path: root/flang/lib/Semantics/check-call.cpp

//===-- lib/Semantics/check-call.cpp --------------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "check-call.h"
#include "definable.h"
#include "pointer-assignment.h"
#include "flang/Evaluate/characteristics.h"
#include "flang/Evaluate/check-expression.h"
#include "flang/Evaluate/shape.h"
#include "flang/Evaluate/tools.h"
#include "flang/Parser/characters.h"
#include "flang/Parser/message.h"
#include "flang/Semantics/scope.h"
#include "flang/Semantics/tools.h"
#include <map>
#include <string>

using namespace Fortran::parser::literals;
namespace characteristics = Fortran::evaluate::characteristics;

namespace Fortran::semantics {

static void CheckImplicitInterfaceArg(evaluate::ActualArgument &arg,
    parser::ContextualMessages &messages, evaluate::FoldingContext &context) {
  auto restorer{
      messages.SetLocation(arg.sourceLocation().value_or(messages.at()))};
  if (auto kw{arg.keyword()}) {
    messages.Say(*kw,
        "Keyword '%s=' may not appear in a reference to a procedure with an implicit interface"_err_en_US,
        *kw);
  }
  if (auto type{arg.GetType()}) {
    if (type->IsAssumedType()) {
      messages.Say(
          "Assumed type argument requires an explicit interface"_err_en_US);
    } else if (type->IsPolymorphic()) {
      messages.Say(
          "Polymorphic argument requires an explicit interface"_err_en_US);
    } else if (const DerivedTypeSpec * derived{GetDerivedTypeSpec(type)}) {
      if (!derived->parameters().empty()) {
        messages.Say(
            "Parameterized derived type argument requires an explicit interface"_err_en_US);
      }
    }
  }
  if (const auto *expr{arg.UnwrapExpr()}) {
    if (IsBOZLiteral(*expr)) {
      messages.Say("BOZ argument requires an explicit interface"_err_en_US);
    } else if (evaluate::IsNullPointer(*expr)) {
      messages.Say(
          "Null pointer argument requires an explicit interface"_err_en_US);
    } else if (auto named{evaluate::ExtractNamedEntity(*expr)}) {
      const Symbol &symbol{named->GetLastSymbol()};
      if (symbol.Corank() > 0) {
        messages.Say(
            "Coarray argument requires an explicit interface"_err_en_US);
      }
      if (const auto *details{symbol.detailsIf<ObjectEntityDetails>()}) {
        if (details->IsAssumedRank()) {
          messages.Say(
              "Assumed rank argument requires an explicit interface"_err_en_US);
        }
      }
      if (symbol.attrs().test(Attr::ASYNCHRONOUS)) {
        messages.Say(
            "ASYNCHRONOUS argument requires an explicit interface"_err_en_US);
      }
      if (symbol.attrs().test(Attr::VOLATILE)) {
        messages.Say(
            "VOLATILE argument requires an explicit interface"_err_en_US);
      }
    } else if (auto argChars{characteristics::DummyArgument::FromActual(
                   "actual argument", *expr, context)}) {
      const auto *argProcDesignator{
          std::get_if<evaluate::ProcedureDesignator>(&expr->u)};
      if (const auto *argProcSymbol{
              argProcDesignator ? argProcDesignator->GetSymbol() : nullptr}) {
        if (!argChars->IsTypelessIntrinsicDummy() && argProcDesignator &&
            argProcDesignator->IsElemental()) { // C1533
          evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, *argProcSymbol,
              "Non-intrinsic ELEMENTAL procedure '%s' may not be passed as an actual argument"_err_en_US,
              argProcSymbol->name());
        } else if (const auto *subp{argProcSymbol->GetUltimate()
                                        .detailsIf<SubprogramDetails>()}) {
          if (subp->stmtFunction()) {
            evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, *argProcSymbol,
                "Statement function '%s' may not be passed as an actual argument"_err_en_US,
                argProcSymbol->name());
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

// When a CHARACTER actual argument is known to be short,
// we extend it on the right with spaces and a warning if
// possible.  When it is long, and not required to be equal,
// the usage conforms to the standard and no warning is needed.
static void CheckCharacterActual(evaluate::Expr<evaluate::SomeType> &actual,
    const characteristics::DummyDataObject &dummy,
    characteristics::TypeAndShape &actualType,
    evaluate::FoldingContext &context, parser::ContextualMessages &messages) {
  if (dummy.type.type().category() == TypeCategory::Character &&
      actualType.type().category() == TypeCategory::Character &&
      dummy.type.type().kind() == actualType.type().kind()) {
    if (dummy.type.LEN() && actualType.LEN()) {
      auto dummyLength{
          ToInt64(Fold(context, common::Clone(*dummy.type.LEN())))};
      auto actualLength{
          ToInt64(Fold(context, common::Clone(*actualType.LEN())))};
      if (dummyLength && actualLength && *actualLength != *dummyLength) {
        if (dummy.attrs.test(
                characteristics::DummyDataObject::Attr::Allocatable) ||
            dummy.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::Attr::Pointer) ||
            dummy.type.attrs().test(
                characteristics::TypeAndShape::Attr::AssumedRank) ||
            dummy.type.attrs().test(
                characteristics::TypeAndShape::Attr::AssumedShape)) {
          // See 15.5.2.4 paragraph 4., 15.5.2.5.
          messages.Say(
              "Actual argument variable length '%jd' does not match the expected length '%jd'"_err_en_US,
              *actualLength, *dummyLength);
        } else if (*actualLength < *dummyLength) {
          if (evaluate::IsVariable(actual)) {
            messages.Say(
                "Actual argument variable length '%jd' is less than expected length '%jd'"_warn_en_US,
                *actualLength, *dummyLength);
          } else {
            messages.Say(
                "Actual argument expression length '%jd' is less than expected length '%jd'"_warn_en_US,
                *actualLength, *dummyLength);
            auto converted{ConvertToType(dummy.type.type(), std::move(actual))};
            CHECK(converted);
            actual = std::move(*converted);
            actualType.set_LEN(SubscriptIntExpr{*dummyLength});
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

// Automatic conversion of different-kind INTEGER scalar actual
// argument expressions (not variables) to INTEGER scalar dummies.
// We return nonstandard INTEGER(8) results from intrinsic functions
// like SIZE() by default in order to facilitate the use of large
// arrays.  Emit a warning when downconverting.
static void ConvertIntegerActual(evaluate::Expr<evaluate::SomeType> &actual,
    const characteristics::TypeAndShape &dummyType,
    characteristics::TypeAndShape &actualType,
    parser::ContextualMessages &messages) {
  if (dummyType.type().category() == TypeCategory::Integer &&
      actualType.type().category() == TypeCategory::Integer &&
      dummyType.type().kind() != actualType.type().kind() &&
      GetRank(dummyType.shape()) == 0 && GetRank(actualType.shape()) == 0 &&
      !evaluate::IsVariable(actual)) {
    auto converted{
        evaluate::ConvertToType(dummyType.type(), std::move(actual))};
    CHECK(converted);
    actual = std::move(*converted);
    if (dummyType.type().kind() < actualType.type().kind()) {
      messages.Say(
          "Actual argument scalar expression of type INTEGER(%d) was converted to smaller dummy argument type INTEGER(%d)"_port_en_US,
          actualType.type().kind(), dummyType.type().kind());
    }
    actualType = dummyType;
  }
}

static bool DefersSameTypeParameters(
    const DerivedTypeSpec &actual, const DerivedTypeSpec &dummy) {
  for (const auto &pair : actual.parameters()) {
    const ParamValue &actualValue{pair.second};
    const ParamValue *dummyValue{dummy.FindParameter(pair.first)};
    if (!dummyValue || (actualValue.isDeferred() != dummyValue->isDeferred())) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

static void CheckExplicitDataArg(const characteristics::DummyDataObject &dummy,
    const std::string &dummyName, evaluate::Expr<evaluate::SomeType> &actual,
    characteristics::TypeAndShape &actualType, bool isElemental,
    evaluate::FoldingContext &context, const Scope *scope,
    const evaluate::SpecificIntrinsic *intrinsic,
    bool allowActualArgumentConversions) {

  // Basic type & rank checking
  parser::ContextualMessages &messages{context.messages()};
  CheckCharacterActual(actual, dummy, actualType, context, messages);
  bool dummyIsAllocatable{
      dummy.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::Attr::Allocatable)};
  bool dummyIsPointer{
      dummy.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::Attr::Pointer)};
  bool dummyIsAllocatableOrPointer{dummyIsAllocatable || dummyIsPointer};
  allowActualArgumentConversions &= !dummyIsAllocatableOrPointer;
  if (allowActualArgumentConversions) {
    ConvertIntegerActual(actual, dummy.type, actualType, messages);
  }
  bool typesCompatible{
      (dummy.ignoreTKR.test(common::IgnoreTKR::Type) &&
          (dummy.type.type().category() == TypeCategory::Derived ||
              actualType.type().category() == TypeCategory::Derived ||
              dummy.type.type().category() != actualType.type().category())) ||
      (dummy.ignoreTKR.test(common::IgnoreTKR::Kind) &&
          dummy.type.type().category() == actualType.type().category()) ||
      dummy.type.type().IsTkCompatibleWith(actualType.type())};
  if (!typesCompatible && dummy.type.Rank() == 0 &&
      allowActualArgumentConversions) {
    // Extension: pass Hollerith literal to scalar as if it had been BOZ
    if (auto converted{
            evaluate::HollerithToBOZ(context, actual, dummy.type.type())}) {
      messages.Say(
          "passing Hollerith or character literal as if it were BOZ"_port_en_US);
      actual = *converted;
      actualType.type() = dummy.type.type();
      typesCompatible = true;
    }
  }
  if (typesCompatible) {
    if (isElemental) {
    } else if (dummy.type.attrs().test(
                   characteristics::TypeAndShape::Attr::AssumedRank)) {
    } else if (dummy.ignoreTKR.test(common::IgnoreTKR::Rank)) {
    } else if (dummy.type.Rank() > 0 && !dummyIsAllocatableOrPointer &&
        !dummy.type.attrs().test(
            characteristics::TypeAndShape::Attr::AssumedShape) &&
        !dummy.type.attrs().test(
            characteristics::TypeAndShape::Attr::DeferredShape) &&
        (actualType.Rank() > 0 || IsArrayElement(actual))) {
      // Sequence association (15.5.2.11) applies -- rank need not match
      // if the actual argument is an array or array element designator,
      // and the dummy is an array, but not assumed-shape or an INTENT(IN)
      // pointer that's standing in for an assumed-shape dummy.
    } else {
      // Let CheckConformance accept actual scalars; storage association
      // cases are checked here below.
      CheckConformance(messages, dummy.type.shape(), actualType.shape(),
          dummyIsAllocatableOrPointer
              ? evaluate::CheckConformanceFlags::None
              : evaluate::CheckConformanceFlags::RightScalarExpandable,
          "dummy argument", "actual argument");
    }
  } else {
    const auto &len{actualType.LEN()};
    messages.Say(
        "Actual argument type '%s' is not compatible with dummy argument type '%s'"_err_en_US,
        actualType.type().AsFortran(len ? len->AsFortran() : ""),
        dummy.type.type().AsFortran());
  }

  bool actualIsPolymorphic{actualType.type().IsPolymorphic()};
  bool dummyIsPolymorphic{dummy.type.type().IsPolymorphic()};
  bool actualIsCoindexed{ExtractCoarrayRef(actual).has_value()};
  bool actualIsAssumedSize{actualType.attrs().test(
      characteristics::TypeAndShape::Attr::AssumedSize)};
  bool dummyIsAssumedSize{dummy.type.attrs().test(
      characteristics::TypeAndShape::Attr::AssumedSize)};
  bool dummyIsAsynchronous{
      dummy.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::Attr::Asynchronous)};
  bool dummyIsVolatile{
      dummy.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::Attr::Volatile)};
  bool dummyIsValue{
      dummy.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::Attr::Value)};

  if (actualIsPolymorphic && dummyIsPolymorphic &&
      actualIsCoindexed) { // 15.5.2.4(2)
    messages.Say(
        "Coindexed polymorphic object may not be associated with a polymorphic %s"_err_en_US,
        dummyName);
  }
  if (actualIsPolymorphic && !dummyIsPolymorphic &&
      actualIsAssumedSize) { // 15.5.2.4(2)
    messages.Say(
        "Assumed-size polymorphic array may not be associated with a monomorphic %s"_err_en_US,
        dummyName);
  }

  // Derived type actual argument checks
  const Symbol *actualFirstSymbol{evaluate::GetFirstSymbol(actual)};
  bool actualIsAsynchronous{
      actualFirstSymbol && actualFirstSymbol->attrs().test(Attr::ASYNCHRONOUS)};
  bool actualIsVolatile{
      actualFirstSymbol && actualFirstSymbol->attrs().test(Attr::VOLATILE)};
  if (const auto *derived{evaluate::GetDerivedTypeSpec(actualType.type())}) {
    if (dummy.type.type().IsAssumedType()) {
      if (!derived->parameters().empty()) { // 15.5.2.4(2)
        messages.Say(
            "Actual argument associated with TYPE(*) %s may not have a parameterized derived type"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
      if (const Symbol *
          tbp{FindImmediateComponent(*derived, [](const Symbol &symbol) {
            return symbol.has<ProcBindingDetails>();
          })}) { // 15.5.2.4(2)
        evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, *tbp,
            "Actual argument associated with TYPE(*) %s may not have type-bound procedure '%s'"_err_en_US,
            dummyName, tbp->name());
      }
      auto finals{FinalsForDerivedTypeInstantiation(*derived)};
      if (!finals.empty()) { // 15.5.2.4(2)
        SourceName name{finals.front()->name()};
        if (auto *msg{messages.Say(
                "Actual argument associated with TYPE(*) %s may not have derived type '%s' with FINAL subroutine '%s'"_err_en_US,
                dummyName, derived->typeSymbol().name(), name)}) {
          msg->Attach(name, "FINAL subroutine '%s' in derived type '%s'"_en_US,
              name, derived->typeSymbol().name());
        }
      }
    }
    if (actualIsCoindexed) {
      if (dummy.intent != common::Intent::In && !dummyIsValue) {
        if (auto bad{
                FindAllocatableUltimateComponent(*derived)}) { // 15.5.2.4(6)
          evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, *bad,
              "Coindexed actual argument with ALLOCATABLE ultimate component '%s' must be associated with a %s with VALUE or INTENT(IN) attributes"_err_en_US,
              bad.BuildResultDesignatorName(), dummyName);
        }
      }
      if (auto coarrayRef{evaluate::ExtractCoarrayRef(actual)}) { // C1537
        const Symbol &coarray{coarrayRef->GetLastSymbol()};
        if (const DeclTypeSpec * type{coarray.GetType()}) {
          if (const DerivedTypeSpec * derived{type->AsDerived()}) {
            if (auto bad{semantics::FindPointerUltimateComponent(*derived)}) {
              evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, coarray,
                  "Coindexed object '%s' with POINTER ultimate component '%s' cannot be associated with %s"_err_en_US,
                  coarray.name(), bad.BuildResultDesignatorName(), dummyName);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (actualIsVolatile != dummyIsVolatile) { // 15.5.2.4(22)
      if (auto bad{semantics::FindCoarrayUltimateComponent(*derived)}) {
        evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, *bad,
            "VOLATILE attribute must match for %s when actual argument has a coarray ultimate component '%s'"_err_en_US,
            dummyName, bad.BuildResultDesignatorName());
      }
    }
  }

  // Rank and shape checks
  const auto *actualLastSymbol{evaluate::GetLastSymbol(actual)};
  if (actualLastSymbol) {
    actualLastSymbol = &ResolveAssociations(*actualLastSymbol);
  }
  const ObjectEntityDetails *actualLastObject{actualLastSymbol
          ? actualLastSymbol->detailsIf<ObjectEntityDetails>()
          : nullptr};
  int actualRank{evaluate::GetRank(actualType.shape())};
  bool actualIsPointer{evaluate::IsObjectPointer(actual, context)};
  bool dummyIsAssumedRank{dummy.type.attrs().test(
      characteristics::TypeAndShape::Attr::AssumedRank)};
  if (dummy.type.attrs().test(
          characteristics::TypeAndShape::Attr::AssumedShape)) {
    // 15.5.2.4(16)
    if (actualRank == 0) {
      messages.Say(
          "Scalar actual argument may not be associated with assumed-shape %s"_err_en_US,
          dummyName);
    }
    if (actualIsAssumedSize && actualLastSymbol) {
      evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, *actualLastSymbol,
          "Assumed-size array may not be associated with assumed-shape %s"_err_en_US,
          dummyName);
    }
  } else if (actualRank == 0 && dummy.type.Rank() > 0 &&
      !dummyIsAllocatableOrPointer) {
    // Actual is scalar, dummy is an array.  15.5.2.4(14), 15.5.2.11
    if (actualIsCoindexed) {
      messages.Say(
          "Coindexed scalar actual argument must be associated with a scalar %s"_err_en_US,
          dummyName);
    }
    bool actualIsArrayElement{IsArrayElement(actual)};
    bool actualIsCKindCharacter{
        actualType.type().category() == TypeCategory::Character &&
        actualType.type().kind() == 1};
    if (!actualIsCKindCharacter) {
      if (!actualIsArrayElement &&
          !(dummy.type.type().IsAssumedType() && dummyIsAssumedSize) &&
          !dummyIsAssumedRank &&
          !dummy.ignoreTKR.test(common::IgnoreTKR::Rank)) {
        messages.Say(
            "Whole scalar actual argument may not be associated with a %s array"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
      if (actualIsPolymorphic) {
        messages.Say(
            "Polymorphic scalar may not be associated with a %s array"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
      if (actualIsArrayElement && actualLastSymbol &&
          IsPointer(*actualLastSymbol)) {
        messages.Say(
            "Element of pointer array may not be associated with a %s array"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
      if (actualLastSymbol && IsAssumedShape(*actualLastSymbol)) {
        messages.Say(
            "Element of assumed-shape array may not be associated with a %s array"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
    }
  }
  if (actualLastObject && actualLastObject->IsCoarray() &&
      IsAllocatable(*actualLastSymbol) && dummy.intent == common::Intent::Out &&
      !(intrinsic &&
          evaluate::AcceptsIntentOutAllocatableCoarray(
              intrinsic->name))) { // C846
    messages.Say(
        "ALLOCATABLE coarray '%s' may not be associated with INTENT(OUT) %s"_err_en_US,
        actualLastSymbol->name(), dummyName);
  }

  // Definability
  const char *reason{nullptr};
  if (dummy.intent == common::Intent::Out) {
    reason = "INTENT(OUT)";
  } else if (dummy.intent == common::Intent::InOut) {
    reason = "INTENT(IN OUT)";
  }
  if (reason && scope) {
    // Problems with polymorphism are caught in the callee's definition.
    DefinabilityFlags flags{DefinabilityFlag::PolymorphicOkInPure};
    if (isElemental || dummyIsValue) { // 15.5.2.4(21)
      flags.set(DefinabilityFlag::VectorSubscriptIsOk);
    }
    if (actualIsPointer && dummyIsPointer) { // 19.6.8
      flags.set(DefinabilityFlag::PointerDefinition);
    }
    if (auto whyNot{WhyNotDefinable(messages.at(), *scope, flags, actual)}) {
      if (auto *msg{messages.Say(
              "Actual argument associated with %s %s is not definable"_err_en_US,
              reason, dummyName)}) {
        msg->Attach(std::move(*whyNot));
      }
    }
  }

  // technically legal but worth emitting a warning
  // llvm-project issue #58973: constant actual argument passed in where dummy
  // argument is marked volatile
  bool actualIsVariable{evaluate::IsVariable(actual)};
  if (dummyIsVolatile && !actualIsVariable) {
    messages.Say(
        "actual argument associated with VOLATILE %s is not a variable"_warn_en_US,
        dummyName);
  }

  // Cases when temporaries might be needed but must not be permitted.
  bool actualIsContiguous{IsSimplyContiguous(actual, context)};
  bool dummyIsAssumedShape{dummy.type.attrs().test(
      characteristics::TypeAndShape::Attr::AssumedShape)};
  bool dummyIsContiguous{
      dummy.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::Attr::Contiguous)};
  if ((actualIsAsynchronous || actualIsVolatile) &&
      (dummyIsAsynchronous || dummyIsVolatile) && !dummyIsValue) {
    if (actualIsCoindexed) { // C1538
      messages.Say(
          "Coindexed ASYNCHRONOUS or VOLATILE actual argument may not be associated with %s with ASYNCHRONOUS or VOLATILE attributes unless VALUE"_err_en_US,
          dummyName);
    }
    if (actualRank > 0 && !actualIsContiguous) {
      if (dummyIsContiguous ||
          !(dummyIsAssumedShape || dummyIsAssumedRank ||
              (actualIsPointer && dummyIsPointer))) { // C1539 & C1540
        messages.Say(
            "ASYNCHRONOUS or VOLATILE actual argument that is not simply contiguous may not be associated with a contiguous %s"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
    }
  }

  // 15.5.2.6 -- dummy is ALLOCATABLE
  bool actualIsAllocatable{evaluate::IsAllocatableDesignator(actual)};
  if (dummyIsAllocatable) {
    if (!actualIsAllocatable) {
      messages.Say(
          "ALLOCATABLE %s must be associated with an ALLOCATABLE actual argument"_err_en_US,
          dummyName);
    }
    if (actualIsAllocatable && actualIsCoindexed &&
        dummy.intent != common::Intent::In) {
      messages.Say(
          "ALLOCATABLE %s must have INTENT(IN) to be associated with a coindexed actual argument"_err_en_US,
          dummyName);
    }
    if (!actualIsCoindexed && actualLastSymbol &&
        actualLastSymbol->Corank() != dummy.type.corank()) {
      messages.Say(
          "ALLOCATABLE %s has corank %d but actual argument has corank %d"_err_en_US,
          dummyName, dummy.type.corank(), actualLastSymbol->Corank());
    }
  }

  // 15.5.2.7 -- dummy is POINTER
  if (dummyIsPointer) {
    if (actualIsPointer || dummy.intent == common::Intent::In) {
      if (scope) {
        semantics::CheckPointerAssignment(
            context, messages.at(), dummyName, dummy, actual, *scope);
      }
    } else if (!actualIsPointer) {
      messages.Say(
          "Actual argument associated with POINTER %s must also be POINTER unless INTENT(IN)"_err_en_US,
          dummyName);
    }
  }

  // 15.5.2.5 -- actual & dummy are both POINTER or both ALLOCATABLE
  if ((actualIsPointer && dummyIsPointer) ||
      (actualIsAllocatable && dummyIsAllocatable)) {
    bool actualIsUnlimited{actualType.type().IsUnlimitedPolymorphic()};
    bool dummyIsUnlimited{dummy.type.type().IsUnlimitedPolymorphic()};
    if (actualIsUnlimited != dummyIsUnlimited) {
      if (typesCompatible) {
        messages.Say(
            "If a POINTER or ALLOCATABLE dummy or actual argument is unlimited polymorphic, both must be so"_err_en_US);
      }
    } else if (dummyIsPolymorphic != actualIsPolymorphic) {
      if (dummy.intent == common::Intent::In && typesCompatible) {
        // extension: allow with warning, rule is only relevant for definables
        messages.Say(
            "If a POINTER or ALLOCATABLE dummy or actual argument is polymorphic, both should be so"_port_en_US);
      } else {
        messages.Say(
            "If a POINTER or ALLOCATABLE dummy or actual argument is polymorphic, both must be so"_err_en_US);
      }
    } else if (!actualIsUnlimited && typesCompatible) {
      if (!actualType.type().IsTkCompatibleWith(dummy.type.type())) {
        if (dummy.intent == common::Intent::In) {
          // extension: allow with warning, rule is only relevant for definables
          messages.Say(
              "POINTER or ALLOCATABLE dummy and actual arguments should have the same declared type and kind"_port_en_US);
        } else {
          messages.Say(
              "POINTER or ALLOCATABLE dummy and actual arguments must have the same declared type and kind"_err_en_US);
        }
      }
      // 15.5.2.5(4)
      const auto *derived{evaluate::GetDerivedTypeSpec(actualType.type())};
      if ((derived &&
              !DefersSameTypeParameters(*derived,
                  *evaluate::GetDerivedTypeSpec(dummy.type.type()))) ||
          dummy.type.type().HasDeferredTypeParameter() !=
              actualType.type().HasDeferredTypeParameter()) {
        messages.Say(
            "Dummy and actual arguments must defer the same type parameters when POINTER or ALLOCATABLE"_err_en_US);
      }
    }
  }

  // 15.5.2.8 -- coarray dummy arguments
  if (dummy.type.corank() > 0) {
    if (actualType.corank() == 0) {
      messages.Say(
          "Actual argument associated with coarray %s must be a coarray"_err_en_US,
          dummyName);
    }
    if (dummyIsVolatile) {
      if (!actualIsVolatile) {
        messages.Say(
            "non-VOLATILE coarray may not be associated with VOLATILE coarray %s"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
    } else {
      if (actualIsVolatile) {
        messages.Say(
            "VOLATILE coarray may not be associated with non-VOLATILE coarray %s"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
    }
    if (actualRank == dummy.type.Rank() && !actualIsContiguous) {
      if (dummyIsContiguous) {
        messages.Say(
            "Actual argument associated with a CONTIGUOUS coarray %s must be simply contiguous"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      } else if (!dummyIsAssumedShape && !dummyIsAssumedRank) {
        messages.Say(
            "Actual argument associated with coarray %s (not assumed shape or rank) must be simply contiguous"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
    }
  }

  // NULL(MOLD=) checking for non-intrinsic procedures
  bool dummyIsOptional{
      dummy.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::Attr::Optional)};
  bool actualIsNull{evaluate::IsNullPointer(actual)};
  if (!intrinsic && !dummyIsPointer && !dummyIsOptional && actualIsNull) {
    messages.Say(
        "Actual argument associated with %s may not be null pointer %s"_err_en_US,
        dummyName, actual.AsFortran());
  }

  // Warn about dubious actual argument association with a TARGET dummy argument
  if (dummy.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::Attr::Target)) {
    bool actualIsTemp{!actualIsVariable || HasVectorSubscript(actual) ||
        evaluate::ExtractCoarrayRef(actual)};
    if (actualIsTemp) {
      messages.Say(
          "Any pointer associated with TARGET %s during this call will not be associated with the value of '%s' afterwards"_warn_en_US,
          dummyName, actual.AsFortran());
    } else {
      auto actualSymbolVector{GetSymbolVector(actual)};
      if (!evaluate::GetLastTarget(actualSymbolVector)) {
        messages.Say(
            "Any pointer associated with TARGET %s during this call must not be used afterwards, as '%s' is not a target"_warn_en_US,
            dummyName, actual.AsFortran());
      }
    }
  }
}

static void CheckProcedureArg(evaluate::ActualArgument &arg,
    const characteristics::Procedure &proc,
    const characteristics::DummyProcedure &dummy, const std::string &dummyName,
    evaluate::FoldingContext &context) {
  parser::ContextualMessages &messages{context.messages()};
  auto restorer{
      messages.SetLocation(arg.sourceLocation().value_or(messages.at()))};
  const characteristics::Procedure &interface { dummy.procedure.value() };
  if (const auto *expr{arg.UnwrapExpr()}) {
    bool dummyIsPointer{
        dummy.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyProcedure::Attr::Pointer)};
    const auto *argProcDesignator{
        std::get_if<evaluate::ProcedureDesignator>(&expr->u)};
    const auto *argProcSymbol{
        argProcDesignator ? argProcDesignator->GetSymbol() : nullptr};
    if (argProcSymbol) {
      if (const auto *subp{
              argProcSymbol->GetUltimate().detailsIf<SubprogramDetails>()}) {
        if (subp->stmtFunction()) {
          evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, *argProcSymbol,
              "Statement function '%s' may not be passed as an actual argument"_err_en_US,
              argProcSymbol->name());
          return;
        }
      } else if (argProcSymbol->has<ProcBindingDetails>()) {
        evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, *argProcSymbol,
            "Procedure binding '%s' passed as an actual argument"_port_en_US,
            argProcSymbol->name());
      }
    }
    if (auto argChars{characteristics::DummyArgument::FromActual(
            "actual argument", *expr, context)}) {
      if (!argChars->IsTypelessIntrinsicDummy()) {
        if (auto *argProc{
                std::get_if<characteristics::DummyProcedure>(&argChars->u)}) {
          characteristics::Procedure &argInterface{argProc->procedure.value()};
          argInterface.attrs.reset(
              characteristics::Procedure::Attr::NullPointer);
          if (!argProcSymbol || argProcSymbol->attrs().test(Attr::INTRINSIC)) {
            // It's ok to pass ELEMENTAL unrestricted intrinsic functions.
            argInterface.attrs.reset(
                characteristics::Procedure::Attr::Elemental);
          } else if (argInterface.attrs.test(
                         characteristics::Procedure::Attr::Elemental)) {
            if (argProcSymbol) { // C1533
              evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, *argProcSymbol,
                  "Non-intrinsic ELEMENTAL procedure '%s' may not be passed as an actual argument"_err_en_US,
                  argProcSymbol->name());
              return; // avoid piling on with checks below
            } else {
              argInterface.attrs.reset(
                  characteristics::Procedure::Attr::NullPointer);
            }
          }
          if (interface.HasExplicitInterface()) {
            std::string whyNot;
            if (!interface.IsCompatibleWith(argInterface, &whyNot)) {
              // 15.5.2.9(1): Explicit interfaces must match
              if (argInterface.HasExplicitInterface()) {
                messages.Say(
                    "Actual procedure argument has interface incompatible with %s: %s"_err_en_US,
                    dummyName, whyNot);
                return;
              } else if (proc.IsPure()) {
                messages.Say(
                    "Actual procedure argument for %s of a PURE procedure must have an explicit interface"_err_en_US,
                    dummyName);
              } else {
                messages.Say(
                    "Actual procedure argument has an implicit interface "
                    "which is not known to be compatible with %s which has an "
                    "explicit interface"_warn_en_US,
                    dummyName);
              }
            }
          } else { // 15.5.2.9(2,3)
            if (interface.IsSubroutine() && argInterface.IsFunction()) {
              messages.Say(
                  "Actual argument associated with procedure %s is a function but must be a subroutine"_err_en_US,
                  dummyName);
            } else if (interface.IsFunction()) {
              if (argInterface.IsFunction()) {
                std::string whyNot;
                if (!interface.functionResult->IsCompatibleWith(
                        *argInterface.functionResult, &whyNot)) {
                  messages.Say(
                      "Actual argument function associated with procedure %s is not compatible: %s"_err_en_US,
                      dummyName, whyNot);
                }
              } else if (argInterface.IsSubroutine()) {
                messages.Say(
                    "Actual argument associated with procedure %s is a subroutine but must be a function"_err_en_US,
                    dummyName);
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          messages.Say(
              "Actual argument associated with procedure %s is not a procedure"_err_en_US,
              dummyName);
        }
      } else if (IsNullPointer(*expr)) {
        if (!dummyIsPointer &&
            !dummy.attrs.test(
                characteristics::DummyProcedure::Attr::Optional)) {
          messages.Say(
              "Actual argument associated with procedure %s is a null pointer"_err_en_US,
              dummyName);
        }
      } else {
        messages.Say(
            "Actual argument associated with procedure %s is typeless"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
    }
    if (dummyIsPointer && dummy.intent != common::Intent::In) {
      const Symbol *last{GetLastSymbol(*expr)};
      if (last && IsProcedurePointer(*last)) {
        if (dummy.intent != common::Intent::Default &&
            IsIntentIn(last->GetUltimate())) { // 19.6.8
          messages.Say(
              "Actual argument associated with procedure pointer %s may not be INTENT(IN)"_err_en_US,
              dummyName);
        }
      } else if (!(dummy.intent == common::Intent::Default &&
                     IsNullProcedurePointer(*expr))) {
        // 15.5.2.9(5) -- dummy procedure POINTER
        // Interface compatibility has already been checked above
        messages.Say(
            "Actual argument associated with procedure pointer %s must be a POINTER unless INTENT(IN)"_err_en_US,
            dummyName);
      }
    }
  } else {
    messages.Say(
        "Assumed-type argument may not be forwarded as procedure %s"_err_en_US,
        dummyName);
  }
}

// Allow BOZ literal actual arguments when they can be converted to a known
// dummy argument type
static void ConvertBOZLiteralArg(
    evaluate::ActualArgument &arg, const evaluate::DynamicType &type) {
  if (auto *expr{arg.UnwrapExpr()}) {
    if (IsBOZLiteral(*expr)) {
      if (auto converted{evaluate::ConvertToType(type, SomeExpr{*expr})}) {
        arg = std::move(*converted);
      }
    }
  }
}

static void CheckExplicitInterfaceArg(evaluate::ActualArgument &arg,
    const characteristics::DummyArgument &dummy,
    const characteristics::Procedure &proc, evaluate::FoldingContext &context,
    const Scope *scope, const evaluate::SpecificIntrinsic *intrinsic,
    bool allowActualArgumentConversions) {
  auto &messages{context.messages()};
  std::string dummyName{"dummy argument"};
  if (!dummy.name.empty()) {
    dummyName += " '"s + parser::ToLowerCaseLetters(dummy.name) + "='";
  }
  auto restorer{
      messages.SetLocation(arg.sourceLocation().value_or(messages.at()))};
  auto checkActualArgForLabel = [&](evaluate::ActualArgument &arg) {
    if (arg.isAlternateReturn()) {
      messages.Say(
          "Alternate return label '%d' cannot be associated with %s"_err_en_US,
          arg.GetLabel(), dummyName);
      return true;
    } else {
      return false;
    }
  };
  common::visit(
      common::visitors{
          [&](const characteristics::DummyDataObject &object) {
            if (!checkActualArgForLabel(arg)) {
              ConvertBOZLiteralArg(arg, object.type.type());
              if (auto *expr{arg.UnwrapExpr()}) {
                if (auto type{characteristics::TypeAndShape::Characterize(
                        *expr, context)}) {
                  arg.set_dummyIntent(object.intent);
                  bool isElemental{
                      object.type.Rank() == 0 && proc.IsElemental()};
                  CheckExplicitDataArg(object, dummyName, *expr, *type,
                      isElemental, context, scope, intrinsic,
                      allowActualArgumentConversions);
                } else if (object.type.type().IsTypelessIntrinsicArgument() &&
                    IsBOZLiteral(*expr)) {
                  // ok
                } else if (object.type.type().IsTypelessIntrinsicArgument() &&
                    evaluate::IsNullObjectPointer(*expr)) {
                  // ok, ASSOCIATED(NULL())
                } else if ((object.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::
                                    Attr::Pointer) ||
                               object.attrs.test(characteristics::
                                       DummyDataObject::Attr::Optional)) &&
                    evaluate::IsNullObjectPointer(*expr)) {
                  // ok, FOO(NULL())
                } else if (object.attrs.test(characteristics::DummyDataObject::
                                   Attr::Allocatable) &&
                    evaluate::IsNullPointer(*expr)) {
                  // Unsupported extension that more or less naturally falls
                  // out of other Fortran implementations that pass separate
                  // base address and descriptor address physical arguments
                  messages.Say(
                      "Null actual argument '%s' may not be associated with allocatable %s"_err_en_US,
                      expr->AsFortran(), dummyName);
                } else {
                  messages.Say(
                      "Actual argument '%s' associated with %s is not a variable or typed expression"_err_en_US,
                      expr->AsFortran(), dummyName);
                }
              } else {
                const Symbol &assumed{DEREF(arg.GetAssumedTypeDummy())};
                if (!object.type.type().IsAssumedType()) {
                  messages.Say(
                      "Assumed-type '%s' may be associated only with an assumed-type %s"_err_en_US,
                      assumed.name(), dummyName);
                } else if (object.type.attrs().test(evaluate::characteristics::
                                   TypeAndShape::Attr::AssumedRank) &&
                    !IsAssumedShape(assumed) &&
                    !evaluate::IsAssumedRank(assumed)) {
                  messages.Say( // C711
                      "Assumed-type '%s' must be either assumed shape or assumed rank to be associated with assumed rank %s"_err_en_US,
                      assumed.name(), dummyName);
                }
              }
            }
          },
          [&](const characteristics::DummyProcedure &dummy) {
            if (!checkActualArgForLabel(arg)) {
              CheckProcedureArg(arg, proc, dummy, dummyName, context);
            }
          },
          [&](const characteristics::AlternateReturn &) {
            // All semantic checking is done elsewhere
          },
      },
      dummy.u);
}

static void RearrangeArguments(const characteristics::Procedure &proc,
    evaluate::ActualArguments &actuals, parser::ContextualMessages &messages) {
  CHECK(proc.HasExplicitInterface());
  if (actuals.size() < proc.dummyArguments.size()) {
    actuals.resize(proc.dummyArguments.size());
  } else if (actuals.size() > proc.dummyArguments.size()) {
    messages.Say(
        "Too many actual arguments (%zd) passed to procedure that expects only %zd"_err_en_US,
        actuals.size(), proc.dummyArguments.size());
  }
  std::map<std::string, evaluate::ActualArgument> kwArgs;
  bool anyKeyword{false};
  int which{1};
  for (auto &x : actuals) {
    if (!x) {
    } else if (x->keyword()) {
      auto emplaced{
          kwArgs.try_emplace(x->keyword()->ToString(), std::move(*x))};
      if (!emplaced.second) {
        messages.Say(*x->keyword(),
            "Argument keyword '%s=' appears on more than one effective argument in this procedure reference"_err_en_US,
            *x->keyword());
      }
      x.reset();
      anyKeyword = true;
    } else if (anyKeyword) {
      messages.Say(x ? x->sourceLocation() : std::nullopt,
          "Actual argument #%d without a keyword may not follow any actual argument with a keyword"_err_en_US,
          which);
    }
    ++which;
  }
  if (!kwArgs.empty()) {
    int index{0};
    for (const auto &dummy : proc.dummyArguments) {
      if (!dummy.name.empty()) {
        auto iter{kwArgs.find(dummy.name)};
        if (iter != kwArgs.end()) {
          evaluate::ActualArgument &x{iter->second};
          if (actuals[index]) {
            messages.Say(*x.keyword(),
                "Keyword argument '%s=' has already been specified positionally (#%d) in this procedure reference"_err_en_US,
                *x.keyword(), index + 1);
          } else {
            actuals[index] = std::move(x);
          }
          kwArgs.erase(iter);
        }
      }
      ++index;
    }
    for (auto &bad : kwArgs) {
      evaluate::ActualArgument &x{bad.second};
      messages.Say(*x.keyword(),
          "Argument keyword '%s=' is not recognized for this procedure reference"_err_en_US,
          *x.keyword());
    }
  }
}

// 15.8.1(3) -- In a reference to an elemental procedure, if any argument is an
// array, each actual argument that corresponds to an INTENT(OUT) or
// INTENT(INOUT) dummy argument shall be an array. The actual argument to an
// ELEMENTAL procedure must conform.
static bool CheckElementalConformance(parser::ContextualMessages &messages,
    const characteristics::Procedure &proc, evaluate::ActualArguments &actuals,
    evaluate::FoldingContext &context) {
  std::optional<evaluate::Shape> shape;
  std::string shapeName;
  int index{0};
  bool hasArrayArg{false};
  for (const auto &arg : actuals) {
    if (arg && !arg->isAlternateReturn() && arg->Rank() > 0) {
      hasArrayArg = true;
      break;
    }
  }
  for (const auto &arg : actuals) {
    const auto &dummy{proc.dummyArguments.at(index++)};
    if (arg) {
      if (const auto *expr{arg->UnwrapExpr()}) {
        if (auto argShape{evaluate::GetShape(context, *expr)}) {
          if (GetRank(*argShape) > 0) {
            std::string argName{"actual argument ("s + expr->AsFortran() +
                ") corresponding to dummy argument #" + std::to_string(index) +
                " ('" + dummy.name + "')"};
            if (shape) {
              auto tristate{evaluate::CheckConformance(messages, *shape,
                  *argShape, evaluate::CheckConformanceFlags::None,
                  shapeName.c_str(), argName.c_str())};
              if (tristate && !*tristate) {
                return false;
              }
            } else {
              shape = std::move(argShape);
              shapeName = argName;
            }
          } else if ((dummy.GetIntent() == common::Intent::Out ||
                         dummy.GetIntent() == common::Intent::InOut) &&
              hasArrayArg) {
            messages.Say(
                "In an elemental procedure reference with at least one array argument, actual argument %s that corresponds to an INTENT(OUT) or INTENT(INOUT) dummy argument must be an array"_err_en_US,
                expr->AsFortran());
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return true;
}

// ASSOCIATED (16.9.16)
static void CheckAssociated(evaluate::ActualArguments &arguments,
    evaluate::FoldingContext &context, const Scope *scope) {
  bool ok{true};
  if (arguments.size() < 2) {
    return;
  }
  if (const auto &pointerArg{arguments[0]}) {
    if (const auto *pointerExpr{pointerArg->UnwrapExpr()}) {
      const Symbol *pointerSymbol{GetLastSymbol(*pointerExpr)};
      if (pointerSymbol && !IsPointer(*pointerSymbol)) {
        evaluate::AttachDeclaration(
            context.messages().Say(pointerArg->sourceLocation(),
                "POINTER= argument of ASSOCIATED() must be a POINTER"_err_en_US),
            *pointerSymbol);
        return;
      }
      if (const auto &targetArg{arguments[1]}) {
        // The standard requires that the POINTER= argument be a valid LHS for
        // a pointer assignment when the TARGET= argument is present.  This,
        // perhaps unintentionally, excludes function results, including NULL(),
        // from being used there, as well as INTENT(IN) dummy pointers.
        // Allow this usage as a benign extension with a portability warning.
        if (!evaluate::ExtractDataRef(*pointerExpr) &&
            !evaluate::IsProcedurePointer(*pointerExpr)) {
          context.messages().Say(pointerArg->sourceLocation(),
              "POINTER= argument of ASSOCIATED() should be a pointer"_port_en_US);
        } else if (scope) {
          if (auto whyNot{WhyNotDefinable(pointerArg->sourceLocation().value_or(
                                              context.messages().at()),
                  *scope,
                  DefinabilityFlags{DefinabilityFlag::PointerDefinition},
                  *pointerExpr)}) {
            if (auto *msg{context.messages().Say(pointerArg->sourceLocation(),
                    "POINTER= argument of ASSOCIATED() would not be a valid left-hand side of a pointer assignment statement"_port_en_US)}) {
              msg->Attach(std::move(*whyNot));
            }
          }
        }
        const auto *targetExpr{targetArg->UnwrapExpr()};
        if (targetExpr && pointerSymbol) {
          std::optional<characteristics::Procedure> pointerProc, targetProc;
          const auto *targetProcDesignator{
              evaluate::UnwrapExpr<evaluate::ProcedureDesignator>(*targetExpr)};
          const Symbol *targetSymbol{GetLastSymbol(*targetExpr)};
          bool isCall{false};
          std::string targetName;
          if (const auto *targetProcRef{// target is a function call
                  std::get_if<evaluate::ProcedureRef>(&targetExpr->u)}) {
            if (auto targetRefedChars{characteristics::Procedure::Characterize(
                    *targetProcRef, context)}) {
              targetProc = *targetRefedChars;
              targetName = targetProcRef->proc().GetName() + "()";
              isCall = true;
            }
          } else if (targetProcDesignator) {
            targetProc = characteristics::Procedure::Characterize(
                *targetProcDesignator, context);
            targetName = targetProcDesignator->GetName();
          } else if (targetSymbol) {
            if (IsProcedure(*targetSymbol)) {
              // proc that's not a call
              targetProc = characteristics::Procedure::Characterize(
                  *targetSymbol, context);
            }
            targetName = targetSymbol->name().ToString();
          }
          if (pointerSymbol && IsProcedure(*pointerSymbol)) {
            pointerProc = characteristics::Procedure::Characterize(
                *pointerSymbol, context);
          }
          if (pointerProc) {
            if (targetProc) {
              // procedure pointer and procedure target
              std::string whyNot;
              const evaluate::SpecificIntrinsic *specificIntrinsic{nullptr};
              if (targetProcDesignator) {
                specificIntrinsic =
                    targetProcDesignator->GetSpecificIntrinsic();
              }
              if (std::optional<parser::MessageFixedText> msg{
                      CheckProcCompatibility(isCall, pointerProc, &*targetProc,
                          specificIntrinsic, whyNot)}) {
                msg->set_severity(parser::Severity::Warning);
                evaluate::AttachDeclaration(
                    context.messages().Say(std::move(*msg),
                        "pointer '" + pointerSymbol->name().ToString() + "'",
                        targetName, whyNot),
                    *pointerSymbol);
              }
            } else if (!IsNullProcedurePointer(*targetExpr)) {
              // procedure pointer and object target
              evaluate::AttachDeclaration(
                  context.messages().Say(
                      "POINTER= argument '%s' is a procedure pointer but the TARGET= argument '%s' is not a procedure or procedure pointer"_err_en_US,
                      pointerSymbol->name(), targetName),
                  *pointerSymbol);
            }
          } else if (targetProc) {
            // object pointer and procedure target
            evaluate::AttachDeclaration(
                context.messages().Say(
                    "POINTER= argument '%s' is an object pointer but the TARGET= argument '%s' is a procedure designator"_err_en_US,
                    pointerSymbol->name(), targetName),
                *pointerSymbol);
          } else if (targetSymbol) {
            // object pointer and target
            SymbolVector symbols{GetSymbolVector(*targetExpr)};
            CHECK(!symbols.empty());
            if (!evaluate::GetLastTarget(symbols)) {
              parser::Message *msg{context.messages().Say(
                  targetArg->sourceLocation(),
                  "TARGET= argument '%s' must have either the POINTER or the TARGET attribute"_err_en_US,
                  targetExpr->AsFortran())};
              for (SymbolRef ref : symbols) {
                msg = evaluate::AttachDeclaration(msg, *ref);
              }
            } else if (HasVectorSubscript(*targetExpr) ||
                ExtractCoarrayRef(*targetExpr)) {
              context.messages().Say(targetArg->sourceLocation(),
                  "TARGET= argument '%s' may not have a vector subscript or coindexing"_err_en_US,
                  targetExpr->AsFortran());
            }
            if (const auto pointerType{pointerArg->GetType()}) {
              if (const auto targetType{targetArg->GetType()}) {
                ok = pointerType->IsTkCompatibleWith(*targetType);
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  } else {
    // No arguments to ASSOCIATED()
    ok = false;
  }
  if (!ok) {
    context.messages().Say(
        "Arguments of ASSOCIATED() must be a POINTER and an optional valid target"_err_en_US);
  }
}

// TRANSFER (16.9.193)
static void CheckTransferOperandType(parser::ContextualMessages &messages,
    const evaluate::DynamicType &type, const char *which) {
  if (type.IsPolymorphic()) {
    messages.Say("%s of TRANSFER is polymorphic"_warn_en_US, which);
  } else if (!type.IsUnlimitedPolymorphic() &&
      type.category() == TypeCategory::Derived) {
    DirectComponentIterator directs{type.GetDerivedTypeSpec()};
    if (auto bad{std::find_if(directs.begin(), directs.end(), IsDescriptor)};
        bad != directs.end()) {
      evaluate::SayWithDeclaration(messages, *bad,
          "%s of TRANSFER contains allocatable or pointer component %s"_warn_en_US,
          which, bad.BuildResultDesignatorName());
    }
  }
}

static void CheckTransfer(evaluate::ActualArguments &arguments,
    evaluate::FoldingContext &context, const Scope *scope) {
  if (arguments.size() >= 2) {
    if (auto source{characteristics::TypeAndShape::Characterize(
            arguments[0], context)}) {
      CheckTransferOperandType(context.messages(), source->type(), "Source");
      if (auto mold{characteristics::TypeAndShape::Characterize(
              arguments[1], context)}) {
        CheckTransferOperandType(context.messages(), mold->type(), "Mold");
        if (mold->Rank() > 0 &&
            evaluate::ToInt64(
                evaluate::Fold(
                    context, mold->MeasureElementSizeInBytes(context, false)))
                    .value_or(1) == 0) {
          if (auto sourceSize{evaluate::ToInt64(evaluate::Fold(
                  context, source->MeasureSizeInBytes(context)))}) {
            if (*sourceSize > 0) {
              context.messages().Say(
                  "Element size of MOLD= array may not be zero when SOURCE= is not empty"_err_en_US);
            }
          } else {
            context.messages().Say(
                "Element size of MOLD= array may not be zero unless SOURCE= is empty"_warn_en_US);
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (arguments.size() > 2) { // SIZE=
      if (const Symbol *
          whole{UnwrapWholeSymbolOrComponentDataRef(arguments[2])}) {
        if (IsOptional(*whole)) {
          context.messages().Say(
              "SIZE= argument may not be the optional dummy argument '%s'"_err_en_US,
              whole->name());
        } else if (IsAllocatableOrPointer(*whole)) {
          context.messages().Say(
              "SIZE= argument that is allocatable or pointer must be present at execution; parenthesize to silence this warning"_warn_en_US);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

static void CheckSpecificIntrinsic(evaluate::ActualArguments &arguments,
    evaluate::FoldingContext &context, const Scope *scope,
    const evaluate::SpecificIntrinsic &intrinsic) {
  if (intrinsic.name == "associated") {
    CheckAssociated(arguments, context, scope);
  } else if (intrinsic.name == "transfer") {
    CheckTransfer(arguments, context, scope);
  }
}

static parser::Messages CheckExplicitInterface(
    const characteristics::Procedure &proc, evaluate::ActualArguments &actuals,
    const evaluate::FoldingContext &context, const Scope *scope,
    const evaluate::SpecificIntrinsic *intrinsic,
    bool allowActualArgumentConversions) {
  parser::Messages buffer;
  parser::ContextualMessages messages{context.messages().at(), &buffer};
  RearrangeArguments(proc, actuals, messages);
  evaluate::FoldingContext localContext{context, messages};
  if (!buffer.empty()) {
    return buffer;
  }
  int index{0};
  for (auto &actual : actuals) {
    const auto &dummy{proc.dummyArguments.at(index++)};
    if (actual) {
      CheckExplicitInterfaceArg(*actual, dummy, proc, localContext, scope,
          intrinsic, allowActualArgumentConversions);
    } else if (!dummy.IsOptional()) {
      if (dummy.name.empty()) {
        messages.Say(
            "Dummy argument #%d is not OPTIONAL and is not associated with "
            "an actual argument in this procedure reference"_err_en_US,
            index);
      } else {
        messages.Say("Dummy argument '%s=' (#%d) is not OPTIONAL and is not "
                     "associated with an actual argument in this procedure "
                     "reference"_err_en_US,
            dummy.name, index);
      }
    }
  }
  if (proc.IsElemental() && !buffer.AnyFatalError()) {
    CheckElementalConformance(messages, proc, actuals, localContext);
  }
  if (intrinsic) {
    CheckSpecificIntrinsic(actuals, localContext, scope, *intrinsic);
  }
  return buffer;
}

bool CheckInterfaceForGeneric(const characteristics::Procedure &proc,
    evaluate::ActualArguments &actuals, const evaluate::FoldingContext &context,
    bool allowActualArgumentConversions) {
  return proc.HasExplicitInterface() &&
      !CheckExplicitInterface(proc, actuals, context, nullptr, nullptr,
          allowActualArgumentConversions)
           .AnyFatalError();
}

bool CheckArgumentIsConstantExprInRange(
    const evaluate::ActualArguments &actuals, int index, int lowerBound,
    int upperBound, parser::ContextualMessages &messages) {
  CHECK(index >= 0 && static_cast<unsigned>(index) < actuals.size());

  const std::optional<evaluate::ActualArgument> &argOptional{actuals[index]};
  if (!argOptional) {
    DIE("Actual argument should have value");
    return false;
  }

  const evaluate::ActualArgument &arg{argOptional.value()};
  const evaluate::Expr<evaluate::SomeType> *argExpr{arg.UnwrapExpr()};
  CHECK(argExpr != nullptr);

  if (!IsConstantExpr(*argExpr)) {
    messages.Say("Actual argument #%d must be a constant expression"_err_en_US,
        index + 1);
    return false;
  }

  // This does not imply that the kind of the argument is 8. The kind
  // for the intrinsic's argument should have been check prior. This is just
  // a conversion so that we can read the constant value.
  auto scalarValue{evaluate::ToInt64(argExpr)};
  CHECK(scalarValue.has_value());

  if (*scalarValue < lowerBound || *scalarValue > upperBound) {
    messages.Say(
        "Argument #%d must be a constant expression in range %d-%d"_err_en_US,
        index + 1, lowerBound, upperBound);
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

bool CheckPPCIntrinsic(const Symbol &generic, const Symbol &specific,
    const evaluate::ActualArguments &actuals,
    evaluate::FoldingContext &context) {
  parser::ContextualMessages &messages{context.messages()};

  if (specific.name() == "__ppc_mtfsf") {
    return CheckArgumentIsConstantExprInRange(actuals, 0, 0, 7, messages);
  }
  if (specific.name() == "__ppc_mtfsfi") {
    return CheckArgumentIsConstantExprInRange(actuals, 0, 0, 7, messages) &&
        CheckArgumentIsConstantExprInRange(actuals, 1, 0, 15, messages);
  }
  return false;
}

bool CheckArguments(const characteristics::Procedure &proc,
    evaluate::ActualArguments &actuals, evaluate::FoldingContext &context,
    const Scope &scope, bool treatingExternalAsImplicit,
    const evaluate::SpecificIntrinsic *intrinsic) {
  bool explicitInterface{proc.HasExplicitInterface()};
  parser::ContextualMessages &messages{context.messages()};
  if (!explicitInterface || treatingExternalAsImplicit) {
    parser::Messages buffer;
    {
      auto restorer{messages.SetMessages(buffer)};
      for (auto &actual : actuals) {
        if (actual) {
          CheckImplicitInterfaceArg(*actual, messages, context);
        }
      }
    }
    if (!buffer.empty()) {
      if (auto *msgs{messages.messages()}) {
        msgs->Annex(std::move(buffer));
      }
      return false; // don't pile on
    }
  }
  if (explicitInterface) {
    auto buffer{CheckExplicitInterface(
        proc, actuals, context, &scope, intrinsic, true)};
    if (!buffer.empty()) {
      if (treatingExternalAsImplicit) {
        if (auto *msg{messages.Say(
                "If the procedure's interface were explicit, this reference would be in error"_warn_en_US)}) {
          buffer.AttachTo(*msg, parser::Severity::Because);
        }
      }
      if (auto *msgs{messages.messages()}) {
        msgs->Annex(std::move(buffer));
      }
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}
} // namespace Fortran::semantics