{read-with-shared-structure}.  It is identical to the grammar for
external representation for data written and read with @code{write} and
@code{read} given in section 7 of R5RS, except that the single
production

@example
<datum> --> <simple datum> | <compound datum> 
@end example

is replaced by the following five productions:

@example
<datum> --> <defining datum> | <nondefining datum> | <defined datum>
<defining datum> -->  #<indexnum>=<nondefining datum>
<defined datum> --> #<indexnum>#
<nondefining datum> --> <simple datum> | <compound datum> 
<indexnum> --> <digit 10>+
@end example

@deffn {Scheme procedure} write-with-shared-structure obj
@deffnx {Scheme procedure} write-with-shared-structure obj port
@deffnx {Scheme procedure} write-with-shared-structure obj port optarg

Writes an external representation of @var{obj} to the given port.
Strings that appear in the written representation are enclosed in
doublequotes, and within those strings backslash and doublequote
characters are escaped by backslashes.  Character objects are written
using the @code{#\} notation.

Objects which denote locations rather than values (cons cells, vectors,
and non-zero-length strings in R5RS scheme; also Guile's structs,
bytevectors and ports and hash-tables), if they appear at more than one
point in the data being written, are preceded by @samp{#@var{N}=} the
first time they are written and replaced by @samp{#@var{N}#} all
subsequent times they are written, where @var{N} is a natural number
used to identify that particular object.  If objects which denote
locations occur only once in the structure, then
@code{write-with-shared-structure} must produce the same external
representation for those objects as @code{write}.

@code{write-with-shared-structure} terminates in finite time and
produces a finite representation when writing finite data.

@code{write-with-shared-structure} returns an unspecified value. The
@var{port} argument may be omitted, in which case it defaults to the
value returned by @code{(current-output-port)}.  The @var{optarg}
argument may also be omitted.  If present, its effects on the output and
return value are unspecified but @code{write-with-shared-structure} must
still write a representation that can be read by
@code{read-with-shared-structure}.  Some implementations may wish to use
@var{optarg} to specify formatting conventions, numeric radixes, or
return values.  Guile's implementation ignores @var{optarg}.

For example, the code

@lisp
(begin (define a (cons 'val1 'val2))
       (set-cdr! a a)
       (write-with-shared-structure a))
@end lisp

should produce the output @code{#1=(val1 . #1#)}.  This shows a cons
cell whose @code{cdr} contains itself.

@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme procedure} read-with-shared-structure
@deffnx {Scheme procedure} read-with-shared-structure port

@code{read-with-shared-structure} converts the external representations
of Scheme objects produced by @code{write-with-shared-structure} into
Scheme objects.  That is, it is a parser for the nonterminal
@samp{<datum>} in the augmented external representation grammar defined
above.  @code{read-with-shared-structure} returns the next object
parsable from the given input port, updating @var{port} to point to the
first character past the end of the external representation of the
object.

If an end-of-file is encountered in the input before any characters are
found that can begin an object, then an end-of-file object is returned.
The port remains open, and further attempts to read it (by
@code{read-with-shared-structure} or @code{read} will also return an
end-of-file object.  If an end of file is encountered after the
beginning of an object's external representation, but the external
representation is incomplete and therefore not parsable, an error is
signalled.

The @var{port} argument may be omitted, in which case it defaults to the
value returned by @code{(current-input-port)}.  It is an error to read
from a closed port.

@end deffn

@node SRFI-39
@subsection SRFI-39 - Parameters
@cindex SRFI-39

This SRFI adds support for dynamically-scoped parameters.  SRFI 39 is
implemented in the Guile core; there's no module needed to get SRFI-39
itself.  Parameters are documented in @ref{Parameters}.

This module does export one extra function: @code{with-parameters*}.
This is a Guile-specific addition to the SRFI, similar to the core
@code{with-fluids*} (@pxref{Fluids and Dynamic States}).

@defun with-parameters* param-list value-list thunk
Establish a new dynamic scope, as per @code{parameterize} above,
taking parameters from @var{param-list} and corresponding values from
@var{value-list}.  A call @code{(@var{thunk})} is made in the new
scope and the result from that @var{thunk} is the return from
@code{with-parameters*}.
@end defun

@node SRFI-41
@subsection SRFI-41 - Streams
@cindex SRFI-41

This subsection is based on the
@uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-41/srfi-41.html, specification of
SRFI-41} by Philip L.@: Bewig.

@c The copyright notice and license text of the SRFI-41 specification is
@c reproduced below:

@c Copyright (C) Philip L. Bewig (2007). All Rights Reserved.

@c Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
@c copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@c "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
@c without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
@c distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
@c permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
@c the following conditions:

@c The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
@c in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

@c THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
@c OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
@c MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
@c NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
@c LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
@c OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
@c WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

@noindent
This SRFI implements streams, sometimes called lazy lists, a sequential
data structure containing elements computed only on demand.  A stream is
either null or is a pair with a stream in its cdr.  Since elements of a
stream are computed only when accessed, streams can be infinite.  Once
computed, the value of a stream element is cached in case it is needed
again.  SRFI-41 can be made available with:

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-41))
@end example

@menu
* SRFI-41 Stream Fundamentals::
* SRFI-41 Stream Primitives::
* SRFI-41 Stream Library::
@end menu

@node SRFI-41 Stream Fundamentals
@subsubsection SRFI-41 Stream Fundamentals

SRFI-41 Streams are based on two mutually-recursive abstract data types:
An object of the @code{stream} abstract data type is a promise that,
when forced, is either @code{stream-null} or is an object of type
@code{stream-pair}.  An object of the @code{stream-pair} abstract data
type contains a @code{stream-car} and a @code{stream-cdr}, which must be
a @code{stream}.  The essential feature of streams is the systematic
suspensions of the recursive promises between the two data types.

The object stored in the @code{stream-car} of a @code{stream-pair} is a
promise that is forced the first time the @code{stream-car} is accessed;
its value is cached in case it is needed again.  The object may have any
type, and different stream elements may have different types.  If the
@code{stream-car} is never accessed, the object stored there is never
evaluated.  Likewise, the @code{stream-cdr} is a promise to return a
stream, and is only forced on demand.

@node SRFI-41 Stream Primitives
@subsubsection SRFI-41 Stream Primitives

This library provides eight operators: constructors for
@code{stream-null} and @code{stream-pair}s, type predicates for streams
and the two kinds of streams, accessors for both fields of a
@code{stream-pair}, and a lambda that creates procedures that return
streams.

@defvr {Scheme Variable} stream-null
A promise that, when forced, is a single object, distinguishable from
all other objects, that represents the null stream.  @code{stream-null}
is immutable and unique.
@end defvr

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} stream-cons object-expr stream-expr
Creates a newly-allocated stream containing a promise that, when forced,
is a @code{stream-pair} with @var{object-expr} in its @code{stream-car}
and @var{stream-expr} in its @code{stream-cdr}.  Neither
@var{object-expr} nor @var{stream-expr} is evaluated when
@code{stream-cons} is called.

Once created, a @code{stream-pair} is immutable; there is no
@code{stream-set-car!}  or @code{stream-set-cdr!} that modifies an
existing stream-pair.  There is no dotted-pair or improper stream as
with lists.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream? object
Returns true if @var{object} is a stream, otherwise returns false.  If
@var{object} is a stream, its promise will not be forced.  If
@code{(stream? obj)} returns true, then one of @code{(stream-null? obj)}
or @code{(stream-pair? obj)} will return true and the other will return
false.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-null? object
Returns true if @var{object} is the distinguished null stream, otherwise
returns false.  If @var{object} is a stream, its promise will be forced.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-pair? object
Returns true if @var{object} is a @code{stream-pair} constructed by
@code{stream-cons}, otherwise returns false.  If @var{object} is a
stream, its promise will be forced.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-car stream
Returns the object stored in the @code{stream-car} of @var{stream}.  An
error is signalled if the argument is not a @code{stream-pair}.  This
causes the @var{object-expr} passed to @code{stream-cons} to be
evaluated if it had not yet been; the value is cached in case it is
needed again.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-cdr stream
Returns the stream stored in the @code{stream-cdr} of @var{stream}.  An
error is signalled if the argument is not a @code{stream-pair}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} stream-lambda formals body @dots{}
Creates a procedure that returns a promise to evaluate the @var{body} of
the procedure.  The last @var{body} expression to be evaluated must
yield a stream.  As with normal @code{lambda}, @var{formals} may be a
single variable name, in which case all the formal arguments are
collected into a single list, or a list of variable names, which may be
null if there are no arguments, proper if there are an exact number of
arguments, or dotted if a fixed number of arguments is to be followed by
zero or more arguments collected into a list.  @var{Body} must contain
at least one expression, and may contain internal definitions preceding
any expressions to be evaluated.
@end deffn

@example
(define strm123
  (stream-cons 1
    (stream-cons 2
      (stream-cons 3
        stream-null))))

(stream-car strm123) @result{} 1
(stream-car (stream-cdr strm123) @result{} 2

(stream-pair?
  (stream-cdr
    (stream-cons (/ 1 0) stream-null))) @result{} #f

(stream? (list 1 2 3)) @result{} #f

(define iter
  (stream-lambda (f x)
    (stream-cons x (iter f (f x)))))

(define nats (iter (lambda (x) (+ x 1)) 0))

(stream-car (stream-cdr nats)) @result{} 1

(define stream-add
  (stream-lambda (s1 s2)
    (stream-cons
      (+ (stream-car s1) (stream-car s2))
      (stream-add (stream-cdr s1)
                  (stream-cdr s2)))))

(define evens (stream-add nats nats))

(stream-car evens) @result{} 0
(stream-car (stream-cdr evens)) @result{} 2
(stream-car (stream-cdr (stream-cdr evens))) @result{} 4
@end example

@node SRFI-41 Stream Library
@subsubsection SRFI-41 Stream Library

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} define-stream (name args @dots{}) body @dots{}
Creates a procedure that returns a stream, and may appear anywhere a
normal @code{define} may appear, including as an internal definition.
It may contain internal definitions of its own.  The defined procedure
takes arguments in the same way as @code{stream-lambda}.
@code{define-stream} is syntactic sugar on @code{stream-lambda}; see
also @code{stream-let}, which is also a sugaring of
@code{stream-lambda}.

A simple version of @code{stream-map} that takes only a single input
stream calls itself recursively:

@example
(define-stream (stream-map proc strm)
  (if (stream-null? strm)
      stream-null
      (stream-cons
        (proc (stream-car strm))
        (stream-map proc (stream-cdr strm))))))
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} list->stream list
Returns a newly-allocated stream containing the elements from
@var{list}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} port->stream [port]
Returns a newly-allocated stream containing in its elements the
characters on the port.  If @var{port} is not given it defaults to the
current input port.  The returned stream has finite length and is
terminated by @code{stream-null}.

It looks like one use of @code{port->stream} would be this:

@example
(define s ;wrong!
  (with-input-from-file filename
    (lambda () (port->stream))))
@end example

But that fails, because @code{with-input-from-file} is eager, and closes
the input port prematurely, before the first character is read.  To read
a file into a stream, say:

@example
(define-stream (file->stream filename)
  (let ((p (open-input-file filename)))
    (stream-let loop ((c (read-char p)))
      (if (eof-object? c)
          (begin (close-input-port p)
                 stream-null)
          (stream-cons c
            (loop (read-char p)))))))
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} stream object-expr @dots{}
Creates a newly-allocated stream containing in its elements the objects,
in order.  The @var{object-expr}s are evaluated when they are accessed,
not when the stream is created.  If no objects are given, as in
(stream), the null stream is returned.  See also @code{list->stream}.

@example
(define strm123 (stream 1 2 3))

; (/ 1 0) not evaluated when stream is created
(define s (stream 1 (/ 1 0) -1))
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream->list [n] stream
Returns a newly-allocated list containing in its elements the first
@var{n} items in @var{stream}.  If @var{stream} has less than @var{n}
items, all the items in the stream will be included in the returned
list.  If @var{n} is not given it defaults to infinity, which means that
unless @var{stream} is finite @code{stream->list} will never return.

@example
(stream->list 10
  (stream-map (lambda (x) (* x x))
    (stream-from 0)))
  @result{} (0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-append stream @dots{}
Returns a newly-allocated stream containing in its elements those
elements contained in its input @var{stream}s, in order of input.  If
any of the input streams is infinite, no elements of any of the
succeeding input streams will appear in the output stream.  See also
@code{stream-concat}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-concat stream
Takes a @var{stream} consisting of one or more streams and returns a
newly-allocated stream containing all the elements of the input streams.
If any of the streams in the input @var{stream} is infinite, any
remaining streams in the input stream will never appear in the output
stream.  See also @code{stream-append}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-constant object @dots{}
Returns a newly-allocated stream containing in its elements the
@var{object}s, repeating in succession forever.

@example
(stream-constant 1) @result{} 1 1 1 @dots{}
(stream-constant #t #f) @result{} #t #f #t #f #t #f @dots{}
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-drop n stream
Returns the suffix of the input @var{stream} that starts at the next
element after the first @var{n} elements.  The output stream shares
structure with the input @var{stream}; thus, promises forced in one
instance of the stream are also forced in the other instance of the
stream.  If the input @var{stream} has less than @var{n} elements,
@code{stream-drop} returns the null stream.  See also
@code{stream-take}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-drop-while pred stream
Returns the suffix of the input @var{stream} that starts at the first
element @var{x} for which @code{(pred x)} returns false.  The output
stream shares structure with the input @var{stream}.  See also
@code{stream-take-while}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-filter pred stream
Returns a newly-allocated stream that contains only those elements
@var{x} of the input @var{stream} which satisfy the predicate
@code{pred}.

@example
(stream-filter odd? (stream-from 0))
   @result{} 1 3 5 7 9 @dots{}
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-fold proc base stream
Applies a binary procedure @var{proc} to @var{base} and the first
element of @var{stream} to compute a new @var{base}, then applies the
procedure to the new @var{base} and the next element of @var{stream} to
compute a succeeding @var{base}, and so on, accumulating a value that is
finally returned as the value of @code{stream-fold} when the end of the
stream is reached.  @var{stream} must be finite, or @code{stream-fold}
will enter an infinite loop.  See also @code{stream-scan}, which is
similar to @code{stream-fold}, but useful for infinite streams.  For
readers familiar with other functional languages, this is a left-fold;
there is no corresponding right-fold, since right-fold relies on finite
streams that are fully-evaluated, in which case they may as well be
converted to a list.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-for-each proc stream @dots{}
Applies @var{proc} element-wise to corresponding elements of the input
@var{stream}s for side-effects; it returns nothing.
@code{stream-for-each} stops as soon as any of its input streams is
exhausted.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-from first [step]
Creates a newly-allocated stream that contains @var{first} as its first
element and increments each succeeding element by @var{step}.  If
@var{step} is not given it defaults to 1.  @var{first} and @var{step}
may be of any numeric type.  @code{stream-from} is frequently useful as
a generator in @code{stream-of} expressions.  See also
@code{stream-range} for a similar procedure that creates finite streams.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-iterate proc base
Creates a newly-allocated stream containing @var{base} in its first
element and applies @var{proc} to each element in turn to determine the
succeeding element.  See also @code{stream-unfold} and
@code{stream-unfolds}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-length stream
Returns the number of elements in the @var{stream}; it does not evaluate
its elements.  @code{stream-length} may only be used on finite streams;
it enters an infinite loop with infinite streams.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} stream-let tag ((var expr) @dots{}) body @dots{}
Creates a local scope that binds each variable to the value of its
corresponding expression.  It additionally binds @var{tag} to a
procedure which takes the bound variables as arguments and @var{body} as
its defining expressions, binding the @var{tag} with
@code{stream-lambda}.  @var{tag} is in scope within body, and may be
called recursively.  When the expanded expression defined by the
@code{stream-let} is evaluated, @code{stream-let} evaluates the
expressions in its @var{body} in an environment containing the
newly-bound variables, returning the value of the last expression
evaluated, which must yield a stream.

@code{stream-let} provides syntactic sugar on @code{stream-lambda}, in
the same manner as normal @code{let} provides syntactic sugar on normal
@code{lambda}.  However, unlike normal @code{let}, the @var{tag} is
required, not optional, because unnamed @code{stream-let} is
meaningless.

For example, @code{stream-member} returns the first @code{stream-pair}
of the input @var{strm} with a @code{stream-car} @var{x} that satisfies
@code{(eql? obj x)}, or the null stream if @var{x} is not present in
@var{strm}.

@example
(define-stream (stream-member eql? obj strm)
  (stream-let loop ((strm strm))
    (cond ((stream-null? strm) strm)
          ((eql? obj (stream-car strm)) strm)
          (else (loop (stream-cdr strm))))))
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-map proc stream @dots{}
Applies @var{proc} element-wise to corresponding elements of the input
@var{stream}s, returning a newly-allocated stream containing elements
that are the results of those procedure applications.  The output stream
has as many elements as the minimum-length input stream, and may be
infinite.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} stream-match stream clause @dots{}
Provides pattern-matching for streams.  The input @var{stream} is an
expression that evaluates to a stream.  Clauses are of the form
@code{(pattern [fender] expression)}, consisting of a @var{pattern} that
matches a stream of a particular shape, an optional @var{fender} that
must succeed if the pattern is to match, and an @var{expression} that is
evaluated if the pattern matches.  There are four types of patterns:

@itemize @bullet
@item
() matches the null stream.

@item
(@var{pat0} @var{pat1} @dots{}) matches a finite stream with length
exactly equal to the number of pattern elements.

@item
(@var{pat0} @var{pat1} @dots{} @code{.} @var{pat-rest}) matches an
infinite stream, or a finite stream with length at least as great as the
number of pattern elements before the literal dot.

@item
@var{pat} matches an entire stream.  Should always appear last in the
list of clauses; it's not an error to appear elsewhere, but subsequent
clauses could never match.
@end itemize

Each pattern element may be either:

@itemize @bullet
@item
An identifier, which matches any stream element.  Additionally, the
value of the stream element is bound to the variable named by the
identifier, which is in scope in the @var{fender} and @var{expression}
of the corresponding @var{clause}.  Each identifier in a single pattern
must be unique.

@item
A literal underscore (@code{_}), which matches any stream element but
creates no bindings.
@end itemize

The @var{pattern}s are tested in order, left-to-right, until a matching
pattern is found; if @var{fender} is present, it must evaluate to a true
value for the match to be successful.  Pattern variables are bound in
the corresponding @var{fender} and @var{expression}.  Once the matching
@var{pattern} is found, the corresponding @var{expression} is evaluated
and returned as the result of the match.  An error is signaled if no
pattern matches the input @var{stream}.

@code{stream-match} is often used to distinguish null streams from
non-null streams, binding @var{head} and @var{tail}:

@example
(define (len strm)
  (stream-match strm
    (() 0)
    ((head . tail) (+ 1 (len tail)))))
@end example

Fenders can test the common case where two stream elements must be
identical; the @code{else} pattern is an identifier bound to the entire
stream, not a keyword as in @code{cond}.

@example
(stream-match strm
  ((x y . _) (equal? x y) 'ok)
  (else 'error))
@end example

A more complex example uses two nested matchers to match two different
stream arguments; @code{(stream-merge lt? . strms)} stably merges two or
more streams ordered by the @code{lt?} predicate:

@example
(define-stream (stream-merge lt? . strms)
  (define-stream (merge xx yy)
    (stream-match xx (() yy) ((x . xs)
      (stream-match yy (() xx) ((y . ys)
        (if (lt? y x)
            (stream-cons y (merge xx ys))
            (stream-cons x (merge xs yy))))))))
  (stream-let loop ((strms strms))
    (cond ((null? strms) stream-null)
          ((null? (cdr strms)) (car strms))
          (else (merge (car strms)
                       (apply stream-merge lt?
                         (cdr strms)))))))
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} stream-of expr clause @dots{}
Provides the syntax of stream comprehensions, which generate streams by
means of looping expressions.  The result is a stream of objects of the
type returned by @var{expr}.  There are four types of clauses:

@itemize @bullet
@item
(@var{var} @code{in} @var{stream-expr}) loops over the elements of
@var{stream-expr}, in order from the start of the stream, binding each
element of the stream in turn to @var{var}.  @code{stream-from} and
@code{stream-range} are frequently useful as generators for
@var{stream-expr}.

@item
(@var{var} @code{is} @var{expr}) binds @var{var} to the value obtained
by evaluating @var{expr}.

@item
(@var{pred} @var{expr}) includes in the output stream only those
elements @var{x} which satisfy the predicate @var{pred}.
@end itemize

The scope of variables bound in the stream comprehension is the clauses
to the right of the binding clause (but not the binding clause itself)
plus the result expression.

When two or more generators are present, the loops are processed as if
they are nested from left to right; that is, the rightmost generator
varies fastest.  A consequence of this is that only the first generator
may be infinite and all subsequent generators must be finite.  If no
generators are present, the result of a stream comprehension is a stream
containing the result expression; thus, @samp{(stream-of 1)} produces a
finite stream containing only the element 1.

@example
(stream-of (* x x)
  (x in (stream-range 0 10))
  (even? x))
  @result{} 0 4 16 36 64

(stream-of (list a b)
  (a in (stream-range 1 4))
  (b in (stream-range 1 3)))
  @result{} (1 1) (1 2) (2 1) (2 2) (3 1) (3 2)

(stream-of (list i j)
  (i in (stream-range 1 5))
  (j in (stream-range (+ i 1) 5)))
  @result{} (1 2) (1 3) (1 4) (2 3) (2 4) (3 4)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-range first past [step]
Creates a newly-allocated stream that contains @var{first} as its first
element and increments each succeeding element by @var{step}.  The
stream is finite and ends before @var{past}, which is not an element of
the stream.  If @var{step} is not given it defaults to 1 if @var{first}
is less than past and -1 otherwise.  @var{first}, @var{past} and
@var{step} may be of any real numeric type.  @code{stream-range} is
frequently useful as a generator in @code{stream-of} expressions.  See
also @code{stream-from} for a similar procedure that creates infinite
streams.

@example
(stream-range 0 10) @result{} 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(stream-range 0 10 2) @result{} 0 2 4 6 8
@end example

Successive elements of the stream are calculated by adding @var{step} to
@var{first}, so if any of @var{first}, @var{past} or @var{step} are
inexact, the length of the output stream may differ from
@code{(ceiling (- (/ (- past first) step) 1)}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-ref stream n
Returns the @var{n}th element of stream, counting from zero.  An error
is signaled if @var{n} is greater than or equal to the length of stream.

@example
(define (fact n)
  (stream-ref
    (stream-scan * 1 (stream-from 1))
    n))
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-reverse stream
Returns a newly-allocated stream containing the elements of the input
@var{stream} but in reverse order.  @code{stream-reverse} may only be
used with finite streams; it enters an infinite loop with infinite
streams.  @code{stream-reverse} does not force evaluation of the
elements of the stream.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-scan proc base stream
Accumulates the partial folds of an input @var{stream} into a
newly-allocated output stream.  The output stream is the @var{base}
followed by @code{(stream-fold proc base (stream-take i stream))} for
each of the first @var{i} elements of @var{stream}.

@example
(stream-scan + 0 (stream-from 1))
  @result{} (stream 0 1 3 6 10 15 @dots{})

(stream-scan * 1 (stream-from 1))
  @result{} (stream 1 1 2 6 24 120 @dots{})
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-take n stream
Returns a newly-allocated stream containing the first @var{n} elements
of the input @var{stream}.  If the input @var{stream} has less than
@var{n} elements, so does the output stream.  See also
@code{stream-drop}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-take-while pred stream
Takes a predicate and a @code{stream} and returns a newly-allocated
stream containing those elements @code{x} that form the maximal prefix
of the input stream which satisfy @var{pred}.  See also
@code{stream-drop-while}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-unfold map pred gen base
The fundamental recursive stream constructor.  It constructs a stream by
repeatedly applying @var{gen} to successive values of @var{base}, in the
manner of @code{stream-iterate}, then applying @var{map} to each of the
values so generated, appending each of the mapped values to the output
stream as long as @code{(pred? base)} returns a true value.  See also
@code{stream-iterate} and @code{stream-unfolds}.

The expression below creates the finite stream @samp{0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49
64 81}.  Initially the @var{base} is 0, which is less than 10, so
@var{map} squares the @var{base} and the mapped value becomes the first
element of the output stream.  Then @var{gen} increments the @var{base}
by 1, so it becomes 1; this is less than 10, so @var{map} squares the
new @var{base} and 1 becomes the second element of the output stream.
And so on, until the base becomes 10, when @var{pred} stops the
recursion and stream-null ends the output stream.

@example
(stream-unfold
  (lambda (x) (expt x 2)) ; map
  (lambda (x) (< x 10))   ; pred?
  (lambda (x) (+ x 1))    ; gen
  0)                      ; base
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-unfolds proc seed
Returns @var{n} newly-allocated streams containing those elements
produced by successive calls to the generator @var{proc}, which takes
the current @var{seed} as its argument and returns @var{n}+1 values

(@var{proc} @var{seed}) @result{} @var{seed} @var{result_0} @dots{} @var{result_n-1}

where the returned @var{seed} is the input @var{seed} to the next call
to the generator and @var{result_i} indicates how to produce the next
element of the @var{i}th result stream:

@itemize @bullet
@item
(@var{value}): @var{value} is the next car of the result stream.

@item
@code{#f}: no value produced by this iteration of the generator
@var{proc} for the result stream.

@item
(): the end of the result stream.
@end itemize

It may require multiple calls of @var{proc} to produce the next element
of any particular result stream.  See also @code{stream-iterate} and
@code{stream-unfold}.

@example
(define (stream-partition pred? strm)
  (stream-unfolds
    (lambda (s)
      (if (stream-null? s)
          (values s '() '())
          (let ((a (stream-car s))
                (d (stream-cdr s)))
            (if (pred? a)
                (values d (list a) #f)
                (values d #f (list a))))))
    strm))

(call-with-values
  (lambda ()
    (stream-partition odd?
      (stream-range 1 6)))
  (lambda (odds evens)
    (list (stream->list odds)
          (stream->list evens))))
  @result{} ((1 3 5) (2 4))
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} stream-zip stream @dots{}
Returns a newly-allocated stream in which each element is a list (not a
stream) of the corresponding elements of the input @var{stream}s.  The
output stream is as long as the shortest input @var{stream}, if any of
the input @var{stream}s is finite, or is infinite if all the input
@var{stream}s are infinite.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-42
@subsection SRFI-42 - Eager Comprehensions
@cindex SRFI-42

See @uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-42/srfi-42.html, the
specification of SRFI-42}.

@node SRFI-43
@subsection SRFI-43 - Vector Library
@cindex SRFI-43

This subsection is based on the
@uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-43/srfi-43.html, specification of
SRFI-43} by Taylor Campbell.

@c The copyright notice and license text of the SRFI-43 specification is
@c reproduced below:

@c Copyright (C) Taylor Campbell (2003). All Rights Reserved.

@c Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
@c copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@c "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
@c without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
@c distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
@c permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
@c the following conditions:

@c The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
@c in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

@c THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
@c OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
@c MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
@c NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
@c LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
@c OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
@c WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

@noindent
SRFI-43 implements a comprehensive library of vector operations.  It can
be made available with:

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-43))
@end example

@menu
* SRFI-43 Constructors::
* SRFI-43 Predicates::
* SRFI-43 Selectors::
* SRFI-43 Iteration::
* SRFI-43 Searching::
* SRFI-43 Mutators::
* SRFI-43 Conversion::
@end menu

@node SRFI-43 Constructors
@subsubsection SRFI-43 Constructors

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} make-vector size [fill]
Create and return a vector of size @var{size}, optionally filling it
with @var{fill}.  The default value of @var{fill} is unspecified.

@example
(make-vector 5 3) @result{} #(3 3 3 3 3)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector x @dots{}
Create and return a vector whose elements are @var{x} @enddots{}.

@example
(vector 0 1 2 3 4) @result{} #(0 1 2 3 4)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-unfold f length initial-seed @dots{}
The fundamental vector constructor.  Create a vector whose length
is @var{length} and iterates across each index k from 0 up to
@var{length} - 1, applying @var{f} at each iteration to the current
index and current seeds, in that order, to receive n + 1 values: the
element to put in the kth slot of the new vector, and n new seeds for
the next iteration.  It is an error for the number of seeds to vary
between iterations.

@example
(vector-unfold (lambda (i x) (values x (- x 1)))
               10 0)
@result{} #(0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9)

(vector-unfold values 10)
@result{} #(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-unfold-right f length initial-seed @dots{}
Like @code{vector-unfold}, but it uses @var{f} to generate elements from
right-to-left, rather than left-to-right.

@example
(vector-unfold-right (lambda (i x) (values x (+ x 1)))
                     10 0)
@result{} #(9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-copy vec [start [end [fill]]]
Allocate a new vector whose length is @var{end} - @var{start} and fills
it with elements from @var{vec}, taking elements from @var{vec} starting
at index @var{start} and stopping at index @var{end}.  @var{start}
defaults to 0 and @var{end} defaults to the value of
@code{(vector-length vec)}.  If @var{end} extends beyond the length of
@var{vec}, the slots in the new vector that obviously cannot be filled
by elements from @var{vec} are filled with @var{fill}, whose default
value is unspecified.

@example
(vector-copy '#(a b c d e f g h i))
@result{} #(a b c d e f g h i)

(vector-copy '#(a b c d e f g h i) 6)
@result{} #(g h i)

(vector-copy '#(a b c d e f g h i) 3 6)
@result{} #(d e f)

(vector-copy '#(a b c d e f g h i) 6 12 'x)
@result{} #(g h i x x x)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-reverse-copy vec [start [end]]
Like @code{vector-copy}, but it copies the elements in the reverse order
from @var{vec}.

@example
(vector-reverse-copy '#(5 4 3 2 1 0) 1 5)
@result{} #(1 2 3 4)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-append vec @dots{}
Return a newly allocated vector that contains all elements in order from
the subsequent locations in @var{vec} @enddots{}.

@example
(vector-append '#(a) '#(b c d))
@result{} #(a b c d)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-concatenate list-of-vectors
Append each vector in @var{list-of-vectors}.  Equivalent to
@code{(apply vector-append list-of-vectors)}.

@example
(vector-concatenate '(#(a b) #(c d)))
@result{} #(a b c d)
@end example
@end deffn

@node SRFI-43 Predicates
@subsubsection SRFI-43 Predicates

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector? obj
Return true if @var{obj} is a vector, else return false.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-empty? vec
Return true if @var{vec} is empty, i.e. its length is 0, else return
false.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector= elt=? vec @dots{}
Return true if the vectors @var{vec} @dots{} have equal lengths and
equal elements according to @var{elt=?}.  @var{elt=?} is always applied
to two arguments.  Element comparison must be consistent with @code{eq?}
in the following sense: if @code{(eq? a b)} returns true, then
@code{(elt=? a b)} must also return true.  The order in which
comparisons are performed is unspecified.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-43 Selectors
@subsubsection SRFI-43 Selectors

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-ref vec i
Return the element at index @var{i} in @var{vec}.  Indexing is based on
zero.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-length vec
Return the length of @var{vec}.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-43 Iteration
@subsubsection SRFI-43 Iteration

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-fold kons knil vec1 vec2 @dots{}
The fundamental vector iterator.  @var{kons} is iterated over each index
in all of the vectors, stopping at the end of the shortest; @var{kons}
is applied as
@smalllisp
(kons i state (vector-ref vec1 i) (vector-ref vec2 i) ...)
@end smalllisp
where @var{state} is the current state value, and @var{i} is the current
index.  The current state value begins with @var{knil}, and becomes
whatever @var{kons} returned at the respective iteration.  The iteration
is strictly left-to-right.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-fold-right kons knil vec1 vec2 @dots{}
Similar to @code{vector-fold}, but it iterates right-to-left instead of
left-to-right.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-map f vec1 vec2 @dots{}
Return a new vector of the shortest size of the vector arguments.  Each
element at index i of the new vector is mapped from the old vectors by
@smalllisp
(f i (vector-ref vec1 i) (vector-ref vec2 i) ...)
@end smalllisp
The dynamic order of application of @var{f} is unspecified.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-map! f vec1 vec2 @dots{}
Similar to @code{vector-map}, but rather than mapping the new elements
into a new vector, the new mapped elements are destructively inserted
into @var{vec1}.  The dynamic order of application of @var{f} is
unspecified.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-for-each f vec1 vec2 @dots{}
Call @code{(f i (vector-ref vec1 i) (vector-ref vec2 i) ...)} for each
index i less than the length of the shortest vector passed.  The
iteration is strictly left-to-right.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-count pred? vec1 vec2 @dots{}
Count the number of parallel elements in the vectors that satisfy
@var{pred?}, which is applied, for each index i less than the length of
the smallest vector, to i and each parallel element in the vectors at
that index, in order.

@example
(vector-count (lambda (i elt) (even? elt))
              '#(3 1 4 1 5 9 2 5 6))
@result{} 3
(vector-count (lambda (i x y) (< x y))
              '#(1 3 6 9) '#(2 4 6 8 10 12))
@result{} 2
@end example
@end deffn

@node SRFI-43 Searching
@subsubsection SRFI-43 Searching

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-index pred? vec1 vec2 @dots{}
Find and return the index of the first elements in @var{vec1} @var{vec2}
@dots{} that satisfy @var{pred?}.  If no matching element is found by
the end of the shortest vector, return @code{#f}.

@example
(vector-index even? '#(3 1 4 1 5 9))
@result{} 2
(vector-index < '#(3 1 4 1 5 9 2 5 6) '#(2 7 1 8 2))
@result{} 1
(vector-index = '#(3 1 4 1 5 9 2 5 6) '#(2 7 1 8 2))
@result{} #f
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-index-right pred? vec1 vec2 @dots{}
Like @code{vector-index}, but it searches right-to-left, rather than
left-to-right.  Note that the SRFI 43 specification requires that all
the vectors must have the same length, but both the SRFI 43 reference
implementation and Guile's implementation allow vectors with unequal
lengths, and start searching from the last index of the shortest vector.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-skip pred? vec1 vec2 @dots{}
Find and return the index of the first elements in @var{vec1} @var{vec2}
@dots{} that do not satisfy @var{pred?}.  If no matching element is
found by the end of the shortest vector, return @code{#f}.  Equivalent
to @code{vector-index} but with the predicate inverted.

@example
(vector-skip number? '#(1 2 a b 3 4 c d)) @result{} 2
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-skip-right pred? vec1 vec2 @dots{}
Like @code{vector-skip}, but it searches for a non-matching element
right-to-left, rather than left-to-right.  Note that the SRFI 43
specification requires that all the vectors must have the same length,
but both the SRFI 43 reference implementation and Guile's implementation
allow vectors with unequal lengths, and start searching from the last
index of the shortest vector.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-binary-search vec value cmp [start [end]]
Find and return an index of @var{vec} between @var{start} and @var{end}
whose value is @var{value} using a binary search.  If no matching
element is found, return @code{#f}.  The default @var{start} is 0 and
the default @var{end} is the length of @var{vec}.

@var{cmp} must be a procedure of two arguments such that @code{(cmp a
b)} returns a negative integer if @math{a < b}, a positive integer if
@math{a > b}, or zero if @math{a = b}.  The elements of @var{vec} must
be sorted in non-decreasing order according to @var{cmp}.

Note that SRFI 43 does not document the @var{start} and @var{end}
arguments, but both its reference implementation and Guile's
implementation support them.

@example
(define (char-cmp c1 c2)
  (cond ((char<? c1 c2) -1)
        ((char>? c1 c2) 1)
        (else 0)))

(vector-binary-search '#(#\a #\b #\c #\d #\e #\f #\g #\h)
                      #\g
                      char-cmp)
@result{} 6
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-any pred? vec1 vec2 @dots{}
Find the first parallel set of elements from @var{vec1} @var{vec2}
@dots{} for which @var{pred?} returns a true value.  If such a parallel
set of elements exists, @code{vector-any} returns the value that
@var{pred?} returned for that set of elements.  The iteration is
strictly left-to-right.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-every pred? vec1 vec2 @dots{}
If, for every index i between 0 and the length of the shortest vector
argument, the set of elements @code{(vector-ref vec1 i)}
@code{(vector-ref vec2 i)} @dots{} satisfies @var{pred?},
@code{vector-every} returns the value that @var{pred?} returned for the
last set of elements, at the last index of the shortest vector.
Otherwise it returns @code{#f}.  The iteration is strictly
left-to-right.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-43 Mutators
@subsubsection SRFI-43 Mutators

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-set! vec i value
Assign the contents of the location at @var{i} in @var{vec} to
@var{value}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-swap! vec i j
Swap the values of the locations in @var{vec} at @var{i} and @var{j}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-fill! vec fill [start [end]]
Assign the value of every location in @var{vec} between @var{start} and
@var{end} to @var{fill}.  @var{start} defaults to 0 and @var{end}
defaults to the length of @var{vec}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-reverse! vec [start [end]]
Destructively reverse the contents of @var{vec} between @var{start} and
@var{end}.  @var{start} defaults to 0 and @var{end} defaults to the
length of @var{vec}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-copy! target tstart source [sstart [send]]
Copy a block of elements from @var{source} to @var{target}, both of
which must be vectors, starting in @var{target} at @var{tstart} and
starting in @var{source} at @var{sstart}, ending when (@var{send} -
@var{sstart}) elements have been copied.  It is an error for
@var{target} to have a length less than (@var{tstart} + @var{send} -
@var{sstart}).  @var{sstart} defaults to 0 and @var{send} defaults to
the length of @var{source}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-reverse-copy! target tstart source [sstart [send]]
Like @code{vector-copy!}, but this copies the elements in the reverse
order.  It is an error if @var{target} and @var{source} are identical
vectors and the @var{target} and @var{source} ranges overlap; however,
if @var{tstart} = @var{sstart}, @code{vector-reverse-copy!} behaves as
@code{(vector-reverse! target tstart send)} would.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-43 Conversion
@subsubsection SRFI-43 Conversion

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector->list vec [start [end]]
Return a newly allocated list containing the elements in @var{vec}
between @var{start} and @var{end}.  @var{start} defaults to 0 and
@var{end} defaults to the length of @var{vec}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} reverse-vector->list vec [start [end]]
Like @code{vector->list}, but the resulting list contains the specified
range of elements of @var{vec} in reverse order.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} list->vector proper-list [start [end]]
Return a newly allocated vector of the elements from @var{proper-list}
with indices between @var{start} and @var{end}.  @var{start} defaults to
0 and @var{end} defaults to the length of @var{proper-list}.  Note that
SRFI 43 does not document the @var{start} and @var{end} arguments, but
both its reference implementation and Guile's implementation support
them.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} reverse-list->vector proper-list [start [end]]
Like @code{list->vector}, but the resulting vector contains the specified
range of elements of @var{proper-list} in reverse order.  Note that SRFI
43 does not document the @var{start} and @var{end} arguments, but both
its reference implementation and Guile's implementation support them.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-45
@subsection SRFI-45 - Primitives for Expressing Iterative Lazy Algorithms
@cindex SRFI-45

This subsection is based on @uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-45/srfi-45.html, the
specification of SRFI-45} written by Andr@'e van Tonder.

@c Copyright (C) André van Tonder (2003). All Rights Reserved.

@c Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
@c copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@c "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
@c without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
@c distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
@c permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
@c the following conditions:

@c The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
@c in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

@c THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
@c OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
@c MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
@c NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
@c LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
@c OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
@c WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Lazy evaluation is traditionally simulated in Scheme using @code{delay}
and @code{force}.  However, these primitives are not powerful enough to
express a large class of lazy algorithms that are iterative.  Indeed, it
is folklore in the Scheme community that typical iterative lazy
algorithms written using delay and force will often require unbounded
memory.

This SRFI provides set of three operations: @{@code{lazy}, @code{delay},
@code{force}@}, which allow the programmer to succinctly express lazy
algorithms while retaining bounded space behavior in cases that are
properly tail-recursive.  A general recipe for using these primitives is
provided. An additional procedure @code{eager} is provided for the
construction of eager promises in cases where efficiency is a concern.

Although this SRFI redefines @code{delay} and @code{force}, the
extension is conservative in the sense that the semantics of the subset
@{@code{delay}, @code{force}@} in isolation (i.e., as long as the
program does not use @code{lazy}) agrees with that in R5RS.  In other
words, no program that uses the R5RS definitions of delay and force will
break if those definition are replaced by the SRFI-45 definitions of
delay and force.

Guile also adds @code{promise?} to the list of exports, which is not
part of the official SRFI-45.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} promise? obj
Return true if @var{obj} is an SRFI-45 promise, otherwise return false.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} delay expression
Takes an expression of arbitrary type @var{a} and returns a promise of
type @code{(Promise @var{a})} which at some point in the future may be
asked (by the @code{force} procedure) to evaluate the expression and
deliver the resulting value.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} lazy expression
Takes an expression of type @code{(Promise @var{a})} and returns a
promise of type @code{(Promise @var{a})} which at some point in the
future may be asked (by the @code{force} procedure) to evaluate the
expression and deliver the resulting promise.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} force expression
Takes an argument of type @code{(Promise @var{a})} and returns a value
of type @var{a} as follows: If a value of type @var{a} has been computed
for the promise, this value is returned.  Otherwise, the promise is
first evaluated, then overwritten by the obtained promise or value, and
then force is again applied (iteratively) to the promise.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} eager expression
Takes an argument of type @var{a} and returns a value of type
@code{(Promise @var{a})}.  As opposed to @code{delay}, the argument is
evaluated eagerly. Semantically, writing @code{(eager expression)} is
equivalent to writing

@lisp
(let ((value expression)) (delay value)).
@end lisp

However, the former is more efficient since it does not require
unnecessary creation and evaluation of thunks. We also have the
equivalence

@lisp
(delay expression) = (lazy (eager expression))
@end lisp
@end deffn

The following reduction rules may be helpful for reasoning about these
primitives.  However, they do not express the memoization and memory
usage semantics specified above:

@lisp
(force (delay expression)) -> expression
(force (lazy  expression)) -> (force expression)
(force (eager value))      -> value
@end lisp

@subsubheading Correct usage

We now provide a general recipe for using the primitives @{@code{lazy},
@code{delay}, @code{force}@} to express lazy algorithms in Scheme.  The
transformation is best described by way of an example: Consider the
stream-filter algorithm, expressed in a hypothetical lazy language as

@lisp
(define (stream-filter p? s)
  (if (null? s) '()
      (let ((h (car s))
            (t (cdr s)))
        (if (p? h)
            (cons h (stream-filter p? t))
            (stream-filter p? t)))))
@end lisp

This algorithm can be expressed as follows in Scheme:

@lisp
(define (stream-filter p? s)
  (lazy
     (if (null? (force s)) (delay '())
         (let ((h (car (force s)))
               (t (cdr (force s))))
           (if (p? h)
               (delay (cons h (stream-filter p? t)))
               (stream-filter p? t))))))
@end lisp

In other words, we

@itemize @bullet
@item
wrap all constructors (e.g., @code{'()}, @code{cons}) with @code{delay},
@item 
apply @code{force} to arguments of deconstructors (e.g., @code{car},
@code{cdr} and @code{null?}),
@item
wrap procedure bodies with @code{(lazy ...)}.
@end itemize

@node SRFI-46
@subsection SRFI-46 Basic syntax-rules Extensions
@cindex SRFI-46

Guile's core @code{syntax-rules} supports the extensions specified by
SRFI-46/R7RS.  Tail patterns have been supported since at least Guile
2.0, and custom ellipsis identifiers have been supported since Guile
2.0.10.  @xref{Syntax Rules}.

@node SRFI-55
@subsection SRFI-55 - Requiring Features
@cindex SRFI-55

SRFI-55 provides @code{require-extension} which is a portable
mechanism to load selected SRFI modules.  This is implemented in the
Guile core, there's no module needed to get SRFI-55 itself.

@deffn {library syntax} require-extension clause1 clause2 @dots{}
Require the features of @var{clause1} @var{clause2} @dots{}  , throwing
an error if any are unavailable.

A @var{clause} is of the form @code{(@var{identifier} arg...)}.  The
only @var{identifier} currently supported is @code{srfi} and the
arguments are SRFI numbers.  For example to get SRFI-1 and SRFI-6,

@example
(require-extension (srfi 1 6))
@end example

@code{require-extension} can only be used at the top-level.

A Guile-specific program can simply @code{use-modules} to load SRFIs
not already in the core, @code{require-extension} is for programs
designed to be portable to other Scheme implementations.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-60
@subsection SRFI-60 - Integers as Bits
@cindex SRFI-60
@cindex integers as bits
@cindex bitwise logical

This SRFI provides various functions for treating integers as bits and
for bitwise manipulations.  These functions can be obtained with,

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-60))
@end example

Integers are treated as infinite precision twos-complement, the same
as in the core logical functions (@pxref{Bitwise Operations}).  And
likewise bit indexes start from 0 for the least significant bit.  The
following functions in this SRFI are already in the Guile core,

@quotation
@code{logand},
@code{logior},
@code{logxor},
@code{lognot},
@code{logtest},
@code{logcount},
@code{integer-length},
@code{logbit?},
@code{ash}
@end quotation

@sp 1
@defun bitwise-and n1 ...
@defunx bitwise-ior n1 ...
@defunx bitwise-xor n1 ...
@defunx bitwise-not n
@defunx any-bits-set? j k
@defunx bit-set? index n
@defunx arithmetic-shift n count
@defunx bit-field n start end
@defunx bit-count n
Aliases for @code{logand}, @code{logior}, @code{logxor},
@code{lognot}, @code{logtest}, @code{logbit?}, @code{ash},
@code{bit-extract} and @code{logcount} respectively.

Note that the name @code{bit-count} conflicts with @code{bit-count} in
the core (@pxref{Bit Vectors}).
@end defun

@defun bitwise-if mask n1 n0
@defunx bitwise-merge mask n1 n0
Return an integer with bits selected from @var{n1} and @var{n0}
according to @var{mask}.  Those bits where @var{mask} has 1s are taken
from @var{n1}, and those where @var{mask} has 0s are taken from
@var{n0}.

@example
(bitwise-if 3 #b0101 #b1010) @result{} 9
@end example
@end defun

@defun log2-binary-factors n
@defunx first-set-bit n
Return a count of how many factors of 2 are present in @var{n}.  This
is also the bit index of the lowest 1 bit in @var{n}.  If @var{n} is
0, the return is @math{-1}.

@example
(log2-binary-factors 6) @result{} 1
(log2-binary-factors -8) @result{} 3
@end example
@end defun

@defun copy-bit index n newbit
Return @var{n} with the bit at @var{index} set according to
@var{newbit}.  @var{newbit} should be @code{#t} to set the bit to 1,
or @code{#f} to set it to 0.  Bits other than at @var{index} are
unchanged in the return.

@example
(copy-bit 1 #b0101 #t) @result{} 7
@end example
@end defun

@defun copy-bit-field n newbits start end
Return @var{n} with the bits from @var{start} (inclusive) to @var{end}
(exclusive) changed to the value @var{newbits}.

The least significant bit in @var{newbits} goes to @var{start}, the
next to @math{@var{start}+1}, etc.  Anything in @var{newbits} past the
@var{end} given is ignored.

@example
(copy-bit-field #b10000 #b11 1 3) @result{} #b10110
@end example
@end defun

@defun rotate-bit-field n count start end
Return @var{n} with the bit field from @var{start} (inclusive) to
@var{end} (exclusive) rotated upwards by @var{count} bits.

@var{count} can be positive or negative, and it can be more than the
field width (it'll be reduced modulo the width).

@example
(rotate-bit-field #b0110 2 1 4) @result{} #b1010
@end example
@end defun

@defun reverse-bit-field n start end
Return @var{n} with the bits from @var{start} (inclusive) to @var{end}
(exclusive) reversed.

@example
(reverse-bit-field #b101001 2 4) @result{} #b100101
@end example
@end defun

@defun integer->list n [len]
Return bits from @var{n} in the form of a list of @code{#t} for 1 and
@code{#f} for 0.  The least significant @var{len} bits are returned,
and the first list element is the most significant of those bits.  If
@var{len} is not given, the default is @code{(integer-length @var{n})}
(@pxref{Bitwise Operations}).

@example
(integer->list 6)   @result{} (#t #t #f)
(integer->list 1 4) @result{} (#f #f #f #t)
@end example
@end defun
   
@defun list->integer lst
@defunx booleans->integer bool@dots{}
Return an integer formed bitwise from the given @var{lst} list of
booleans, or for @code{booleans->integer} from the @var{bool}
arguments.

Each boolean is @code{#t} for a 1 and @code{#f} for a 0.  The first
element becomes the most significant bit in the return.

@example
(list->integer '(#t #f #t #f)) @result{} 10
@end example
@end defun


@node SRFI-61
@subsection SRFI-61 - A more general @code{cond} clause

This SRFI extends RnRS @code{cond} to support test expressions that
return multiple values, as well as arbitrary definitions of test
success.  SRFI 61 is implemented in the Guile core; there's no module
needed to get SRFI-61 itself.  Extended @code{cond} is documented in
@ref{Conditionals,, Simple Conditional Evaluation}.

@node SRFI-62
@subsection SRFI-62 - S-expression comments.
@cindex SRFI-62

Starting from version 2.0, Guile's @code{read} supports SRFI-62/R7RS
S-expression comments by default.

@node SRFI-64
@subsection SRFI-64 - A Scheme API for test suites.
@cindex SRFI-64

See @uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-64/srfi-64.html, the
specification of SRFI-64}.

@node SRFI-67
@subsection SRFI-67 - Compare procedures
@cindex SRFI-67

See @uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-67/srfi-67.html, the
specification of SRFI-67}.

@node SRFI-69
@subsection SRFI-69 - Basic hash tables
@cindex SRFI-69

This is a portable wrapper around Guile's built-in hash table and weak
table support.  @xref{Hash Tables}, for information on that built-in
support.  Above that, this hash-table interface provides association
of equality and hash functions with tables at creation time, so
variants of each function are not required, as well as a procedure
that takes care of most uses for Guile hash table handles, which this
SRFI does not provide as such.

Access it with:

@lisp
(use-modules (srfi srfi-69))
@end lisp

@menu
* SRFI-69 Creating hash tables::  
* SRFI-69 Accessing table items::  
* SRFI-69 Table properties::    
* SRFI-69 Hash table algorithms::  
@end menu

@node SRFI-69 Creating hash tables
@subsubsection Creating hash tables

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} make-hash-table [equal-proc hash-proc #:weak weakness start-size]
Create and answer a new hash table with @var{equal-proc} as the
equality function and @var{hash-proc} as the hashing function.

By default, @var{equal-proc} is @code{equal?}.  It can be any
two-argument procedure, and should answer whether two keys are the
same for this table's purposes.

By default @var{hash-proc} assumes that @code{equal-proc} is no
coarser than @code{equal?}  unless it is literally @code{string-ci=?}.
If provided, @var{hash-proc} should be a two-argument procedure that
takes a key and the current table size, and answers a reasonably good
hash integer between 0 (inclusive) and the size (exclusive).

@var{weakness} should be @code{#f} or a symbol indicating how ``weak''
the hash table is:

@table @code
@item #f
An ordinary non-weak hash table.  This is the default.

@item key
When the key has no more non-weak references at GC, remove that entry.

@item value
When the value has no more non-weak references at GC, remove that
entry.

@item key-or-value
When either has no more non-weak references at GC, remove the
association.
@end table

As a legacy of the time when Guile couldn't grow hash tables,
@var{start-size} is an optional integer argument that specifies the
approximate starting size for the hash table, which will be rounded to
an algorithmically-sounder number.
@end deffn

By @dfn{coarser} than @code{equal?}, we mean that for all @var{x} and
@var{y} values where @code{(@var{equal-proc} @var{x} @var{y})},
@code{(equal? @var{x} @var{y})} as well.  If that does not hold for
your @var{equal-proc}, you must provide a @var{hash-proc}.

In the case of weak tables, remember that @dfn{references} above
always refers to @code{eq?}-wise references.  Just because you have a
reference to some string @code{"foo"} doesn't mean that an association
with key @code{"foo"} in a weak-key table @emph{won't} be collected;
it only counts as a reference if the two @code{"foo"}s are @code{eq?},
regardless of @var{equal-proc}.  As such, it is usually only sensible
to use @code{eq?} and @code{hashq} as the equivalence and hash
functions for a weak table.  @xref{Weak References}, for more
information on Guile's built-in weak table support.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} alist->hash-table alist [equal-proc hash-proc #:weak weakness start-size]
As with @code{make-hash-table}, but initialize it with the
associations in @var{alist}.  Where keys are repeated in @var{alist},
the leftmost association takes precedence.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-69 Accessing table items
@subsubsection Accessing table items

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-ref table key [default-thunk]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-ref/default table key default
Answer the value associated with @var{key} in @var{table}.  If
@var{key} is not present, answer the result of invoking the thunk
@var{default-thunk}, which signals an error instead by default.

@code{hash-table-ref/default} is a variant that requires a third
argument, @var{default}, and answers @var{default} itself instead of
invoking it.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-set! table key new-value
Set @var{key} to @var{new-value} in @var{table}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-delete! table key
Remove the association of @var{key} in @var{table}, if present.  If
absent, do nothing.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-exists? table key
Answer whether @var{key} has an association in @var{table}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-update! table key modifier [default-thunk]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-update!/default table key modifier default
Replace @var{key}'s associated value in @var{table} by invoking
@var{modifier} with one argument, the old value.

If @var{key} is not present, and @var{default-thunk} is provided,
invoke it with no arguments to get the ``old value'' to be passed to
@var{modifier} as above.  If @var{default-thunk} is not provided in
such a case, signal an error.

@code{hash-table-update!/default} is a variant that requires the
fourth argument, which is used directly as the ``old value'' rather
than as a thunk to be invoked to retrieve the ``old value''.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-69 Table properties
@subsubsection Table properties

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-size table
Answer the number of associations in @var{table}.  This is guaranteed
to run in constant time for non-weak tables.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-keys table
Answer an unordered list of the keys in @var{table}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-values table
Answer an unordered list of the values in @var{table}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-walk table proc
Invoke @var{proc} once for each association in @var{table}, passing
the key and value as arguments.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-fold table proc init
Invoke @code{(@var{proc} @var{key} @var{value} @var{previous})} for
each @var{key} and @var{value} in @var{table}, where @var{previous} is
the result of the previous invocation, using @var{init} as the first
@var{previous} value.  Answer the final @var{proc} result.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table->alist table
Answer an alist where each association in @var{table} is an
association in the result.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-69 Hash table algorithms
@subsubsection Hash table algorithms

Each hash table carries an @dfn{equivalence function} and a @dfn{hash
function}, used to implement key lookups.  Beginning users should
follow the rules for consistency of the default @var{hash-proc}
specified above.  Advanced users can use these to implement their own
equivalence and hash functions for specialized lookup semantics.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-equivalence-function hash-table
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} hash-table-hash-function hash-table
Answer the equivalence and hash function of @var{hash-table}, respectively.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} hash obj [size]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} string-hash obj [size]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} string-ci-hash obj [size]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} hash-by-identity obj [size]
Answer a hash value appropriate for equality predicate @code{equal?},
@code{string=?}, @code{string-ci=?}, and @code{eq?}, respectively.
@end deffn

@code{hash} is a backwards-compatible replacement for Guile's built-in
@code{hash}.

@node SRFI-71
@subsection SRFI-71 - Extended let-syntax for multiple values
@cindex SRFI-71

This SRFI shadows the forms for @code{let}, @code{let*}, and @code{letrec}
so that they may accept multiple values.  For example:

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-71))

(let* ((x y (values 1 2))
       (z (+ x y)))
  (* z 2))
@result{} 6
@end example

See @uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-71/srfi-71.html, the
specification of SRFI-71}.

@node SRFI-87
@subsection SRFI-87 => in case clauses
@cindex SRFI-87

Starting from version 2.0.6, Guile's core @code{case} syntax supports
@code{=>} in clauses, as specified by SRFI-87/R7RS.
@xref{Conditionals}.

@node SRFI-88
@subsection SRFI-88 Keyword Objects
@cindex SRFI-88
@cindex keyword objects

@uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-88/srfi-88.html, SRFI-88} provides
@dfn{keyword objects}, which are equivalent to Guile's keywords
(@pxref{Keywords}).  SRFI-88 keywords can be entered using the
@dfn{postfix keyword syntax}, which consists of an identifier followed
by @code{:} (@pxref{Scheme Read, @code{postfix} keyword syntax}).
SRFI-88 can be made available with:

@example
(use-modules (srfi srfi-88))
@end example

Doing so installs the right reader option for keyword syntax, using
@code{(read-set! keywords 'postfix)}.  It also provides the procedures
described below.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} keyword? obj
Return @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a keyword.  This is the same procedure
as the same-named built-in procedure (@pxref{Keyword Procedures,
@code{keyword?}}).

@example
(keyword? foo:)         @result{} #t
(keyword? 'foo:)        @result{} #t
(keyword? "foo")        @result{} #f
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} keyword->string kw
Return the name of @var{kw} as a string, i.e., without the trailing
colon.  The returned string may not be modified, e.g., with
@code{string-set!}.

@example
(keyword->string foo:)  @result{} "foo"
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} string->keyword str
Return the keyword object whose name is @var{str}.

@example
(keyword->string (string->keyword "a b c"))     @result{} "a b c"
@end example
@end deffn

@node SRFI-98
@subsection SRFI-98 Accessing environment variables.
@cindex SRFI-98
@cindex environment variables

This is a portable wrapper around Guile's built-in support for 
interacting with the current environment, @xref{Runtime Environment}.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} get-environment-variable name
Returns a string containing the value of the environment variable 
given by the string @code{name}, or @code{#f} if the named 
environment variable is not found.  This is equivalent to 
@code{(getenv name)}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} get-environment-variables
Returns the names and values of all the environment variables as an
association list in which both the keys and the values are strings.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-105
@subsection SRFI-105 Curly-infix expressions.
@cindex SRFI-105
@cindex curly-infix
@cindex curly-infix-and-bracket-lists

Guile's built-in reader includes support for SRFI-105 curly-infix
expressions.  See @uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-105/srfi-105.html,
the specification of SRFI-105}.  Some examples:

@example
@{n <= 5@}                @result{}  (<= n 5)
@{a + b + c@}             @result{}  (+ a b c)
@{a * @{b + c@}@}           @result{}  (* a (+ b c))
@{(- a) / b@}             @result{}  (/ (- a) b)
@{-(a) / b@}              @result{}  (/ (- a) b) as well
@{(f a b) + (g h)@}       @result{}  (+ (f a b) (g h))
@{f(a b) + g(h)@}         @result{}  (+ (f a b) (g h)) as well
@{f[a b] + g(h)@}         @result{}  (+ ($bracket-apply$ f a b) (g h))
'@{a + f(b) + x@}         @result{}  '(+ a (f b) x)
@{length(x) >= 6@}        @result{}  (>= (length x) 6)
@{n-1 + n-2@}             @result{}  (+ n-1 n-2)
@{n * factorial@{n - 1@}@}  @result{}  (* n (factorial (- n 1)))
@{@{a > 0@} and @{b >= 1@}@}  @result{}  (and (> a 0) (>= b 1))
@{f@{n - 1@}(x)@}           @result{}  ((f (- n 1)) x)
@{a . z@}                 @result{}  ($nfx$ a . z)
@{a + b - c@}             @result{}  ($nfx$ a + b - c)
@end example

To enable curly-infix expressions within a file, place the reader
directive @code{#!curly-infix} before the first use of curly-infix
notation.  To globally enable curly-infix expressions in Guile's reader,
set the @code{curly-infix} read option.

Guile also implements the following non-standard extension to SRFI-105:
if @code{curly-infix} is enabled and there is no other meaning assigned
to square brackets (i.e. the @code{square-brackets} read option is
turned off), then lists within square brackets are read as normal lists
but with the special symbol @code{$bracket-list$} added to the front.
To enable this combination of read options within a file, use the reader
directive @code{#!curly-infix-and-bracket-lists}.  For example:

@example
[a b]    @result{}  ($bracket-list$ a b)
[a . b]  @result{}  ($bracket-list$ a . b)
@end example


For more information on reader options, @xref{Scheme Read}.

@node SRFI-111
@subsection SRFI-111 Boxes.
@cindex SRFI-111

@uref{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-111/srfi-111.html, SRFI-111}
provides boxes: objects with a single mutable cell.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} box value
Return a newly allocated box whose contents is initialized to
@var{value}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} box? obj
Return true if @var{obj} is a box, otherwise return false.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} unbox box
Return the current contents of @var{box}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} set-box! box value
Set the contents of @var{box} to @var{value}.
@end deffn

@node SRFI-171
@subsection Transducers
@cindex SRFI-171
@cindex transducers

Some of the most common operations used in the Scheme language are those
transforming lists: map, filter, take and so on.  They work well, are well
understood, and are used daily by most Scheme programmers.  They are however not
general because they only work on lists, and they do not compose very well
since combining N of them builds @code{(- N 1)} intermediate lists.

Transducers are oblivious to what kind of process they are used in, and
are composable without building intermediate collections.  This means we
can create a transducer that squares all odd numbers:

@example
(compose (tfilter odd?) (tmap (lambda (x) (* x x))))
@end example

and reuse it with lists, vectors, or in just about any context where
data flows in one direction.  We could use it as a processing step for
asynchronous channels, with an event framework as a pre-processing step,
or even in lazy contexts where you pass a lazy collection and a
transducer to a function and get a new lazy collection back.

The traditional Scheme approach of having collection-specific procedures
is not changed.  We instead specify a general form of transformations
that complement these procedures. The benefits are obvious: a clear,
well-understood way of describing common transformations in a way that
is faster than just chaining the collection-specific counterparts.  For
guile in particular this means a lot better GC performance.

Notice however that @code{(compose @dots{})} composes transducers
left-to-right, due to how transducers are initiated.

@menu
* SRFI-171 General Discussion::       General information about transducers
* SRFI-171 Applying Transducers::     Documentation of collection-specific forms
* SRFI-171 Reducers::                 Reducers specified by the SRFI
* SRFI-171 Transducers::              Transducers specified by the SRFI
* SRFI-171 Helpers::                  Utilities for writing your own transducers
@end menu

@node SRFI-171 General Discussion
@subsubsection SRFI-171 General Discussion
@cindex transducers discussion

@subheading The concept of reducers
The central part of transducers are 3-arity reducing procedures.

@itemize
@item
no arguments: Produces the identity of the reducer.

@item
(result-so-far): completion. Returns @code{result-so-far} either with or
without transforming it first.

@item
(result-so-far input) combines @code{result-so-far} and @code{input} to produce
a new @code{result-so-far}.
@end itemize

In the case of a summing @code{+} reducer, the reducer would produce, in
arity order: @code{0}, @code{result-so-far}, @code{(+ result-so-far
input)}. This happens to be exactly what the regular @code{+} does.

@subheading The concept of transducers
A transducer is a one-arity procedure that takes a reducer and produces a
reducing function that behaves as follows:

@itemize
@item
no arguments: calls reducer with no arguments (producing its identity)

@item
(result-so-far): Maybe transform the result-so-far and call reducer with it.

@item
(result-so-far input) Maybe do something to input and maybe call the
reducer with result-so-far and the maybe-transformed input.
@end itemize

A simple example is as following:

@example
(list-transduce (tfilter odd?) + '(1 2 3 4 5)).
@end example

This first returns a transducer filtering all odd
elements, then it runs @code{+} without arguments to retrieve its
identity.  It then starts the transduction by passing @code{+} to the
transducer returned by @code{(tfilter odd?)} which returns a reducing
function.  It works not unlike reduce from SRFI 1, but also checks
whether one of the intermediate transducers returns a "reduced" value
(implemented as a SRFI 9 record), which means the reduction finished
early.

Because transducers compose and the final reduction is only executed in
the last step, composed transducers will not build any intermediate
result or collections.  Although the normal way of thinking about
application of composed functions is right to left, due to how the
transduction is built it is applied left to right.  @code{(compose
(tfilter odd?) (tmap sqrt))} will create a transducer that first filters
out any odd values and then computes the square root of the rest.


@subheading State
Even though transducers appear to be somewhat of a generalisation of
@code{map} and friends, this is not really true.  Since transducers don't
know in which context they are being used, some transducers must keep
state where their collection-specific counterparts do not.  The
transducers that keep state do so using hidden mutable state, and as
such all the caveats of mutation, parallelism, and multi-shot
continuations apply.  Each transducer keeping state is clearly described
as doing so in the documentation.

@subheading Naming

Reducers exported from the transducers module are named as in their
SRFI-1 counterpart, but prepended with an r.  Transducers also follow
that naming, but are prepended with a t.


@node SRFI-171 Applying Transducers
@subsubsection Applying Transducers
@cindex transducers applying

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} list-transduce xform f lst
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list-transduce xform f identity lst
Initialize the transducer @var{xform} by passing the reducer @var{f}
to it.  If no identity is provided, @var{f} runs without arguments to
return the reducer identity.  It then reduces over @var{lst} using the
identity as the seed.

If one of the transducers finishes early (such as @code{ttake} or
@code{tdrop}), it communicates this by returning a reduced value, which
in the guile implementation is just a value wrapped in a SRFI 9 record
type named ``reduced''.  If such a value is returned by the transducer,
@code{list-transduce} must stop execution and return an unreduced value
immediately.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-transduce xform f vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} vector-transduce xform f identity vec
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} string-transduce xform f str
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} string-transduce xform f identity str
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} bytevector-u8-transduce xform f bv
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} bytevector-u8-transduce xform f identity bv
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} generator-transduce xform f gen
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} generator-transduce xform f identity gen

Same as @code{list-transduce}, but for vectors, strings, u8-bytevectors
and SRFI-158-styled generators respectively.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} port-transduce xform f reader
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} port-transduce xform f reader port
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} port-transduce xform f identity reader port

Same as @code{list-transduce} but for ports.  Called without a port, it
reduces over the results of applying @var{reader} until the EOF-object
is returned, presumably to read from @code{current-input-port}.  With a
port @var{reader} is applied to @var{port} instead of without any
arguments.  If @var{identity} is provided, that is used as the initial
identity in the reduction.
@end deffn


@node SRFI-171 Reducers
@subsubsection Reducers
@cindex transducers reducers

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} rcons
a simple consing reducer. When called without values, it returns its
identity, @code{'()}.  With one value, which will be a list, it reverses
the list (using @code{reverse!}).  When called with two values, it conses
the second value to the first.

@example
(list-transduce (tmap (lambda (x) (+ x 1)) rcons (list 0 1 2 3))
@result{} (1 2 3 4)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} reverse-rcons
same as rcons, but leaves the values in their reversed order.
@example
(list-transduce (tmap (lambda (x) (+ x 1))) reverse-rcons (list 0 1 2 3))
@result{} (4 3 2 1)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} rany pred?
The reducer version of any.  Returns @code{(reduced (pred? value))} if
any @code{(pred? value)} returns non-#f.  The identity is #f.

@example
(list-transduce (tmap (lambda (x) (+ x 1))) (rany odd?) (list 1 3 5))
@result{} #f

(list-transduce (tmap (lambda (x) (+ x 1))) (rany odd?) (list 1 3 4 5))
@result{} #t
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} revery pred?
The reducer version of every.  Stops the transduction and returns
@code{(reduced #f)} if any @code{(pred? value)} returns #f.  If every
@code{(pred? value)} returns true, it returns the result of the last
invocation of @code{(pred? value)}.  The identity is #t.

@example
(list-transduce
  (tmap (lambda (x) (+ x 1)))
  (revery (lambda (v) (if (odd? v) v #f)))
  (list 2 4 6))
  @result{} 7

(list-transduce (tmap (lambda (x) (+ x 1)) (revery odd?) (list 2 4 5 6))
@result{} #f
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} rcount
A simple counting reducer.  Counts the values that pass through the
transduction.
@example
(list-transduce (tfilter odd?) rcount (list 1 2 3 4)) @result{} 2.
@end example
@end deffn


@node SRFI-171 Transducers
@subsubsection Transducers
@cindex transducers transducers

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tmap proc
Returns a transducer that applies @var{proc} to all values.  Stateless.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tfilter pred?
Returns a transducer that removes values for which @var{pred?} returns #f.

Stateless.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tremove pred?
Returns a transducer that removes values for which @var{pred?} returns non-#f.

Stateless
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tfilter-map proc
The same as @code{(compose (tmap proc) (tfilter values))}.  Stateless.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} treplace mapping
The argument @var{mapping} is an association list (using @code{equal?}
to compare keys), a hash-table, a one-argument procedure taking one
argument and either producing that same argument or a replacement value.

Returns a transducer which checks for the presence of any value passed
through it in mapping.  If a mapping is found, the value of that mapping
is returned, otherwise it just returns the original value.

Does not keep internal state, but modifying the mapping while it's in
use by treplace is an error.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tdrop n
Returns a transducer that discards the first @var{n} values.

Stateful.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} ttake n
Returns a transducer that discards all values and stops the transduction
after the first @var{n} values have been let through.  Any subsequent values
are ignored.

Stateful.
@end deffn


@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tdrop-while pred?
Returns a transducer that discards the first values for which
@var{pred?} returns true.

Stateful.
@end deffn


@deffn {Scheme Procedure} ttake-while pred?
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} ttake-while pred? retf
Returns a transducer that stops the transduction after @var{pred?} has
returned #f.  Any subsequent values are ignored and the last successful
value is returned.  @var{retf} is a function that gets called whenever
@var{pred?} returns false.  The arguments passed are the result so far
and the input for which pred? returns @code{#f}.  The default function is
@code{(lambda (result input) result)}.

Stateful.
@end deffn


@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tconcatenate
tconcatenate @emph{is} a transducer that concatenates the content of
each value (that must be a list) into the reduction.
@example
(list-transduce tconcatenate rcons '((1 2) (3 4 5) (6 (7 8) 9)))
@result{} (1 2 3 4 5 6 (7 8) 9)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tappend-map proc
The same as @code{(compose (tmap proc) tconcatenate)}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tflatten
tflatten @emph{is} a transducer that flattens an input consisting of lists.

@example
(list-transduce tflatten rcons '((1 2) 3 (4 (5 6) 7 8) 9)
@result{} (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tdelete-neighbor-duplicates
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} tdelete-neighbor-duplicates equality-predicate
Returns a transducer that removes any directly following duplicate
elements.  The default @var{equality-predicate} is @code{equal?}.

Stateful.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tdelete-duplicates
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} tdelete-duplicates equality-predicate
Returns a transducer that removes any subsequent duplicate elements
compared using @var{equality-predicate}.  The default
@var{equality-predicate} is @code{equal?}.

Stateful.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tsegment n
Returns a transducer that groups inputs into lists of @var{n} elements.
When the transduction stops, it flushes any remaining collection, even
if it contains fewer than @var{n} elements.

Stateful.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tpartition pred?
Returns a transducer that groups inputs in lists by whenever
@code{(pred? input)} changes value.

Stateful.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tadd-between value
Returns a transducer which interposes @var{value} between each value
and the next.  This does not compose gracefully with transducers like
@code{ttake}, as you might end up ending the transduction on
@code{value}.

Stateful.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tenumerate
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} tenumerate start
Returns a transducer that indexes values passed through it, starting at
@var{start}, which defaults to 0.  The indexing is done through cons
pairs like @code{(index . input)}.

@example
(list-transduce (tenumerate 1) rcons (list 'first 'second 'third))
@result{} ((1 . first) (2 . second) (3 . third))
@end example

Stateful.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tlog
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} tlog logger
Returns a transducer that can be used to log or print values and
results.  The result of the @var{logger} procedure is discarded.  The
default @var{logger} is @code{(lambda (result input) (write input)
(newline))}.

Stateless.
@end deffn

@subheading Guile-specific transducers
These transducers are available in the @code{(srfi srfi-171 gnu)}
library, and are provided outside the standard described by the SRFI-171
document.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tbatch reducer
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} tbatch transducer reducer
A batching transducer that accumulates results using @var{reducer} or
@code{((transducer) reducer)} until it returns a reduced value.  This can
be used to generalize something like @code{tsegment}:

@example
;; This behaves exactly like (tsegment 4).
(list-transduce (tbatch (ttake 4) rcons) rcons (iota 10))
@result{} ((0 1 2 3) (4 5 6 7) (8 9))
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} tfold reducer
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} tfold reducer seed

A folding transducer that yields the result of @code{(reducer seed
value)}, saving its result between iterations.

@example
(list-transduce (tfold +) rcons (iota 10))
@result{} (0 1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45)
@end example
@end deffn


@node SRFI-171 Helpers
@subsubsection Helper functions for writing transducers
@cindex transducers helpers

These functions are in the @code{(srfi srfi-171 meta)} module and are only
usable when you want to write your own transducers.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} reduced value
Wraps a value in a @code{<reduced>} container, signalling that the
reduction should stop.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} reduced? value
Returns #t if value is a @code{<reduced>} record.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} unreduce reduced-container
Returns the value in reduced-container.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} ensure-reduced value
Wraps value in a @code{<reduced>} container if it is not already reduced.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} preserving-reduced reducer
Wraps @code{reducer} in another reducer that encapsulates any returned
reduced value in another reduced container.  This is useful in places
where you re-use a reducer with [collection]-reduce.  If the reducer
returns a reduced value, [collection]-reduce unwraps it.  Unless handled,
this leads to the reduction continuing.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} list-reduce f identity lst
The reducing function used internally by @code{list-transduce}.  @var{f}
is a reducer as returned by a transducer.  @var{identity} is the
identity (sometimes called "seed") of the reduction.  @var{lst} is a
list.  If @var{f} returns a reduced value, the reduction stops
immediately and the unreduced value is returned.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} vector-reduce f identity vec
The vector version of list-reduce.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} string-reduce f identity str
The string version of list-reduce.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} bytevector-u8-reduce f identity bv
The bytevector-u8 version of list-reduce.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} port-reduce f identity reader port
The port version of list-reduce.  It reduces over port using reader
until reader returns the EOF object.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} generator-reduce f identity gen
The generator version of list-reduce.  It reduces over @code{gen} until
it returns the EOF object
@end deffn

@c srfi-modules.texi ends here

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