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authorMichele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>2010-08-31 08:04:29 +0200
committerMichele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>2010-08-31 08:04:29 +0200
commit3df27dd0d7b5dd75a7c14b7c316975d96a3eec99 (patch)
tree1a5282cb61cb69b5f75b45a0fc51680ba1d2931b
parentc9f13261dac2014054167212be7d674ac2c2e231 (diff)
downloadmicheles-3df27dd0d7b5dd75a7c14b7c316975d96a3eec99.tar.gz
Fix to the doc
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/plac.html189
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/plac.pdf5347
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/plac_adv.txt8
3 files changed, 1733 insertions, 3811 deletions
diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.html b/plac/doc/plac.html
index 88271c1..240ba5e 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac.html
+++ b/plac/doc/plac.html
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
<div class="section" id="plac-parsing-the-command-line-the-easy-way">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id53">Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</a></h1>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
@@ -441,49 +441,49 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
<div class="contents topic" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-parsing-the-command-line-the-easy-way" id="id18">Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-importance-of-scaling-down" id="id19">The importance of scaling down</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-required-arguments" id="id20">Scripts with required arguments</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-default-arguments" id="id21">Scripts with default arguments</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-options-and-smart-options" id="id22">Scripts with options (and smart options)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-flags" id="id23">Scripts with flags</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-for-python-2-x-users" id="id24">plac for Python 2.X users</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-features" id="id25">More features</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-realistic-example" id="id26">A realistic example</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-arguments" id="id27">Keyword arguments</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#final-example-a-shelve-interface" id="id28">Final example: a shelve interface</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-argparse" id="id29">plac vs argparse</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world" id="id30">plac vs the rest of the world</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-future" id="id31">The future</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#trivia-the-story-behind-the-name" id="id32">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-parsing-the-command-line-the-easy-way" id="id17">Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-importance-of-scaling-down" id="id18">The importance of scaling down</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-required-arguments" id="id19">Scripts with required arguments</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-default-arguments" id="id20">Scripts with default arguments</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-options-and-smart-options" id="id21">Scripts with options (and smart options)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-flags" id="id22">Scripts with flags</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-for-python-2-x-users" id="id23">plac for Python 2.X users</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-features" id="id24">More features</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-realistic-example" id="id25">A realistic example</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-arguments" id="id26">Keyword arguments</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#final-example-a-shelve-interface" id="id27">Final example: a shelve interface</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-argparse" id="id28">plac vs argparse</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world" id="id29">plac vs the rest of the world</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-future" id="id30">The future</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#trivia-the-story-behind-the-name" id="id31">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#advanced-usages-of-plac" id="id33">Advanced usages of plac</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id34">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#from-scripts-to-interactive-applications" id="id35">From scripts to interactive applications</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-a-plac-application" id="id36">Testing a plac application</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-easy-tests" id="id37">Plac easy tests</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-batch-scripts" id="id38">Plac batch scripts</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementing-subcommands" id="id39">Implementing subcommands</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-interpreter-call" id="id40">plac.Interpreter.call</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#readline-support" id="id41">Readline support</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-runner" id="id42">The plac runner</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-non-class-based-example" id="id43">A non class-based example</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-your-own-plac-runner" id="id44">Writing your own plac runner</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#long-running-commands" id="id45">Long running commands</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#threaded-commands" id="id46">Threaded commands</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-commands-as-external-processes" id="id47">Running commands as external processes</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#managing-the-output-of-concurrent-commands" id="id48">Managing the output of concurrent commands</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parallel-computing-with-plac" id="id49">Parallel computing with plac</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-server" id="id50">The plac server</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#summary" id="id51">Summary</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appendix-custom-annotation-objects" id="id52">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#advanced-usages-of-plac" id="id32">Advanced usages of plac</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id33">Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#from-scripts-to-interactive-applications" id="id34">From scripts to interactive applications</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-a-plac-application" id="id35">Testing a plac application</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-easy-tests" id="id36">Plac easy tests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-batch-scripts" id="id37">Plac batch scripts</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementing-subcommands" id="id38">Implementing subcommands</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-interpreter-call" id="id39">plac.Interpreter.call</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#readline-support" id="id40">Readline support</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-runner" id="id41">The plac runner</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-non-class-based-example" id="id42">A non class-based example</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-your-own-plac-runner" id="id43">Writing your own plac runner</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#long-running-commands" id="id44">Long running commands</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#threaded-commands" id="id45">Threaded commands</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-commands-as-external-processes" id="id46">Running commands as external processes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#managing-the-output-of-concurrent-commands" id="id47">Managing the output of concurrent commands</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parallel-computing-with-plac" id="id48">Parallel computing with plac</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-server" id="id49">The plac server</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#summary" id="id50">Summary</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appendix-custom-annotation-objects" id="id51">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-importance-of-scaling-down">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id54">The importance of scaling down</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">The importance of scaling down</a></h2>
<p>There is no want of command line arguments parsers in the Python
world. The standard library alone contains three different modules:
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/getopt.html">getopt</a> (from the stone age),
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ is designed to be simple to use and extremely concise, as the examples
below will show.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="scripts-with-required-arguments">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id55">Scripts with required arguments</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Scripts with required arguments</a></h2>
<p>Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a
single argument and does something to it. It cannot get simpler
than that, unless you consider a script without command-line
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ optional arguments:
This is only the tip of the iceberg: <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to do much more than that.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="scripts-with-default-arguments">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id56">Scripts with default arguments</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">Scripts with default arguments</a></h2>
<p>The need to have suitable defaults for command-line scripts is quite
common. For instance I have encountered this use case at work hundreds
of times:</p>
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ optional arguments:
I will show in the next paragraphs.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="scripts-with-options-and-smart-options">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id57">Scripts with options (and smart options)</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">Scripts with options (and smart options)</a></h2>
<p>It is surprising how few command-line scripts with options I have
written over the years (probably less than a hundred), compared to the
number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote (certainly more
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ executing 'select * from table' on dsn
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="scripts-with-flags">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id58">Scripts with flags</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22">Scripts with flags</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> if they are passed to the command line and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>
if they are absent. Here is an example:</p>
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ the one-character abbreviation for options, since it does not make sense
to compose them.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="plac-for-python-2-x-users">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id59">plac for Python 2.X users</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23">plac for Python 2.X users</a></h2>
<p>I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about
migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years before we
think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas
@@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ X &gt;= 4 and I will use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac
that the core features of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> run even on Python 2.3.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="more-features">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id60">More features</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24">More features</a></h2>
<p>One of the goals of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is to have a learning curve of <em>minutes</em> for
its core features, compared to the learning curve of <em>hours</em> of
<a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>. In order to reach this goal, I have <em>not</em> sacrificed all
@@ -1071,7 +1071,7 @@ line as soon as available, whereas the default behaviour is to print
all the lines together and the end of the computation.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="a-realistic-example">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id61">A realistic example</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25">A realistic example</a></h2>
<p>Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> to
run SQL queries on a database by relying on <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a>. Notice the usage
of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy connection
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ optional arguments:
<p>You can check for yourself that the script works.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="keyword-arguments">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id62">Keyword arguments</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26">Keyword arguments</a></h2>
<p>Starting from release 0.4, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> supports keyword arguments. In
practice that means that if your main function has keyword arguments,
<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> treats specially arguments of the form <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;name=value&quot;</span></tt> in the
@@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@ is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in function calls
by the Python language.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="final-example-a-shelve-interface">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id63">Final example: a shelve interface</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">Final example: a shelve interface</a></h2>
<p>Here is a less trivial example for the keyword arguments feature.
The use case is the following: suppose we have stored the
configuration parameters of a given application into a Python shelve
@@ -1317,7 +1317,7 @@ ishelve.py: error: unrecognized arguments: .cler
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="plac-vs-argparse">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id64">plac vs argparse</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28">plac vs argparse</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available
all of the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> in an easy way. In particular you
should be aware of the following limitations/differences (the
@@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ adding such options to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</
attribute.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id65">plac vs the rest of the world</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29">plac vs the rest of the world</a></h2>
<p>Originally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> boasted about being &quot;the easiest command-line
arguments parser in the world&quot;. Since then, people started pointing
out to me various projects which are based on the same idea
@@ -1438,7 +1438,7 @@ Catherine Devlin. However, this is completely coincidental, since I became
aware of the <a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/cmd2/">cmd2</a> module only after writing <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-future">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id66">The future</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id30">The future</a></h2>
<p>Currently the core of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is around 200 lines of code, not counting blanks,
comments and docstrings. I do not plan to extend the core much in the
future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should
@@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@ they require Python 2.5 to work, whereas <tt class="docutils literal"><span clas
Python 2.3.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="trivia-the-story-behind-the-name">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id67">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id31">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> project started very humbly: I just wanted to make
easy_installable my old <a class="reference external" href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/">optionparse</a> recipe, and to publish it on PyPI.
The original name of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> was optionparser and the idea behind it was
@@ -1488,58 +1488,9 @@ will steal it from me!</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="advanced-usages-of-plac">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id68">Advanced usages of plac</a></h1>
-<p><em>The present document discusses a few of the advanced use
-cases for plac. It shows how to write interactive and non-interactive
-interpreters with plac, and how to use plac for testing and scripting a generic
-application. It assumes you have already read an understood the
-basic documentation.</em></p>
-<div class="contents topic" id="id1">
-<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-parsing-the-command-line-the-easy-way" id="id53">Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-importance-of-scaling-down" id="id54">The importance of scaling down</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-required-arguments" id="id55">Scripts with required arguments</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-default-arguments" id="id56">Scripts with default arguments</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-options-and-smart-options" id="id57">Scripts with options (and smart options)</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-flags" id="id58">Scripts with flags</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-for-python-2-x-users" id="id59">plac for Python 2.X users</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-features" id="id60">More features</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-realistic-example" id="id61">A realistic example</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-arguments" id="id62">Keyword arguments</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#final-example-a-shelve-interface" id="id63">Final example: a shelve interface</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-argparse" id="id64">plac vs argparse</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world" id="id65">plac vs the rest of the world</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-future" id="id66">The future</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#trivia-the-story-behind-the-name" id="id67">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#advanced-usages-of-plac" id="id68">Advanced usages of plac</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id69">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#from-scripts-to-interactive-applications" id="id70">From scripts to interactive applications</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-a-plac-application" id="id71">Testing a plac application</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-easy-tests" id="id72">Plac easy tests</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-batch-scripts" id="id73">Plac batch scripts</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementing-subcommands" id="id74">Implementing subcommands</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-interpreter-call" id="id75">plac.Interpreter.call</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#readline-support" id="id76">Readline support</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-runner" id="id77">The plac runner</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-non-class-based-example" id="id78">A non class-based example</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-your-own-plac-runner" id="id79">Writing your own plac runner</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#long-running-commands" id="id80">Long running commands</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#threaded-commands" id="id81">Threaded commands</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-commands-as-external-processes" id="id82">Running commands as external processes</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#managing-the-output-of-concurrent-commands" id="id83">Managing the output of concurrent commands</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parallel-computing-with-plac" id="id84">Parallel computing with plac</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-server" id="id85">The plac server</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#summary" id="id86">Summary</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appendix-custom-annotation-objects" id="id87">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id32">Advanced usages of plac</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="introduction">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id69">Introduction</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id33">Introduction</a></h2>
<p>One of the design goals of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is to make it dead easy to write a
scriptable and testable interface for an application. You can use
<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> whenever you have an API with strings in input and strings in
@@ -1562,7 +1513,7 @@ or a Web application on top of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.p
you can do with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>, your imagination is the only limit!</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="from-scripts-to-interactive-applications">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id70">From scripts to interactive applications</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id34">From scripts to interactive applications</a></h2>
<p>Command-line scripts have many advantages, but they are no substitute
for interactive applications.
In particular, if you have a script with a large startup time which must be run
@@ -1666,7 +1617,7 @@ are using a recent version of Python (&gt;= 2.5), because it is a context
manager object which uses extended generators internally.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="testing-a-plac-application">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id71">Testing a plac application</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id35">Testing a plac application</a></h2>
<p>You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode.
However manual testing is a poor substitute for automatic testing.</p>
<p>In principle, one could write automatic tests for the
@@ -1731,7 +1682,7 @@ once at the beginning and at the end of the interpreter loop.
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="plac-easy-tests">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id72">Plac easy tests</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id36">Plac easy tests</a></h2>
<p>Writing your tests in terms of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter.check</span></tt> is certainly an
improvement over writing them in terms of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt>, but they
are still too low-level for my taste. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter</span></tt> class provides
@@ -1824,7 +1775,7 @@ a string containing directory names separated by colons). If the variable
If the plac tool is not found, an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImportError</span></tt> is raised.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="plac-batch-scripts">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id73">Plac batch scripts</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id37">Plac batch scripts</a></h2>
<p>It is pretty easy to realize that an interactive interpreter can
also be used to run batch scripts: instead of reading the commands from
the console, it is enough to read the commands from a file.
@@ -1876,7 +1827,7 @@ the output of the batch script and turn it into a <tt class="docutils literal"><
(cool, isn't it?).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="implementing-subcommands">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id74">Implementing subcommands</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id38">Implementing subcommands</a></h2>
<p>When I discussed the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve</span></tt> implementation in the <a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">basic
documentation</a>, I said that it looked like a poor man implementation
of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> was
@@ -2005,7 +1956,7 @@ i&gt;
you pass the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">verbose</span></tt> flag to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter.interact</span></tt> method.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="plac-interpreter-call">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id75">plac.Interpreter.call</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id39">plac.Interpreter.call</a></h2>
<p>At the core of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span></tt> there is the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt> function which invokes
a callable with the list of the arguments passed at the command-line
(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv[1:]</span></tt>). Thanks to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> you can launch your module
@@ -2096,7 +2047,7 @@ a comment, the splitting function, the input source and the prompt to
use while in interactive mode, and a verbose flag.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="readline-support">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id76">Readline support</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id40">Readline support</a></h2>
<p>Starting from release 0.6 <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> offers full readline support. That
means that if your Python was compiled with readline support you get
autocompletion and persistent command history for free. By default
@@ -2208,7 +2159,7 @@ NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show']
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-plac-runner">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id77">The plac runner</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id41">The plac runner</a></h2>
<p>The distribution of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> includes a runner script named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac_runner.py</span></tt>,
which will be installed in a suitable directory in your system by <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/distutils/">distutils</a>
(say in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\usr\local\bin\plac_runner.py</span></tt> in a Unix-like operative system).
@@ -2318,7 +2269,7 @@ a=1
on the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> object of the Python module.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="a-non-class-based-example">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id78">A non class-based example</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id42">A non class-based example</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not force you to use classes to define command containers.
Even a simple function can be a valid command container, it is
enough to add to it a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.commands</span></tt> attribute and possibly
@@ -2431,7 +2382,7 @@ a method container. In other situations, it is best to use a custom
class.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="writing-your-own-plac-runner">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id79">Writing your own plac runner</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id43">Writing your own plac runner</a></h2>
<p>The runner included in the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> distribution is intentionally kept
small (around 50 lines of code) so that you can study it and write
your own runner if want to. If you need to go to such level
@@ -2508,7 +2459,7 @@ loop in a separate process and send commands to it via the Queue
class provided by the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/multiprocessing.html">multiprocessing</a> module.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="long-running-commands">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id80">Long running commands</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id44">Long running commands</a></h2>
<p>As we saw, by default a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreter blocks until
the command terminates. This is an issue, in the sense that it makes
the interactive experience quite painful for long running commands. An
@@ -2557,7 +2508,7 @@ the interface responsive. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python
and processes.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="threaded-commands">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id81">Threaded commands</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id45">Threaded commands</a></h2>
<p>The most familiar way to execute a task in the background (even if not
necessarily the best way) is to run it into a separated thread. In our
example it is sufficient to replace the line</p>
@@ -2657,7 +2608,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="running-commands-as-external-processes">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id82">Running commands as external processes</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id46">Running commands as external processes</a></h2>
<p>Threads are not loved much in the Python world and actually most people
prefer to use processes instead. For this reason <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> provides the
option to execute long running commands as external processes. Unfortunately
@@ -2700,7 +2651,7 @@ and it is safer than using threads, so it is the recommended approach
unless you are working on Windows.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="managing-the-output-of-concurrent-commands">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id83">Managing the output of concurrent commands</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id47">Managing the output of concurrent commands</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> acts as a command-line task launcher and can be used as the base
to build a GUI-based task launcher and task monitor. To this aim the
interpreter class provides a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.submit</span></tt> method which returns a task
@@ -2752,7 +2703,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="parallel-computing-with-plac">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id84">Parallel computing with plac</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id48">Parallel computing with plac</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is certainly not intended as a tool for parallel computing, but
still you can use it to launch a set of commands and to collect the
results, similarly to the MapReduce pattern recently popularized by
@@ -2884,7 +2835,7 @@ sum(task.result for task in plac.runp(calc_pi(N) for i in range(ncpus)))/ncpus
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-plac-server">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id85">The plac server</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id49">The plac server</a></h2>
<p>A command-line oriented interface can be easily converted into a
socket-based interface. Starting from release 0.7 plac features
a builtin server which is able to accept commands from multiple
@@ -2930,7 +2881,7 @@ Connection closed by foreign host.
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="summary">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id86">Summary</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id50">Summary</a></h2>
<p>Once <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> claimed to be the easiest command-line arguments parser
in the world. Having read this document you may think that it is not
so easy after all. But it is a false impression. Actually the
@@ -2956,7 +2907,7 @@ given port number (default 2199)</li>
</div>
<hr class="docutils" />
<div class="section" id="appendix-custom-annotation-objects">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id87">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></h2>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id51">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></h2>
<p>Internally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Annotation</span></tt> class to convert the tuples
in the function signature into annotation objects, i.e. objects with
six attributes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help,</span> <span class="pre">kind,</span> <span class="pre">short,</span> <span class="pre">type,</span> <span class="pre">choices,</span> <span class="pre">metavar</span></tt>.</p>
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Introduction) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .159988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted \(prefixed by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (i) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). This is done on) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.359988 Tw (purpose, so that you can cut and paste the output of the batch script and turn it into a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (test) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(cool, isn't it?\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.182485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When I discussed the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (implementation in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (basic documentation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, I said that it looked like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .116655 Tw (poor man implementation of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was able to do much) Tj T* 0 Tw (better than that. Here I will substantiate my claim.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .89104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is actually able to infer a set of subparsers from a generic container of commands. This is useful if) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.125814 Tw (you want to implement ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (subcommands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(a familiar example of a command-line application featuring) Tj T* 0 Tw (subcommands is subversion\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .015868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically a container of commands is any object with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute listing a set of functions or) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.550888 Tw (methods which are valid commands. A command container may have initialization/finalization hooks) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.55664 Tw (\() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__/__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) and dispatch hooks \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, invoked for invalid command names\).) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.113828 Tw (Moreover, only when using command containers ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to provide automatic autocompletion of) Tj T* 0 Tw (commands.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The shelve interface can be rewritten in an object-oriented way as follows:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 209.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# ishelve2.py) Tj T* (import shelve, os, sys, plac) Tj T* T* (class ShelveInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A minimal interface over a shelve object.") Tj T* ( commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete') Tj T* ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( configfile=\('path name of the shelve', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, configfile\):) Tj T* ( self.configfile = configfile or '~/conf.shelve') Tj T* ( self.fname = os.path.expanduser\(self.configfile\)) Tj T* ( self.__doc__ += '\\nOperating on %s.\\n.help to see '\\) Tj T* ( 'the available commands.\\n' % self.fname) Tj T* ( def __enter__\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.sh = shelve.open\(self.fname\)) Tj T* ( return self) Tj T* ( def __exit__\(self, etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( self.sh.close\(\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# ishelve2.py) Tj T* (import shelve, os, sys, plac) Tj T* T* (class ShelveInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A minimal interface over a shelve object.") Tj T* ( commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete') Tj T* ET
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Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 293.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( def set\(self, name, value\):) Tj T* ( "set name value") Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(name, value\)) Tj T* ( self.sh[name] = value) Tj T* ( def show\(self, *names\):) Tj T* ( "show given parameters") Tj T* ( for name in names:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\) # no error checking) Tj T* ( def showall\(self\):) Tj T* ( "show all parameters") Tj T* ( for name in self.sh:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\)) Tj T* ( def delete\(self, name=None\):) Tj T* ( "delete given parameter \(or everything\)") Tj T* ( if name is None:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting everything') Tj T* ( self.sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting %s' % name) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* T* (main = ShelveInterface # useful for the tests) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter\(plac.call\(ShelveInterface\)\).interact\(\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 437.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( configfile=\('path name of the shelve', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, configfile\):) Tj T* ( self.configfile = configfile or '~/conf.shelve') Tj T* ( self.fname = os.path.expanduser\(self.configfile\)) Tj T* ( self.__doc__ += '\\nOperating on %s.\\n.help to see '\\) Tj T* ( 'the available commands.\\n' % self.fname) Tj T* ( def __enter__\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.sh = shelve.open\(self.fname\)) Tj T* ( return self) Tj T* ( def __exit__\(self, etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( self.sh.close\(\)) Tj T* ( def set\(self, name, value\):) Tj T* ( "set name value") Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(name, value\)) Tj T* ( self.sh[name] = value) Tj T* ( def show\(self, *names\):) Tj T* ( "show given parameters") Tj T* ( for name in names:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\) # no error checking) Tj T* ( def showall\(self\):) Tj T* ( "show all parameters") Tj T* ( for name in self.sh:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\)) Tj T* ( def delete\(self, name=None\):) Tj T* ( "delete given parameter \(or everything\)") Tj T* ( if name is None:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting everything') Tj T* ( self.sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting %s' % name) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* T* (main = ShelveInterface # useful for the tests) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter\(plac.call\(ShelveInterface\)\).interact\(\)) Tj T* ET
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 215.8236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .885366 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (objects wrap context manager objects consistently. In other words, if you wrap an) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.323828 Tw (object with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods, they are invoked in the right order \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__) Tj T* 0 Tw .23528 Tw /F1 10 Tf (before the interpreter loop starts and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the interpreter loop ends, both in the regular and in) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.916412 Tw (the exceptional case\). In our example, the methods ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (make sure the the) Tj T* 0 Tw .339398 Tw (shelve is opened and closed correctly even in the case of exceptions. Notice that I have not implemented) Tj T* 0 Tw .814104 Tw (any error checking in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (show ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (delete ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods on purpose, to verify that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (works correctly in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the presence of exceptions.) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.567126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When working with command containers, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (automatically adds two special commands to the set of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.176136 Tw (provided commands: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.last_tb) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is the easier to understand: when) Tj T* 0 Tw .39811 Tw (invoked without arguments it displays the list of available commands with the same formatting of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.19561 Tw 0 0 0 rg (module; when invoked with the name of a command it displays the usage message for that command.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.33686 Tw (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.last_tb ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is useful when debugging: in case of errors, it allows you to display the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traceback of the last executed command.) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a session of usage on an Unix-like operating system:) Tj T* ET
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-.5 w
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 156 re B*
-Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve2.py) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* T* (special commands) Tj T* (================) Tj T* (.help .last_tb) Tj T* T* (custom commands) Tj T* (===============) Tj T* ET
-Q
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@@ -11540,35 +9642,35 @@ q
.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 606 360 re B*
+n -6 -6 606 504 re B*
Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 341.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (delete set show showall) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a pippo) Tj T* (setting a=pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b lippo) Tj T* (setting b=lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a b) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (KeyError: 'a') Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .last_tb) Tj T* ( File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/plac-0.6.0-py2.6.egg/plac_ext.py", line 190, in _wrap) Tj T* ( for value in genobj:) Tj T* ( File "./ishelve2.py", line 37, in delete) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* ( File "/usr/lib/python2.6/shelve.py", line 136, in __delitem__) Tj T* ( del self.dict[key]) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 485.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve2.py) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* T* (special commands) Tj T* (================) Tj T* (.help .last_tb) Tj T* T* (custom commands) Tj T* (===============) Tj T* (delete set show showall) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a pippo) Tj T* (setting a=pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b lippo) Tj T* (setting b=lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a b) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (KeyError: 'a') Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .last_tb) Tj T* ( File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/plac-0.6.0-py2.6.egg/plac_ext.py", line 190, in _wrap) Tj T* ( for value in genobj:) Tj T* ( File "./ishelve2.py", line 37, in delete) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* ( File "/usr/lib/python2.6/shelve.py", line 136, in __delitem__) Tj T* ( del self.dict[key]) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.571235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that in interactive mode the traceback is hidden, unless you pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag to the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.Interpreter.call) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.066303 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At the core of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (there is the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function which invokes a callable with the list of the arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .937674 Tw (passed at the command-line \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (sys.argv[1:]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Thanks to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (you can launch your module by) Tj T* 0 Tw (simply adding the lines:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11589,13 +9691,13 @@ Q
Q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .50436 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Everything works fine if ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a simple callable performing some action; however, in many cases, one) Tj T* 0 Tw .087633 Tw (has a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf ("function" which is a actually a factory returning a command container object. For instance, in) Tj T* 0 Tw .573318 Tw (my second shelve example the main function is the class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ShelveInterface) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and the two lines needed) Tj T* 0 Tw (to run the module are a bit ugly:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 123.6679 cm
q
q
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@@ -11616,30 +9718,36 @@ Q
Q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm .435227 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover, now the program runs, but only in interactive mode, i.e. it is not possible to run it as a script. It) Tj T* 0 Tw .721098 Tw (would be nice instead to be able to specify the command to execute on the command-line and have the) Tj T* 0 Tw 4.08229 Tw (interpreter start, execute the command and finish properly \(I mean by calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw .427633 Tw /F3 10 Tf (__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) without needing user input. The the script could be called from a batch shell script working in) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.26816 Tw (the background. In order to provide such functionality ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a classmethod) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.173318 Tw (named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which takes the factory, instantiates it with the arguments read from the command line,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.517045 Tw (wraps the resulting container object as an interpreter and runs it with the rest arguments found in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is the code to turn the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (into a script) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .435227 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover, now the program runs, but only in interactive mode, i.e. it is not possible to run it as a script. It ) Tj T* 0 Tw .721098 Tw (would be nice instead to be able to specify the command to execute on the command-line and have the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 4.08229 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (interpreter start, execute the command and finish properly \(I mean by calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw .427633 Tw /F3 10 Tf (__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) without needing user input. The the script could be called from a batch shell script working in) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.26816 Tw (the background. In order to provide such functionality ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a classmethod) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.173318 Tw (named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which takes the factory, instantiates it with the arguments read from the command line,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.517045 Tw (wraps the resulting container object as an interpreter and runs it with the rest arguments found in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is the code to turn the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (into a script) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
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q
q
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@@ -11660,14 +9768,14 @@ Q
Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 591.8236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and here are a few examples of usage:) Tj T* ET
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -11688,13 +9796,13 @@ Q
Q
Q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .079989 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-i ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag in the command line, then the script will enter in interactive mode and ask the user) Tj T* 0 Tw (for the commands to execute:) Tj T* ET
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q
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -11714,19 +9822,19 @@ Q
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 209.4236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .221417 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In a sense, I have closed the circle: at the beginning of this document I discussed how to turn a script into) Tj T* 0 Tw .784147 Tw (an interactive application \(the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (shelve_interpreter.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (example\), whereas here I have show how to) Tj T* 0 Tw (turn an interactive application into a script.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The complete signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the following:) Tj T* ET
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.756651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The factory must have a fixed number of positional arguments \(no default arguments, no varargs, no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.87881 Tw (kwargs\), otherwise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TypeError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is raised: the reason is that we want to be able to distinguish the) Tj T* 0 Tw .829984 Tw (command-line arguments needed to instantiate the factory from the rest arguments that must be sent to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.609984 Tw (the corresponding interpreter object. It is also possible to specify a list of arguments different from) Tj T* 0 Tw .513318 Tw /F3 10 Tf (sys.argv[1:] ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(useful in tests\), the character to be recognized as a comment, the splitting function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (input source and the prompt to use while in interactive mode, and a verbose flag.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.756651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The factory must have a fixed number of positional arguments \(no default arguments, no varargs, no ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.87881 Tw (kwargs\), otherwise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TypeError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is raised: the reason is that we want to be able to distinguish the ) Tj T* 0 Tw .829984 Tw (command-line arguments needed to instantiate the factory from the rest arguments that must be sent to) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.609984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (the corresponding interpreter object. It is also possible to specify a list of arguments different from) Tj T* 0 Tw .513318 Tw /F3 10 Tf (sys.argv[1:] ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(useful in tests\), the character to be recognized as a comment, the splitting function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (input source and the prompt to use while in interactive mode, and a verbose flag.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Readline support) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.022485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.6 ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (offers full readline support. That means that if your Python was compiled) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.120697 Tw (with readline support you get autocompletion and persistent command history for free. By default all) Tj T* 0 Tw .144104 Tw (commands are autocomplete in a case sensitive way. If you want to add new words to the autocompletion) Tj T* 0 Tw .116488 Tw (set, or you want to change the location of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file, or to change the case sensitivity, the way to) Tj T* 0 Tw .18436 Tw (go is to pass a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.ReadlineInput ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object to the interpreter. Here is an example, assuming you want) Tj T* 0 Tw (to build a database interface understanding SQL commands:) Tj T* ET
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q
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Q
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q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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q
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@@ -11828,7 +9942,7 @@ Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.951318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that entering just ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (sel ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and pressing TAB the readline library completes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SELECT) Tj T* 0 Tw .797356 Tw /F1 10 Tf (keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (FROM) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (INNER) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (JOIN ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and even for the names of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .256235 Tw (tables. An obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting the database: actually) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.616654 Tw (you can even read the names of the views and of the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.047251 Tw (entered commands and recorded and saved in the file ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/.sql_interface.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when exiting) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the command-line interface.) Tj T* ET
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q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .389989 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested: I tried it only once and it worked, but your mileage) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206457 Tw (may vary\). For people worried about licenses, I will notice that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses the readline library only if) Tj T* 0 Tw .591894 Tw (available, it does not include it and it does not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (licence) Tj T* 0 Tw (does not need to be the GPL \(actually it is a BSD do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .187882 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The interactive mode of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library. It) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.730651 Tw (is actually better than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: for instance, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is more powerful, since it provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (information about the arguments accepted by the given command:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.959985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you can imagine, the help message is provided by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (subparser \(there is a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.954524 Tw (subparser for each command\). ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (commands accept options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .719318 Tw (arguments with defaults, arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the features) Tj T* 0 Tw (provided of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which should be reimplemented from scratch using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.78248 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover at the moment ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations. However, this feature may) Tj T* 0 Tw (disappear in future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (did not support readline.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that if an abbreviation is ambiguous, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (warns you:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.531318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The distribution of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (includes a runner script named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_runner.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which will be installed in a) Tj T* 0 Tw .44748 Tw (suitable directory in your system by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (distutils ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(say in ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\\usr\\local\\bin\\plac_runner.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in a Unix-like) Tj T* 0 Tw .680651 Tw (operative system\). The runner provides many facilities to run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (scripts and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files, as well) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47311 Tw (as Python modules containg a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object, which can be a function, a command container object or) Tj T* 0 Tw (even a command container class.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.994269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, suppose you want to execute a script containing commands defined in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve2) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (module like the following one:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (del a) Tj T* (del a # intentional error) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .575868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first line of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script contains the name of the python module containing the plac interpreter) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.327209 Tw (and the arguments which must be passed to its main function in order to be able to instantiate an) Tj T* 0 Tw .202485 Tw (interpreter object. In this case I appended ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (:ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the name of the module to specify the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.030574 Tw (object that must be imported: if not specified, by default the object named 'main' is imported. The other) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines contains commands. You can run the script as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.79186 Tw (The last command intentionally contained an error, to show that the plac runner does not eat the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traceback.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .437633 Tw (The runner can also be used to run Python modules in interactive mode and non-interactive mode. If you) Tj T* 0 Tw (put this alias in your bashrc) Tj T* ET
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BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.955318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(or you define a suitable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.bat ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in Windows\) you can run the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve2.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in) Tj T* 0 Tw (interactive mode as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now you can cut and paste the interactive session an turns into into a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file like the following:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.145697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the first line specifies a test database ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/test.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to avoid clobbering your default) Tj T* 0 Tw (shelve. If you mispell the arguments in the first line plac will give you an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (error message \(just try\).) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.145697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the first line specifies a test database ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/test.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to avoid clobbering your default) Tj T* 0 Tw (shelve. If you mispell the arguments in the first line plac will give you an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (error message \(just try\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can run placets following the shebang convention directly with the plac runner:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .32104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you want to see the output of the tests, pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-v/--verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag. Notice that he runner ignore the) Tj T* 0 Tw .24856 Tw (extension, so you can actually use any extension your like, but ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (it relies on the first line of the file to invoke) Tj T* 0 Tw (the corresponding plac tool with the given arguments) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .537209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner does not provide any test discovery facility, but you can use standard Unix tools to help.) Tj T* 0 Tw (For instance, you can run all the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files into a directory and its subdirectories as follows:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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@@ -12196,23 +10295,23 @@ Q
Q
Q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .760988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner expects the main function of your script to return a plac tool, i.e. a function or an object) Tj T* 0 Tw (with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute. It this is not the case the runner gracefully exits.) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (It also works in non-interactive mode, if you call it as) Tj T* ET
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Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET
@@ -12227,17 +10326,17 @@ q
Q
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Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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q
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@@ -12258,32 +10357,32 @@ Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .01561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that in non-interactive mode the runner just invokes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object of the Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (module.) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ("A Fake Version Control System") Tj T* T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (commands = 'checkout', 'commit', 'status') Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(url='url of the source code'\)) Tj T* (def checkout\(url\):) Tj T* ( "A fake checkout command") Tj T* ( return \('checkout ', url\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(message=\('commit message', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* (def commit\(message\):) Tj T* ( "A fake commit command") Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 185.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( return \('commit ', message\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(quiet=\('summary information', 'flag', 'q'\)\)) Tj T* (def status\(quiet\):) Tj T* ( "A fake status command") Tj T* ( return \('status ', quiet\)) Tj T* T* (def __missing__\(name\):) Tj T* ( return 'Command %r does not exist' % name) Tj T* T* (def __exit__\(etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( "Will be called automatically at the end of the call/cmdloop") Tj T* ( if etype in \(None, GeneratorExit\): # success) Tj T* ( print\('ok'\)) Tj T* T* (main = __import__\(__name__\) # the module imports itself!) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py check url) Tj T* (checkout) Tj T* (url) Tj T* ($ plac vcs.py st -q) Tj T* (status) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py check url) Tj T* (checkout) Tj T* (url) Tj T* ET
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diff --git a/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt b/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt
index f8480d1..554847e 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt
+++ b/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt
@@ -1,14 +1,6 @@
Advanced usages of plac
=========================================================
-*The present document discusses a few of the advanced use
-cases for plac. It shows how to write interactive and non-interactive
-interpreters with plac, and how to use plac for testing and scripting a generic
-application. It assumes you have already read an understood the
-basic documentation.*
-
-.. contents::
-
Introduction
-----------------------------------------------------