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| author | Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> | 2011-01-01 05:53:35 +0100 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> | 2011-01-01 05:53:35 +0100 |
| commit | 2c4bcccf9459345e6485dfacb137f209fce6f831 (patch) | |
| tree | 0d88a8e72edb7c649fa1cf1044ed0780ad74d37a | |
| parent | 5c95fd5da840a4be6a03922995982d6750b6951c (diff) | |
| download | micheles-2c4bcccf9459345e6485dfacb137f209fce6f831.tar.gz | |
plac 0.7.5
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/CHANGES.txt | 8 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/Makefile | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/doc/plac.html | 560 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/doc/plac.pdf | 4304 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/doc/plac_adv.txt | 8 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/plac_ext.py | 2 |
6 files changed, 2511 insertions, 2373 deletions
diff --git a/plac/CHANGES.txt b/plac/CHANGES.txt index 0853f30..c10d331 100644 --- a/plac/CHANGES.txt +++ b/plac/CHANGES.txt @@ -1,8 +1,12 @@ HISTORY ---------- -0.7.4 Fixed the plac_runner switches -i and -s; fixed a bug with multiline output - and issue with nosetest (2010-09-04) +0.7.5 Fixed a bug with the help of subcommands, signaled by Paul Jacobson; + added the ability to save the output of a command into a file; postponed + the import of the readline module to avoid buffering issues; fixed a + bug with the traceback when in multiprocessing mode (2011-01-01) +0.7.4 Fixed the plac_runner switches -i and -s; fixed a bug with multiline + output and issue with nosetest (2010-09-04) 0.7.3 Put the documentation in a single document; added runp (2010-08-31) 0.7.2 Interpreter.call does not start an interpreter automagically anymore; better documented and added tests for the metavar concept (2010-08-31) diff --git a/plac/Makefile b/plac/Makefile index 98add43..6d8a752 100644 --- a/plac/Makefile +++ b/plac/Makefile @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ default: make doc/plac.pdf doc/plac.pdf: doc/plac.txt doc/plac_core.txt doc/plac_adv.txt - cd doc; rst2pdf --footer=###Page### plac.txt; rst2html --stylesheet=$(HOME)/gcode/df.css plac.txt plac.html + cd doc; rst2pdf --footer=###Page### plac.txt; rst2html --stylesheet=$(HOME)/md/gcodedev/df.css plac.txt plac.html upload: python3.1 setup.py register sdist upload 2: diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.html b/plac/doc/plac.html index 06cfceb..efb86b1 100644 --- a/plac/doc/plac.html +++ b/plac/doc/plac.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> -<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.6: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> +<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.5: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> <title></title> <style type="text/css"> @@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt { </tr> <tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Requires:</th><td class="field-body">Python 2.3+</td> </tr> -<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal">easy_install <span class="pre">-U</span> plac</tt></td> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span> <span class="pre">-U</span> <span class="pre">plac</span></tt></td> </tr> <tr class="field"><th class="field-name">License:</th><td class="field-body">BSD license</td> </tr> @@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': sys.exit('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join(sys.argv[2:])) </pre> -<p>As you see the whole <tt class="docutils literal">if __name__ == '__main__'</tt> block (nine lines) +<p>As you see the whole <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">__name__</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">'__main__'</span></tt> block (nine lines) is essentially boilerplate that should not exist. Actually I think the language should recognize the main function and pass to it the command-line arguments automatically; unfortunaly this is unlikely to @@ -641,12 +641,12 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': </pre> <p>Here I want to perform a query on a database table, by extracting the -most recent data: it makes sense for <tt class="docutils literal">today</tt> to be a default argument. -If there is a most used table (in this example a table called <tt class="docutils literal">'product'</tt>) +most recent data: it makes sense for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">today</span></tt> to be a default argument. +If there is a most used table (in this example a table called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'product'</span></tt>) it also makes sense to make it a default argument. Performing the parsing of the command-line arguments by hand takes 8 ugly lines of boilerplate (using <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> would require about the same number of lines). -With <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> the entire <tt class="docutils literal">__main__</tt> block reduces to the usual two lines:</p> +With <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> the entire <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt> block reduces to the usual two lines:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> if __name__ == '__main__': import plac; plac.call(main) @@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ let's the machine take care of the details.</p> the sense that it delivers the programmer from the burden of writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser from the docstring of the module, it extracts it from the signature of -the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function.</p> +the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function.</p> <p>The idea comes from the <cite>function annotations</cite> concept, a new feature of Python 3. An example is worth a thousand words, so here it is:</p> @@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': import plac; plac.call(main) </pre> -<p>Here the arguments of the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function have been annotated with +<p>Here the arguments of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function have been annotated with strings which are intented to be used in the help message:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> usage: example7_.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]] @@ -766,10 +766,10 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': import plac; plac.call(main) </pre> -<p>Here the argument <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt> has been annotated with the tuple -<tt class="docutils literal">("SQL query", 'option', 'c')</tt>: the first string is the help string +<p>Here the argument <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span></tt> has been annotated with the tuple +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">("SQL</span> <span class="pre">query",</span> <span class="pre">'option',</span> <span class="pre">'c')</span></tt>: the first string is the help string which will appear in the usage message, the second string tells <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> -that <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt> is an option and the third string that there is also +that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span></tt> is an option and the third string that there is also a short form of the option <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-c</span></tt>, the long form being <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--command</span></tt>. The usage message is the following:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> @@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ $ python3 example8.py --command="select * from table" dsn executing select * from table on dsn </pre> <p>The third argument in the function annotation can be omitted: in such -case it will be assumed to be <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. The consequence is that +case it will be assumed to be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>. The consequence is that the usual dichotomy between long and short options (GNU-style options) disappears: we get <em>smart options</em>, which have the single character prefix of short options and behave like both long and short options, since @@ -834,8 +834,8 @@ $ python3 example6.py -com="select" dsn usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn example6.py: error: unrecognized arguments: -com=select </pre> -<p>If the option is not passed, the variable <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt> -will get the value <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. However, it is possible to specify a non-trivial +<p>If the option is not passed, the variable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span></tt> +will get the value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>. However, it is possible to specify a non-trivial default. Here is an example:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> # example8_.py @@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ executing 'select * from table' on dsn <div class="section" id="scripts-with-flags"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22">Scripts with flags</a></h2> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are -<tt class="docutils literal">True</tt> if they are passed to the command line and <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> if they are passed to the command line and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> if they are absent. Here is an example:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> # example9.py @@ -899,12 +899,12 @@ $ python3 example9.py -v dsn connecting to dsn </pre> <p>Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the -default value for a flag is always <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>. If you feel the need to +default value for a flag is always <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>. If you feel the need to implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two choices, as explained in the "more features" section.</p> <p>For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the Flag-Option-Required-Default (FORD) convention: in -the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function write first the flag arguments, then the option +the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function write first the flag arguments, then the option arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default arguments. This is just a convention and you are not forced to use it, except for the default arguments (including the varargs) which must @@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ main.__annotations__ = dict( <p>One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary with the names of the arguments in the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the -<tt class="docutils literal">plac.annotations</tt> decorator that performs the check for you:</p> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.annotations</span></tt> decorator that performs the check for you:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> @plac.annotations( dsn="Database dsn", @@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ def main(dsn, *scripts): ... </pre> <p>In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with -X >= 4 and I will use the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.annotations</tt> decorator. Notice however +X >= 4 and I will use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.annotations</span></tt> decorator. Notice however that the core features of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> run even on Python 2.3.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="more-features"> @@ -960,23 +960,23 @@ the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.c in <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>. Until now, I have only showed simple annotations, but in general an annotation is a 6-tuple of the form</p> <blockquote> -<tt class="docutils literal">(help, kind, abbrev, type, choices, metavar)</tt></blockquote> -<p>where <tt class="docutils literal">help</tt> is the help message, <tt class="docutils literal">kind</tt> is a string in the set { -<tt class="docutils literal">"flag"</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">"option"</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">"positional"</tt>}, <tt class="docutils literal">abbrev</tt> is a -one-character string or <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> is a callable taking a +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(help,</span> <span class="pre">kind,</span> <span class="pre">abbrev,</span> <span class="pre">type,</span> <span class="pre">choices,</span> <span class="pre">metavar)</span></tt></blockquote> +<p>where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help</span></tt> is the help message, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kind</span></tt> is a string in the set { +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"flag"</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"option"</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"positional"</span></tt>}, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">abbrev</span></tt> is a +one-character string or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> is a callable taking a string in input, -<tt class="docutils literal">choices</tt> is a discrete sequence of values and <tt class="docutils literal">metavar</tt> is a string.</p> -<p><tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> is used to automagically convert the command line arguments +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">choices</span></tt> is a discrete sequence of values and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">metavar</span></tt> is a string.</p> +<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> is used to automagically convert the command line arguments from the string type to any Python type; by default there is no -conversion and <tt class="docutils literal">type=None</tt>.</p> -<p><tt class="docutils literal">choices</tt> is used to restrict the number of the valid -options; by default there is no restriction i.e. <tt class="docutils literal">choices=None</tt>.</p> -<p><tt class="docutils literal">metavar</tt> has two meanings. For a positional argument it is used to +conversion and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type=None</span></tt>.</p> +<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">choices</span></tt> is used to restrict the number of the valid +options; by default there is no restriction i.e. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">choices=None</span></tt>.</p> +<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">metavar</span></tt> has two meanings. For a positional argument it is used to change the argument name in the usage message (and only there). By -default the metavar is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> and the name in the usage message is +default the metavar is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> and the name in the usage message is the same as the argument name. For an option -the <tt class="docutils literal">metavar</tt> is used differently in the usage message, which has -now the form <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[--option-name</span> METAVAR]</tt>. If the <tt class="docutils literal">metavar</tt> is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, +the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">metavar</span></tt> is used differently in the usage message, which has +now the form <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[--option-name</span> <span class="pre">METAVAR]</span></tt>. If the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">metavar</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, then it is equal to the uppercased name of the argument, unless the argument has a default and in such a case is equal to the stringified form of the default.</p> @@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@ optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit </pre> -<p>Notice that the docstring of the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function has been automatically added +<p>Notice that the docstring of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function has been automatically added to the usage message. Here are a couple of examples of use:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4 @@ -1030,13 +1030,13 @@ $ python example10.py ad 1 2 3 4 # a mispelling error usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]] example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' (choose from 'add', 'mul') </pre> -<p><tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> can also be used in doctests like this:</p> +<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> can also be used in doctests like this:</p> <pre class="doctest-block"> >>> import plac, example10 >>> plac.call(example10.main, ['add', '1', '2']) 3.0 </pre> -<p><tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> works for generators too:</p> +<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> works for generators too:</p> <pre class="doctest-block"> >>> def main(n): ... for i in range(int(n)): @@ -1044,12 +1044,12 @@ example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' (choose from 'add', >>> plac.call(main, ['3']) [0, 1, 2] </pre> -<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> tries to convert the output of the main function +<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> tries to convert the output of the main function into a list, if possible. If the output is not iterable or it is a string, it is left unchanged, but if it is iterable it is converted. -In particular, generator objects are exhausted by <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt>.</p> +In particular, generator objects are exhausted by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt>.</p> <p>This behavior avoids mistakes like forgetting of applying -<tt class="docutils literal">list(result)</tt> to the result of <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt>; moreover it makes +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list(result)</span></tt> to the result of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt>; moreover it makes errors visible early, and avoids mistakes in code like the following:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> try: @@ -1060,13 +1060,13 @@ except: <p>Without the "listify" functionality, a main function returning a generator object would not raise any exception until the generator is iterated over.</p> -<p>If you are a fan of lazyness, you can still have it by setting the <tt class="docutils literal">eager</tt> -flag to <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>, as in the following example:</p> +<p>If you are a fan of lazyness, you can still have it by setting the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eager</span></tt> +flag to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, as in the following example:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> for line in plac.call(main, args, eager=False): print(line) </pre> -<p>If <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> returns a generator object this example will print each +<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> returns a generator object this example will print each line as soon as available, whereas the default behaviour is to print all the lines together and the end of the computation.</p> </div> @@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ all the lines together and the end of the computation.</p> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25">A realistic example</a></h2> <p>Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> to run SQL queries on a database by relying on <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a>. Notice the usage -of the <tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy connection +of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy connection string into a <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/reference/ext/sqlsoup.html">SqlSoup</a> object:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> # dbcli.py @@ -1109,12 +1109,12 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': </pre> <p>You can see the <em>yield-is-print</em> pattern here: instead of using -<tt class="docutils literal">print</tt> in the main function, I use <tt class="docutils literal">yield</tt>, and I perform the -print in the <tt class="docutils literal">__main__</tt> block. The advantage of the pattern is that -tests invoking <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> and checking the result become trivial: +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></tt> in the main function, I use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></tt>, and I perform the +print in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt> block. The advantage of the pattern is that +tests invoking <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> and checking the result become trivial: had I performed the printing in the main function, the test would have -involved an ugly hack like redirecting <tt class="docutils literal">sys.stdout</tt> to a -<tt class="docutils literal">StringIO</tt> object.</p> +involved an ugly hack like redirecting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt> to a +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StringIO</span></tt> object.</p> <p>Here is the usage message:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> usage: dbcli.py [-h] [-H] [-c SQL] [-d |] db [scripts [scripts ...]] @@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ optional arguments: <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26">Keyword arguments</a></h2> <p>Starting from release 0.4, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> supports keyword arguments. In practice that means that if your main function has keyword arguments, -<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> treats specially arguments of the form <tt class="docutils literal">"name=value"</tt> in the +<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> treats specially arguments of the form <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"name=value"</span></tt> in the command line. Here is an example:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> # example12.py @@ -1182,7 +1182,7 @@ args=('a1', 'a2') kw={'name': 'value'} </pre> <p>When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which -are not alreay taken; for instance in this examples the name <tt class="docutils literal">opt</tt> +are not alreay taken; for instance in this examples the name <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">opt</span></tt> is taken:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 opt=0 @@ -1264,29 +1264,29 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': implemented a custom help command.</li> <li>I have changed the prefix character used to recognize the options to a dot.</li> -<li>Keyword arguments recognition (in the <tt class="docutils literal">**setters</tt>) is used to make it +<li>Keyword arguments recognition (in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">**setters</span></tt>) is used to make it possible to store a value in the shelve with the syntax -<tt class="docutils literal">param_name=param_value</tt>.</li> -<li><tt class="docutils literal">*params</tt> are used to retrieve parameters from the shelve and some +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">param_name=param_value</span></tt>.</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*params</span></tt> are used to retrieve parameters from the shelve and some error checking is performed in the case of missing parameters</li> -<li>A command to clear the shelve is implemented as a flag (<tt class="docutils literal">.clear</tt>).</li> +<li>A command to clear the shelve is implemented as a flag (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.clear</span></tt>).</li> <li>A command to delete a given parameter is implemented as an option -(<tt class="docutils literal">.delete</tt>).</li> -<li>There is an option with default (<tt class="docutils literal">.filename=conf.shelve</tt>) to store +(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.delete</span></tt>).</li> +<li>There is an option with default (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.filename=conf.shelve</span></tt>) to store the filename of the shelve.</li> <li>All things considered, the code looks like a poor man object oriented interface implemented with a chain of elifs instead of methods. Of course, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> can do better than that, but let me start from a low-level approach first.</li> </ol> -<p>If you run <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve.py</tt> without arguments you get the following +<p>If you run <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve.py</span></tt> without arguments you get the following message:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ python ishelve.py no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands </pre> -<p>If you run <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve.py</tt> with the option <tt class="docutils literal">.h</tt> (or any abbreviation -of <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt>) you get:</p> +<p>If you run <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve.py</span></tt> with the option <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.h</span></tt> (or any abbreviation +of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.help</span></tt>) you get:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ python ishelve.py .h Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete @@ -1326,7 +1326,7 @@ following assumes knowledge of <a class="reference external" href="http://argpar <li>plac does not support the destination concept: the destination coincides with the name of the argument, always. This restriction has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a long -option called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--yield</span></tt>. In this case the destination would be <tt class="docutils literal">yield</tt>, +option called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--yield</span></tt>. In this case the destination would be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></tt>, which is a Python keyword, and since you cannot introduce an argument with that name in a function definition, it is impossible to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long @@ -1337,16 +1337,16 @@ form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid the use of required options whenever possible.</em> Notice that since <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> supports them, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> can manage them too, but not directly.</li> <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> supports only regular boolean flags. <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> has the ability to -define generalized two-value flags with values different from <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt> -and <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>. An earlier version of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> had this feature too, but +define generalized two-value flags with values different from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> +and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>. An earlier version of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> had this feature too, but since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case -the conversion from <tt class="docutils literal">{True, False}</tt> to any couple of values +the conversion from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{True,</span> <span class="pre">False}</span></tt> to any couple of values can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator -(<tt class="docutils literal">value1 if flag else value2</tt>), I have removed it (KISS rules!).</li> -<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support <tt class="docutils literal">nargs</tt> options directly (it uses them internally, +(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value1</span> <span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">flag</span> <span class="pre">else</span> <span class="pre">value2</span></tt>), I have removed it (KISS rules!).</li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nargs</span></tt> options directly (it uses them internally, though, to implement flag recognition). The reason it that all the use cases of interest to me are covered by <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> and did not feel the need -to increase the learning curve by adding direct support for <tt class="docutils literal">nargs</tt>.</li> +to increase the learning curve by adding direct support for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nargs</span></tt>.</li> <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does support subparsers, but you must read the <a class="reference external" href="in-writing">advanced usage document</a> to see how it works.</li> <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support actions directly. This also @@ -1357,14 +1357,14 @@ the <a class="reference external" href="in-writing">advanced usage document</a> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> can leverage directly on many <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> features.</p> <p>For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'==SUPPRESS=='</span></tt> as help string (or -<tt class="docutils literal">argparse.SUPPRESS</tt>). Similarly, you can use <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/other-utilities.html?highlight=filetype#FileType">argparse.FileType</a> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse.SUPPRESS</span></tt>). Similarly, you can use <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/other-utilities.html?highlight=filetype#FileType">argparse.FileType</a> directly.</p> <p>It is also possible to pass options to the underlying -<tt class="docutils literal">argparse.ArgumentParser</tt> object (currently it accepts the default -arguments <tt class="docutils literal">description</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">epilog</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">prog</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">usage</tt>, -<tt class="docutils literal">add_help</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">argument_default</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">parents</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">prefix_chars</tt>, -<tt class="docutils literal">fromfile_prefix_chars</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">conflict_handler</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">formatter_class</tt>). -It is enough to set such attributes on the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function. For +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse.ArgumentParser</span></tt> object (currently it accepts the default +arguments <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">description</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">epilog</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prog</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">usage</span></tt>, +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_help</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argument_default</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parents</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prefix_chars</span></tt>, +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fromfile_prefix_chars</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">conflict_handler</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">formatter_class</span></tt>). +It is enough to set such attributes on the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function. For instance</p> <pre class="literal-block"> def main(...): @@ -1377,22 +1377,22 @@ mechanism does not look particularly elegant, but it works well enough. I assume that the typical user of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> will be happy with the defaults and would not want to change them; still it is possible if she wants to.</p> -<p>For instance, by setting the <tt class="docutils literal">description</tt> attribute, it is possible +<p>For instance, by setting the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">description</span></tt> attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the usage message (by default the docstring of the -<tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function is used as description).</p> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function is used as description).</p> <p>It is also possible to change the option prefix; for instance if your script must run under Windows and you want to use "/" as option prefix you can add the line:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> main.prefix_chars='/-' </pre> -<p>The first prefix char (<tt class="docutils literal">/</tt>) is used +<p>The first prefix char (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></tt>) is used as the default for the recognition of options and flags; -the second prefix char (<tt class="docutils literal">-</tt>) is kept to keep the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-h/--help</span></tt> option +the second prefix char (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></tt>) is kept to keep the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-h/--help</span></tt> option working: however you can disable it and reimplement it, if you like, -as seen in the <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve</tt> example.</p> +as seen in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve</span></tt> example.</p> <p>It is possible to access directly the underlying <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/ArgumentParser.html">ArgumentParser</a> object, by -invoking the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.parser_from</tt> utility function:</p> +invoking the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.parser_from</span></tt> utility function:</p> <pre class="doctest-block"> >>> import plac >>> def main(arg): @@ -1401,17 +1401,17 @@ invoking the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.parser_from</tt> utility function >>> print(plac.parser_from(main)) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS ArgumentParser(prog=...) </pre> -<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> uses <tt class="docutils literal">plac.parser_from</tt> and adds the parser -to the main function as an attribute. When <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call(func)</tt> is +<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> uses <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.parser_from</span></tt> and adds the parser +to the main function as an attribute. When <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call(func)</span></tt> is invoked multiple time, the parser is re-used and not rebuilt from scratch again.</p> -<p>I use <tt class="docutils literal">plac.parser_from</tt> in the unit tests of the module, but regular +<p>I use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.parser_from</span></tt> in the unit tests of the module, but regular users should not need to use it, unless they want to access <em>all</em> of the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> directly without calling the main function.</p> <p>Interested readers should read the documentation of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> to understand the meaning of the other options. If there is a set of options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator -adding such options to the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function for you. For simplicity, -<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not perform any magic except the addition of the <tt class="docutils literal">.p</tt> +adding such options to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function for you. For simplicity, +<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not perform any magic except the addition of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.p</span></tt> attribute.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world"> @@ -1452,10 +1452,10 @@ quite advanced tool with a domain of applicability which far exceeds the realm of command-line arguments parsers.</p> <p>Version 0.5 of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> doubled the code base and the documentation: it is based on the idea of using <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> to implement command-line interpreters, -i.e. something akin to the <tt class="docutils literal">cmd</tt> module in the standard library, only better. +i.e. something akin to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd</span></tt> module in the standard library, only better. The new features of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> are described in the <a class="reference external" href="in-writing">advanced usage document</a> . -They are implemented in a separated module (<tt class="docutils literal">plac_ext.py</tt>), since -they require Python 2.5 to work, whereas <tt class="docutils literal">plac_core.py</tt> only requires +They are implemented in a separated module (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac_ext.py</span></tt>), since +they require Python 2.5 to work, whereas <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac_core.py</span></tt> only requires Python 2.3.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="trivia-the-story-behind-the-name"> @@ -1475,8 +1475,8 @@ of functions annotations in Python 3.</li> </ol> <p>Putting together these two observations with the original idea of inferring the parser I decided to build an <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/ArgumentParser.html">ArgumentParser</a> object from function -annotations. The <tt class="docutils literal">optionparser</tt> name was ruled out, since I was -now using <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>; a name like <tt class="docutils literal">argparse_plus</tt> was also ruled out, +annotations. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optionparser</span></tt> name was ruled out, since I was +now using <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>; a name like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse_plus</span></tt> was also ruled out, since the typical usage was completely different from the <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> usage.</p> <p>I made a research on PyPI and the name <em>clap</em> (Command Line Arguments Parser) was not taken, so I renamed everything to clap. After two days @@ -1504,7 +1504,7 @@ write domain specific languages (DSL). With <a class="reference external" href=" can test your application interactively as well as with batch scripts, and even with the analogous of Python doctests for your defined language.</p> -<p>You can easily replace the <tt class="docutils literal">cmd</tt> module of the standard library and +<p>You can easily replace the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd</span></tt> module of the standard library and you could easily write an application like <a class="reference external" href="http://twill.idyll.org/">twill</a> with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>. Or you could use it to script your building procedure. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> also supports parallel execution of multiple commands and can be used as @@ -1518,13 +1518,13 @@ you can do with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/ for interactive applications. In particular, if you have a script with a large startup time which must be run multiple times, it is best to turn it into an interactive application, -so that the startup is performed only once. <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> provides an -<tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> class just for this purpose.</p> -<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> class wraps the main function of a script and -provides an <tt class="docutils literal">.interact</tt> method to start an interactive interpreter +so that the startup is performed only once. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span></tt> provides an +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter</span></tt> class just for this purpose.</p> +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter</span></tt> class wraps the main function of a script and +provides an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.interact</span></tt> method to start an interactive interpreter reading commands from the console.</p> <p>For instance, you can define an interactive interpreter on top of the -<tt class="docutils literal">ishelve</tt> script introduced in the <a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">basic documentation</a> as +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve</span></tt> script introduced in the <a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">basic documentation</a> as follows:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> # shelve_interpreter.py @@ -1551,7 +1551,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': <p>A trick has been used here: the ishelve command-line interface has been hidden inside an external interface. They are distinct: for instance the external interface recognizes the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-h/--help</span></tt> flag whereas the -internal interface only recognizes the <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt> command:</p> +internal interface only recognizes the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.help</span></tt> command:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ python shelve_interpreter.py -h </pre> @@ -1602,17 +1602,17 @@ i> .show b=2 i> [CTRL-D] </pre> -<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">.interact</tt> method +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.interact</span></tt> method reads commands from the console and send them to the underlying interpreter, until the user send a CTRL-D command (CTRL-Z in Windows). There is a default -argument <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prompt='i></span> '</tt> which +argument <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prompt='i></span> <span class="pre">'</span></tt> which can be used to change the prompt. The text displayed at the beginning of the interactive session is the docstring of the main function. -<tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> also understands command abbreviations: in this example -<tt class="docutils literal">del</tt> is an abbreviation for <tt class="docutils literal">delete</tt>. In case of ambiguous -abbreviations <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> raises a <tt class="docutils literal">NameError</tt>.</p> -<p>Finally I must notice that the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> is available only if you +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span></tt> also understands command abbreviations: in this example +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span></tt> is an abbreviation for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete</span></tt>. In case of ambiguous +abbreviations <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> raises a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NameError</span></tt>.</p> +<p>Finally I must notice that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.Interpreter</span></tt> is available only if you are using a recent version of Python (>= 2.5), because it is a context manager object which uses extended generators internally.</p> </div> @@ -1621,7 +1621,7 @@ manager object which uses extended generators internally.</p> <p>You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode. However manual testing is a poor substitute for automatic testing.</p> <p>In principle, one could write automatic tests for the -<tt class="docutils literal">ishelve</tt> application by using <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> directly:</p> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve</span></tt> application by using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> directly:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> # test_ishelve.py import plac, ishelve @@ -1637,15 +1637,15 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': test() </pre> -<p>However, using <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> is not especially nice. The big -issue is that <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> responds to invalid input by printing an -error message on stderr and by raising a <tt class="docutils literal">SystemExit</tt>: this is +<p>However, using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> is not especially nice. The big +issue is that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> responds to invalid input by printing an +error message on stderr and by raising a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></tt>: this is certainly not a nice thing to do in a test.</p> <p>As a consequence of this behavior it is impossible to test for invalid -commands, unless you wrap the <tt class="docutils literal">SystemExit</tt> exception by +commands, unless you wrap the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></tt> exception by hand each time (a possibly you do something with the error message in -stderr too). Luckily, <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> offers a better testing support through -the <tt class="docutils literal">check</tt> method of <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> objects:</p> +stderr too). Luckily, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span></tt> offers a better testing support through +the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">check</span></tt> method of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter</span></tt> objects:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> # test_ishelve_more.py from __future__ import with_statement @@ -1660,36 +1660,36 @@ def test(): i.check('a', 'a: not found') </pre> -<p>The method <tt class="docutils literal">.check(given_input, expected_output)</tt> works on strings -and raises an <tt class="docutils literal">AssertionError</tt> if the output produced by the +<p>The method <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.check(given_input,</span> <span class="pre">expected_output)</span></tt> works on strings +and raises an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AssertionError</span></tt> if the output produced by the interpreter is different from the expected output for the given input. -Notice that <tt class="docutils literal">AssertionError</tt> is catched by tools like <tt class="docutils literal">py.test</tt> and -<tt class="docutils literal">nosetests</tt> and actually <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> tests are intended to be run with +Notice that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AssertionError</span></tt> is catched by tools like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">py.test</span></tt> and +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nosetests</span></tt> and actually <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span></tt> tests are intended to be run with such tools.</p> <p>Interpreters offer a minor syntactic advantage with respect to calling -<tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> directly, but they offer a <em>major</em> semantic advantage when things -go wrong (read exceptions): an <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> object internally invokes -something like <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt>, but it wraps all exceptions, so that <tt class="docutils literal">i.check</tt> -is guaranteed not to raise any exception except <tt class="docutils literal">AssertionError</tt>.</p> -<p>Even the <tt class="docutils literal">SystemExit</tt> exception is captured and you can write your test as</p> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> directly, but they offer a <em>major</em> semantic advantage when things +go wrong (read exceptions): an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter</span></tt> object internally invokes +something like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt>, but it wraps all exceptions, so that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">i.check</span></tt> +is guaranteed not to raise any exception except <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AssertionError</span></tt>.</p> +<p>Even the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></tt> exception is captured and you can write your test as</p> <blockquote> -<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">i.check('-cler',</span> 'SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: <span class="pre">-cler')</span></tt></blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">i.check('-cler',</span> <span class="pre">'SystemExit:</span> <span class="pre">unrecognized</span> <span class="pre">arguments:</span> <span class="pre">-cler')</span></tt></blockquote> <p>without risk of exiting from the Python interpreter.</p> <p>There is a second advantage of interpreters: if the main function contains some initialization code and finalization code -(<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> functions) they will be run only +(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt> functions) they will be run only once at the beginning and at the end of the interpreter loop. -<tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.</p> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="plac-easy-tests"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id36">Plac easy tests</a></h2> -<p>Writing your tests in terms of <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.check</tt> is certainly an -improvement over writing them in terms of <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt>, but they -are still too low-level for my taste. The <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> class provides +<p>Writing your tests in terms of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter.check</span></tt> is certainly an +improvement over writing them in terms of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt>, but they +are still too low-level for my taste. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter</span></tt> class provides support for doctest-style tests, a.k.a. <em>plac easy tests</em>.</p> <p>By using plac easy tests you can cut and paste your interactive session and turn it into a runnable automatics test. -Consider for instance the following file <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve.placet</tt> (the <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> +Consider for instance the following file <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve.placet</span></tt> (the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.placet</span></tt> extension is a mnemonic for plac easy tests):</p> <pre class="literal-block"> #!ishelve.py @@ -1709,45 +1709,45 @@ i> .cler # spelling error </pre> <p>Notice the precence of the shebang line containing the name of the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> tool to test (a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> tool is just a Python module with a -function called <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt>). The shebang is ignored by the interpreter +function called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt>). The shebang is ignored by the interpreter (it looks like a comment to it) but it is there so that external tools (say a test runner) can infer the plac interpreter to use to test the file.</p> -<p>You can test <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve.placet</tt> file by calling the -<tt class="docutils literal">.doctest</tt> method of the interpreter, as in this example:</p> +<p>You can test <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve.placet</span></tt> file by calling the +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.doctest</span></tt> method of the interpreter, as in this example:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ python -c"import plac, ishelve plac.Interpreter(ishelve.main).doctest(open('ishelve.placet'), verbose=True)" </pre> -<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.doctests</tt> invokes something like <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.check</tt> +<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter.doctests</span></tt> invokes something like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter.check</span></tt> multiple times inside the same context and compare the output with the expected output: if even a check fails, the whole test fail.</p> -<p>You should realize tha the easy tests supported by <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> are <em>not</em> +<p>You should realize tha the easy tests supported by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span></tt> are <em>not</em> unittests: they are functional tests. They model then user interaction and the order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a -<tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> file are not independent and it makes sense to exit +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.placet</span></tt> file are not independent and it makes sense to exit immediately at the first failure.</p> <p>The support for doctests in <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> comes nearly for free, thanks to the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a> module in the standard library, which is able to parse simple languages as the ones you can implement with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>. In particular, thanks to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to recognize comments (the default -comment character is <tt class="docutils literal">#</tt>), escape sequences and more. Look at the +comment character is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#</span></tt>), escape sequences and more. Look at the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a> documentation if you need to customize how the language is interpreted. For more flexibility, it is even possible to pass to the -interpreter a custom split function with signature <tt class="docutils literal">split(line, -commentchar)</tt>.</p> +interpreter a custom split function with signature <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">split(line,</span> +<span class="pre">commentchar)</span></tt>.</p> <p>In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number recognition, so that if a test fail you get the line number of the failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are stored in external files, even if plac easy tests does not need to be in -a file: you can just pass to the <tt class="docutils literal">.doctest</tt> method a list of +a file: you can just pass to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.doctest</span></tt> method a list of strings corresponding to the lines of the file.</p> <p>At the present <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not use any code from the doctest module, but the situation may change in the future (it would be nice if <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> could reuse doctests directives like ELLIPSIS).</p> -<p>It is straighforward to integrate your <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> tests with standard -testing tools. For instance, you can integrate your doctests with <tt class="docutils literal">nose</tt> -or <tt class="docutils literal">py.test</tt> as follow:</p> +<p>It is straighforward to integrate your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.placet</span></tt> tests with standard +testing tools. For instance, you can integrate your doctests with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nose</span></tt> +or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">py.test</span></tt> as follow:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> import os, shlex, plac @@ -1764,32 +1764,32 @@ def test_doct(): main = plac.import_main(*shlex.split(firstline)) yield plac.Interpreter(main).doctest, lines[1:] </pre> -<p>Here you should notice that usage of <tt class="docutils literal">plac.import_main</tt>, an utility +<p>Here you should notice that usage of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.import_main</span></tt>, an utility which is able to import the main function of the script specified in the shebang line. You can use both the full path name of the tool, or a relative path name. In this case the runner look at the -environment variable <tt class="docutils literal">PLACPATH</tt> and it searches -the plac tool in the directories specified there (<tt class="docutils literal">PLACPATH</tt> is just +environment variable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PLACPATH</span></tt> and it searches +the plac tool in the directories specified there (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PLACPATH</span></tt> is just a string containing directory names separated by colons). If the variable -<tt class="docutils literal">PLACPATH</tt> is not defined, it just looks in the current directory. -If the plac tool is not found, an <tt class="docutils literal">ImportError</tt> is raised.</p> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PLACPATH</span></tt> is not defined, it just looks in the current directory. +If the plac tool is not found, an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ImportError</span></tt> is raised.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="plac-batch-scripts"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id37">Plac batch scripts</a></h2> <p>It is pretty easy to realize that an interactive interpreter can also be used to run batch scripts: instead of reading the commands from the console, it is enough to read the commands from a file. -<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreters provide an <tt class="docutils literal">.execute</tt> method to perform just that.</p> +<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreters provide an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.execute</span></tt> method to perform just that.</p> <p>There is just a subtle point to notice: whereas in an interactive loop one wants to manage all exceptions, a batch script should not in the background in case of unexpected errors. The implementation of -<tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.execute</tt> makes sure that any error raised by -<tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> internally is re-raised. In other words, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter.execute</span></tt> makes sure that any error raised by +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> internally is re-raised. In other words, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreters <em>wrap the errors, but does not eat them</em>: the errors are always accessible and can be re-raised on demand.</p> <p>The exception is the case of invalid commands, which are skipped. Consider for instance the following batch file, which contains a -mispelled command (<tt class="docutils literal">.dl</tt> instead of <tt class="docutils literal">.del</tt>):</p> +mispelled command (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.dl</span></tt> instead of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.del</span></tt>):</p> <pre class="literal-block"> #!ishelve.py .clear @@ -1800,8 +1800,8 @@ a=1 b=2 .show </pre> -<p>If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will print a <tt class="docutils literal">.dl: not found</tt> -at the <tt class="docutils literal">.dl</tt> line and will continue:</p> +<p>If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will print a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.dl:</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">found</span></tt> +at the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.dl</span></tt> line and will continue:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ python -c "import plac, ishelve plac.Interpreter(ishelve.main).execute(open('ishelve.plac'), verbose=True)" @@ -1821,14 +1821,14 @@ i> .dl b i> .show b=2 </pre> -<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">verbose</tt> flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted -(prefixed by <tt class="docutils literal">i></tt>). This is done on purpose, so that you can cut and paste -the output of the batch script and turn it into a <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> test +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">verbose</span></tt> flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted +(prefixed by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">i></span></tt>). This is done on purpose, so that you can cut and paste +the output of the batch script and turn it into a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.placet</span></tt> test (cool, isn't it?).</p> </div> <div class="section" id="implementing-subcommands"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id38">Implementing subcommands</a></h2> -<p>When I discussed the <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve</tt> implementation in the <a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">basic +<p>When I discussed the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve</span></tt> implementation in the <a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">basic documentation</a>, I said that it looked like a poor man implementation of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> was able to do much better than that. Here I will substantiate my claim.</p> @@ -1836,10 +1836,10 @@ able to do much better than that. Here I will substantiate my claim.</p> generic container of commands. This is useful if you want to implement <em>subcommands</em> (a familiar example of a command-line application featuring subcommands is subversion).</p> -<p>Technically a container of commands is any object with a <tt class="docutils literal">.commands</tt> attribute +<p>Technically a container of commands is any object with a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.commands</span></tt> attribute listing a set of functions or methods which are valid commands. A command -container may have initialization/finalization hooks (<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__/__exit__</tt>) -and dispatch hooks (<tt class="docutils literal">__missing__</tt>, invoked for invalid command names). +container may have initialization/finalization hooks (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__/__exit__</span></tt>) +and dispatch hooks (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__missing__</span></tt>, invoked for invalid command names). Moreover, only when using command containers <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to provide automatic autocompletion of commands.</p> <p>The shelve interface can be rewritten in an object-oriented way as follows:</p> @@ -1888,24 +1888,24 @@ main = ShelveInterface # useful for the tests if __name__ == '__main__': plac.Interpreter.call(ShelveInterface) </pre> -<p><tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> objects wrap context manager objects +<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.Interpreter</span></tt> objects wrap context manager objects consistently. In other words, if you wrap an object with -<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> methods, they are invoked in the right -order (<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> before the interpreter loop starts and -<tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> after the interpreter loop ends, both in the regular and -in the exceptional case). In our example, the methods <tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> -and <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> make sure the the shelve is opened and closed +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt> methods, they are invoked in the right +order (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> before the interpreter loop starts and +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt> after the interpreter loop ends, both in the regular and +in the exceptional case). In our example, the methods <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> +and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt> make sure the the shelve is opened and closed correctly even in the case of exceptions. Notice that I have not -implemented any error checking in the <tt class="docutils literal">show</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">delete</tt> methods +implemented any error checking in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">show</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete</span></tt> methods on purpose, to verify that <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> works correctly in the presence of exceptions.</p> <p>When working with command containers, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> automatically adds two -special commands to the set of provided commands: <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt> -and <tt class="docutils literal">.last_tb</tt>. The <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt> command is the easier to understand: +special commands to the set of provided commands: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.help</span></tt> +and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.last_tb</span></tt>. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.help</span></tt> command is the easier to understand: when invoked without arguments it displays the list of available commands with the same formatting of the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a> module; when invoked with the name of a command it displays the usage message for that command. -The <tt class="docutils literal">.last_tb</tt> command is useful when debugging: in case of errors, +The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.last_tb</span></tt> command is useful when debugging: in case of errors, it allows you to display the traceback of the last executed command.</p> <p>Here is a session of usage on an Unix-like operating system:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> @@ -1952,23 +1952,23 @@ i> .last_tb i> </pre> <p>Notice that in interactive mode the traceback is hidden, unless -you pass the <tt class="docutils literal">verbose</tt> flag to the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.interact</tt> method.</p> +you pass the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">verbose</span></tt> flag to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter.interact</span></tt> method.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="plac-interpreter-call"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id39">plac.Interpreter.call</a></h2> -<p>At the core of <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> there is the <tt class="docutils literal">call</tt> function which invokes +<p>At the core of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span></tt> there is the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt> function which invokes a callable with the list of the arguments passed at the command-line -(<tt class="docutils literal">sys.argv[1:]</tt>). Thanks to <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> you can launch your module +(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv[1:]</span></tt>). Thanks to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> you can launch your module by simply adding the lines:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> if __name__ == '__main__': plac.call(main) </pre> -<p>Everything works fine if <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> is a simple callable performing some -action; however, in many cases, one has a <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> "function" which +<p>Everything works fine if <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> is a simple callable performing some +action; however, in many cases, one has a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> "function" which is a actually a factory returning a command container object. For instance, in my second shelve example the main function is the class -<tt class="docutils literal">ShelveInterface</tt>, and the two lines needed to run the module are +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ShelveInterface</span></tt>, and the two lines needed to run the module are a bit ugly:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> if __name__ == '__main__': @@ -1978,14 +1978,14 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': it is not possible to run it as a script. It would be nice instead to be able to specify the command to execute on the command-line and have the interpreter start, execute the command and finish -properly (I mean by calling <tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt>) +properly (I mean by calling <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt>) without needing user input. The the script could be called from a batch shell script working in the background. -In order to provide such functionality <tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> provides -a classmethod named <tt class="docutils literal">.call</tt> which takes the factory, instantiates +In order to provide such functionality <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.Interpreter</span></tt> provides +a classmethod named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.call</span></tt> which takes the factory, instantiates it with the arguments read from the command line, wraps the resulting container object as an interpreter and runs it with the rest arguments -found in the command line. Here is the code to turn the <tt class="docutils literal">ShelveInterface</tt> +found in the command line. Here is the code to turn the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ShelveInterface</span></tt> into a script</p> <pre class="literal-block"> # ishelve3.py @@ -2027,21 +2027,21 @@ i> </pre> <p>In a sense, I have closed the circle: at the beginning of this document I discussed how to turn a script into an interactive -application (the <tt class="docutils literal">shelve_interpreter.py</tt> example), whereas here I +application (the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shelve_interpreter.py</span></tt> example), whereas here I have show how to turn an interactive application into a script.</p> -<p>The complete signature of <tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter.call</tt> is the following:</p> +<p>The complete signature of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.Interpreter.call</span></tt> is the following:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> call(factory, arglist=sys.argv[1:], commentchar='#', split=shlex.split, stdin=sys.stdin, prompt='i> ', verbose=False) </pre> <p>The factory must have a fixed number of positional arguments (no -default arguments, no varargs, no kwargs), otherwise a <tt class="docutils literal">TypeError</tt> +default arguments, no varargs, no kwargs), otherwise a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt> is raised: the reason is that we want to be able to distinguish the command-line arguments needed to instantiate the factory from the rest arguments that must be sent to the corresponding interpreter object. It is also possible to specify a list of arguments different from -<tt class="docutils literal">sys.argv[1:]</tt> (useful in tests), the character to be recognized as +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv[1:]</span></tt> (useful in tests), the character to be recognized as a comment, the splitting function, the input source and the prompt to use while in interactive mode, and a verbose flag.</p> </div> @@ -2052,8 +2052,8 @@ means that if your Python was compiled with readline support you get autocompletion and persistent command history for free. By default all commands are autocomplete in a case sensitive way. If you want to add new words to the autocompletion set, or you want to change the -location of the <tt class="docutils literal">.history</tt> file, or to change the case sensitivity, -the way to go is to pass a <tt class="docutils literal">plac.ReadlineInput</tt> object to the +location of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.history</span></tt> file, or to change the case sensitivity, +the way to go is to pass a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.ReadlineInput</span></tt> object to the interpreter. Here is an example, assuming you want to build a database interface understanding SQL commands:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> @@ -2093,9 +2093,9 @@ $ python sql_interface.py <some dsn> sql> SELECT a.* FROM TABLE1 AS a INNER JOIN TABLE2 AS b ON a.id = b.id ... </pre> -<p>You can check that entering just <tt class="docutils literal">sel</tt> and pressing TAB the readline library -completes the <tt class="docutils literal">SELECT</tt> keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for -<tt class="docutils literal">FROM</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">INNER</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">JOIN</tt> and even for the names of the tables. An +<p>You can check that entering just <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sel</span></tt> and pressing TAB the readline library +completes the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></tt> keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FROM</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INNER</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">JOIN</span></tt> and even for the names of the tables. An obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting the database: actually you can even read the names of the views and of the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the entered commands @@ -2111,9 +2111,9 @@ readline library only if available, it does not include it and it does not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> licence does not need to be the GPL (actually it is a BSD do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence).</p> -<p>The interactive mode of <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> can be used as a replacement of the +<p>The interactive mode of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span></tt> can be used as a replacement of the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a> module in the standard library. It is actually better than <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a>: -for instance, the <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt> command is more powerful, since it +for instance, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.help</span></tt> command is more powerful, since it provides information about the arguments accepted by the given command:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> i> .help set @@ -2147,7 +2147,7 @@ options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments, arguments with defaults, arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the features provided of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> which should be reimplemented from scratch using <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>.</p> -<p>Moreover at the moment <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> also understands command abbreviations. +<p>Moreover at the moment <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span></tt> also understands command abbreviations. However, this feature may disappear in future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> did not support readline.</p> @@ -2159,15 +2159,15 @@ NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show'] </div> <div class="section" id="the-plac-runner"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id41">The plac runner</a></h2> -<p>The distribution of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> includes a runner script named <tt class="docutils literal">plac_runner.py</tt>, +<p>The distribution of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> includes a runner script named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac_runner.py</span></tt>, which will be installed in a suitable directory in your system by <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/distutils/">distutils</a> -(say in <tt class="docutils literal">\usr\local\bin\plac_runner.py</tt> in a Unix-like operative system). -The runner provides many facilities to run <tt class="docutils literal">.plac</tt> scripts and -<tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> files, as well as Python modules containg a <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> +(say in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\usr\local\bin\plac_runner.py</span></tt> in a Unix-like operative system). +The runner provides many facilities to run <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.plac</span></tt> scripts and +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.placet</span></tt> files, as well as Python modules containg a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> object, which can be a function, a command container object or even a command container class.</p> <p>For instance, suppose you want to execute a script containing commands -defined in the <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve2</tt> module like the following one:</p> +defined in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve2</span></tt> module like the following one:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> #!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -c ~/conf.shelve set a 1 @@ -2175,11 +2175,11 @@ del a del a # intentional error </pre> -<p>The first line of the <tt class="docutils literal">.plac</tt> script contains the name of the +<p>The first line of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.plac</span></tt> script contains the name of the python module containing the plac interpreter and the arguments which must be passed to its main function in order to be able to instantiate an interpreter object. In this case I appended -<tt class="docutils literal">:ShelveInterface</tt> to the name of the module to specify the +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">:ShelveInterface</span></tt> to the name of the module to specify the object that must be imported: if not specified, by default the object named 'main' is imported. The other lines contains commands. @@ -2197,9 +2197,9 @@ plac runner does not eat the traceback.</p> <p>The runner can also be used to run Python modules in interactive mode and non-interactive mode. If you put this alias in your bashrc</p> <blockquote> -<tt class="docutils literal">alias <span class="pre">plac="plac_runner.py"</span></tt></blockquote> -<p>(or you define a suitable <tt class="docutils literal">plac.bat</tt> script in Windows) you can -run the <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve2.py</tt> script in interactive mode as +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">alias</span> <span class="pre">plac="plac_runner.py"</span></tt></blockquote> +<p>(or you define a suitable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.bat</span></tt> script in Windows) you can +run the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ishelve2.py</span></tt> script in interactive mode as follows:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ plac -i ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface @@ -2217,7 +2217,7 @@ i> show b b = 2 </pre> <p>Now you can cut and paste the interactive session an turns into into -a <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> file like the following:</p> +a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.placet</span></tt> file like the following:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> #!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -configfile=~/test.shelve i> del @@ -2231,7 +2231,7 @@ a = 1 </pre> <p>Notice that the first line specifies a test database -<tt class="docutils literal">~/test.shelve</tt>, to avoid clobbering your default shelve. If you +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/test.shelve</span></tt>, to avoid clobbering your default shelve. If you mispell the arguments in the first line plac will give you an <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> error message (just try).</p> <p>You can run placets following the shebang convention directly with @@ -2246,17 +2246,17 @@ extension your like, but <em>it relies on the first line of the file to invoke the corresponding plac tool with the given arguments</em>.</p> <p>The plac runner does not provide any test discovery facility, but you can use standard Unix tools to help. For instance, you can -run all the <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> files into a directory and its subdirectories +run all the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.placet</span></tt> files into a directory and its subdirectories as follows:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ find . -name \*.placet | xargs plac_runner.py -t </pre> <p>The plac runner expects the main function of your script to -return a plac tool, i.e. a function or an object with a <tt class="docutils literal">.commands</tt> +return a plac tool, i.e. a function or an object with a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.commands</span></tt> attribute. It this is not the case the runner gracefully exits.</p> <p>It also works in non-interactive mode, if you call it as</p> <blockquote> -<tt class="docutils literal">$ plac module.py args ...</tt></blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$</span> <span class="pre">plac</span> <span class="pre">module.py</span> <span class="pre">args</span> <span class="pre">...</span></tt></blockquote> <p>Here is an example:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ plac ishelve.py a=1 @@ -2264,15 +2264,15 @@ setting a=1 $ plac ishelve.py .show a=1 </pre> -<p>Notice that in non-interactive mode the runner just invokes <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> -on the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> object of the Python module.</p> +<p>Notice that in non-interactive mode the runner just invokes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt> +on the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> object of the Python module.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="a-non-class-based-example"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id42">A non class-based example</a></h2> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not force you to use classes to define command containers. Even a simple function can be a valid command container, it is -enough to add to it a <tt class="docutils literal">.commands</tt> attribute and possibly -<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> and/or <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> attributes.</p> +enough to add to it a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.commands</span></tt> attribute and possibly +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> and/or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt> attributes.</p> <p>In particular, a Python module is a perfect container of commands. As an example, consider the following module implementing a fake Version Control System:</p> @@ -2309,13 +2309,13 @@ def __exit__(etype, exc, tb): main = __import__(__name__) # the module imports itself! </pre> -<p>Notice that I have defined both an <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> hook and a <tt class="docutils literal">__missing__</tt> +<p>Notice that I have defined both an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt> hook and a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__missing__</span></tt> hook, invoked for non-existing commands. -The real trick here is the line <tt class="docutils literal">main = __import__(__name__)</tt>, which -define <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> to be an alias for the current module.</p> -<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">vcs</tt> module does not contain an <tt class="docutils literal">if __name__ == '__main__'</tt> +The real trick here is the line <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">__import__(__name__)</span></tt>, which +define <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> to be an alias for the current module.</p> +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">vcs</span></tt> module does not contain an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">__name__</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">'__main__'</span></tt> block, but you can still run it through the plac runner -(try <tt class="docutils literal">plac vcs.py <span class="pre">-h</span></tt>):</p> +(try <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span> <span class="pre">vcs.py</span> <span class="pre">-h</span></tt>):</p> <pre class="literal-block"> usage: plac_runner.py vcs.py [-h] {status,commit,checkout} ... @@ -2373,8 +2373,8 @@ Command 'sto' does not exist i> [CTRL-D] ok </pre> -<p>Notice the invocation of the <tt class="docutils literal">__missing__</tt> hook for non-existing commands. -Notice also that the <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> hook gets called only in interactive +<p>Notice the invocation of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__missing__</span></tt> hook for non-existing commands. +Notice also that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt> hook gets called only in interactive mode.</p> <p>If the commands are completely independent, a module is a good fit for a method container. In other situations, it is best to use a custom @@ -2386,21 +2386,21 @@ class.</p> small (around 50 lines of code) so that you can study it and write your own runner if want to. If you need to go to such level of detail, you should know that the most important method of -the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> class is the <tt class="docutils literal">.send</tt> method, which takes +the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter</span></tt> class is the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.send</span></tt> method, which takes strings in input and returns a four-tuple with attributes -<tt class="docutils literal">.str</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">.etype</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">.exc</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">.tb</tt>:</p> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.str</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.etype</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.exc</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.tb</span></tt>:</p> <ul class="simple"> -<li><tt class="docutils literal">.str</tt> is the output of the command, if successful (a string);</li> -<li><tt class="docutils literal">.etype</tt> is the class of the exception, if the command fail;</li> -<li><tt class="docutils literal">.exc</tt> is the exception instance;</li> -<li><tt class="docutils literal">.tb</tt> is the traceback.</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.str</span></tt> is the output of the command, if successful (a string);</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.etype</span></tt> is the class of the exception, if the command fail;</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.exc</span></tt> is the exception instance;</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.tb</span></tt> is the traceback.</li> </ul> -<p>Moreover the <tt class="docutils literal">__str__</tt> representation of the output object is redefined +<p>Moreover the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt> representation of the output object is redefined to return the output string if the command was successful or the error message if the command failed (actually it returns the error message preceded by the name of the exception class).</p> <p>For instance, if you send a mispelled option to -the interpreter a <tt class="docutils literal">SystemExit</tt> will be trapped:</p> +the interpreter a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></tt> will be trapped:</p> <pre class="doctest-block"> >>> import plac >>> from ishelve import ishelve @@ -2409,8 +2409,8 @@ the interpreter a <tt class="docutils literal">SystemExit</tt> will be trapped:< ... SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: .cler </pre> -<p>It is important to invoke the <tt class="docutils literal">.send</tt> method inside the context manager, -otherwise you will get a <tt class="docutils literal">RuntimeError</tt>.</p> +<p>It is important to invoke the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.send</span></tt> method inside the context manager, +otherwise you will get a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></tt>.</p> <p>For instance, suppose you want to implement a graphical runner for a plac-based interpreter with two text widgets: one to enter the commands and one to display the results. Suppose you want to display the errors @@ -2444,7 +2444,7 @@ paragraph <em>Managing the output of concurrent commands</em> (using Tkinter for simplicity and portability).</p> <p>There is a final <em>caveat</em>: since the plac interpreter loop is implemented via extended generators, plac interpreters are single threaded: you -will get an error if you <tt class="docutils literal">.send</tt> commands from separated threads. +will get an error if you <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.send</span></tt> commands from separated threads. You can circumvent the problem by using a queue. If EXIT is a sentinel value to signal exiting from the interpreter look, you can write code like this:</p> @@ -2487,10 +2487,10 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': plac.Interpreter.call(FakeImporter) </pre> -<p>If you run the <tt class="docutils literal">import_file</tt> command, you will have to wait for 200 seconds +<p>If you run the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import_file</span></tt> command, you will have to wait for 200 seconds before entering a new command:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> -$ python importer1.py dsn +$ python importer1.py dsn -i A fake importer with an import_file command i> import_file file1 ... <wait 3+ minutes> @@ -2512,18 +2512,18 @@ and processes.</p> necessarily the best way) is to run it into a separated thread. In our example it is sufficient to replace the line</p> <blockquote> -<tt class="docutils literal">commands = ['import_file']</tt></blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">commands</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">['import_file']</span></tt></blockquote> <p>with</p> <blockquote> -<tt class="docutils literal">thcommands = ['import_file']</tt></blockquote> -<p>to tell to the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreter that the command <tt class="docutils literal">import_file</tt> should be +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">thcommands</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">['import_file']</span></tt></blockquote> +<p>to tell to the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreter that the command <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import_file</span></tt> should be run into a separated thread. Here is an example session:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> i> import_file file1 <ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING> </pre> <p>The import task started in a separated thread. You can see the -progress of the task by using the special command <tt class="docutils literal">.output</tt>:</p> +progress of the task by using the special command <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.output</span></tt>:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> i> .output 1 <ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING> @@ -2544,7 +2544,13 @@ Imported 400 lines i> .output 1 <ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] FINISHED> </pre> -<p>You can even skip the number argument: then <tt class="docutils literal">.output</tt> will the return +<p>It is possible to store the output of a task into a file, to be read +later (this is useful for tasks with a large output):</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> .output 1 /tmp/out.txt +saved output of 1 into /tmp/out.txt +</pre> +<p>You can even skip the number argument: then <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.output</span></tt> will the return the output of the last launched command (the special commands like .output do not count).</p> <p>You can launch many tasks one after the other:</p> @@ -2554,7 +2560,7 @@ i> import_file file2 i> import_file file3 <ThreadedTask 6 [import_file file3] RUNNING> </pre> -<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">.list</tt> command displays all the running tasks:</p> +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.list</span></tt> command displays all the running tasks:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> i> .list <ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] RUNNING> @@ -2570,11 +2576,11 @@ i> .output 5 <ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] KILLED> </pre> <p>You should notice that since at the Python level it is impossible to kill -a thread, the <tt class="docutils literal">.kill</tt> commands works by setting the status of the task to -<tt class="docutils literal">TOBEKILLED</tt>. Internally the generator corresponding to the command +a thread, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.kill</span></tt> commands works by setting the status of the task to +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOBEKILLED</span></tt>. Internally the generator corresponding to the command is executed in the thread and the status is checked at each iteration: -when the status become <tt class="docutils literal">TOBEKILLED</tt> a <tt class="docutils literal">GeneratorExit</tt> exception is -raised and the thread terminates (softly, so that the <tt class="docutils literal">finally</tt> clause +when the status become <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOBEKILLED</span></tt> a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GeneratorExit</span></tt> exception is +raised and the thread terminates (softly, so that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">finally</span></tt> clause is honored). In our example the generator is yielding back control once every 100 iterations, i.e. every two seconds (not much). In order to get a responsive interface it is a good idea to yield more @@ -2616,10 +2622,10 @@ the current implementation only works in Unix-like operating systems module.</p> <p>In our example, to enable the feature it is sufficient to replace the line</p> <blockquote> -<tt class="docutils literal">thcommands = ['import_file']</tt></blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">thcommands</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">['import_file']</span></tt></blockquote> <p>with</p> <blockquote> -<tt class="docutils literal">mpcommands = ['import_file']</tt>.</blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mpcommands</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">['import_file']</span></tt>.</blockquote> <p>The user experience is exactly the same as with threads and you will not see any difference at the user interface level:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> @@ -2641,9 +2647,9 @@ process, because traceback objects are not pickleable. Moreover, you cannot rely on automatic sharing of your objects.</p> <p>On the plus side, when using processes you do not need to worry about killing a command: they are killed immediately using a SIGTERM signal, -and there is not a <tt class="docutils literal">TOBEKILLED</tt> mechanism. Moreover, the killing is +and there is not a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOBEKILLED</span></tt> mechanism. Moreover, the killing is guaranteed to be soft: internally a command receiving a SIGTERM raises -a <tt class="docutils literal">TerminatedProcess</tt> exception which is trapped in the generator +a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TerminatedProcess</span></tt> exception which is trapped in the generator loop, so that the command is closed properly.</p> <p>Using processes allows to take full advantage of multicore machines and it is safer than using threads, so it is the recommended approach @@ -2653,16 +2659,16 @@ unless you are working on Windows.</p> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id47">Managing the output of concurrent commands</a></h2> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> acts as a command-line task launcher and can be used as the base to build a GUI-based task launcher and task monitor. To this aim the -interpreter class provides a <tt class="docutils literal">.submit</tt> method which returns a task -object and a <tt class="docutils literal">.tasks</tt> method returning the list of all the tasks -submitted to the interpreter. The <tt class="docutils literal">submit</tt> method does not start the task +interpreter class provides a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.submit</span></tt> method which returns a task +object and a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.tasks</span></tt> method returning the list of all the tasks +submitted to the interpreter. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">submit</span></tt> method does not start the task and thus it is nonblocking. -Each task has an <tt class="docutils literal">.outlist</tt> attribute which is a list +Each task has an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.outlist</span></tt> attribute which is a list storing the value yielded by the generator underlying the task (the -<tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> values are skipped though): the <tt class="docutils literal">.outlist</tt> grows as the -task runs and more values are yielded. Accessing the <tt class="docutils literal">.outlist</tt> is +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> values are skipped though): the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.outlist</span></tt> grows as the +task runs and more values are yielded. Accessing the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.outlist</span></tt> is nonblocking and can be done freely. -Finally there is a <tt class="docutils literal">.result</tt> +Finally there is a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.result</span></tt> property which waits for the task to finish and returns the last yielded value or raises an exception.</p> <p>Here is some example code to visualize the output of the FakeImporter @@ -2711,13 +2717,13 @@ World" of parallel computing, i.e. the computation of pi with independent processes. There is a huge number of algorithms to compute pi; here I will describe a trivial one chosen for simplicity, not per efficienty. The trick is to consider the first quadrant of a -circle with radius 1 and to extract a number of points <tt class="docutils literal">(x, y)</tt> with -<tt class="docutils literal">x</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">y</tt> random variables in the interval <tt class="docutils literal">[0,1]</tt>. The +circle with radius 1 and to extract a number of points <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></tt> with +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">y</span></tt> random variables in the interval <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[0,1]</span></tt>. The probability of extracting a number inside the quadrant (i.e. with -<tt class="docutils literal">x^2 + y^2 < 1</tt>) is proportional to the area of the quadrant -(i.e. <tt class="docutils literal">pi/4</tt>). The value of <tt class="docutils literal">pi</tt> therefore can be extracted by +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x^2</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">y^2</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">1</span></tt>) is proportional to the area of the quadrant +(i.e. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pi/4</span></tt>). The value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pi</span></tt> therefore can be extracted by multiplying by 4 the ratio between the number of points in the -quadrant versus the total number of points <tt class="docutils literal">N</tt>, for <tt class="docutils literal">N</tt> large:</p> +quadrant versus the total number of points <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">N</span></tt>, for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">N</span></tt> large:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> def calc_pi(N): inside = 0 @@ -2735,7 +2741,7 @@ expect a threaded computation to be even slower than a sequential computation, due to the GIL and the scheduling overhead.</p> <p>Here is a script implementing the algorithm and working in three different modes (parallel mode, threaded mode and sequential mode) depending on a -<tt class="docutils literal">mode</tt> option:</p> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mode</span></tt> option:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> from __future__ import with_statement from random import random @@ -2802,12 +2808,12 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': pc.close() </pre> -<p>Notice the <tt class="docutils literal">submit_tasks</tt> method, which instantiates and initializes a -<tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> object and submits a number of commands corresponding -to the number of available CPUs. The <tt class="docutils literal">calc_pi</tt> command yield a log +<p>Notice the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">submit_tasks</span></tt> method, which instantiates and initializes a +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.Interpreter</span></tt> object and submits a number of commands corresponding +to the number of available CPUs. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">calc_pi</span></tt> command yield a log message every million of interactions, just to monitor the progress of -the computation. The <tt class="docutils literal">run</tt> method starts all the submitted commands -in parallel and sums the results. It returns the average value of <tt class="docutils literal">pi</tt> +the computation. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run</span></tt> method starts all the submitted commands +in parallel and sums the results. It returns the average value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pi</span></tt> after the slowest CPU has finished its job (if the CPUs are equal and equally busy they should finish more or less at the same time).</p> <p>Here are the results on my old Macbook with Ubuntu 10.04 and Python 2.6, @@ -2824,11 +2830,11 @@ $ python picalculator.py -mS 10000000 # sequential mode is some 20% slower than the sequential mode.</p> <p>Since the pattern submit a bunch of tasks, starts them and collect the results is so common, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> provides an utility function -<tt class="docutils literal">runp(genseq, <span class="pre">mode='p',</span> start=True)</tt> to start +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runp(genseq,</span> <span class="pre">mode='p',</span> <span class="pre">start=True)</span></tt> to start a bunch a generators and return a list of task objects. By default -<tt class="docutils literal">runp</tt> use processes, but you can use threads by passing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mode='t'</span></tt>. -If you do not wont to start the tasks, you can say so (<tt class="docutils literal">start=False</tt>). -With <tt class="docutils literal">runp</tt> the parallel pi calculation becomes a one-liner:</p> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runp</span></tt> use processes, but you can use threads by passing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mode='t'</span></tt>. +If you do not wont to start the tasks, you can say so (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start=False</span></tt>). +With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runp</span></tt> the parallel pi calculation becomes a one-liner:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> sum(task.result for task in plac.runp(calc_pi(N) for i in range(ncpus)))/ncpus </pre> @@ -2841,10 +2847,10 @@ a builtin server which is able to accept commands from multiple clients and to execute them. The server works by instantiating a separate interpreter for each client, so that if a client interpreter dies for any reason the other interpreters keep working. -To avoid external dependencies the server is based on the <tt class="docutils literal">asynchat</tt> +To avoid external dependencies the server is based on the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></tt> module in the standard library, but it would not be difficult to replace the server with a different one (for instance, a Twisted server). -Since <tt class="docutils literal">asynchat</tt>-based servers are asynchronous, any blocking command +Since <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></tt>-based servers are asynchronous, any blocking command in the interpreter should be run in a separated process or thread. The default port for the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> server is 2199, and the command to signal end-of-connection is EOF. @@ -2862,7 +2868,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': plac.call(main) </pre> -<p>You can connect to the server with <tt class="docutils literal">telnet</tt> on port 2199, as follows:</p> +<p>You can connect to the server with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">telnet</span></tt> on port 2199, as follows:</p> <pre class="literal-block"> $ telnet localhost 2199 Trying ::1... @@ -2886,30 +2892,30 @@ in the world. Having read this document you may think that it is not so easy after all. But it is a false impression. Actually the rules are quite simple:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> -<li>if you want to implement a command-line script, use <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt>;</li> -<li>if you want to implement a command interpreter, use <tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt>:<ul> -<li>for an interactive interpreter, call the <tt class="docutils literal">.interact</tt> method;</li> -<li>for an batch interpreter, call the <tt class="docutils literal">.execute</tt> method;</li> +<li>if you want to implement a command-line script, use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.call</span></tt>;</li> +<li>if you want to implement a command interpreter, use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.Interpreter</span></tt>:<ul> +<li>for an interactive interpreter, call the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.interact</span></tt> method;</li> +<li>for an batch interpreter, call the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.execute</span></tt> method;</li> </ul> </li> -<li>for testing call the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.check</tt> method in the appropriate context -or use the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.doctest</tt> feature;</li> +<li>for testing call the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter.check</span></tt> method in the appropriate context +or use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter.doctest</span></tt> feature;</li> <li>if you need to go at a lower level, you may need to call the -<tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.send</tt> method which returns a (finished) <tt class="docutils literal">Task</tt> object.</li> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Interpreter.send</span></tt> method which returns a (finished) <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Task</span></tt> object.</li> <li>long running command can be executed in the background as threads or -processes: just declare them in the lists <tt class="docutils literal">thcommands</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">mpcommands</tt> +processes: just declare them in the lists <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">thcommands</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mpcommands</span></tt> respectively.</li> -<li>the <tt class="docutils literal">.start_server</tt> method starts an asynchronous server on the +<li>the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.start_server</span></tt> method starts an asynchronous server on the given port number (default 2199)</li> </ol> -<p>Moreover, remember that <tt class="docutils literal">plac_runner.py</tt> is your friend.</p> +<p>Moreover, remember that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac_runner.py</span></tt> is your friend.</p> </div> <hr class="docutils" /> <div class="section" id="appendix-custom-annotation-objects"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id51">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></h2> -<p>Internally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses an <tt class="docutils literal">Annotation</tt> class to convert the tuples +<p>Internally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Annotation</span></tt> class to convert the tuples in the function signature into annotation objects, i.e. objects with -six attributes <tt class="docutils literal">help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar</tt>.</p> +six attributes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help,</span> <span class="pre">kind,</span> <span class="pre">short,</span> <span class="pre">type,</span> <span class="pre">choices,</span> <span class="pre">metavar</span></tt>.</p> <p>Advanced users can implement their own annotation objects. 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1 0 0 1 0 597 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5787,13 +5787,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 579 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5801,13 +5801,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 561 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5815,13 +5815,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (5) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (5) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 543 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5829,13 +5829,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (7) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (7) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 525 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5843,13 +5843,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 507 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5857,13 +5857,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 489 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5871,13 +5871,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (10) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (10) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 471 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5885,13 +5885,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (12) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (12) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 453 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5899,13 +5899,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (13) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (13) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 435 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5913,13 +5913,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (14) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (14) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 417 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5927,13 +5927,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (16) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (16) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 399 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs the rest of the world) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs the rest of the world) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5941,13 +5941,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 381 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The future) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The future) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5955,13 +5955,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 363 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Trivia: the story behind the name) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Trivia: the story behind the name) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5969,13 +5969,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 345 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Advanced usages of plac) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Advanced usages of plac) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5983,13 +5983,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 327 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Introduction) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Introduction) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -5997,13 +5997,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 309 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (From scripts to interactive applications) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (From scripts to interactive applications) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6011,13 +6011,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 291 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Testing a plac application) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Testing a plac application) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6025,13 +6025,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (21) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (21) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 273 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac easy tests) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac easy tests) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6039,13 +6039,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (22) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (22) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 255 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac batch scripts) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac batch scripts) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6053,13 +6053,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (23) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (23) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 237 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6067,13 +6067,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (24) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (24) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 219 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac.Interpreter.call) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac.Interpreter.call) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6081,13 +6081,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (26) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (26) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 201 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Readline support) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Readline support) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6095,13 +6095,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (28) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (28) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 183 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6109,13 +6109,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (29) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (29) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 165 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6123,13 +6123,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (31) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (31) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 147 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Writing your own plac runner) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Writing your own plac runner) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6137,13 +6137,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (33) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (33) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 129 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Long running commands) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Long running commands) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6151,13 +6151,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (34) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (34) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 111 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Threaded commands) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Threaded commands) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6165,13 +6165,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (35) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (35) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 93 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Running commands as external processes) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Running commands as external processes) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6179,13 +6179,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (37) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (37) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 75 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Managing the output of concurrent commands) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Managing the output of concurrent commands) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6193,13 +6193,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (38) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (38) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 57 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Parallel computing with plac) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Parallel computing with plac) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6207,13 +6207,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (39) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (39) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 39 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac server) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac server) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6221,13 +6221,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (41) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (41) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 21 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Summary) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Summary) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6235,13 +6235,13 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (41) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (41) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 0 3 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Appendix: custom annotation objects) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Appendix: custom annotation objects) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6249,7 +6249,7 @@ q q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (42) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (42) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -6259,58 +6259,59 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (2) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (2) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
Q
Q
endstream
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% 'R339': class PDFStream
339 0 obj
% page stream
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stream
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q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 681.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.50936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is no want of command line arguments parsers in the Python world. The standard library alone) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.087126 Tw (contains three different modules: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from the stone age\), ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.3\) and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw .223735 Tw 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.7\). All of them are quite powerful and especially ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is an industrial strength solution;) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.40311 Tw (unfortunately, all of them feature a non-zero learning curve and a certain verbosity. They do not scale) Tj T* 0 Tw (down well, at least in my opinion.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.50936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is no want of command line arguments parsers in the Python world. The standard library alone) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.087126 Tw (contains three different modules: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from the stone age\), ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.3\) and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw .223735 Tw 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.7\). All of them are quite powerful and especially ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is an industrial strength solution;) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.40311 Tw (unfortunately, all of them feature a non-zero learning curve and a certain verbosity. They do not scale) Tj T* 0 Tw (down well, at least in my opinion.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 603.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 2.20186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should not be necessary to stress the importance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (scaling down) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; nevertheless, a lot of people are) Tj T* 0 Tw .968555 Tw (obsessed with features and concerned with the possibility of scaling up, forgetting the equally important) Tj T* 0 Tw .048221 Tw (issue of scaling down. This is an old meme in the computing world: programs should address the common) Tj T* 0 Tw .36311 Tw (cases simply and simple things should be kept simple, while at the same keeping difficult things possible.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09332 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (adhere as much as possible to this philosophy and it is designed to handle well the simple cases,) Tj T* 0 Tw (while retaining the ability to handle complex cases by relying on the underlying power of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.20186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should not be necessary to stress the importance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (scaling down) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; nevertheless, a lot of people are) Tj T* 0 Tw .968555 Tw (obsessed with features and concerned with the possibility of scaling up, forgetting the equally important) Tj T* 0 Tw .048221 Tw (issue of scaling down. This is an old meme in the computing world: programs should address the common) Tj T* 0 Tw .36311 Tw (cases simply and simple things should be kept simple, while at the same keeping difficult things possible.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09332 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (adhere as much as possible to this philosophy and it is designed to handle well the simple cases,) Tj T* 0 Tw (while retaining the ability to handle complex cases by relying on the underlying power of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.488221 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is just a simple wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which hides most of its complexity by using a) Tj T* 0 Tw .203318 Tw (declarative interface: the argument parser is inferred rather than written down by imperatively. Still, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is) Tj T* 0 Tw .125984 Tw (surprisingly scalable upwards, even without using the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. I have been using Python for 8) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.618876 Tw (years and in my experience it is extremely unlikely that you will ever need to go beyond the features) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.776457 Tw (provided by the declarative interface of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: they should be more than enough for 99.9% of the use) Tj T* 0 Tw (cases.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.488221 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is just a simple wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which hides most of its complexity by using a) Tj T* 0 Tw .203318 Tw (declarative interface: the argument parser is inferred rather than written down by imperatively. Still, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is) Tj T* 0 Tw .125984 Tw (surprisingly scalable upwards, even without using the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. I have been using Python for 8) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.618876 Tw (years and in my experience it is extremely unlikely that you will ever need to go beyond the features) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.776457 Tw (provided by the declarative interface of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: they should be more than enough for 99.9% of the use) Tj T* 0 Tw (cases.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 423.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 1.540888 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is targetting especially unsophisticated users, programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in general) Tj T* 0 Tw .81284 Tw (people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing the command line interface because it is the) Tj T* 0 Tw .471751 Tw (quick and simple. Such users are not interested in features, they are interested in a small learning curve:) Tj T* 0 Tw .984988 Tw (they just want to be able to write a simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to build a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.127318 Tw (command-line parser by hand. Unfortunately, the modules in the standard library forces them to go the) Tj T* 0 Tw .014104 Tw (hard way. They are designed to implement power user tools and they have a non-trivial learning curve. On) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.584104 Tw (the contrary, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is designed to be simple to use and extremely concise, as the examples below will) Tj T* 0 Tw (show.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm 1.540888 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is targetting especially unsophisticated users, programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in general) Tj T* 0 Tw .81284 Tw (people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing the command line interface because it is the) Tj T* 0 Tw .471751 Tw (quick and simple. Such users are not interested in features, they are interested in a small learning curve:) Tj T* 0 Tw .984988 Tw (they just want to be able to write a simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to build a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.127318 Tw (command-line parser by hand. Unfortunately, the modules in the standard library forces them to go the) Tj T* 0 Tw .014104 Tw (hard way. They are designed to implement power user tools and they have a non-trivial learning curve. On) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.584104 Tw (the contrary, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is designed to be simple to use and extremely concise, as the examples below will) Tj T* 0 Tw (show.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 393.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 327.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .352209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.053984 Tw (it. It cannot get simpler than that, unless you consider a script without command-line arguments, where) Tj T* 0 Tw .735488 Tw (there is nothing to parse. Still, it is a use case ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (extremely common) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: I need to write scripts like that nearly) Tj T* 0 Tw .486655 Tw (every day, I wrote hundreds of them in the last few years and I have never been happy. Here is a typical) Tj T* 0 Tw (example of code I have been writing by hand for years:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .352209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.053984 Tw (it. It cannot get simpler than that, unless you consider a script without command-line arguments, where) Tj T* 0 Tw .735488 Tw (there is nothing to parse. Still, it is a use case ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (extremely common) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: I need to write scripts like that nearly) Tj T* 0 Tw .486655 Tw (every day, I wrote hundreds of them in the last few years and I have never been happy. Here is a typical) Tj T* 0 Tw (example of code I have been writing by hand for years:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6328,7 +6329,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 170 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example1.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something with the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import sys) Tj T* ( n = len\(sys.argv[1:]\)) Tj T* ( if n == 0:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* ( elif n == 1:) Tj T* ( main\(sys.argv[1]\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(sys.argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 173.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example1.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something with the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import sys) Tj T* ( n = len\(sys.argv[1:]\)) Tj T* ( if n == 0:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* ( elif n == 1:) Tj T* ( main\(sys.argv[1]\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(sys.argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6337,29 +6338,30 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 93.82362 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .880651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see the whole ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block \(nine lines\) is essentially boilerplate that ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.972927 Tw (should not exist. Actually I think the language should recognize the main function and pass to it the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .880651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see the whole ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block \(nine lines\) is essentially boilerplate that ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.972927 Tw (should not exist. Actually I think the language should recognize the main function and pass to it the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (3) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (3) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 3.309147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (command-line arguments automatically; unfortunaly this is unlikely to happen. I have been writing) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.767356 Tw (boilerplate like this in hundreds of scripts for years, and every time I ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (it. The purpose of using a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47229 Tw (scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be trivial. Unfortunately the standard library) Tj T* 0 Tw .69881 Tw (does not help for this incredibly common use case. Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not help, since they) Tj T* 0 Tw .894104 Tw (are intended to manage options and not positional arguments; the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module helps a bit and it is) Tj T* 0 Tw (able to reduce the boilerplate from nine lines to six lines:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 3.309147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (command-line arguments automatically; unfortunaly this is unlikely to happen. I have been writing) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.767356 Tw (boilerplate like this in hundreds of scripts for years, and every time I ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (it. The purpose of using a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47229 Tw (scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be trivial. Unfortunately the standard library) Tj T* 0 Tw .69881 Tw (does not help for this incredibly common use case. Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not help, since they) Tj T* 0 Tw .894104 Tw (are intended to manage options and not positional arguments; the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module helps a bit and it is) Tj T* 0 Tw (able to reduce the boilerplate from nine lines to six lines:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6377,7 +6379,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 156 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example2.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something on the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import argparse) Tj T* ( p = argparse.ArgumentParser\(\)) Tj T* ( p.add_argument\('dsn'\)) Tj T* ( arg = p.parse_args\(\)) Tj T* ( main\(arg.dsn\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example2.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something on the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import argparse) Tj T* ( p = argparse.ArgumentParser\(\)) Tj T* ( p.add_argument\('dsn'\)) Tj T* ( arg = p.parse_args\(\)) Tj T* ( main\(arg.dsn\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6387,13 +6389,13 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 471.8236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.644269 Tw (However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external dependency: most people will not) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206303 Tw (switch to Python 2.7, which at the time of this writing is just about to be released, for many years.) Tj T* 0 Tw .678488 Tw (Moreover, it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to define a parser by hand for such a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw (task.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.644269 Tw (However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external dependency: most people will not) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206303 Tw (switch to Python 2.7, which at the time of this writing is just about to be released, for many years.) Tj T* 0 Tw .678488 Tw (Moreover, it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to define a parser by hand for such a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw (task.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 441.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.123145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module is designed to manage well such use cases, and it is able to reduce the original nine) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines of boiler plate to two lines. With the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module all you need to write is) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.123145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module is designed to manage well such use cases, and it is able to reduce the original nine) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines of boiler plate to two lines. With the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module all you need to write is) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6411,7 +6413,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example3.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something with the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example3.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something with the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6420,7 +6422,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 292.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .929986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module provides for free \(actually the work is done by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module\) a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage message:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .929986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module provides for free \(actually the work is done by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module\) a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage message:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6438,7 +6440,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example3.py -h) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example3.py -h) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example3.py [-h] dsn) Tj T* T* (Do something with the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example3.py [-h] dsn) Tj T* T* (Do something with the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 98.22362 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .167765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages the case of missing arguments and of too many arguments. This is only the tip of) Tj T* 0 Tw (the iceberg: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to do much more than that.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .167765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages the case of missing arguments and of too many arguments. This is only the tip of) Tj T* 0 Tw (the iceberg: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to do much more than that.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (4) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (4) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 717.0236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.609984 Tw (The need to have suitable defaults for command-line scripts is quite common. For instance I have) Tj T* 0 Tw (encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.609984 Tw (The need to have suitable defaults for command-line scripts is quite common. For instance I have) Tj T* 0 Tw (encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6514,7 +6517,7 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 170 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# example4.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today\(\)\):) Tj T* ( "Do something on the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn, table, today\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import sys) Tj T* ( args = sys.argv[1:]) Tj T* ( if not args:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* ( elif len\(args\) ) Tj (>) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ( main\(*args\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 173.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# example4.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today\(\)\):) Tj T* ( "Do something on the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn, table, today\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import sys) Tj T* ( args = sys.argv[1:]) Tj T* ( if not args:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* ( elif len\(args\) ) Tj (>) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ( main\(*args\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6523,7 +6526,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 447.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .038488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I want to perform a query on a database table, by extracting the most recent data: it makes sense for) Tj T* 0 Tw .299988 Tw /F3 10 Tf (today ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be a default argument. If there is a most used table \(in this example a table called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ('product') Tj /F1 10 Tf (\)) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.313984 Tw (it also makes sense to make it a default argument. Performing the parsing of the command-line) Tj T* 0 Tw .083735 Tw (arguments by hand takes 8 ugly lines of boilerplate \(using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (would require about the same number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of lines\). With ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the entire ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block reduces to the usual two lines:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .038488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I want to perform a query on a database table, by extracting the most recent data: it makes sense for) Tj T* 0 Tw .299988 Tw /F3 10 Tf (today ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be a default argument. If there is a most used table \(in this example a table called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ('product') Tj /F1 10 Tf (\)) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.313984 Tw (it also makes sense to make it a default argument. Performing the parsing of the command-line) Tj T* 0 Tw .083735 Tw (arguments by hand takes 8 ugly lines of boilerplate \(using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (would require about the same number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of lines\). With ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the entire ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block reduces to the usual two lines:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6541,7 +6544,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
Q
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Q
@@ -6551,7 +6554,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 382.6236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In other words, six lines of boilerplate have been removed, and we get the usage message for free:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In other words, six lines of boilerplate have been removed, and we get the usage message for free:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6569,7 +6572,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example5.py [-h] dsn [table] [today]) Tj T* T* (Do something on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* ( table) Tj T* ( today) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example5.py [-h] dsn [table] [today]) Tj T* T* (Do something on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* ( table) Tj T* ( today) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6578,7 +6581,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 197.4236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .396235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages transparently even the case when you want to pass a variable number of arguments. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (is an example, a script running on a database a series of SQL scripts:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .396235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages transparently even the case when you want to pass a variable number of arguments. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (is an example, a script running on a database a series of SQL scripts:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6596,7 +6599,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 96 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example7.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example7.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6606,18 +6609,19 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (5) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (5) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
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+
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% page stream
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm
q
@@ -6633,7 +6637,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
Q
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Q
@@ -6643,7 +6647,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6661,7 +6665,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (Run the given scripts on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* ( scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (Run the given scripts on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* ( scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6670,19 +6674,19 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 498.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .952485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples here should have made clear that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac is able to figure out the command-line arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .899988 Tw (parser to use from the signature of the main function) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is the whole idea behind ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: if the intent is) Tj T* 0 Tw (clear, let's the machine take care of the details.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .952485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples here should have made clear that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac is able to figure out the command-line arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .899988 Tw (parser to use from the signature of the main function) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is the whole idea behind ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: if the intent is) Tj T* 0 Tw (clear, let's the machine take care of the details.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 456.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.036235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is inspired to an old Python Cookbook recipe \() Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\), in the sense that it delivers the) Tj T* 0 Tw .847209 Tw (programmer from the burden of writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the docstring of the module, it extracts it from the signature of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.036235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is inspired to an old Python Cookbook recipe \() Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\), in the sense that it delivers the) Tj T* 0 Tw .847209 Tw (programmer from the burden of writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the docstring of the module, it extracts it from the signature of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 426.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .319987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The idea comes from the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (function annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (concept, a new feature of Python 3. An example is worth a) Tj T* 0 Tw (thousand words, so here it is:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .319987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The idea comes from the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (function annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (concept, a new feature of Python 3. An example is worth a) Tj T* 0 Tw (thousand words, so here it is:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6700,7 +6704,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example7_.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"\):) Tj T* ( "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example7_.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"\):) Tj T* ( "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
Q
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Q
@@ -6709,7 +6713,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 241.4236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .17528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the arguments of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function have been annotated with strings which are intented to be used) Tj T* 0 Tw (in the help message:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .17528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the arguments of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function have been annotated with strings which are intented to be used) Tj T* 0 Tw (in the help message:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6727,7 +6731,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7_.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (Run the given scripts on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn Database dsn) Tj T* ( scripts SQL scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7_.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (Run the given scripts on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn Database dsn) Tj T* ( scripts SQL scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6737,34 +6741,35 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (6) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (6) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
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+
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+<< /Length 5019 >>
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize much more complex annotations, as I will show in the next paragraphs.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize much more complex annotations, as I will show in the next paragraphs.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm .016457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is surprising how few command-line scripts with options I have written over the years \(probably less than) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02311 Tw (a hundred\), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote \(certainly more than a) Tj T* 0 Tw .177045 Tw (thousand of them\). Still, this use case cannot be neglected. The standard library modules \(all of them\) are) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.30686 Tw (quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have never used them directly.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.557126 Tw (Instead, I have always relied on the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, which provides a convenient wrapper over) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09061 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Alternatively, in the simplest cases, I have just performed the parsing by hand. In ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser is inferred by the function annotations. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .016457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is surprising how few command-line scripts with options I have written over the years \(probably less than) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02311 Tw (a hundred\), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote \(certainly more than a) Tj T* 0 Tw .177045 Tw (thousand of them\). Still, this use case cannot be neglected. The standard library modules \(all of them\) are) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.30686 Tw (quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have never used them directly.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.557126 Tw (Instead, I have always relied on the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, which provides a convenient wrapper over) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09061 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Alternatively, in the simplest cases, I have just performed the parsing by hand. In ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser is inferred by the function annotations. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6782,7 +6787,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8.py) Tj T* (def main\(command: \("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\), dsn\):) Tj T* ( if command:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8.py) Tj T* (def main\(command: \("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\), dsn\):) Tj T* ( if command:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6791,7 +6796,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 459.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .929213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been annotated with the tuple ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* 0 Tw .62683 Tw (the first string is the help string which will appear in the usage message, the second string tells ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (that) Tj T* 0 Tw .931894 Tw /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an option and the third string that there is also a short form of the option ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-c) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, the long form) Tj T* 0 Tw (being ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--command) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The usage message is the following:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .929213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been annotated with the tuple ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* 0 Tw .62683 Tw (the first string is the help string which will appear in the usage message, the second string tells ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (that) Tj T* 0 Tw .931894 Tw /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an option and the third string that there is also a short form of the option ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-c) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, the long form) Tj T* 0 Tw (being ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--command) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The usage message is the following:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6809,7 +6814,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example8.py [-h] [-c COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -c COMMAND, --command COMMAND) Tj T* ( SQL query) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example8.py [-h] [-c COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -c COMMAND, --command COMMAND) Tj T* ( SQL query) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6819,7 +6824,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 310.6236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here are two examples of usage:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here are two examples of usage:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6837,7 +6842,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8.py -c"select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* T* ($ python3 example8.py --command="select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8.py -c"select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* T* ($ python3 example8.py --command="select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6846,7 +6851,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 173.4236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .268935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The third argument in the function annotation can be omitted: in such case it will be assumed to be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.839213 Tw (The consequence is that the usual dichotomy between long and short options \(GNU-style options\)) Tj T* 0 Tw .396235 Tw (disappears: we get ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (smart options) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which have the single character prefix of short options and behave like) Tj T* 0 Tw (both long and short options, since they can be abbreviated. Here is an example featuring smart options:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .268935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The third argument in the function annotation can be omitted: in such case it will be assumed to be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.839213 Tw (The consequence is that the usual dichotomy between long and short options \(GNU-style options\)) Tj T* 0 Tw .396235 Tw (disappears: we get ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (smart options) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which have the single character prefix of short options and behave like) Tj T* 0 Tw (both long and short options, since they can be abbreviated. Here is an example featuring smart options:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6864,7 +6869,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example6.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option'\)\):) Tj T* ( print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example6.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option'\)\):) Tj T* ( print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6874,18 +6879,19 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (7) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (7) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
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endstream
+
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% 'R344': class PDFStream
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% page stream
-<< /Length 4279 >>
+<< /Length 4318 >>
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 739.8236 cm
q
@@ -6901,7 +6907,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6922,7 +6928,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -command COMMAND SQL query) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -command COMMAND SQL query) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6932,7 +6938,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 602.6236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The following are all valid invocations ot the script:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The following are all valid invocations ot the script:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6950,7 +6956,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example6.py -c "select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ($ python3 example6.py -com "select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ($ python3 example6.py -command="select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example6.py -c "select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ($ python3 example6.py -com "select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ($ python3 example6.py -command="select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6959,7 +6965,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 489.4236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-command=SQL ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is recognized only for the full option, not for its abbreviations:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-command=SQL ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is recognized only for the full option, not for its abbreviations:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6977,7 +6983,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example6.py -com="select" dsn) Tj T* (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* (example6.py: error: unrecognized arguments: -com=select) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example6.py -com="select" dsn) Tj T* (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* (example6.py: error: unrecognized arguments: -com=select) Tj T* ET
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@@ -6986,7 +6992,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 400.2236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.724987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the option is not passed, the variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will get the value ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. However, it is possible to) Tj T* 0 Tw (specify a non-trivial default. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.724987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the option is not passed, the variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will get the value ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. However, it is possible to) Tj T* 0 Tw (specify a non-trivial default. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7004,7 +7010,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8_.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option'\)='select * from table'\):) Tj T* ( print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8_.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option'\)='select * from table'\):) Tj T* ( print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7014,7 +7020,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 287.0236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Notice that the default value appears in the help message:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Notice that the default value appears in the help message:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7032,7 +7038,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example8_.py [-h] [-command select * from table] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -command select * from table) Tj T* ( SQL query) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example8_.py [-h] [-command select * from table] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -command select * from table) Tj T* ( SQL query) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7041,7 +7047,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 137.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When you run the script and you do not pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option, the default query will be executed:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When you run the script and you do not pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option, the default query will be executed:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7059,7 +7065,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8_.py dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select * from table' on dsn) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8_.py dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select * from table' on dsn) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7069,28 +7075,29 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (8) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (8) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
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endstream
+
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% 'R345': class PDFStream
345 0 obj
% page stream
-<< /Length 4877 >>
+<< /Length 4916 >>
stream
-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 717.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .815542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command) Tj T* 0 Tw (line and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .815542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command) Tj T* 0 Tw (line and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7108,7 +7115,7 @@ n -6 -6 486 120 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example9.py) Tj T* T* (def main\(verbose: \('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'\), dsn: 'connection string'\):) Tj T* ( if verbose:) Tj T* ( print\('connecting to %s' % dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example9.py) Tj T* T* (def main\(verbose: \('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'\), dsn: 'connection string'\):) Tj T* ( if verbose:) Tj T* ( print\('connecting to %s' % dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7129,7 +7136,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example9.py [-h] [-v] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn connection string) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -v, --verbose prints more info) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example9.py [-h] [-v] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn connection string) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -v, --verbose prints more info) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7150,7 +7157,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example9.py -v dsn) Tj T* (connecting to dsn) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example9.py -v dsn) Tj T* (connecting to dsn) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7159,31 +7166,31 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 385.7299 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .31408 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the default value for a flag is always ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.652485 Tw (you feel the need to implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two choices, as) Tj T* 0 Tw (explained in the "more features" section.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .31408 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the default value for a flag is always ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.652485 Tw (you feel the need to implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two choices, as) Tj T* 0 Tw (explained in the "more features" section.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 319.7299 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 5.832651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.895433 Tw (Flag-Option-Required-Default \(FORD\) convention: in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function write first the flag arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .881235 Tw (then the option arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default arguments. This is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw .110574 Tw (convention and you are not forced to use it, except for the default arguments \(including the varargs\) which) Tj T* 0 Tw (must stay at the end as it is required by the Python syntax.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 5.832651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.895433 Tw (Flag-Option-Required-Default \(FORD\) convention: in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function write first the flag arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .881235 Tw (then the option arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default arguments. This is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw .110574 Tw (convention and you are not forced to use it, except for the default arguments \(including the varargs\) which) Tj T* 0 Tw (must stay at the end as it is required by the Python syntax.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 277.7299 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .897045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I also suggests to specify a one-character abbreviation for flags: in this way you can use the GNU-style) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.034431 Tw (composition of flags \(i.e. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-zxvf ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-z -x -v -f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). I usually do not provide the) Tj T* 0 Tw (one-character abbreviation for options, since it does not make sense to compose them.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .897045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I also suggests to specify a one-character abbreviation for flags: in this way you can use the GNU-style) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.034431 Tw (composition of flags \(i.e. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-zxvf ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-z -x -v -f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). I usually do not provide the) Tj T* 0 Tw (one-character abbreviation for options, since it does not make sense to compose them.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 247.7299 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 181.7299 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .211807 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years) Tj T* 0 Tw .304724 Tw (before we think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas are in the same situation.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.459984 Tw (Therefore ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides a way to work with function annotations even in Python 2.X \(including Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.692339 Tw (2.3\). There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations by hand. For instance the) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotated function declaration) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .211807 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years) Tj T* 0 Tw .304724 Tw (before we think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas are in the same situation.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.459984 Tw (Therefore ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides a way to work with function annotations even in Python 2.X \(including Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.692339 Tw (2.3\). There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations by hand. For instance the) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotated function declaration) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7201,7 +7208,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7211,25 +7218,26 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.5299 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (is equivalent to the following code:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (is equivalent to the following code:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (9) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (9) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
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endstream
+
endobj
% 'R346': class PDFStream
346 0 obj
% page stream
-<< /Length 6131 >>
+<< /Length 6172 >>
stream
-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 691.8236 cm
q
@@ -7245,7 +7253,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* (main.__annotations__ = dict\() Tj T* ( dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* (main.__annotations__ = dict\() Tj T* ( dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7254,7 +7262,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 647.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .536098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .536098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7272,7 +7280,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7281,19 +7289,19 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 534.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.846077 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with X >) Tj (= 4 and I will use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator. Notice however that the core features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (run even on Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.846077 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with X >) Tj (= 4 and I will use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator. Notice however that the core features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (run even on Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 504.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 450.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.483488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One of the goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is to have a learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (minutes ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (for its core features, compared to the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.152093 Tw (learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hours ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In order to reach this goal, I have ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (sacrificed all the features of) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.89936 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually a lot of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (power persists in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Until now, I have only showed simple) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotations, but in general an annotation is a 6-tuple of the form) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.483488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One of the goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is to have a learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (minutes ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (for its core features, compared to the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.152093 Tw (learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hours ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In order to reach this goal, I have ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (sacrificed all the features of) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.89936 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually a lot of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (power persists in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Until now, I have only showed simple) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotations, but in general an annotation is a 6-tuple of the form) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7308,7 +7316,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 20 0 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (\(help, kind, abbrev, type, choices, metavar\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (\(help, kind, abbrev, type, choices, metavar\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7320,31 +7328,31 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 390.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.068735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (where ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the help message, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (kind ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string in the set { ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("flag") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("option") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("positional") Tj /F1 10 Tf (},) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.579431 Tw /F3 10 Tf (abbrev ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a one-character string or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a callable taking a string in input, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (discrete sequence of values and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.068735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (where ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the help message, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (kind ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string in the set { ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("flag") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("option") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("positional") Tj /F1 10 Tf (},) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.579431 Tw /F3 10 Tf (abbrev ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a one-character string or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a callable taking a string in input, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (discrete sequence of values and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 360.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.05061 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to automagically convert the command line arguments from the string type to any Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (type; by default there is no conversion and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.05061 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to automagically convert the command line arguments from the string type to any Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (type; by default there is no conversion and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.904692 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to restrict the number of the valid options; by default there is no restriction i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (choices=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.904692 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to restrict the number of the valid options; by default there is no restriction i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (choices=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.171163 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has two meanings. For a positional argument it is used to change the argument name in the) Tj T* 0 Tw .352209 Tw (usage message \(and only there\). By default the metavar is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and the name in the usage message is) Tj T* 0 Tw .752339 Tw (the same as the argument name. For an option the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used differently in the usage message,) Tj T* 0 Tw .802927 Tw (which has now the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ([--option-name METAVAR]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, then it is equal to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .50683 Tw (uppercased name of the argument, unless the argument has a default and in such a case is equal to the) Tj T* 0 Tw (stringified form of the default.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.171163 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has two meanings. For a positional argument it is used to change the argument name in the) Tj T* 0 Tw .352209 Tw (usage message \(and only there\). By default the metavar is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and the name in the usage message is) Tj T* 0 Tw .752339 Tw (the same as the argument name. For an option the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used differently in the usage message,) Tj T* 0 Tw .802927 Tw (which has now the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ([--option-name METAVAR]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, then it is equal to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .50683 Tw (uppercased name of the argument, unless the argument has a default and in such a case is equal to the) Tj T* 0 Tw (stringified form of the default.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 234.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is an example showing many of the features \(copied from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation\):) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is an example showing many of the features \(copied from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation\):) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7362,7 +7370,7 @@ n -6 -6 480 132 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example10.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* ( "A script to add and multiply numbers") Tj T* ( if operator == 'mul':) Tj T* ( op = float.__mul__) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example10.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* ( "A script to add and multiply numbers") Tj T* ( if operator == 'mul':) Tj T* ( op = float.__mul__) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7372,18 +7380,19 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (10) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (10) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 631.8236 cm
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@@ -7399,7 +7408,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( result = 1.0) Tj T* ( else: # operator == 'add') Tj T* ( op = float.__add__) Tj T* ( result = 0.0) Tj T* ( for n in numbers:) Tj T* ( result = op\(result, n\)) Tj T* ( return result) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( print\(plac.call\(main\)\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( result = 1.0) Tj T* ( else: # operator == 'add') Tj T* ( op = float.__add__) Tj T* ( result = 0.0) Tj T* ( for n in numbers:) Tj T* ( result = op\(result, n\)) Tj T* ( return result) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( print\(plac.call\(main\)\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7409,7 +7418,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 611.8236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage:) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* T* (A script to add and multiply numbers) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( {add,mul} The name of an operator) Tj T* ( n A number) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* T* (A script to add and multiply numbers) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( {add,mul} The name of an operator) Tj T* ( n A number) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7436,7 +7445,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 438.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .15186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the docstring of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function has been automatically added to the usage message. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (are a couple of examples of use:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .15186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the docstring of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function has been automatically added to the usage message. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (are a couple of examples of use:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7454,7 +7463,7 @@ n -6 -6 534 96 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (10.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py mul 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (24.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py ad 1 2 3 4 # a mispelling error) Tj T* (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* (example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' \(choose from 'add', 'mul'\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (10.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py mul 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (24.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py ad 1 2 3 4 # a mispelling error) Tj T* (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* (example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' \(choose from 'add', 'mul'\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7463,7 +7472,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 325.2849 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can also be used in doctests like this:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can also be used in doctests like this:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7480,7 +7489,7 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac, example10) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( plac.call\(example10.main, ['add', '1', '2']\)) Tj T* (3.0) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac, example10) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( plac.call\(example10.main, ['add', '1', '2']\)) Tj T* (3.0) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 248.0849 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works for generators too:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works for generators too:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7506,7 +7515,7 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(n\):) Tj T* (... for i in range\(int\(n\)\):) Tj T* (... yield i) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( plac.call\(main, ['3']\)) Tj T* ([0, 1, 2]) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(n\):) Tj T* (... for i in range\(int\(n\)\):) Tj T* (... yield i) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( plac.call\(main, ['3']\)) Tj T* ([0, 1, 2]) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7515,31 +7524,32 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.8849 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .158409 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tries to convert the output of the main function into a list, if possible. If the output is) Tj T* 0 Tw .725703 Tw (not iterable or it is a string, it is left unchanged, but if it is iterable it is converted. In particular, generator) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects are exhausted by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .158409 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tries to convert the output of the main function into a list, if possible. If the output is) Tj T* 0 Tw .725703 Tw (not iterable or it is a string, it is left unchanged, but if it is iterable it is converted. In particular, generator) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects are exhausted by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.8849 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.450751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This behavior avoids mistakes like forgetting of applying ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (list\(result\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the result of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (;) Tj T* 0 Tw (moreover it makes errors visible early, and avoids mistakes in code like the following:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.450751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This behavior avoids mistakes like forgetting of applying ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (list\(result\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the result of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (;) Tj T* 0 Tw (moreover it makes errors visible early, and avoids mistakes in code like the following:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (11) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (11) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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@@ -7555,7 +7565,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (try:) Tj T* ( result = plac.call\(main, args\)) Tj T* (except:) Tj T* ( # do something) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (try:) Tj T* ( result = plac.call\(main, args\)) Tj T* (except:) Tj T* ( # do something) Tj T* ET
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q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.122126 Tw (Without the "listify" functionality, a main function returning a generator object would not raise any) Tj T* 0 Tw (exception until the generator is iterated over.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.122126 Tw (Without the "listify" functionality, a main function returning a generator object would not raise any) Tj T* 0 Tw (exception until the generator is iterated over.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 641.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .647262 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you are a fan of lazyness, you can still have it by setting the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (eager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, as in the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .647262 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you are a fan of lazyness, you can still have it by setting the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (eager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, as in the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (for line in plac.call\(main, args, eager=False\):) Tj T* ( print\(line\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (for line in plac.call\(main, args, eager=False\):) Tj T* ( print\(line\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7598,19 +7608,19 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 564.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.35528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a generator object this example will print each line as soon as available, whereas the) Tj T* 0 Tw (default behaviour is to print all the lines together and the end of the computation.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.35528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a generator object this example will print each line as soon as available, whereas the) Tj T* 0 Tw (default behaviour is to print all the lines together and the end of the computation.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 534.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 492.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.234488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to run SQL queries on a database by) Tj T* 0 Tw .930697 Tw (relying on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SQLAlchemy) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice the usage of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy) Tj T* 0 Tw (connection string into a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SqlSoup ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.234488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to run SQL queries on a database by) Tj T* 0 Tw .930697 Tw (relying on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SQLAlchemy) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice the usage of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy) Tj T* 0 Tw (connection string into a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SqlSoup ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7628,7 +7638,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 360 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 338 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# dbcli.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( db=\("Connection string", 'positional', None, SqlSoup\),) Tj T* ( header=\("Header", 'flag', 'H'\),) Tj T* ( sqlcmd=\("SQL command", 'option', 'c', str, None, "SQL"\),) Tj T* ( delimiter=\("Column separator", 'option', 'd'\),) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts",) Tj T* ( \)) Tj T* (def main\(db, header, sqlcmd, delimiter="|", *scripts\):) Tj T* ( "A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database") Tj T* ( yield 'Working on %s' % db.bind.url) Tj T* T* ( if sqlcmd:) Tj T* ( result = db.bind.execute\(sqlcmd\)) Tj T* ( if header: # print the header) Tj T* ( yield delimiter.join\(result.keys\(\)\)) Tj T* ( for row in result: # print the rows) Tj T* ( yield delimiter.join\(map\(str, row\)\)) Tj T* T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( db.bind.execute\(file\(script\).read\(\)\)) Tj T* ( yield 'executed %s' % script) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 341.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# dbcli.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( db=\("Connection string", 'positional', None, SqlSoup\),) Tj T* ( header=\("Header", 'flag', 'H'\),) Tj T* ( sqlcmd=\("SQL command", 'option', 'c', str, None, "SQL"\),) Tj T* ( delimiter=\("Column separator", 'option', 'd'\),) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts",) Tj T* ( \)) Tj T* (def main\(db, header, sqlcmd, delimiter="|", *scripts\):) Tj T* ( "A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database") Tj T* ( yield 'Working on %s' % db.bind.url) Tj T* T* ( if sqlcmd:) Tj T* ( result = db.bind.execute\(sqlcmd\)) Tj T* ( if header: # print the header) Tj T* ( yield delimiter.join\(result.keys\(\)\)) Tj T* ( for row in result: # print the rows) Tj T* ( yield delimiter.join\(map\(str, row\)\)) Tj T* T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( db.bind.execute\(file\(script\).read\(\)\)) Tj T* ( yield 'executed %s' % script) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7637,36 +7647,37 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 91.42362 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .049987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can see the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (yield-is-print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (pattern here: instead of using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the main function, I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and ) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.55061 Tw (I perform the print in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block. The advantage of the pattern is that tests invoking) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .049987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can see the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (yield-is-print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (pattern here: instead of using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the main function, I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and ) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.55061 Tw (I perform the print in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block. The advantage of the pattern is that tests invoking) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (12) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (12) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .52936 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and checking the result become trivial: had I performed the printing in the main function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (test would have involved an ugly hack like redirecting ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (sys.stdout ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (StringIO ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .52936 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and checking the result become trivial: had I performed the printing in the main function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (test would have involved an ugly hack like redirecting ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (sys.stdout ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (StringIO ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7684,7 +7695,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 168 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: dbcli.py [-h] [-H] [-c SQL] [-d |] db [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( db Connection string) Tj T* ( scripts SQL scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -H, --header Header) Tj T* ( -c SQL, --sqlcmd SQL SQL command) Tj T* ( -d |, --delimiter | Column separator) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: dbcli.py [-h] [-H] [-c SQL] [-d |] db [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( db Connection string) Tj T* ( scripts SQL scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -H, --header Header) Tj T* ( -c SQL, --sqlcmd SQL SQL command) Tj T* ( -d |, --delimiter | Column separator) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7694,19 +7705,19 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.8236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check for yourself that the script works.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check for yourself that the script works.) Tj T* ET
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q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 495.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 453.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.831984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.4, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports keyword arguments. In practice that means that if your main) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.099213 Tw (function has keyword arguments, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (treats specially arguments of the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("name=value" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.831984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.4, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports keyword arguments. In practice that means that if your main) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.099213 Tw (function has keyword arguments, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (treats specially arguments of the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("name=value" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7724,7 +7735,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 228 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 206 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example12.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( opt=\('some option', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( args='default arguments',) Tj T* ( kw='keyword arguments'\)) Tj T* (def main\(opt, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* ( if opt:) Tj T* ( yield 'opt=%s' % opt) Tj T* ( if args:) Tj T* ( yield 'args=%s' % str\(args\)) Tj T* ( if kw:) Tj T* ( yield 'kw=%s' % kw) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 209.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example12.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( opt=\('some option', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( args='default arguments',) Tj T* ( kw='keyword arguments'\)) Tj T* (def main\(opt, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* ( if opt:) Tj T* ( yield 'opt=%s' % opt) Tj T* ( if args:) Tj T* ( yield 'args=%s' % str\(args\)) Tj T* ( if kw:) Tj T* ( yield 'kw=%s' % kw) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7734,7 +7745,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 196.6236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the generated usage message:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the generated usage message:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7752,7 +7763,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 96 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example12.py [-h] [-opt OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( args default arguments) Tj T* ( kw keyword arguments) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example12.py [-h] [-opt OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( args default arguments) Tj T* ( kw keyword arguments) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7762,18 +7773,19 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (13) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (13) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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% 'R350': class PDFStream
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+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm
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q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -opt OPT some option) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -opt OPT some option) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7799,7 +7811,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 707.8236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you call the script:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you call the script:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7817,7 +7829,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py -o X a1 a2 name=value) Tj T* (opt=X) Tj T* (args=\('a1', 'a2'\)) Tj T* (kw={'name': 'value'}) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py -o X a1 a2 name=value) Tj T* (opt=X) Tj T* (args=\('a1', 'a2'\)) Tj T* (kw={'name': 'value'}) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7826,7 +7838,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 606.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.133735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which are not alreay taken; for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance in this examples the name ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (opt ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is taken:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.133735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which are not alreay taken; for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance in this examples the name ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (opt ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is taken:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7844,7 +7856,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 opt=0) Tj T* (usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* (example12.py: error: colliding keyword arguments: opt) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 opt=0) Tj T* (usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* (example12.py: error: colliding keyword arguments: opt) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7854,19 +7866,19 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 505.4236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.024104 Tw (The names taken are the names of the flags, of the options, and of the positional arguments, excepted) Tj T* 0 Tw .60561 Tw (varargs and keywords. This limitation is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (function calls by the Python language.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.024104 Tw (The names taken are the names of the flags, of the options, and of the positional arguments, excepted) Tj T* 0 Tw .60561 Tw (varargs and keywords. This limitation is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (function calls by the Python language.) Tj T* ET
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q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 475.4236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 433.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .603516 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a less trivial example for the keyword arguments feature. The use case is the following: suppose) Tj T* 0 Tw .82881 Tw (we have stored the configuration parameters of a given application into a Python shelve and we need a) Tj T* 0 Tw (command-line tool to edit the shelve. A possible implementation using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could be the following:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .603516 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a less trivial example for the keyword arguments feature. The use case is the following: suppose) Tj T* 0 Tw .82881 Tw (we have stored the configuration parameters of a given application into a Python shelve and we need a) Tj T* 0 Tw (command-line tool to edit the shelve. A possible implementation using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could be the following:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7883,7 +7895,7 @@ q n -6 -6 492 324 re B*
Q
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 302 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# ishelve.py) Tj T* (import os, shelve, plac) Tj T* T* (DEFAULT_SHELVE = os.path.expanduser\('~/conf.shelve'\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( help=\('show help', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( showall=\('show all parameters in the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( clear=\('clear the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( delete=\('delete an element', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( filename=\('filename of the shelve', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( params='names of the parameters in the shelve',) Tj T* ( setters='setters param=value'\)) Tj T* (def main\(help, showall, clear, delete, filename=DEFAULT_SHELVE,) Tj T* ( *params, **setters\):) Tj T* ( "A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.") Tj T* ( sh = shelve.open\(filename\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( if not any\([help, showall, clear, delete, params, setters]\):) Tj T* ( yield 'no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands') Tj T* ( elif help: # custom help) Tj T* ( yield 'Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( elif showall:) Tj T* ( for param, name in sh.items\(\):) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 305.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# ishelve.py) Tj T* (import os, shelve, plac) Tj T* T* (DEFAULT_SHELVE = os.path.expanduser\('~/conf.shelve'\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( help=\('show help', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( showall=\('show all parameters in the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( clear=\('clear the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( delete=\('delete an element', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( filename=\('filename of the shelve', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( params='names of the parameters in the shelve',) Tj T* ( setters='setters param=value'\)) Tj T* (def main\(help, showall, clear, delete, filename=DEFAULT_SHELVE,) Tj T* ( *params, **setters\):) Tj T* ( "A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.") Tj T* ( sh = shelve.open\(filename\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( if not any\([help, showall, clear, delete, params, setters]\):) Tj T* ( yield 'no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands') Tj T* ( elif help: # custom help) Tj T* ( yield 'Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( elif showall:) Tj T* ( for param, name in sh.items\(\):) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7893,18 +7905,19 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (14) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (14) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 415.8236 cm
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@@ -7919,7 +7932,7 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 348 re B*
Q
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 326 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( yield '%s=%s' % \(param, name\)) Tj T* ( elif clear:) Tj T* ( sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( yield 'cleared the shelve') Tj T* ( elif delete:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( del sh[delete]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % delete) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleted %s' % delete) Tj T* ( for param in params:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( yield sh[param]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % param ) Tj T* ( for param, value in setters.items\(\):) Tj T* ( sh[param] = value) Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(param, value\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( sh.close\(\)) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False # there is a custom help, remove the default one) Tj T* (main.prefix_chars = '.' # use dot-prefixed commands) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 329.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( yield '%s=%s' % \(param, name\)) Tj T* ( elif clear:) Tj T* ( sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( yield 'cleared the shelve') Tj T* ( elif delete:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( del sh[delete]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % delete) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleted %s' % delete) Tj T* ( for param in params:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( yield sh[param]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % param ) Tj T* ( for param, value in setters.items\(\):) Tj T* ( sh[param] = value) Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(param, value\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( sh.close\(\)) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False # there is a custom help, remove the default one) Tj T* (main.prefix_chars = '.' # use dot-prefixed commands) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7929,7 +7942,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 395.8236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (A few notes are in order:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (A few notes are in order:) Tj T* ET
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q
@@ -7939,20 +7952,20 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 389.8236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 365.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 9 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 15 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (1.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (1.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
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q
-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.075318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I have disabled the ordinary help provided by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and I have implemented a custom help) Tj T* 0 Tw (command.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.075318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I have disabled the ordinary help provided by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and I have implemented a custom help) Tj T* 0 Tw (command.) Tj T* ET
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@@ -7962,21 +7975,24 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 347.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8236 cm
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.8236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 3 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (2.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (2.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
Q
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q
-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (I have changed the prefix character used to recognize the options to a dot.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (I have changed the prefix character used to recognize the options to a dot.) Tj T* ET
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q
@@ -7986,20 +8002,23 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.8236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 317.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.8236 cm
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 9 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 15 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (3.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (3.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
Q
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q
-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .864985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments recognition \(in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (**setters) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used to make it possible to store a value in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the shelve with the syntax ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (param_name=param_value) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .864985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments recognition \(in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (**setters) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used to make it possible to store a value in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the shelve with the syntax ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (param_name=param_value) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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@@ -8009,20 +8028,23 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 287.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8236 cm
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 9 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 15 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (4.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (4.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .649318 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*params ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are used to retrieve parameters from the shelve and some error checking is performed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the case of missing parameters) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .649318 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*params ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are used to retrieve parameters from the shelve and some error checking is performed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the case of missing parameters) Tj T* ET
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@@ -8032,20 +8054,23 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 269.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 3 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (5.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (5.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command to clear the shelve is implemented as a flag \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.clear) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command to clear the shelve is implemented as a flag \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.clear) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
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q
@@ -8055,20 +8080,23 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 251.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 3 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (6.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (6.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command to delete a given parameter is implemented as an option \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command to delete a given parameter is implemented as an option \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
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q
@@ -8078,20 +8106,23 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 233.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 3 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (7.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (7.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is an option with default \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.filename=conf.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) to store the filename of the shelve.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is an option with default \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.filename=conf.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) to store the filename of the shelve.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -8101,36 +8132,42 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 191.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm
+Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 21 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 27 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (8.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (8.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
Q
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q
-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.001984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (All things considered, the code looks like a poor man object oriented interface implemented with a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.345251 Tw (chain of elifs instead of methods. Of course, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can do better than that, but let me start from a) Tj T* 0 Tw (low-level approach first.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.001984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (All things considered, the code looks like a poor man object oriented interface implemented with a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.345251 Tw (chain of elifs instead of methods. Of course, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can do better than that, but let me start from a) Tj T* 0 Tw (low-level approach first.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 191.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.8236 cm
+Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.8236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 173.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 167.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (without arguments you get the following message:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (without arguments you get the following message:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 128.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.6236 cm
q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -8144,34 +8181,35 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py) Tj T* (no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py) Tj T* (no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 108.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 102.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with the option ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(or any abbreviation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) you get:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with the option ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(or any abbreviation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) you get:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (15) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (15) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm
q
@@ -8186,7 +8224,7 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
Q
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve.py .h) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve.py .h) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* ET
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@@ -8196,7 +8234,7 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check by hand that the tool work:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check by hand that the tool work:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -8214,7 +8252,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 240 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 218 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py .clear # start from an empty shelve) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .showall) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .del b # abbreviation for .delete) Tj T* (deleted b) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py b) Tj T* (b: not found) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .cler # mispelled command) Tj T* (usage: ishelve.py [.help] [.showall] [.clear] [.delete DELETE]) Tj T* ( [.filename /home/micheles/conf.shelve]) Tj T* ( [params [params ...]] [setters [setters ...]]) Tj T* (ishelve.py: error: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 221.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py .clear # start from an empty shelve) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .showall) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .del b # abbreviation for .delete) Tj T* (deleted b) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py b) Tj T* (b: not found) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .cler # mispelled command) Tj T* (usage: ishelve.py [.help] [.showall] [.clear] [.delete DELETE]) Tj T* ( [.filename /home/micheles/conf.shelve]) Tj T* ( [params [params ...]] [setters [setters ...]]) Tj T* (ishelve.py: error: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET
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@@ -8223,13 +8261,13 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 404.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET
Q
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 362.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.065988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (in an) Tj T* 0 Tw .177126 Tw (easy way. In particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences \(the following assumes) Tj T* 0 Tw (knowledge of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.065988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (in an) Tj T* 0 Tw .177126 Tw (easy way. In particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences \(the following assumes) Tj T* 0 Tw (knowledge of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -8239,20 +8277,20 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 356.6236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 284.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.6236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 57 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 63 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
Q
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-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 2.69784 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac does not support the destination concept: the destination coincides with the name of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .359983 Tw (argument, always. This restriction has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.758651 Tw (long option called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In this case the destination would be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which is a Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181235 Tw (keyword, and since you cannot introduce an argument with that name in a function definition, it is) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.12528 Tw (impossible to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long option, or to use) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (with a suitable destination.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.69784 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac does not support the destination concept: the destination coincides with the name of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .359983 Tw (argument, always. This restriction has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.758651 Tw (long option called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In this case the destination would be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which is a Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181235 Tw (keyword, and since you cannot introduce an argument with that name in a function definition, it is) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.12528 Tw (impossible to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long option, or to use) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (with a suitable destination.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -8262,20 +8300,23 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.6236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 230.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.6236 cm
+Q
+q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 33 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 39 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.120751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support "required options". As the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation puts it: ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Required options) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.075318 Tw (are generally considered bad form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid) Tj T* 0 Tw .874269 Tw (the use of required options whenever possible. ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (Notice that since ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports them, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can) Tj T* 0 Tw (manage them too, but not directly.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.120751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support "required options". As the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation puts it: ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Required options) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.075318 Tw (are generally considered bad form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid) Tj T* 0 Tw .874269 Tw (the use of required options whenever possible. ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (Notice that since ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports them, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can) Tj T* 0 Tw (manage them too, but not directly.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -8285,20 +8326,23 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.6236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 164.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.6236 cm
+Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 45 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 51 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.539982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports only regular boolean flags. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has the ability to define generalized two-value) Tj T* 0 Tw .361751 Tw (flags with values different from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. An earlier version of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (had this feature too, but) Tj T* 0 Tw .814985 Tw (since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case the conversion from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ({True,) Tj T* 0 Tw .901984 Tw (False} ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to any couple of values can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (value1 if) Tj T* 0 Tw (flag else value2) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), I have removed it \(KISS rules!\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.539982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports only regular boolean flags. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has the ability to define generalized two-value) Tj T* 0 Tw .361751 Tw (flags with values different from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. An earlier version of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (had this feature too, but) Tj T* 0 Tw .814985 Tw (since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case the conversion from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ({True,) Tj T* 0 Tw .901984 Tw (False} ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to any couple of values can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (value1 if) Tj T* 0 Tw (flag else value2) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), I have removed it \(KISS rules!\).) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -8308,20 +8352,23 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 158.6236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 158.6236 cm
+Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 21 cm
+1 0 0 1 6 27 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.797126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nargs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (options directly \(it uses them internally, though, to implement flag) Tj T* 0 Tw .90683 Tw (recognition\). The reason it that all the use cases of interest to me are covered by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and did not) Tj T* 0 Tw (feel the need to increase the learning curve by adding direct support for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nargs) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.797126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nargs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (options directly \(it uses them internally, though, to implement flag) Tj T* 0 Tw .90683 Tw (recognition\). The reason it that all the use cases of interest to me are covered by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and did not) Tj T* 0 Tw (feel the need to increase the learning curve by adding direct support for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nargs) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
Q
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@@ -8331,87 +8378,97 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.111318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does support subparsers, but you must read the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced usage document ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to see how it) Tj T* 0 Tw (works.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.111751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support actions directly. This also looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of) Tj T* 0 Tw .406651 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice however that the ability to define your own annotation objects \(again, see the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage document) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\) may mitigate the need for custom actions.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can leverage directly on many ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (features.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can leverage directly on many ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (features.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 5.575697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by using) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.435976 Tw /F3 10 Tf ('==SUPPRESS==' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as help string \(or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse.SUPPRESS) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Similarly, you can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse.FileType) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 0 rg (directly.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 5.575697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by using) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.435976 Tw /F3 10 Tf ('==SUPPRESS==' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as help string \(or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse.SUPPRESS) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Similarly, you can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse.FileType) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 0 rg (directly.) Tj T* ET
Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.639213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is also possible to pass options to the underlying ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse.ArgumentParser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object \(currently it) Tj T* 0 Tw .285529 Tw (accepts the default arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (epilog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (usage) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (add_help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argument_default) Tj /F1 10 Tf (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.439953 Tw /F3 10 Tf (parents) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (fromfile_prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (conflict_handler) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (formatter_class) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). It) Tj T* 0 Tw (is enough to set such attributes on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function. For instance) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.639213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is also possible to pass options to the underlying ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse.ArgumentParser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object \(currently it) Tj T* 0 Tw .285529 Tw (accepts the default arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (epilog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (usage) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (add_help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argument_default) Tj /F1 10 Tf (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.439953 Tw /F3 10 Tf (parents) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (fromfile_prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (conflict_handler) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (formatter_class) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). It) Tj T* 0 Tw (is enough to set such attributes on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function. For instance) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(...\):) Tj T* ( pass) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(...\):) Tj T* ( pass) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (disables the recognition of the help flag ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h, --help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This mechanism does not look particularly elegant,) Tj T* 0 Tw .566988 Tw (but it works well enough. I assume that the typical user of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (will be happy with the defaults and would) Tj T* 0 Tw (not want to change them; still it is possible if she wants to.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (disables the recognition of the help flag ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h, --help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This mechanism does not look particularly elegant,) Tj T* 0 Tw .566988 Tw (but it works well enough. I assume that the typical user of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (will be happy with the defaults and would) Tj T* 0 Tw (not want to change them; still it is possible if she wants to.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.391235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, by setting the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the usage) Tj T* 0 Tw (message \(by default the docstring of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function is used as description\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.391235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, by setting the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the usage) Tj T* 0 Tw (message \(by default the docstring of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function is used as description\).) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .392619 Tw (It is also possible to change the option prefix; for instance if your script must run under Windows and you) Tj T* 0 Tw (want to use "/" as option prefix you can add the line:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .392619 Tw (It is also possible to change the option prefix; for instance if your script must run under Windows and you) Tj T* 0 Tw (want to use "/" as option prefix you can add the line:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (main.prefix_chars='/-') Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (main.prefix_chars='/-') Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 364.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 328.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .924198 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first prefix char \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (/) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used as the default for the recognition of options and flags; the second prefix) Tj T* 0 Tw .26832 Tw (char \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (-) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is kept to keep the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h/--help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option working: however you can disable it and reimplement it, if) Tj T* 0 Tw (you like, as seen in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (example.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .924198 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first prefix char \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (/) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used as the default for the recognition of options and flags; the second prefix) Tj T* 0 Tw .26832 Tw (char \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (-) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is kept to keep the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h/--help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option working: however you can disable it and reimplement it, if) Tj T* 0 Tw (you like, as seen in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (example.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 7.709147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is possible to access directly the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object, by invoking the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (utility function:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 7.709147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is possible to access directly the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object, by invoking the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (utility function:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -8497,320 +8554,340 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(arg\):) Tj T* (... pass) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( print\(plac.parser_from\(main\)\) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS) Tj T* (ArgumentParser\(prog=...\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 197.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 161.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.646905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and adds the parser to the main function as an) Tj T* 0 Tw .982126 Tw (attribute. When ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call\(func\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is invoked multiple time, the parser is re-used and not rebuilt from) Tj T* 0 Tw (scratch again.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.646905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and adds the parser to the main function as an) Tj T* 0 Tw .982126 Tw (attribute. When ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call\(func\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is invoked multiple time, the parser is re-used and not rebuilt from) Tj T* 0 Tw (scratch again.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 167.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .982765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the unit tests of the module, but regular users should not need to use it,) Tj T* 0 Tw (unless they want to access ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (all ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (directly without calling the main function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .982765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the unit tests of the module, but regular users should not need to use it,) Tj T* 0 Tw (unless they want to access ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (all ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (directly without calling the main function.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 113.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 89.42362 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.442126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interested readers should read the documentation of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to understand the meaning of the other) Tj T* 0 Tw .771567 Tw (options. If there is a set of options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator adding) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.257045 Tw (such options to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function for you. For simplicity, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not perform any magic except the) Tj T* 0 Tw (addition of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.p ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.442126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interested readers should read the documentation of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to understand the meaning of the other ) Tj T* 0 Tw .771567 Tw (options. If there is a set of options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator adding ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.257045 Tw (such options to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function for you. For simplicity, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not perform any magic except the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (17) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (17) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac vs the rest of the world) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (addition of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.p ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.866905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Originally ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (boasted about being "the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world". Since) Tj T* 0 Tw .306457 Tw (then, people started pointing out to me various projects which are based on the same idea \(extracting the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser from the main function signature\) and are arguably even easier than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.866905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Originally ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (boasted about being "the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world". Since) Tj T* 0 Tw .306457 Tw (then, people started pointing out to me various projects which are based on the same idea \(extracting the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser from the main function signature\) and are arguably even easier than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.136457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Luckily for me none of such projects had the idea of using function annotations and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; as a) Tj T* 0 Tw (consequence, they are no match for the capabilities of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
-Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.551163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course, there are tons of other libraries to parse the command line. For instance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Matthew) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.211567 Tw (Frazier which appeared on PyPI just the day before ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is fine but it is certainly not easier than) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.136457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Luckily for me none of such projects had the idea of using function annotations and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; as a) Tj T* 0 Tw (consequence, they are no match for the capabilities of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .622488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can also be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library and as such it shares) Tj T* 0 Tw .377126 Tw (many features with the module ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd2 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Catherine Devlin. However, this is completely coincidental, since) Tj T* 0 Tw (I became aware of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd2 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module only after writing ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.551163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course, there are tons of other libraries to parse the command line. For instance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Matthew) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.211567 Tw (Frazier which appeared on PyPI just the day before ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is fine but it is certainly not easier than) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The future) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .622488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can also be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library and as such it shares) Tj T* 0 Tw .377126 Tw (many features with the module ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd2 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Catherine Devlin. However, this is completely coincidental, since) Tj T* 0 Tw (I became aware of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd2 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module only after writing ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .135542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Currently the core of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is around 200 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments and docstrings. I do) Tj T* 0 Tw .968626 Tw (not plan to extend the core much in the future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should) Tj T* 0 Tw .11811 Tw (remain a little wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually I have thought about contributing the core back to ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.307485 Tw 0 0 0 rg (if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (becomes successfull and gains a reasonable number of users. For the moment it should be) Tj T* 0 Tw (considered in alpha status.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The future) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .927488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that even if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has been designed to be simple to use for simple stuff, its power should not be) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02186 Tw (underestimated; it is actually a quite advanced tool with a domain of applicability which far exceeds the) Tj T* 0 Tw (realm of command-line arguments parsers.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .135542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Currently the core of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is around 200 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments and docstrings. I do) Tj T* 0 Tw .968626 Tw (not plan to extend the core much in the future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should) Tj T* 0 Tw .11811 Tw (remain a little wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually I have thought about contributing the core back to ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.307485 Tw 0 0 0 rg (if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (becomes successfull and gains a reasonable number of users. For the moment it should be) Tj T* 0 Tw (considered in alpha status.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python shelve_interpreter.py -h) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python shelve_interpreter.py -h) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: shelve_interpreter.py [-h] [-interactive]) Tj T* ( [subcommands [subcommands ...]]) Tj T* T* ( This script works both interactively and non-interactively.) Tj T* ( Use .help to see the internal commands.) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( subcommands the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -interactive start interactive interface) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: shelve_interpreter.py [-h] [-interactive]) Tj T* ( [subcommands [subcommands ...]]) Tj T* T* ( This script works both interactively and non-interactively.) Tj T* ( Use .help to see the internal commands.) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( subcommands the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -interactive start interactive interface) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Thanks to this ingenuous trick, the script can be run both interactively and non-interactively:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Thanks to this ingenuous trick, the script can be run both interactively and non-interactively:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 384.2236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python shelve_interpreter.py .clear # non-interactive use) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python shelve_interpreter.py .clear # non-interactive use) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 364.2236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an usage session:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an usage session:) Tj T* ET
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 276 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 264 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 254 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use) Tj T* (A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( b=2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a b) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( [CTRL-D]) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 245.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use) Tj T* (A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( b=2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a b) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (20) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (20) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .256412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method reads commands from the console and send them to the underlying interpreter,) Tj T* 0 Tw .065984 Tw (until the user send a CTRL-D command \(CTRL-Z in Windows\). There is a default argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prompt='i) Tj (>) Tj T* 0 Tw .41832 Tw (' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which can be used to change the prompt. The text displayed at the beginning of the interactive session) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.407126 Tw (is the docstring of the main function. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations: in this example) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (del ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In case of ambiguous abbreviations ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (raises a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (NameError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( [CTRL-D]) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .847045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally I must notice that the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is available only if you are using a recent version of) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python \() Tj (>) Tj (= 2.5\), because it is a context manager object which uses extended generators internally.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .256412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method reads commands from the console and send them to the underlying interpreter,) Tj T* 0 Tw .065984 Tw (until the user send a CTRL-D command \(CTRL-Z in Windows\). There is a default argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prompt='i) Tj (>) Tj T* 0 Tw .41832 Tw (' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which can be used to change the prompt. The text displayed at the beginning of the interactive session) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.407126 Tw (is the docstring of the main function. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations: in this example) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (del ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In case of ambiguous abbreviations ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (raises a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (NameError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Testing a plac application) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .847045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally I must notice that the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is available only if you are using a recent version of) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python \() Tj (>) Tj (= 2.5\), because it is a context manager object which uses extended generators internally.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.034269 Tw (You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode. However manual testing is a poor) Tj T* 0 Tw (substitute for automatic testing.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.034269 Tw (You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode. However manual testing is a poor) Tj T* 0 Tw (substitute for automatic testing.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In principle, one could write automatic tests for the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (application by using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directly:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In principle, one could write automatic tests for the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (application by using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directly:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -9032,26 +9131,26 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 156 re B* Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# test_ishelve.py) Tj T* (import plac, ishelve) Tj T* T* (def test\(\):) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['.clear']\) == ['cleared the shelve']) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['a=1']\) == ['setting a=1']) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['a']\) == ['1']) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['.delete=a']\) == ['deleted a']) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['a']\) == ['a: not found']) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( test\(\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# test_ishelve.py) Tj T* (import plac, ishelve) Tj T* T* (def test\(\):) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['.clear']\) == ['cleared the shelve']) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['a=1']\) == ['setting a=1']) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['a']\) == ['1']) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['.delete=a']\) == ['deleted a']) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['a']\) == ['a: not found']) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( test\(\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 387.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 354.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .390651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not especially nice. The big issue is that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responds to invalid) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.249987 Tw (input by printing an error message on stderr and by raising a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: this is certainly not a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (thing to do in a test.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .390651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not especially nice. The big issue is that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responds to invalid) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.249987 Tw (input by printing an error message on stderr and by raising a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: this is certainly not a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (thing to do in a test.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 312.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.616457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As a consequence of this behavior it is impossible to test for invalid commands, unless you wrap the) Tj T* 0 Tw .259985 Tw /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (exception by hand each time \(a possibly you do something with the error message in stderr) Tj T* 0 Tw (too\). Luckily, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (offers a better testing support through the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (objects:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.616457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As a consequence of this behavior it is impossible to test for invalid commands, unless you wrap the) Tj T* 0 Tw .259985 Tw /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (exception by hand each time \(a possibly you do something with the error message in stderr) Tj T* 0 Tw (too\). Luckily, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (offers a better testing support through the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (objects:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 159.4236 cm
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@@ -9065,57 +9164,52 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B* Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# test_ishelve_more.py) Tj T* (from __future__ import with_statement) Tj T* (import plac, ishelve) Tj T* T* (def test\(\):) Tj T* ( with plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\) as i:) Tj T* ( i.check\('.clear', 'cleared the shelve'\)) Tj T* ( i.check\('a=1', 'setting a=1'\)) Tj T* ( i.check\('a', '1'\)) Tj T* ( i.check\('.delete=a', 'deleted a'\)) Tj T* ( i.check\('a', 'a: not found'\)) Tj T* ET
-Q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# test_ishelve_more.py) Tj T* (from __future__ import with_statement) Tj T* (import plac, ishelve) Tj T* T* (def test\(\):) Tj T* ( with plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\) as i:) Tj T* ( i.check\('.clear', 'cleared the shelve'\)) Tj T* ( i.check\('a=1', 'setting a=1'\)) Tj T* ( i.check\('a', '1'\)) Tj T* ( i.check\('.delete=a', 'deleted a'\)) Tj T* ( i.check\('a', 'a: not found'\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 6.299974 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The method ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.check\(given_input, expected_output\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works on strings and raises an) Tj T* 0 Tw .971318 Tw /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if the output produced by the interpreter is different from the expected output for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.186905 Tw (given input. Notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is catched by tools like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (py.test ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nosetests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw (actually ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tests are intended to be run with such tools.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .239984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interpreters offer a minor syntactic advantage with respect to calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directly, but they offer a ) Tj T* 0 Tw .96748 Tw /F4 10 Tf (major ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (semantic advantage when things go wrong \(read exceptions\): an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object internally ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181318 Tw (invokes something like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but it wraps all exceptions, so that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (i.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is guaranteed not to) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 6.299974 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The method ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.check\(given_input, expected_output\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works on strings and raises an) Tj T* 0 Tw .971318 Tw /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if the output produced by the interpreter is different from the expected output for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.186905 Tw (given input. Notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is catched by tools like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (py.test ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nosetests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw (actually ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tests are intended to be run with such tools.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (raise any exception except ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .239984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interpreters offer a minor syntactic advantage with respect to calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directly, but they offer a) Tj T* 0 Tw .96748 Tw /F4 10 Tf (major ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (semantic advantage when things go wrong \(read exceptions\): an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object internally) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181318 Tw (invokes something like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but it wraps all exceptions, so that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (i.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is guaranteed not to) Tj T* 0 Tw (raise any exception except ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Even the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (exception is captured and you can write your test as) Tj T* ET
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@@ -9123,48 +9217,48 @@ q 1 0 0 1 20 0 cm
q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (i.check\('-cler', 'SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: -cler'\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (without risk of exiting from the Python interpreter.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (without risk of exiting from the Python interpreter.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.422651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is a second advantage of interpreters: if the main function contains some initialization code and) Tj T* 0 Tw .454651 Tw (finalization code \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (functions\) they will be run only once at the beginning and) Tj T* 0 Tw (at the end of the interpreter loop. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.422651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is a second advantage of interpreters: if the main function contains some initialization code and) Tj T* 0 Tw .454651 Tw (finalization code \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (functions\) they will be run only once at the beginning and) Tj T* 0 Tw (at the end of the interpreter loop. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Plac easy tests) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Plac easy tests) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 585.0236 cm
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Writing your tests in terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is certainly an improvement over writing them in) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.807318 Tw (terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but they are still too low-level for my taste. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (support for doctest-style tests, a.k.a. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac easy tests) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Writing your tests in terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is certainly an improvement over writing them in) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.807318 Tw (terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but they are still too low-level for my taste. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (support for doctest-style tests, a.k.a. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac easy tests) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 543.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 507.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.142209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (By using plac easy tests you can cut and paste your interactive session and turn it into a runnable) Tj T* 0 Tw .519213 Tw (automatics test. Consider for instance the following file ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (extension is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (mnemonic for plac easy tests\):) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.142209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (By using plac easy tests you can cut and paste your interactive session and turn it into a runnable) Tj T* 0 Tw .519213 Tw (automatics test. Consider for instance the following file ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (extension is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (mnemonic for plac easy tests\):) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 329.8236 cm
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@@ -9177,26 +9271,26 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 168 re B*
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (#!ishelve.py) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .clear # start from a clean state) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .cler # spelling error) Tj T* (.cler: not found) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 309.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 273.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .697132 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the precence of the shebang line containing the name of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool to test \(a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.511751 Tw (Python module with a function called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). The shebang is ignored by the interpreter \(it looks like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .487608 Tw (comment to it\) but it is there so that external tools \(say a test runner\) can infer the plac interpreter to use) Tj T* 0 Tw (to test the file.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .697132 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the precence of the shebang line containing the name of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool to test \(a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.511751 Tw (Python module with a function called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). The shebang is ignored by the interpreter \(it looks like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .487608 Tw (comment to it\) but it is there so that external tools \(say a test runner\) can infer the plac interpreter to use) Tj T* 0 Tw (to test the file.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 279.8236 cm
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.419984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can test ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file by calling the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method of the interpreter, as in this) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.419984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can test ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file by calling the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method of the interpreter, as in this) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -9210,72 +9304,67 @@ n -6 -6 474 36 re B* Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python -c"import plac, ishelve) Tj T* (plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).doctest\(open\('ishelve.placet'\), verbose=True\)") Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python -c"import plac, ishelve) Tj T* (plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).doctest\(open\('ishelve.placet'\), verbose=True\)") Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 191.0393 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 155.0393 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 4.007109 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.doctests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (invokes something like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (multiple times) Tj T* 0 Tw .226654 Tw (inside the same context and compare the output with the expected output: if even a check fails, the whole) Tj T* 0 Tw (test fail.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 4.007109 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.doctests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (invokes something like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (multiple times) Tj T* 0 Tw .226654 Tw (inside the same context and compare the output with the expected output: if even a check fails, the whole) Tj T* 0 Tw (test fail.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 149.0393 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 113.0393 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .175868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You should realize tha the easy tests supported by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (unittests: they are functional tests. They) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.22936 Tw (model then user interaction and the order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file are not independent and it makes sense to exit immediately at the first failure.) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 95.03932 cm
-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .414431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The support for doctests in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (comes nearly for free, thanks to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library, ) Tj T* 0 Tw .352765 Tw (which is able to parse simple languages as the ones you can implement with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In particular, thanks to ) Tj T* 0 Tw .875984 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize comments \(the default comment character is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (#) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), escape sequences and ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.50686 Tw (more. Look at the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation if you need to customize how the language is interpreted. For) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .175868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You should realize tha the easy tests supported by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (unittests: they are functional tests. They) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.22936 Tw (model then user interaction and the order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file are not independent and it makes sense to exit immediately at the first failure.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (22) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.794985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (more flexibility, it is even possible to pass to the interpreter a custom split function with signature) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (split\(line, commentchar\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm .414431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The support for doctests in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (comes nearly for free, thanks to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library,) Tj T* 0 Tw .352765 Tw (which is able to parse simple languages as the ones you can implement with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In particular, thanks to) Tj T* 0 Tw .875984 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize comments \(the default comment character is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (#) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), escape sequences and) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.50686 Tw (more. Look at the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation if you need to customize how the language is interpreted. For) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.794985 Tw (more flexibility, it is even possible to pass to the interpreter a custom split function with signature) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (split\(line, commentchar\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 687.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 639.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .136654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number recognition, so that if a test fail) Tj T* 0 Tw .042093 Tw (you get the line number of the failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are stored in external) Tj T* 0 Tw .610898 Tw (files, even if plac easy tests does not need to be in a file: you can just pass to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method a) Tj T* 0 Tw (list of strings corresponding to the lines of the file.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .136654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number recognition, so that if a test fail) Tj T* 0 Tw .042093 Tw (you get the line number of the failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are stored in external) Tj T* 0 Tw .610898 Tw (files, even if plac easy tests does not need to be in a file: you can just pass to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method a) Tj T* 0 Tw (list of strings corresponding to the lines of the file.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .653145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At the present ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not use any code from the doctest module, but the situation may change in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (future \(it would be nice if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could reuse doctests directives like ELLIPSIS\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .653145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At the present ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not use any code from the doctest module, but the situation may change in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (future \(it would be nice if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could reuse doctests directives like ELLIPSIS\).) Tj T* ET
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.447318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is straighforward to integrate your ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tests with standard testing tools. For instance, you can) Tj T* 0 Tw (integrate your doctests with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (py.test ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as follow:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.447318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is straighforward to integrate your ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tests with standard testing tools. For instance, you can) Tj T* 0 Tw (integrate your doctests with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (py.test ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as follow:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -9289,40 +9378,40 @@ n -6 -6 474 180 re B* Q
q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 158 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import os, shlex, plac) Tj T* T* (def test_doct\(\):) Tj T* ( """) Tj T* ( Find all the doctests in the current directory and run them with the) Tj T* ( corresponding plac interpreter \(the shebang rules!\)) Tj T* ( """) Tj T* ( placets = [f for f in os.listdir\('.'\) if f.endswith\('.placet'\)]) Tj T* ( for placet in placets:) Tj T* ( lines = list\(open\(placet\)\)) Tj T* ( assert lines[0].startswith\('#!'\), 'Missing or incorrect shebang line!') Tj T* ( firstline = lines[0][2:] # strip the shebang) Tj T* ( main = plac.import_main\(*shlex.split\(firstline\)\)) Tj T* ( yield plac.Interpreter\(main\).doctest, lines[1:]) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import os, shlex, plac) Tj T* T* (def test_doct\(\):) Tj T* ( """) Tj T* ( Find all the doctests in the current directory and run them with the) Tj T* ( corresponding plac interpreter \(the shebang rules!\)) Tj T* ( """) Tj T* ( placets = [f for f in os.listdir\('.'\) if f.endswith\('.placet'\)]) Tj T* ( for placet in placets:) Tj T* ( lines = list\(open\(placet\)\)) Tj T* ( assert lines[0].startswith\('#!'\), 'Missing or incorrect shebang line!') Tj T* ( firstline = lines[0][2:] # strip the shebang) Tj T* ( main = plac.import_main\(*shlex.split\(firstline\)\)) Tj T* ( yield plac.Interpreter\(main\).doctest, lines[1:]) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8485 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8485 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.44811 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here you should notice that usage of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.import_main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, an utility which is able to import the main) Tj T* 0 Tw .775703 Tw (function of the script specified in the shebang line. You can use both the full path name of the tool, or a) Tj T* 0 Tw .87686 Tw (relative path name. In this case the runner look at the environment variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it searches) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.900651 Tw (the plac tool in the directories specified there \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is just a string containing directory names) Tj T* 0 Tw .56332 Tw (separated by colons\). If the variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not defined, it just looks in the current directory. If the) Tj T* 0 Tw (plac tool is not found, an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ImportError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is raised.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.44811 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here you should notice that usage of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.import_main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, an utility which is able to import the main) Tj T* 0 Tw .775703 Tw (function of the script specified in the shebang line. You can use both the full path name of the tool, or a) Tj T* 0 Tw .87686 Tw (relative path name. In this case the runner look at the environment variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it searches) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.900651 Tw (the plac tool in the directories specified there \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is just a string containing directory names) Tj T* 0 Tw .56332 Tw (separated by colons\). If the variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not defined, it just looks in the current directory. If the) Tj T* 0 Tw (plac tool is not found, an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ImportError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is raised.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Plac batch scripts) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Plac batch scripts) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 287.8485 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .772093 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is pretty easy to realize that an interactive interpreter can also be used to run batch scripts: instead of) Tj T* 0 Tw .504692 Tw (reading the commands from the console, it is enough to read the commands from a file. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreters) Tj T* 0 Tw (provide an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method to perform just that.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .772093 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is pretty easy to realize that an interactive interpreter can also be used to run batch scripts: instead of) Tj T* 0 Tw .504692 Tw (reading the commands from the console, it is enough to read the commands from a file. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreters) Tj T* 0 Tw (provide an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method to perform just that.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 173.8485 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .098935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is just a subtle point to notice: whereas in an interactive loop one wants to manage all exceptions, a) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.866412 Tw (batch script should not in the background in case of unexpected errors. The implementation of) Tj T* 0 Tw .103059 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (makes sure that any error raised by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (internally is re-raised. In other) Tj T* 0 Tw .407045 Tw (words, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreters ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (wrap the errors, but does not eat them) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: the errors are always accessible and can) Tj T* 0 Tw (be re-raised on demand.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .098935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is just a subtle point to notice: whereas in an interactive loop one wants to manage all exceptions, a) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.866412 Tw (batch script should not in the background in case of unexpected errors. The implementation of) Tj T* 0 Tw .103059 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (makes sure that any error raised by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (internally is re-raised. In other) Tj T* 0 Tw .407045 Tw (words, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreters ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (wrap the errors, but does not eat them) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: the errors are always accessible and can) Tj T* 0 Tw (be re-raised on demand.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 143.8485 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The exception is the case of invalid commands, which are skipped. Consider for instance the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (batch file, which contains a mispelled command \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.del) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\):) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The exception is the case of invalid commands, which are skipped. Consider for instance the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (batch file, which contains a mispelled command \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.del) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\):) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (#!ishelve.py) Tj T* (.clear ) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (.show) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (a=1 b=2) Tj T* (.show) Tj T* (.del a) Tj T* (.dl b) Tj T* (.show) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.939461 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will print a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl: not found ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (line and will) Tj T* 0 Tw (continue:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.939461 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will print a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl: not found ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (line and will) Tj T* 0 Tw (continue:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -9403,47 +9493,47 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 216 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 194 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python -c "import plac, ishelve) Tj T* (plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).execute\(open\('ishelve.plac'\), verbose=True\)") Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .clear) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .dl b) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (.dl: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 197.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python -c "import plac, ishelve) Tj T* (plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).execute\(open\('ishelve.plac'\), verbose=True\)") Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .clear) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .dl b) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (.dl: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 438.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 390.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .159988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted \(prefixed by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (i) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). This is done on) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.359988 Tw (purpose, so that you can cut and paste the output of the batch script and turn it into a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (test) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(cool, isn't it?\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .159988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted \(prefixed by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (i) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). This is done on) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.359988 Tw (purpose, so that you can cut and paste the output of the batch script and turn it into a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (test) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(cool, isn't it?\).) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 408.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 360.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 366.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 318.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.182485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When I discussed the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (implementation in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (basic documentation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, I said that it looked like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .116655 Tw (poor man implementation of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was able to do much) Tj T* 0 Tw (better than that. Here I will substantiate my claim.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.182485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When I discussed the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (implementation in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (basic documentation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, I said that it looked like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .116655 Tw (poor man implementation of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was able to do much) Tj T* 0 Tw (better than that. Here I will substantiate my claim.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 324.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 276.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .89104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is actually able to infer a set of subparsers from a generic container of commands. This is useful if) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.125814 Tw (you want to implement ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (subcommands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(a familiar example of a command-line application featuring) Tj T* 0 Tw (subcommands is subversion\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .89104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is actually able to infer a set of subparsers from a generic container of commands. This is useful if) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.125814 Tw (you want to implement ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (subcommands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(a familiar example of a command-line application featuring) Tj T* 0 Tw (subcommands is subversion\).) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 258.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 210.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .015868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically a container of commands is any object with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute listing a set of functions or) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.550888 Tw (methods which are valid commands. A command container may have initialization/finalization hooks) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.55664 Tw (\() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__/__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) and dispatch hooks \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, invoked for invalid command names\).) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.113828 Tw (Moreover, only when using command containers ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to provide automatic autocompletion of) Tj T* 0 Tw (commands.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .015868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically a container of commands is any object with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute listing a set of functions or) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.550888 Tw (methods which are valid commands. A command container may have initialization/finalization hooks) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.55664 Tw (\() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__/__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) and dispatch hooks \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, invoked for invalid command names\).) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.113828 Tw (Moreover, only when using command containers ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to provide automatic autocompletion of) Tj T* 0 Tw (commands.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 192.6236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The shelve interface can be rewritten in an object-oriented way as follows:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The shelve interface can be rewritten in an object-oriented way as follows:) Tj T* ET
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+n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# ishelve2.py) Tj T* (import shelve, os, sys, plac) Tj T* T* (class ShelveInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A minimal interface over a shelve object.") Tj T* ( commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete') Tj T* ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( configfile=\('path name of the shelve', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, configfile\):) Tj T* ( self.configfile = configfile or '~/conf.shelve') Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# ishelve2.py) Tj T* (import shelve, os, sys, plac) Tj T* T* (class ShelveInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A minimal interface over a shelve object.") Tj T* ( commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete') Tj T* ET
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@@ -9471,20 +9561,21 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (24) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (24) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 386 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( self.fname = os.path.expanduser\(self.configfile\)) Tj T* ( self.__doc__ += '\\nOperating on %s.\\n.help to see '\\) Tj T* ( 'the available commands.\\n' % self.fname) Tj T* ( def __enter__\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.sh = shelve.open\(self.fname\)) Tj T* ( return self) Tj T* ( def __exit__\(self, etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( self.sh.close\(\)) Tj T* ( def set\(self, name, value\):) Tj T* ( "set name value") Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(name, value\)) Tj T* ( self.sh[name] = value) Tj T* ( def show\(self, *names\):) Tj T* ( "show given parameters") Tj T* ( for name in names:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\) # no error checking) Tj T* ( def showall\(self\):) Tj T* ( "show all parameters") Tj T* ( for name in self.sh:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\)) Tj T* ( def delete\(self, name=None\):) Tj T* ( "delete given parameter \(or everything\)") Tj T* ( if name is None:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting everything') Tj T* ( self.sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting %s' % name) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* T* (main = ShelveInterface # useful for the tests) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter.call\(ShelveInterface\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 437.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( configfile=\('path name of the shelve', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, configfile\):) Tj T* ( self.configfile = configfile or '~/conf.shelve') Tj T* ( self.fname = os.path.expanduser\(self.configfile\)) Tj T* ( self.__doc__ += '\\nOperating on %s.\\n.help to see '\\) Tj T* ( 'the available commands.\\n' % self.fname) Tj T* ( def __enter__\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.sh = shelve.open\(self.fname\)) Tj T* ( return self) Tj T* ( def __exit__\(self, etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( self.sh.close\(\)) Tj T* ( def set\(self, name, value\):) Tj T* ( "set name value") Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(name, value\)) Tj T* ( self.sh[name] = value) Tj T* ( def show\(self, *names\):) Tj T* ( "show given parameters") Tj T* ( for name in names:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\) # no error checking) Tj T* ( def showall\(self\):) Tj T* ( "show all parameters") Tj T* ( for name in self.sh:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\)) Tj T* ( def delete\(self, name=None\):) Tj T* ( "delete given parameter \(or everything\)") Tj T* ( if name is None:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting everything') Tj T* ( self.sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting %s' % name) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* T* (main = ShelveInterface # useful for the tests) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter.call\(ShelveInterface\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm .885366 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (objects wrap context manager objects consistently. In other words, if you wrap an) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.323828 Tw (object with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods, they are invoked in the right order \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__) Tj T* 0 Tw .23528 Tw /F1 10 Tf (before the interpreter loop starts and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the interpreter loop ends, both in the regular and in) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.916412 Tw (the exceptional case\). In our example, the methods ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (make sure the the) Tj T* 0 Tw .339398 Tw (shelve is opened and closed correctly even in the case of exceptions. Notice that I have not implemented) Tj T* 0 Tw .814104 Tw (any error checking in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (show ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (delete ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods on purpose, to verify that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (works correctly in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the presence of exceptions.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .885366 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (objects wrap context manager objects consistently. In other words, if you wrap an) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.323828 Tw (object with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods, they are invoked in the right order \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__) Tj T* 0 Tw .23528 Tw /F1 10 Tf (before the interpreter loop starts and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the interpreter loop ends, both in the regular and in) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.916412 Tw (the exceptional case\). In our example, the methods ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (make sure the the) Tj T* 0 Tw .339398 Tw (shelve is opened and closed correctly even in the case of exceptions. Notice that I have not implemented) Tj T* 0 Tw .814104 Tw (any error checking in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (show ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (delete ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods on purpose, to verify that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (works correctly in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the presence of exceptions.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.8236 cm
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.567126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When working with command containers, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (automatically adds two special commands to the set of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.176136 Tw (provided commands: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.last_tb) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is the easier to understand: when) Tj T* 0 Tw .39811 Tw (invoked without arguments it displays the list of available commands with the same formatting of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.19561 Tw 0 0 0 rg (module; when invoked with the name of a command it displays the usage message for that command.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.33686 Tw (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.last_tb ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is useful when debugging: in case of errors, it allows you to display the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traceback of the last executed command.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.567126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When working with command containers, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (automatically adds two special commands to the set of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.176136 Tw (provided commands: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.last_tb) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is the easier to understand: when) Tj T* 0 Tw .39811 Tw (invoked without arguments it displays the list of available commands with the same formatting of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.19561 Tw 0 0 0 rg (module; when invoked with the name of a command it displays the usage message for that command.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.33686 Tw (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.last_tb ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is useful when debugging: in case of errors, it allows you to display the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traceback of the last executed command.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a session of usage on an Unix-like operating system:) Tj T* ET
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-Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve2.py) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* ET
-Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a session of usage on an Unix-like operating system:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (25) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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@@ -9570,35 +9642,35 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 606 456 re B*
+n -6 -6 606 504 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 434 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* T* (special commands) Tj T* (================) Tj T* (.help .last_tb) Tj T* T* (custom commands) Tj T* (===============) Tj T* (delete set show showall) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a pippo) Tj T* (setting a=pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b lippo) Tj T* (setting b=lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a b) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (KeyError: 'a') Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .last_tb) Tj T* ( File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/plac-0.6.0-py2.6.egg/plac_ext.py", line 190, in _wrap) Tj T* ( for value in genobj:) Tj T* ( File "./ishelve2.py", line 37, in delete) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* ( File "/usr/lib/python2.6/shelve.py", line 136, in __delitem__) Tj T* ( del self.dict[key]) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 485.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve2.py) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* T* (special commands) Tj T* (================) Tj T* (.help .last_tb) Tj T* T* (custom commands) Tj T* (===============) Tj T* (delete set show showall) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a pippo) Tj T* (setting a=pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b lippo) Tj T* (setting b=lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a b) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (KeyError: 'a') Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .last_tb) Tj T* ( File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/plac-0.6.0-py2.6.egg/plac_ext.py", line 190, in _wrap) Tj T* ( for value in genobj:) Tj T* ( File "./ishelve2.py", line 37, in delete) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* ( File "/usr/lib/python2.6/shelve.py", line 136, in __delitem__) Tj T* ( del self.dict[key]) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.066303 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At the core of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (there is the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function which invokes a callable with the list of the arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .937674 Tw (passed at the command-line \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (sys.argv[1:]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Thanks to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (you can launch your module by) Tj T* 0 Tw (simply adding the lines:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .435227 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover, now the program runs, but only in interactive mode, i.e. it is not possible to run it as a script. It ) Tj T* 0 Tw .721098 Tw (would be nice instead to be able to specify the command to execute on the command-line and have the ) Tj T* 0 Tw 4.08229 Tw (interpreter start, execute the command and finish properly \(I mean by calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj T* 0 Tw .427633 Tw /F3 10 Tf (__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) without needing user input. The the script could be called from a batch shell script working in ) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.26816 Tw (the background. In order to provide such functionality ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a classmethod) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.173318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which takes the factory, instantiates it with the arguments read from the command line,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.517045 Tw (wraps the resulting container object as an interpreter and runs it with the rest arguments found in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is the code to turn the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (into a script) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 4.08229 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (interpreter start, execute the command and finish properly \(I mean by calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw .427633 Tw /F3 10 Tf (__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) without needing user input. The the script could be called from a batch shell script working in) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.26816 Tw (the background. In order to provide such functionality ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a classmethod) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.173318 Tw (named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which takes the factory, instantiates it with the arguments read from the command line,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.517045 Tw (wraps the resulting container object as an interpreter and runs it with the rest arguments found in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is the code to turn the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (into a script) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .079989 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-i ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag in the command line, then the script will enter in interactive mode and ask the user) Tj T* 0 Tw (for the commands to execute:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The complete signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the following:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.022485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.6 ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (offers full readline support. That means that if your Python was compiled) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.120697 Tw (with readline support you get autocompletion and persistent command history for free. By default all) Tj T* 0 Tw .144104 Tw (commands are autocomplete in a case sensitive way. If you want to add new words to the autocompletion) Tj T* 0 Tw .116488 Tw (set, or you want to change the location of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file, or to change the case sensitivity, the way to) Tj T* 0 Tw .18436 Tw (go is to pass a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.ReadlineInput ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object to the interpreter. Here is an example, assuming you want) Tj T* 0 Tw (to build a database interface understanding SQL commands:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 329.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (import os, plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T* T* (SQLKEYWORDS = set\(['select', 'from', 'inner', 'join', 'outer', 'left', 'right']) Tj T* ( \) # and many others) Tj T* (DBTABLES = set\(['table1', 'table2']\) # you can read them from the db schema) Tj T* T* (COMPLETIONS = SQLKEYWORDS | DBTABLES) Tj T* T* (class SqlInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( commands = ['SELECT']) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, dsn\):) Tj T* ( self.soup = SqlSoup\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( def SELECT\(self, argstring\):) Tj T* ( sql = 'SELECT ' + argstring) Tj T* ( for row in self.soup.bind.execute\(sql\):) Tj T* ( yield str\(row\) # the formatting can be much improved) Tj T* T* (rl_input = plac.ReadlineInput\() Tj T* ( COMPLETIONS, histfile=os.path.expanduser\('~/.sql_interface.history'\), ) Tj T* ( case_sensitive=False\)) Tj T* T* (def split_on_first_space\(line, commentchar\):) Tj T* ( return line.strip\(\).split\(' ', 1\) # ignoring comments) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter.call\(SqlInterface, split=split_on_first_space,) Tj T* ( stdin=rl_input, prompt='sql) Tj (>) Tj ( '\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -9855,48 +9935,55 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.951318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that entering just ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (sel ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and pressing TAB the readline library completes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SELECT) Tj T* 0 Tw .797356 Tw /F1 10 Tf (keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (FROM) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (INNER) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (JOIN ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and even for the names of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .256235 Tw (tables. An obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting the database: actually) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.616654 Tw (you can even read the names of the views and of the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.047251 Tw (entered commands and recorded and saved in the file ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/.sql_interface.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when exiting) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the command-line interface.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.951318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that entering just ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (sel ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and pressing TAB the readline library completes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SELECT) Tj T* 0 Tw .797356 Tw /F1 10 Tf (keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (FROM) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (INNER) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (JOIN ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and even for the names of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .256235 Tw (tables. An obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting the database: actually) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.616654 Tw (you can even read the names of the views and of the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.047251 Tw (entered commands and recorded and saved in the file ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/.sql_interface.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when exiting) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the command-line interface.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 89.03071 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 2.010574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the readline library is not available, my suggestion is to use the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (rlwrap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool which provides similar) Tj T* 0 Tw .22561 Tw (features, at least on Unix-like platforms. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (should also work fine on Windows with the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (pyreadline ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (library) Tj T* 0 Tw .389989 Tw (\(I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested: I tried it only once and it worked, but your mileage) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206457 Tw (may vary\). For people worried about licenses, I will notice that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses the readline library only if) Tj T* 0 Tw .591894 Tw (available, it does not include it and it does not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (licence) Tj T* 0 Tw (does not need to be the GPL \(actually it is a BSD do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.010574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the readline library is not available, my suggestion is to use the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (rlwrap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool which provides similar ) Tj T* 0 Tw .22561 Tw (features, at least on Unix-like platforms. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (should also work fine on Windows with the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (pyreadline ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (library) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (28) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (28) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 729.0236 cm
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .389989 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested: I tried it only once and it worked, but your mileage) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206457 Tw (may vary\). For people worried about licenses, I will notice that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses the readline library only if) Tj T* 0 Tw .591894 Tw (available, it does not include it and it does not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (licence) Tj T* 0 Tw (does not need to be the GPL \(actually it is a BSD do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence\).) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 675.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .187882 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The interactive mode of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library. It) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.730651 Tw (is actually better than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: for instance, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is more powerful, since it provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (information about the arguments accepted by the given command:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .187882 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The interactive mode of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library. It) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.730651 Tw (is actually better than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: for instance, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is more powerful, since it provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (information about the arguments accepted by the given command:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 419.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -9909,32 +9996,32 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 300 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 278 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help set) Tj T* (usage: set name value) Tj T* T* (set name value) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( name) Tj T* ( value) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help delete) Tj T* (usage: delete [name]) Tj T* T* (delete given parameter \(or everything\)) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( name) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help show) Tj T* (usage: show [names [names ...]]) Tj T* T* (show given parameters) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( names) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 281.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help set) Tj T* (usage: set name value) Tj T* T* (set name value) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( name) Tj T* ( value) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help delete) Tj T* (usage: delete [name]) Tj T* T* (delete given parameter \(or everything\)) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( name) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help show) Tj T* (usage: show [names [names ...]]) Tj T* T* (show given parameters) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( names) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 363.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 309.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.959985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you can imagine, the help message is provided by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (subparser \(there is a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.954524 Tw (subparser for each command\). ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (commands accept options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .719318 Tw (arguments with defaults, arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the features) Tj T* 0 Tw (provided of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which should be reimplemented from scratch using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.959985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you can imagine, the help message is provided by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (subparser \(there is a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.954524 Tw (subparser for each command\). ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (commands accept options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .719318 Tw (arguments with defaults, arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the features) Tj T* 0 Tw (provided of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which should be reimplemented from scratch using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 333.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 279.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.78248 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover at the moment ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations. However, this feature may) Tj T* 0 Tw (disappear in future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (did not support readline.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.78248 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover at the moment ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations. However, this feature may) Tj T* 0 Tw (disappear in future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (did not support readline.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 315.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 261.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that if an abbreviation is ambiguous, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (warns you:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that if an abbreviation is ambiguous, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (warns you:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 270.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -9947,69 +10034,49 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( sh) Tj T* (NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show']) Tj T* ET
-Q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( sh) Tj T* (NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show']) Tj T* ET
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-q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 240.6236 cm
-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET
-Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 174.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 186.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.531318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The distribution of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (includes a runner script named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_runner.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which will be installed in a) Tj T* 0 Tw .44748 Tw (suitable directory in your system by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (distutils ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(say in ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\\usr\\local\\bin\\plac_runner.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in a Unix-like) Tj T* 0 Tw .680651 Tw (operative system\). The runner provides many facilities to run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (scripts and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files, as well) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47311 Tw (as Python modules containg a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object, which can be a function, a command container object or) Tj T* 0 Tw (even a command container class.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 144.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 120.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.994269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, suppose you want to execute a script containing commands defined in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve2) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (module like the following one:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.531318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The distribution of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (includes a runner script named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_runner.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which will be installed in a) Tj T* 0 Tw .44748 Tw (suitable directory in your system by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (distutils ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(say in ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\\usr\\local\\bin\\plac_runner.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in a Unix-like) Tj T* 0 Tw .680651 Tw (operative system\). The runner provides many facilities to run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (scripts and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files, as well) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47311 Tw (as Python modules containg a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object, which can be a function, a command container object or) Tj T* 0 Tw (even a command container class.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 99.42362 cm
-q
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
-q
-1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
-q
-.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
-.5 w
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
-Q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 90.62362 cm
q
-0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -c ~/conf.shelve) Tj T* (set a 1) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-Q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.994269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, suppose you want to execute a script containing commands defined in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve2) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (module like the following one:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (29) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (29) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -10019,24 +10086,24 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (del a) Tj T* (del a # intentional error) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -c ~/conf.shelve) Tj T* (set a 1) Tj T* (del a) Tj T* (del a # intentional error) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 659.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 635.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .575868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first line of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script contains the name of the python module containing the plac interpreter) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.327209 Tw (and the arguments which must be passed to its main function in order to be able to instantiate an) Tj T* 0 Tw .202485 Tw (interpreter object. In this case I appended ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (:ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the name of the module to specify the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.030574 Tw (object that must be imported: if not specified, by default the object named 'main' is imported. The other) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines contains commands. You can run the script as follows:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .575868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first line of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script contains the name of the python module containing the plac interpreter) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.327209 Tw (and the arguments which must be passed to its main function in order to be able to instantiate an) Tj T* 0 Tw .202485 Tw (interpreter object. In this case I appended ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (:ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the name of the module to specify the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.030574 Tw (object that must be imported: if not specified, by default the object named 'main' is imported. The other) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines contains commands. You can run the script as follows:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 570.6505 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 546.6505 cm
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.952737 0 0 .952737 0 0 cm
@@ -10050,31 +10117,31 @@ n -6 -6 492 84 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac_runner.py --batch ishelve2.plac) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* (_bsddb.DBNotFoundError: \(-30988, 'DB_NOTFOUND: No matching key/data pair found'\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac_runner.py --batch ishelve2.plac) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* (_bsddb.DBNotFoundError: \(-30988, 'DB_NOTFOUND: No matching key/data pair found'\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 538.6505 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 514.6505 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.79186 Tw (The last command intentionally contained an error, to show that the plac runner does not eat the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traceback.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.79186 Tw (The last command intentionally contained an error, to show that the plac runner does not eat the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traceback.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 508.6505 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 484.6505 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .437633 Tw (The runner can also be used to run Python modules in interactive mode and non-interactive mode. If you) Tj T* 0 Tw (put this alias in your bashrc) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .437633 Tw (The runner can also be used to run Python modules in interactive mode and non-interactive mode. If you) Tj T* 0 Tw (put this alias in your bashrc) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 502.6505 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 478.6505 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 490.6505 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 466.6505 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET
@@ -10082,23 +10149,23 @@ q 1 0 0 1 20 0 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (alias plac="plac_runner.py") Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (alias plac="plac_runner.py") Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 490.6505 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 466.6505 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 460.6505 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 436.6505 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.955318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(or you define a suitable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.bat ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in Windows\) you can run the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve2.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in) Tj T* 0 Tw (interactive mode as follows:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.955318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(or you define a suitable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.bat ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in Windows\) you can run the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve2.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in) Tj T* 0 Tw (interactive mode as follows:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 283.4505 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 259.4505 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -10111,20 +10178,20 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 168 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ plac -i ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b 2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show b) Tj T* (b = 2) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ plac -i ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b 2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show b) Tj T* (b = 2) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.4505 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 239.4505 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now you can cut and paste the interactive session an turns into into a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file like the following:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now you can cut and paste the interactive session an turns into into a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file like the following:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 134.2505 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 110.2505 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -10137,43 +10204,44 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -configfile=~/test.shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b 2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a) Tj T* (a = 1) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -configfile=~/test.shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b 2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a) Tj T* (a = 1) Tj T* ET
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-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.145697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the first line specifies a test database ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/test.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to avoid clobbering your default) Tj T* 0 Tw (shelve. If you mispell the arguments in the first line plac will give you an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (error message \(just try\).) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-q
1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (30) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (30) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.145697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the first line specifies a test database ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/test.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to avoid clobbering your default) Tj T* 0 Tw (shelve. If you mispell the arguments in the first line plac will give you an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (error message \(just try\).) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+q
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q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can run placets following the shebang convention directly with the plac runner:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can run placets following the shebang convention directly with the plac runner:) Tj T* ET
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q
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -10187,26 +10255,26 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac --test ishelve2.placet) Tj T* (run 1 plac test\(s\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac --test ishelve2.placet) Tj T* (run 1 plac test\(s\)) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .32104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you want to see the output of the tests, pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-v/--verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag. Notice that he runner ignore the) Tj T* 0 Tw .24856 Tw (extension, so you can actually use any extension your like, but ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (it relies on the first line of the file to invoke) Tj T* 0 Tw (the corresponding plac tool with the given arguments) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .32104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you want to see the output of the tests, pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-v/--verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag. Notice that he runner ignore the) Tj T* 0 Tw .24856 Tw (extension, so you can actually use any extension your like, but ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (it relies on the first line of the file to invoke) Tj T* 0 Tw (the corresponding plac tool with the given arguments) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 603.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .537209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner does not provide any test discovery facility, but you can use standard Unix tools to help.) Tj T* 0 Tw (For instance, you can run all the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files into a directory and its subdirectories as follows:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .537209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner does not provide any test discovery facility, but you can use standard Unix tools to help.) Tj T* 0 Tw (For instance, you can run all the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files into a directory and its subdirectories as follows:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 570.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -10220,30 +10288,30 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ find . -name \\*.placet | xargs plac_runner.py -t) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ find . -name \\*.placet | xargs plac_runner.py -t) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 568.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 538.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .760988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner expects the main function of your script to return a plac tool, i.e. a function or an object) Tj T* 0 Tw (with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute. It this is not the case the runner gracefully exits.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .760988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner expects the main function of your script to return a plac tool, i.e. a function or an object) Tj T* 0 Tw (with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute. It this is not the case the runner gracefully exits.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 520.6236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (It also works in non-interactive mode, if you call it as) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (It also works in non-interactive mode, if you call it as) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 544.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 514.6236 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 532.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 502.6236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET
@@ -10251,24 +10319,24 @@ q 1 0 0 1 20 0 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac module.py args ...) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac module.py args ...) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 532.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 502.6236 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 514.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 484.6236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 445.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 415.4236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -10282,39 +10350,39 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac ishelve.py a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* ($ plac ishelve.py .show) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac ishelve.py a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* ($ plac ishelve.py .show) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 413.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 383.4236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .01561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that in non-interactive mode the runner just invokes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object of the Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (module.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .01561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that in non-interactive mode the runner just invokes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object of the Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (module.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 383.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 353.4236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.4236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .907209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not force you to use classes to define command containers. Even a simple function can be a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.796651 Tw (valid command container, it is enough to add to it a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute and possibly ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (and/or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attributes.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .907209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not force you to use classes to define command containers. Even a simple function can be a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.796651 Tw (valid command container, it is enough to add to it a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute and possibly ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (and/or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attributes.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.4236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .327485 Tw (In particular, a Python module is a perfect container of commands. As an example, consider the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (module implementing a fake Version Control System:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .327485 Tw (In particular, a Python module is a perfect container of commands. As an example, consider the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (module implementing a fake Version Control System:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.22362 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -10324,11 +10392,11 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 204 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 180 re B*
Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 182 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ("A Fake Version Control System") Tj T* T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (commands = 'checkout', 'commit', 'status') Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(url='url of the source code'\)) Tj T* (def checkout\(url\):) Tj T* ( "A fake checkout command") Tj T* ( return \('checkout ', url\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(message=\('commit message', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* (def commit\(message\):) Tj T* ( "A fake commit command") Tj T* ( return \('commit ', message\)) Tj T* T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ("A Fake Version Control System") Tj T* T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (commands = 'checkout', 'commit', 'status') Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(url='url of the source code'\)) Tj T* (def checkout\(url\):) Tj T* ( "A fake checkout command") Tj T* ( return \('checkout ', url\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(message=\('commit message', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* (def commit\(message\):) Tj T* ( "A fake commit command") Tj T* ET
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@@ -10338,20 +10406,21 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (31) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (31) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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@@ -10361,30 +10430,30 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 180 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 204 re B*
Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 158 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (@plac.annotations\(quiet=\('summary information', 'flag', 'q'\)\)) Tj T* (def status\(quiet\):) Tj T* ( "A fake status command") Tj T* ( return \('status ', quiet\)) Tj T* T* (def __missing__\(name\):) Tj T* ( return 'Command %r does not exist' % name) Tj T* T* (def __exit__\(etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( "Will be called automatically at the end of the call/cmdloop") Tj T* ( if etype in \(None, GeneratorExit\): # success) Tj T* ( print\('ok'\)) Tj T* T* (main = __import__\(__name__\) # the module imports itself!) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 185.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( return \('commit ', message\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(quiet=\('summary information', 'flag', 'q'\)\)) Tj T* (def status\(quiet\):) Tj T* ( "A fake status command") Tj T* ( return \('status ', quiet\)) Tj T* T* (def __missing__\(name\):) Tj T* ( return 'Command %r does not exist' % name) Tj T* T* (def __exit__\(etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( "Will be called automatically at the end of the call/cmdloop") Tj T* ( if etype in \(None, GeneratorExit\): # success) Tj T* ( print\('ok'\)) Tj T* T* (main = __import__\(__name__\) # the module imports itself!) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 539.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 515.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .431318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that I have defined both an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook and a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook, invoked for non-existing) Tj T* 0 Tw .592651 Tw (commands. The real trick here is the line ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main = __import__\(__name__\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which define ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be) Tj T* 0 Tw (an alias for the current module.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .431318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that I have defined both an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook and a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook, invoked for non-existing) Tj T* 0 Tw .592651 Tw (commands. The real trick here is the line ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main = __import__\(__name__\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which define ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be) Tj T* 0 Tw (an alias for the current module.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 485.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.259986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (vcs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module does not contain an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block, but you can still run it) Tj T* 0 Tw (through the plac runner \(try ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac vcs.py -h) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\):) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.259986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (vcs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module does not contain an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block, but you can still run it) Tj T* 0 Tw (through the plac runner \(try ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac vcs.py -h) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\):) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 368.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 344.6236 cm
q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -10398,20 +10467,20 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: plac_runner.py vcs.py [-h] {status,commit,checkout} ...) Tj T* T* (A Fake Version Control System) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* T* (subcommands:) Tj T* ( {status,commit,checkout}) Tj T* ( -h to get additional help) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: plac_runner.py vcs.py [-h] {status,commit,checkout} ...) Tj T* T* (A Fake Version Control System) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* T* (subcommands:) Tj T* ( {status,commit,checkout}) Tj T* ( -h to get additional help) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 348.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 324.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can get help for the subcommands by postponing ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the name of the command:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can get help for the subcommands by postponing ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the name of the command:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 231.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 207.4236 cm
q
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -10425,23 +10494,23 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py status -h) Tj T* (usage: vcs.py status [-h] [-q]) Tj T* T* (A fake status command) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -q, --quiet summary information) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py status -h) Tj T* (usage: vcs.py status [-h] [-q]) Tj T* T* (A fake status command) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -q, --quiet summary information) Tj T* ET
Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 199.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 175.4236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.064985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice how the docstring of the command is automatically shown in usage message, as well as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (documentation for the sub flag ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-q) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.064985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice how the docstring of the command is automatically shown in usage message, as well as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (documentation for the sub flag ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-q) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 181.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 157.4236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of a non-interactive session:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of a non-interactive session:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -10455,11 +10524,11 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py check url) Tj T* (checkout) Tj T* (url) Tj T* ($ plac vcs.py st -q) Tj T* (status) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py check url) Tj T* (checkout) Tj T* (url) Tj T* ET
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@@ -10469,20 +10538,21 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (32) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (32) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -10492,25 +10562,25 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (True) Tj T* ($ plac vcs.py co) Tj T* (commit) Tj T* (None) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py st -q) Tj T* (status) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ($ plac vcs.py co) Tj T* (commit) Tj T* (None) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 659.8236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and here is an interactive session:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and here is an interactive session:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 482.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 458.6236 cm
q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 257.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import time) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (class FakeImporter\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A fake importer with an import_file command") Tj T* ( thcommands = ['import_file']) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, dsn\):) Tj T* ( self.dsn = dsn) Tj T* ( def import_file\(self, fname\):) Tj T* ( "Import a file into the database") Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( for n in range\(10000\):) Tj T* ( time.sleep\(.02\)) Tj T* ( if n % 100 == 99: # every two seconds) Tj T* ( yield 'Imported %d lines' % \(n+1\)) Tj T* ( if n % 10 == 9: # every 0.2 seconds) Tj T* ( yield # go back and check the TOBEKILLED status) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( print\('closing the file'\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter.call\(FakeImporter\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 341.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (from Tkinter import *) Tj T* (from importer3 import FakeImporter) Tj T* T* (def taskwidget\(root, task, tick=500\):) Tj T* ( "A Label widget showing the output of a task every 500 ms") Tj T* ( sv = StringVar\(root\)) Tj T* ( lb = Label\(root, textvariable=sv\)) Tj T* ( def show_outlist\(\):) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( out = task.outlist[-1]) Tj T* ( except IndexError: # no output yet) Tj T* ( out = '') Tj T* ( sv.set\('%s %s' % \(task, out\)\)) Tj T* ( root.after\(tick, show_outlist\)) Tj T* ( root.after\(0, show_outlist\)) Tj T* ( return lb) Tj T* T* (def monitor\(tasks\):) Tj T* ( root = Tk\(\)) Tj T* ( for task in tasks:) Tj T* ( task.run\(\)) Tj T* ( taskwidget\(root, task\).pack\(\)) Tj T* ( root.mainloop\(\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac) Tj T* ( with plac.Interpreter\(plac.call\(FakeImporter\)\) as i:) Tj T* ( tasks = [i.submit\('import_file f1'\), i.submit\('import_file f2'\)]) Tj T* ( monitor\(tasks\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 1.174751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is certainly not intended as a tool for parallel computing, but still you can use it to launch a set of) Tj T* 0 Tw .497984 Tw (commands and to collect the results, similarly to the MapReduce pattern popularized by Google. In order) Tj T* 0 Tw .669431 Tw (to give an example, I will consider the "Hello World" of parallel computing, i.e. the computation of pi with) Tj T* 0 Tw .537633 Tw (independent processes. There is a huge number of algorithms to compute pi; here I will describe a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw .101567 Tw (one chosen for simplicity, not per efficienty. The trick is to consider the first quadrant of a circle with radius) Tj T* 0 Tw .602488 Tw (1 and to extract a number of points ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\(x, y\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (x ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (y ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (random variables in the interval ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ([0,1]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .928876 Tw (probability of extracting a number inside the quadrant \(i.e. with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (x^2 + y^2 < 1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is proportional to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .433145 Tw (area of the quadrant \(i.e. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (pi/4) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). The value of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (pi ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (therefore can be extracted by multiplying by 4 the ratio) Tj T* 0 Tw (between the number of points in the quadrant versus the total number of points ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (N) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (N ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (large:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 100.82 Tm 1.174751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is certainly not intended as a tool for parallel computing, but still you can use it to launch a set of) Tj T* 0 Tw .497984 Tw (commands and to collect the results, similarly to the MapReduce pattern popularized by Google. In order) Tj T* 0 Tw .669431 Tw (to give an example, I will consider the "Hello World" of parallel computing, i.e. the computation of pi with) Tj T* 0 Tw .537633 Tw (independent processes. There is a huge number of algorithms to compute pi; here I will describe a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw .101567 Tw (one chosen for simplicity, not per efficienty. The trick is to consider the first quadrant of a circle with radius) Tj T* 0 Tw .602488 Tw (1 and to extract a number of points ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\(x, y\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (x ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (y ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (random variables in the interval ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ([0,1]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .928876 Tw (probability of extracting a number inside the quadrant \(i.e. with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (x^2 + y^2 < 1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is proportional to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .433145 Tw (area of the quadrant \(i.e. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (pi/4) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). The value of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (pi ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (therefore can be extracted by multiplying by 4 the ratio) Tj T* 0 Tw (between the number of points in the quadrant versus the total number of points ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (N) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (N ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (large:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 429.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a script implementing the algorithm and working in three different modes \(parallel mode, threaded) Tj T* 0 Tw (mode and sequential mode\) depending on a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (mode ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a script implementing the algorithm and working in three different modes \(parallel mode, threaded) Tj T* 0 Tw (mode and sequential mode\) depending on a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (mode ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11488,7 +11581,7 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 324 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 302 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (from __future__ import with_statement) Tj T* (from random import random) Tj T* (import multiprocessing) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (class PiCalculator\(object\):) Tj T* ( """Compute pi in parallel with threads or processes""") Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( npoints=\('number of integration points', 'positional', None, int\),) Tj T* ( mode=\('sequential|parallel|threaded', 'option', 'm', str, 'SPT'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, npoints, mode='S'\):) Tj T* ( self.npoints = npoints) Tj T* ( if mode == 'P':) Tj T* ( self.mpcommands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* ( elif mode == 'T':) Tj T* ( self.thcommands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* ( elif mode == 'S':) Tj T* ( self.commands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* ( self.n_cpu = multiprocessing.cpu_count\(\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( def submit_tasks\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.i = plac.Interpreter\(self\).__enter__\(\) ) Tj T* ( return [self.i.submit\('calc_pi %d' % \(self.npoints / self.n_cpu\)\)) Tj T* ( for _ in range\(self.n_cpu\)]) Tj T* T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 305.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (from __future__ import with_statement) Tj T* (from random import random) Tj T* (import multiprocessing) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (class PiCalculator\(object\):) Tj T* ( """Compute pi in parallel with threads or processes""") Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( npoints=\('number of integration points', 'positional', None, int\),) Tj T* ( mode=\('sequential|parallel|threaded', 'option', 'm', str, 'SPT'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, npoints, mode='S'\):) Tj T* ( self.npoints = npoints) Tj T* ( if mode == 'P':) Tj T* ( self.mpcommands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* ( elif mode == 'T':) Tj T* ( self.thcommands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* ( elif mode == 'S':) Tj T* ( self.commands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* ( self.n_cpu = multiprocessing.cpu_count\(\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( def submit_tasks\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.i = plac.Interpreter\(self\).__enter__\(\) ) Tj T* ( return [self.i.submit\('calc_pi %d' % \(self.npoints / self.n_cpu\)\)) Tj T* ( for _ in range\(self.n_cpu\)]) Tj T* T* ET
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@@ -11498,18 +11591,19 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (39) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (39) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 307.8236 cm
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@@ -11524,7 +11618,7 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 456 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 434 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( def close\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.i.close\(\)) Tj T* T* ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( npoints=\('npoints', 'positional', None, int\)\)) Tj T* ( def calc_pi\(self, npoints\):) Tj T* ( counts = 0) Tj T* ( for j in xrange\(npoints\):) Tj T* ( n, r = divmod\(j, 1000000\)) Tj T* ( if r == 0:) Tj T* ( yield '%dM iterations' % n) Tj T* ( x, y = random\(\), random\(\)) Tj T* ( if x*x + y*y ) Tj (<) Tj ( 1:) Tj T* ( counts += 1) Tj T* ( yield \(4.0 * counts\)/npoints) Tj T* T* ( def run\(self\):) Tj T* ( tasks = self.i.tasks\(\)) Tj T* ( for t in tasks:) Tj T* ( t.run\(\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( total = 0) Tj T* ( for task in tasks:) Tj T* ( total += task.result) Tj T* ( except: # the task was killed) Tj T* ( print tasks) Tj T* ( return) Tj T* ( return total / self.n_cpu) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( pc = plac.call\(PiCalculator\)) Tj T* ( pc.submit_tasks\(\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( import time; t0 = time.time\(\)) Tj T* ( print '%f in %f seconds ' % \(pc.run\(\), time.time\(\) - t0\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( pc.close\(\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 437.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( def close\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.i.close\(\)) Tj T* T* ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( npoints=\('npoints', 'positional', None, int\)\)) Tj T* ( def calc_pi\(self, npoints\):) Tj T* ( counts = 0) Tj T* ( for j in xrange\(npoints\):) Tj T* ( n, r = divmod\(j, 1000000\)) Tj T* ( if r == 0:) Tj T* ( yield '%dM iterations' % n) Tj T* ( x, y = random\(\), random\(\)) Tj T* ( if x*x + y*y ) Tj (<) Tj ( 1:) Tj T* ( counts += 1) Tj T* ( yield \(4.0 * counts\)/npoints) Tj T* T* ( def run\(self\):) Tj T* ( tasks = self.i.tasks\(\)) Tj T* ( for t in tasks:) Tj T* ( t.run\(\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( total = 0) Tj T* ( for task in tasks:) Tj T* ( total += task.result) Tj T* ( except: # the task was killed) Tj T* ( print tasks) Tj T* ( return) Tj T* ( return total / self.n_cpu) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( pc = plac.call\(PiCalculator\)) Tj T* ( pc.submit_tasks\(\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( import time; t0 = time.time\(\)) Tj T* ( print '%f in %f seconds ' % \(pc.run\(\), time.time\(\) - t0\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( pc.close\(\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11533,14 +11627,14 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm .381797 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (submit_tasks ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method, which instantiates and initializes a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object and) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.38152 Tw (submits a number of commands corresponding to the number of available CPUs. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (calc_pi) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.796651 Tw /F1 10 Tf (command yield a log message every million of interactions, just to monitor the progress of the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.751318 Tw (computation. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (run ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method starts all the submitted commands in parallel and sums the results. It) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.17104 Tw (returns the average value of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (pi ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the slowest CPU has finished its job \(if the CPUs are equal and) Tj T* 0 Tw (equally busy they should finish more or less at the same time\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm .381797 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (submit_tasks ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method, which instantiates and initializes a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object and) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.38152 Tw (submits a number of commands corresponding to the number of available CPUs. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (calc_pi) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.796651 Tw /F1 10 Tf (command yield a log message every million of interactions, just to monitor the progress of the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.751318 Tw (computation. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (run ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method starts all the submitted commands in parallel and sums the results. It) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.17104 Tw (returns the average value of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (pi ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the slowest CPU has finished its job \(if the CPUs are equal and) Tj T* 0 Tw (equally busy they should finish more or less at the same time\).) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 209.8236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here are the results on my old Macbook with Ubuntu 10.04 and Python 2.6, for 10 million of iterations:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here are the results on my old Macbook with Ubuntu 10.04 and Python 2.6, for 10 million of iterations:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11558,7 +11652,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python picalculator.py -mP 10000000 # two processes) Tj T* (3.141904 in 5.744545 seconds) Tj T* ($ python picalculator.py -mT 10000000 # two threads) Tj T* (3.141272 in 13.875645 seconds) Tj T* ($ python picalculator.py -mS 10000000 # sequential) Tj T* (3.141586 in 11.353841 seconds) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python picalculator.py -mP 10000000 # two processes) Tj T* (3.141904 in 5.744545 seconds) Tj T* ($ python picalculator.py -mT 10000000 # two threads) Tj T* (3.141272 in 13.875645 seconds) Tj T* ($ python picalculator.py -mS 10000000 # sequential) Tj T* (3.141586 in 11.353841 seconds) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11568,29 +11662,30 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (40) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (40) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.711751 Tw (As you see using processes one gets a 2x speedup indeed, where the threaded mode is some 20%) Tj T* 0 Tw (slower than the sequential mode.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.711751 Tw (As you see using processes one gets a 2x speedup indeed, where the threaded mode is some 20%) Tj T* 0 Tw (slower than the sequential mode.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 675.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .167765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since the pattern submit a bunch of tasks, starts them and collect the results is so common, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides) Tj T* 0 Tw .493828 Tw (an utility function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (runp\(genseq, mode='p', start=True\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to start a bunch a generators and return) Tj T* 0 Tw .587765 Tw (a list of task objects. By default ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (runp ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (use processes, but you can use threads by passing ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (mode='t') Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw .422765 Tw (you do not wont to start the tasks, you can say so \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (start=False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). With ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (runp ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the parallel pi calculation) Tj T* 0 Tw (becomes a one-liner:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .167765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since the pattern submit a bunch of tasks, starts them and collect the results is so common, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides) Tj T* 0 Tw .493828 Tw (an utility function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (runp\(genseq, mode='p', start=True\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to start a bunch a generators and return) Tj T* 0 Tw .587765 Tw (a list of task objects. By default ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (runp ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (use processes, but you can use threads by passing ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (mode='t') Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw .422765 Tw (you do not wont to start the tasks, you can say so \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (start=False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). With ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (runp ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the parallel pi calculation) Tj T* 0 Tw (becomes a one-liner:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11608,7 +11703,7 @@ n -6 -6 480 24 re B* Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (sum\(task.result for task in plac.runp\(calc_pi\(N\) for i in range\(ncpus\)\)\)/ncpus) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (sum\(task.result for task in plac.runp\(calc_pi\(N\) for i in range\(ncpus\)\)\)/ncpus) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 612.4159 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac server) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac server) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 498.4159 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 1.258443 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command-line oriented interface can be easily converted into a socket-based interface. Starting from) Tj T* 0 Tw .930574 Tw (release 0.7 plac features a builtin server which is able to accept commands from multiple clients and to) Tj T* 0 Tw .994692 Tw (execute them. The server works by instantiating a separate interpreter for each client, so that if a client) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.08784 Tw (interpreter dies for any reason the other interpreters keep working. To avoid external dependencies the) Tj T* 0 Tw .872209 Tw (server is based on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (asynchat ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library, but it would not be difficult to replace) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.386412 Tw (the server with a different one \(for instance, a Twisted server\). Since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (asynchat) Tj /F1 10 Tf (-based servers are) Tj T* 0 Tw .755984 Tw (asynchronous, any blocking command in the interpreter should be run in a separated process or thread.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.157633 Tw (The default port for the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (server is 2199, and the command to signal end-of-connection is EOF. For) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance, here is how you could manage remote import on a database \(say a SQLite db\):) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 100.82 Tm 1.258443 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command-line oriented interface can be easily converted into a socket-based interface. Starting from) Tj T* 0 Tw .930574 Tw (release 0.7 plac features a builtin server which is able to accept commands from multiple clients and to) Tj T* 0 Tw .994692 Tw (execute them. The server works by instantiating a separate interpreter for each client, so that if a client) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.08784 Tw (interpreter dies for any reason the other interpreters keep working. To avoid external dependencies the) Tj T* 0 Tw .872209 Tw (server is based on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (asynchat ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library, but it would not be difficult to replace) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.386412 Tw (the server with a different one \(for instance, a Twisted server\). Since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (asynchat) Tj /F1 10 Tf (-based servers are) Tj T* 0 Tw .755984 Tw (asynchronous, any blocking command in the interpreter should be run in a separated process or thread.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.157633 Tw (The default port for the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (server is 2199, and the command to signal end-of-connection is EOF. For) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance, here is how you could manage remote import on a database \(say a SQLite db\):) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11641,7 +11736,7 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import plac) Tj T* (from importer2 import FakeImporter) Tj T* T* (def main\(port=2199\):) Tj T* ( main = FakeImporter\('dsn'\)) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter\(main\).start_server\(port\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import plac) Tj T* (from importer2 import FakeImporter) Tj T* T* (def main\(port=2199\):) Tj T* ( main = FakeImporter\('dsn'\)) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter\(main\).start_server\(port\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11650,7 +11745,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 349.2159 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can connect to the server with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (telnet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on port 2199, as follows:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can connect to the server with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (telnet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on port 2199, as follows:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11667,7 +11762,7 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 168 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ telnet localhost 2199) Tj T* (Trying ::1...) Tj T* (Trying 127.0.0.1...) Tj T* (Connected to localhost.) Tj T* (Escape character is '^]'.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( import_file f1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .list) Tj T* (<) Tj (ThreadedTask 1 [import_file f1] RUNNING) Tj (>) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .out) Tj T* (Imported 100 lines) Tj T* (Imported 200 lines) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( EOF) Tj T* (Connection closed by foreign host.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ telnet localhost 2199) Tj T* (Trying ::1...) Tj T* (Trying 127.0.0.1...) Tj T* (Connected to localhost.) Tj T* (Escape character is '^]'.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( import_file f1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .list) Tj T* (<) Tj (ThreadedTask 1 [import_file f1] RUNNING) Tj (>) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .out) Tj T* (Imported 100 lines) Tj T* (Imported 200 lines) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( EOF) Tj T* (Connection closed by foreign host.) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11676,13 +11771,13 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 142.0159 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Summary) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Summary) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 100.0159 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.203318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Once ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (claimed to be the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world. Having read this) Tj T* 0 Tw .673322 Tw (document you may think that it is not so easy after all. But it is a false impression. Actually the rules are) Tj T* 0 Tw (quite simple:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.203318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Once ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (claimed to be the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world. Having read this) Tj T* 0 Tw .673322 Tw (document you may think that it is not so easy after all. But it is a false impression. Actually the rules are) Tj T* 0 Tw (quite simple:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11695,33 +11790,34 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (41) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (41) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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% 'R378': class PDFStream
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% page stream
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q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (1.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (if you want to implement a command-line script, use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (;) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (if you want to implement a command-line script, use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (;) Tj T* ET
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@@ -11731,203 +11827,227 @@ q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 699.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm
+Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 33 cm
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (2.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 23 33 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 45 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (if you want to implement a command interpreter, use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (if you want to implement a command interpreter, use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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q
-1 0 0 1 23 27 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 39 cm
Q
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-1 0 0 1 23 27 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 39 cm
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-1 0 0 1 23 15 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 21 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
-1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm
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q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
+1 0 0 1 23 3 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (for an interactive interpreter, call the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method;) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (for an interactive interpreter, call the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method;) Tj T* ET
Q
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Q
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0 0 0 rg
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Q
Q
q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (for an batch interpreter, call the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method;) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (for an batch interpreter, call the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method;) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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Q
q
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Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
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0 0 0 rg
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Q
Q
q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 5.126647 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (for testing call the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method in the appropriate context or use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (feature;) Tj T* ET
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Q
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q
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Q
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0 0 0 rg
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q
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Q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.356457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (if you need to go at a lower level, you may need to call the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.send ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method which) Tj T* 0 Tw (returns a \(finished\) ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Task ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object.) Tj T* ET
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q
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Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
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q
0 0 0 rg
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Q
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q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.469269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (long running command can be executed in the background as threads or processes: just declare) Tj T* 0 Tw (them in the lists ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (thcommands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (mpcommands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (respectively.) Tj T* ET
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Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (6.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (6.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
Q
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-1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.171647 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.start_server ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method starts an asynchronous server on the given port number \(default) Tj T* 0 Tw (2199\)) Tj T* ET
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Q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover, remember that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_runner.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is your friend.) Tj T* ET
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n 0 14.17323 m 469.8898 14.17323 l S
Q
q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Appendix: custom annotation objects) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Appendix: custom annotation objects) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 472.6772 cm
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .578651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Annotation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class to convert the tuples in the function signature into annotation) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects, i.e. objects with six attributes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .578651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Annotation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class to convert the tuples in the function signature into annotation) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects, i.e. objects with six attributes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .083735 Tw (Advanced users can implement their own annotation objects. For instance, here is an example of how you) Tj T* 0 Tw (could implement annotations for positional arguments:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# annotations.py) Tj T* (class Positional\(object\):) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, help='', type=None, choices=None, metavar=None\):) Tj T* ( self.help = help) Tj T* ( self.kind = 'positional') Tj T* ( self.abbrev = None) Tj T* ( self.type = type) Tj T* ( self.choices = choices) Tj T* ( self.metavar = metavar) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# annotations.py) Tj T* (class Positional\(object\):) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, help='', type=None, choices=None, metavar=None\):) Tj T* ( self.help = help) Tj T* ( self.kind = 'positional') Tj T* ( self.abbrev = None) Tj T* ( self.type = type) Tj T* ( self.choices = choices) Tj T* ( self.metavar = metavar) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can use such annotations objects as follows:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can use such annotations objects as follows:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -11969,37 +12089,38 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 168 re B* Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example11.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from annotations import Positional) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( i=Positional\("This is an int", int\),) Tj T* ( n=Positional\("This is a float", float\),) Tj T* ( rest=Positional\("Other arguments"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(i, n, *rest\):) Tj T* ( print\(i, n, rest\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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-q
-0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message you get:) Tj T* ET
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diff --git a/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt b/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt index 792f6ce..e4c251b 100644 --- a/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt +++ b/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt @@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ fake importer: If you run the ``import_file`` command, you will have to wait for 200 seconds before entering a new command:: - $ python importer1.py dsn + $ python importer1.py dsn -i A fake importer with an import_file command i> import_file file1 ... <wait 3+ minutes> @@ -906,6 +906,12 @@ If you look after a time long enough, the task will be finished:: i> .output 1 <ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] FINISHED> +It is possible to store the output of a task into a file, to be read +later (this is useful for tasks with a large output):: + + i> .output 1 /tmp/out.txt + saved output of 1 into /tmp/out.txt + You can even skip the number argument: then ``.output`` will the return the output of the last launched command (the special commands like .output do not count). diff --git a/plac/plac_ext.py b/plac/plac_ext.py index 463339f..a7391d9 100644 --- a/plac/plac_ext.py +++ b/plac/plac_ext.py @@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ class TaskManager(object): outstr = '\n'.join(map(str, task.outlist)) if fname: open(fname, 'w').write(outstr) - yield 'saved output on %s' % fname; return + yield 'saved output of %d into %s' % (taskno, fname); return yield task if len(task.outlist) > 20 and use_less: less(outstr) |