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diff --git a/doc/gzip.info b/doc/gzip.info new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b7ca4b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/gzip.info @@ -0,0 +1,1007 @@ +This is gzip.info-t, produced by makeinfo version 6.0 from gzip.texi. + +This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.8, 7 March 2016), and documents +commands for compressing and decompressing data. + + Copyright © 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2016 Free Software +Foundation, Inc. + + Copyright © 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this + document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, + Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software + Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, + and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in + the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. +INFO-DIR-SECTION Compression +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Gzip: (gzip). General (de)compression of files (lzw). +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* gunzip: (gzip)Overview. Decompression. +* gzexe: (gzip)Overview. Compress executables. +* zcat: (gzip)Overview. Decompression to stdout. +* zdiff: (gzip)Overview. Compare compressed files. +* zforce: (gzip)Overview. Force .gz extension on files. +* zgrep: (gzip)Overview. Search compressed files. +* zmore: (gzip)Overview. Decompression output by pages. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: gzip.info-t, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Up: (dir) + +GNU Gzip: General file (de)compression +************************************** + +This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.8, 7 March 2016), and documents +commands for compressing and decompressing data. + + Copyright © 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2016 Free Software +Foundation, Inc. + + Copyright © 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this + document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, + Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software + Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, + and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in + the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. + +* Menu: + +* Overview:: Preliminary information. +* Sample:: Sample output from ‘gzip’. +* Invoking gzip:: How to run ‘gzip’. +* Advanced usage:: Concatenated files. +* Environment:: The ‘GZIP’ environment variable +* Tapes:: Using ‘gzip’ on tapes. +* Problems:: Reporting bugs. +* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual. +* Concept index:: Index of concepts. + + +File: gzip.info-t, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 Overview +********** + +‘gzip’ reduces the size of the named files using Lempel–Ziv coding +(LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the +extension ‘.gz’, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and +modification times. (The default extension is ‘-gz’ for VMS, ‘z’ for +MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file name +is ‘-’, the standard input is compressed to the standard output. ‘gzip’ +will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it will +ignore symbolic links. + + If the new file name is too long for its file system, ‘gzip’ +truncates it. ‘gzip’ attempts to truncate only the parts of the file +name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the +name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated. For +example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe is +compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems which +do not have a limit on file name length. + + By default, ‘gzip’ keeps the original file name and time stamp in the +compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the +‘-N’ option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated +or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer. +However, due to limitations in the current ‘gzip’ file format, +fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall within +the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC, and hosts +whose operating systems use 32-bit time stamps are further restricted to +time stamps no later than 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. The upper bounds +assume the typical case where leap seconds are ignored. + + Compressed files can be restored to their original form using ‘gzip +-d’ or ‘gunzip’ or ‘zcat’. If the original name saved in the compressed +file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is constructed from +the original one to make it legal. + + ‘gunzip’ takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each +file whose name ends with ‘.gz’, ‘.z’ ‘-gz’, ‘-z’, or ‘_z’ (ignoring +case) and which begins with the correct magic number with an +uncompressed file without the original extension. ‘gunzip’ also +recognizes the special extensions ‘.tgz’ and ‘.taz’ as shorthands for +‘.tar.gz’ and ‘.tar.Z’ respectively. When compressing, ‘gzip’ uses the +‘.tgz’ extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a ‘.tar’ +extension. + + ‘gunzip’ can currently decompress files created by ‘gzip’, ‘zip’, +‘compress’ or ‘pack’. The detection of the input format is automatic. +When using the first two formats, ‘gunzip’ checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic +redundancy check). For ‘pack’, ‘gunzip’ checks the uncompressed length. +The ‘compress’ format was not designed to allow consistency checks. +However ‘gunzip’ is sometimes able to detect a bad ‘.Z’ file. If you +get an error when uncompressing a ‘.Z’ file, do not assume that the ‘.Z’ +file is correct simply because the standard ‘uncompress’ does not +complain. This generally means that the standard ‘uncompress’ does not +check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO +‘compress -H’ format (LZH compression method) does not include a CRC but +also allows some consistency checks. + + Files created by ‘zip’ can be uncompressed by ‘gzip’ only if they +have a single member compressed with the “deflation” method. This +feature is only intended to help conversion of ‘tar.zip’ files to the +‘tar.gz’ format. To extract a ‘zip’ file with a single member, use a +command like ‘gunzip <foo.zip’ or ‘gunzip -S .zip foo.zip’. To extract +‘zip’ files with several members, use ‘unzip’ instead of ‘gunzip’. + + ‘zcat’ is identical to ‘gunzip -c’. ‘zcat’ uncompresses either a +list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the +uncompressed data on standard output. ‘zcat’ will uncompress files that +have the correct magic number whether they have a ‘.gz’ suffix or not. + + ‘gzip’ uses the Lempel–Ziv algorithm used in ‘zip’ and PKZIP. The +amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the +distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code +or English is reduced by 60–70%. Compression is generally much better +than that achieved by LZW (as used in ‘compress’), Huffman coding (as +used in ‘pack’), or adaptive Huffman coding (‘compact’). + + Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is +slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few +bytes for the ‘gzip’ file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an +expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number +of used disk blocks almost never increases. ‘gzip’ normally preserves +the mode, ownership and time stamps of files when compressing or +decompressing. + + The ‘gzip’ file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format +specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952 +(http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The ‘zip’ deflation +format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data Format +Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951 +(http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996). + + +File: gzip.info-t, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top + +2 Sample output +*************** + +Here are some realistic examples of running ‘gzip’. + + This is the output of the command ‘gzip -h’: + + Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]... + Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place). + + Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. + + -c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged + -d, --decompress decompress + -f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links + -h, --help give this help + -k, --keep keep (don't delete) input files + -l, --list list compressed file contents + -L, --license display software license + -n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp + -N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp + -q, --quiet suppress all warnings + -r, --recursive operate recursively on directories + --rsyncable make rsync-friendly archive + -S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files + --synchronous synchronous output (safer if system crashes, but slower) + -t, --test test compressed file integrity + -v, --verbose verbose mode + -V, --version display version number + -1, --fast compress faster + -9, --best compress better + + With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. + + Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. + + This is the output of the command ‘gzip -v texinfo.tex’: + + texinfo.tex: 69.3% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz + + The following command will find all regular ‘.gz’ files in the +current directory and subdirectories (skipping file names that contain +newlines), and extract them in place without destroying the original, +stopping on the first failure: + + find . -name '* + *' -prune -o -name '*.gz' -type f -print | + sed " + s/'/'\\\\''/g + s/^\\(.*\\)\\.gz$/gunzip <'\\1.gz' >'\\1'/ + " | + sh -e + + +File: gzip.info-t, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top + +3 Invoking ‘gzip’ +***************** + +The format for running the ‘gzip’ program is: + + gzip OPTION … + + ‘gzip’ supports the following options: + +‘--stdout’ +‘--to-stdout’ +‘-c’ + Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged. If + there are several input files, the output consists of a sequence of + independently compressed members. To obtain better compression, + concatenate all input files before compressing them. + +‘--decompress’ +‘--uncompress’ +‘-d’ + Decompress. + +‘--force’ +‘-f’ + Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple + links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the + compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the + input data is not in a format recognized by ‘gzip’, and if the + option ‘--stdout’ is also given, copy the input data without change + to the standard output: let ‘zcat’ behave as ‘cat’. If ‘-f’ is not + given, and when not running in the background, ‘gzip’ prompts to + verify whether an existing file should be overwritten. + +‘--help’ +‘-h’ + Print an informative help message describing the options then quit. + +‘--keep’ +‘-k’ + Keep (don’t delete) input files during compression or + decompression. + +‘--list’ +‘-l’ + For each compressed file, list the following fields: + + compressed size: size of the compressed file + uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file + ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown) + uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file + + The uncompressed size is given as −1 for files not in ‘gzip’ + format, such as compressed ‘.Z’ files. To get the uncompressed + size for such a file, you can use: + + zcat file.Z | wc -c + + In combination with the ‘--verbose’ option, the following fields + are also displayed: + + method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack) + crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data + date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file + + The CRC is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format. + + With ‘--verbose’, the size totals and compression ratio for all + files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With + ‘--quiet’, the title and totals lines are not displayed. + + The ‘gzip’ format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the + uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly for + uncompressed files 4 GiB and larger. To work around this problem, + you can use the following command to discover a large uncompressed + file’s true size: + + zcat file.gz | wc -c + +‘--license’ +‘-L’ + Display the ‘gzip’ license then quit. + +‘--no-name’ +‘-n’ + When compressing, do not save the original file name and time stamp + by default. (The original name is always saved if the name had to + be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the original + file name if present (remove only the ‘gzip’ suffix from the + compressed file name) and do not restore the original time stamp if + present (copy it from the compressed file). This option is the + default when decompressing. + +‘--name’ +‘-N’ + When compressing, always save the original file name and time + stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the + original file name and time stamp if present. This option is + useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when + the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer. + +‘--quiet’ +‘-q’ + Suppress all warning messages. + +‘--recursive’ +‘-r’ + Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file + names specified on the command line are directories, ‘gzip’ will + descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds + there (or decompress them in the case of ‘gunzip’). + +‘--rsyncable’ + Cater better to the ‘rsync’ program by periodically resetting the + internal structure of the compressed data stream. This lets the + ‘rsync’ program take advantage of similarities in the uncompressed + input when synchronizing two files compressed with this flag. The + cost: the compressed output is usually about one percent larger. + +‘--suffix SUF’ +‘-S SUF’ + Use suffix SUF instead of ‘.gz’. Any suffix can be given, but + suffixes other than ‘.z’ and ‘.gz’ should be avoided to avoid + confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null + suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files + regardless of suffix, as in: + + gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS) + + Previous versions of gzip used the ‘.z’ suffix. This was changed + to avoid a conflict with ‘pack’. + +‘--synchronous’ + Use synchronous output, by transferring output data to the output + file’s storage device when the file system supports this. Because + file system data can be cached, without this option if the system + crashes around the time a command like ‘gzip FOO’ is run the user + might lose both ‘FOO’ and ‘FOO.gz’; this is the default with + ‘gzip’, just as it is the default with most applications that move + data. When this option is used, ‘gzip’ is safer but can be + considerably slower. + +‘--test’ +‘-t’ + Test. Check the compressed file integrity. + +‘--verbose’ +‘-v’ + Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file + compressed. + +‘--version’ +‘-V’ + Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then + quit. + +‘--fast’ +‘--best’ +‘-N’ + Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N, + where ‘-1’ or ‘--fast’ indicates the fastest compression method + (less compression) and ‘--best’ or ‘-9’ indicates the slowest + compression method (optimal compression). The default compression + level is ‘-6’ (that is, biased towards high compression at expense + of speed). + + +File: gzip.info-t, Node: Advanced usage, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking gzip, Up: Top + +4 Advanced usage +**************** + +Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, ‘gunzip’ +will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other +members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged member. +Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are +decompressed and then recompressed in a single step. + + This is an example of concatenating ‘gzip’ files: + + gzip -c file1 > foo.gz + gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz + +Then + + gunzip -c foo + +is equivalent to + + cat file1 file2 + + In case of damage to one member of a ‘.gz’ file, other members can +still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you can +get better compression by compressing all members at once: + + cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz + +compresses better than + + gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz + + If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better +compression, do: + + zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz + + If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed +size and CRC reported by the ‘--list’ option applies to the last member +only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use: + + zcat file.gz | wc -c + + If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so +that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such +as ‘tar’ or ‘zip’. GNU ‘tar’ supports the ‘-z’ option to invoke ‘gzip’ +transparently. ‘gzip’ is designed as a complement to ‘tar’, not as a +replacement. + + +File: gzip.info-t, Node: Environment, Next: Tapes, Prev: Advanced usage, Up: Top + +5 Environment +************* + +The obsolescent environment variable ‘GZIP’ can hold a set of default +options for ‘gzip’. These options are interpreted first and can be +overwritten by explicit command line parameters. As this can cause +problems when using scripts, this feature is supported only for options +that are reasonably likely to not cause too much harm, and ‘gzip’ warns +if it is used. This feature will be removed in a future release of +‘gzip’. + + You can use an alias or script instead. For example, if ‘gzip’ is in +the directory ‘/usr/bin’ you can prepend ‘$HOME/bin’ to your ‘PATH’ and +create an executable script ‘$HOME/bin/gzip’ containing the following: + + #! /bin/sh + export PATH=/usr/bin + exec gzip -9 "$@" + + On VMS, the name of the obsolescent environment variable is +‘GZIP_OPT’, to avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of +the program. + + +File: gzip.info-t, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top + +6 Using ‘gzip’ on tapes +*********************** + +When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad +the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read +and the whole block is passed to ‘gunzip’ for decompression, ‘gunzip’ +detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data +and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains nonzero bytes. +You can use the ‘--quiet’ option to suppress the warning. + + +File: gzip.info-t, Node: Problems, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top + +7 Reporting Bugs +**************** + +If you find a bug in ‘gzip’, please send electronic mail to +<bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by +running ‘gzip -V’. Also include in your message the hardware and +operating system, the compiler used to compile ‘gzip’, a description of +the bug behavior, and the input to ‘gzip’ that triggered the bug. + + +File: gzip.info-t, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top + +Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License +***************************************** + + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + <http://fsf.org/> + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + 0. PREAMBLE + + The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other + functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to + assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, + with or without modifying it, either commercially or + noncommercially. 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A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. + + If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover +Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this: + + with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with + the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being LIST. + + If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free +software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit +their use in free software. + + +File: gzip.info-t, Node: Concept index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top + +Appendix B Concept index +************************ + + +* Menu: + +* bugs: Problems. (line 6) +* concatenated files: Advanced usage. (line 6) +* Environment: Environment. (line 6) +* invoking: Invoking gzip. (line 6) +* options: Invoking gzip. (line 6) +* overview: Overview. (line 6) +* sample: Sample. (line 6) +* tapes: Tapes. (line 6) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top1472 +Node: Overview2701 +Node: Sample8188 +Node: Invoking gzip10336 +Node: Advanced usage16626 +Node: Environment18259 +Node: Tapes19273 +Node: Problems19833 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License20321 +Node: Concept index45675 + +End Tag Table + + +Local Variables: +coding: utf-8 +End: |