plac 0.4: added keyword arguments recognition

author: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> 2010-06-03 10:38:02 +0200
committer: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> 2010-06-03 10:38:02 +0200
commit: 5629e13e6a6320f55b96f1b980c50feda238d372 (patch)
tree: 39a1277efd512f4cc3d3f9d52eb773b293c2e093
parent: 58922d7d49bd30cd4165b9d02dd137c994524189 (diff)
download: micheles-5629e13e6a6320f55b96f1b980c50feda238d372.tar.gz
7 files changed, 1803 insertions, 1376 deletions
diff --git a/plac/CHANGES.txt b/plac/CHANGES.txt
index 38a86f1..8fca7f9 100644
--- a/plac/CHANGES.txt
+++ b/plac/CHANGES.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 HISTORY
 ----------
 
+0.4.0 abbrev is now optional. Added a note about CLIArgs and opterate.
+      Added keyword arguments recognition. ``plac.call`` now returns the
+      the output of the main function. (2010-06-03)
 0.3.0 Initial version. (2010-06-02)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example12.py b/plac/doc/example12.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81a6c8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example12.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# example12.py
+import plac
+
+@plac.annotations(
+   opt=('some option', 'option'),
+   args='default arguments',
+   kw='keyword arguments')
+def main(opt, *args, **kw):
+   print(opt, args, kw)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    plac.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.html b/plac/doc/plac.html
index e6bbcdf..f6fc12b 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac.html
+++ b/plac/doc/plac.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.6: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
+<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.5: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
 <title>Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</title>
 <meta name="author" content="Michele Simionato" />
 <style type="text/css">
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
 </tr>
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Project page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html</a></td>
 </tr>
-<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal">easy_install plac</tt></td>
+<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span> <span class="pre">plac</span></tt></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">License:</th><td class="field-body">BSD license</td>
 </tr>
@@ -444,13 +444,14 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-flags" id="id5">Scripts with flags</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-for-python-2-x-users" id="id6">plac for Python 2.X users</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-features" id="id7">More features</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-realistic-example" id="id8">A realistic example</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#advanced-usage" id="id9">Advanced usage</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#custom-annotation-objects" id="id10">Custom annotation objects</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-argparse" id="id11">plac vs argparse</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world" id="id12">plac vs the rest of the world</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-future" id="id13">The future</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#trivia-the-story-behind-the-name" id="id14">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-arguments" id="id8">Keyword arguments</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-realistic-example" id="id9">A realistic example</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#advanced-usage" id="id10">Advanced usage</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#custom-annotation-objects" id="id11">Custom annotation objects</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-argparse" id="id12">plac vs argparse</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world" id="id13">plac vs the rest of the world</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-future" id="id14">The future</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#trivia-the-story-behind-the-name" id="id15">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="the-importance-of-scaling-down">
@@ -522,7 +523,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
         sys.exit('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]))
 
 </pre>
-<p>As you see the whole <tt class="docutils literal">if __name__ == '__main__'</tt> block (nine lines)
+<p>As you see the whole <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">__name__</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">'__main__'</span></tt> block (nine lines)
 is essentially boilerplate that should not exists.  Actually I think
 the language should recognize the main function and pass to it the
 command line arguments automatically; unfortunaly this is unlikely to
@@ -606,12 +607,12 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 
 </pre>
 <p>Here I want to perform a query on a database table, by extracting the
-today's data: it makes sense for <tt class="docutils literal">today</tt> to be a default argument.
-If there is a most used table (in this example a table called <tt class="docutils literal">'product'</tt>)
+today's data: it makes sense for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">today</span></tt> to be a default argument.
+If there is a most used table (in this example a table called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'product'</span></tt>)
 it also makes sense to make it a default argument. Performing the parsing
 of the command lines arguments by hand takes 8 ugly lines of boilerplate
 (using <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> would require about the same number of lines).
-With <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> the entire <tt class="docutils literal">__main__</tt> block reduces to the usual two lines:</p>
+With <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> the entire <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt> block reduces to the usual two lines:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     import plac; plac.call(main)
@@ -649,7 +650,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     main(sys.argv[1:])
 
 </pre>
-<p>Using <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>, you can just replace the <tt class="docutils literal">__main__</tt> block with the
+<p>Using <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>, you can just replace the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt> block with the
 usual two lines (I have defined an Emacs keybinding for them)
 and then you get the following nice usage message:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
@@ -682,7 +683,7 @@ performed the parsing by hand.</p>
 <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is inspired to the <a class="reference external" href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/">optionparse</a> recipe, in the sense that it
 delivers the programmer from the burden of writing the parser, but is
 less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser from the docstring of
-the module, it extracts it from the signature of the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt>
+the module, it extracts it from the signature of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt>
 function.</p>
 <p>The idea comes from the <cite>function annotations</cite> concept, a new
 feature of Python 3. An example is worth a thousand words, so here
@@ -698,11 +699,11 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     import plac; plac.call(main)
 
 </pre>
-<p>As you see, the argument <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt> has been annotated with the tuple
-<tt class="docutils literal">(&quot;SQL query&quot;, 'option', 'c')</tt>: the first string is the help string
+<p>As you see, the argument <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span></tt> has been annotated with the tuple
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(&quot;SQL</span> <span class="pre">query&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">'option',</span> <span class="pre">'c')</span></tt>: the first string is the help string
 which will appear in the usage message, the second string tell <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>
-that <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt> is an option and the third string that it can be
-abbreviated with the letter <tt class="docutils literal">c</tt>. Of course, the long option format
+that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span></tt> is an option and the third string that it can be
+abbreviated with the letter <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">c</span></tt>. Of course, the long option format
 (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--command=</span></tt>) comes from the argument name.  The resulting usage
 message is the following:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
@@ -724,8 +725,8 @@ executing select * from table on dsn
 $ python3 example8.py --command=&quot;select * from table&quot; dsn
 executing select * from table on dsn
 </pre>
-<p>Notice that if the option is not passed, the variable <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt>
-will get the value <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. It is possible to specify a non-trivial
+<p>Notice that if the option is not passed, the variable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span></tt>
+will get the value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>. It is possible to specify a non-trivial
 default for an option. Here is an example:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 # example8_.py
@@ -736,10 +737,10 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     import plac; plac.call(main)
 
 </pre>
-<p>Now if you do not pass the <tt class="docutils literal">command option</tt>, the
+<p>Now if you do not pass the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span> <span class="pre">option</span></tt>, the
 default query will be executed:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
-$ python example8_.py dsn
+$ python3 example8_.py dsn
 executing 'select * from table' on dsn
 </pre>
 <p>Positional argument can be annotated too:</p>
@@ -758,10 +759,10 @@ def main(command: (&quot;SQL query&quot;, 'option'),
     ...
 </pre>
 <p>When omitted, the third argument is assumed to be the first letter of
-the variable name for options and flags, and <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> for positional
+the variable name for options and flags, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> for positional
 arguments. Moreover, smart enough to convert help messages into tuples;
-in other words, you can just write <tt class="docutils literal">&quot;Database dsn&quot;</tt> instead of
-<tt class="docutils literal">(&quot;Database dsn&quot;, 'positional')</tt>.</p>
+in other words, you can just write <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;Database</span> <span class="pre">dsn&quot;</span></tt> instead of
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(&quot;Database</span> <span class="pre">dsn&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">'positional')</span></tt>.</p>
 <p>I should notice that varargs (starred-arguments) can be annotated too;
 here is an example:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
@@ -769,7 +770,7 @@ def main(dsn: &quot;Database dsn&quot;, *scripts: &quot;SQL scripts&quot;):
     ...
 </pre>
 <p>This is a valid signature for <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>, which will recognize the help strings
-for both <tt class="docutils literal">dsn</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">scripts</tt>:</p>
+for both <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dsn</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scripts</span></tt>:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 positional arguments:
   dsn                          Database dsn
@@ -779,7 +780,7 @@ positional arguments:
 <div class="section" id="scripts-with-flags">
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Scripts with flags</a></h1>
 <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> also recognizes flags, i.e. boolean options which are
-<tt class="docutils literal">True</tt> if they are passed to the command line and <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> if they are passed to the command line and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>
 if they are absent. Here is an example:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 # example9.py
@@ -809,12 +810,12 @@ $ python3 example9.py -v dsn
 connecting to dsn
 </pre>
 <p>Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the
-default value for a flag is always <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>. If you feel the need to
+default value for a flag is always <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>. If you feel the need to
 implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two
 choices, as explained in the &quot;more features&quot; section.</p>
 <p>For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest
 you to follow the Flag-Option-Required-Default (FORD) convention: in
-the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function write first the flag arguments, then the option
+the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function write first the flag arguments, then the option
 arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default
 arguments. This is just a convention and you are not forced to use it,
 except for the default arguments (including the varargs) which must
@@ -844,7 +845,7 @@ main.__annotations__ = dict(
 <p>One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary
 with the names of the arguments in the annotated function; for lazy
 people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the
-<tt class="docutils literal">plac.annotations</tt> decorator that performs the check for you:</p>
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.annotations</span></tt> decorator that performs the check for you:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 &#64;plac.annotations(
     dsn=&quot;Database dsn&quot;,
@@ -853,7 +854,7 @@ def main(dsn, *scripts):
     ...
 </pre>
 <p>In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with
-<tt class="docutils literal">X &gt;= 4</tt> and I will use the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.annotations</tt> decorator. Notice however
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">X</span> <span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">4</span></tt> and I will use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.annotations</span></tt> decorator. Notice however
 that the tests for <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> runs even on Python 2.3.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="more-features">
@@ -865,18 +866,18 @@ that the tests for <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/py
 now, I have only showed simple annotations, but in general an
 annotation is a 5-tuple of the form</p>
 <blockquote>
-<tt class="docutils literal">(help, kind, abbrev, type, choices, metavar)</tt></blockquote>
-<p>where <tt class="docutils literal">help</tt> is the help message, <tt class="docutils literal">kind</tt> is a string in the set {
-<tt class="docutils literal">&quot;flag&quot;</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">&quot;option&quot;</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">&quot;positional&quot;</tt>}, <tt class="docutils literal">abbrev</tt> is a
-one-character string, <tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> is a callable taking a string in input,
-<tt class="docutils literal">choices</tt> is a discrete sequence of values and <tt class="docutils literal">metavar</tt> is a string.</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> is used to automagically convert the command line arguments
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(help,</span> <span class="pre">kind,</span> <span class="pre">abbrev,</span> <span class="pre">type,</span> <span class="pre">choices,</span> <span class="pre">metavar)</span></tt></blockquote>
+<p>where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help</span></tt> is the help message, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kind</span></tt> is a string in the set {
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;flag&quot;</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;option&quot;</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;positional&quot;</span></tt>}, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">abbrev</span></tt> is a
+one-character string, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> is a callable taking a string in input,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">choices</span></tt> is a discrete sequence of values and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">metavar</span></tt> is a string.</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> is used to automagically convert the command line arguments
 from the string type to any Python type; by default there is no
-convertion and <tt class="docutils literal">type=None</tt>.</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">choices</tt> is used to restrict the number of the valid
-options; by default there is no restriction i.e. <tt class="docutils literal">choices=None</tt>.</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">metavar</tt> is used to change the argument name in the usage message
-(and only there); by default the metavar is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>: this means that
+convertion and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type=None</span></tt>.</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">choices</span></tt> is used to restrict the number of the valid
+options; by default there is no restriction i.e. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">choices=None</span></tt>.</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">metavar</span></tt> is used to change the argument name in the usage message
+(and only there); by default the metavar is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>: this means that
 the name in the usage message is the same as the argument name,
 unless the argument has a default and in such a case is
 equal to the stringified form of the default.</p>
@@ -914,7 +915,7 @@ positional arguments:
 optional arguments:
   -h, --help  show this help message and exit
 </pre>
-<p>Notice that the docstring of the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function has been automatically added
+<p>Notice that the docstring of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function has been automatically added
 to the usage message. Here are a couple of examples of use:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 $ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4
@@ -926,11 +927,61 @@ usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]
 example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' (choose from 'add', 'mul')
 </pre>
 </div>
+<div class="section" id="keyword-arguments">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Keyword arguments</a></h1>
+<p>Starting from release 0.4, if your main function has keyword arguments,
+<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> recognizes arguments of the form <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;name=value&quot;</span></tt> in the command line.
+Here is an example:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+# example12.py
+import plac
+
+&#64;plac.annotations(
+   opt=('some option', 'option'),
+   args='default arguments',
+   kw='keyword arguments')
+def main(opt, *args, **kw):
+   print(opt, args, kw)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    plac.call(main)
+
+</pre>
+<p>Here is the generated usage message:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]
+
+positional arguments:
+  args               default arguments
+  kw                 keyword arguments
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help         show this help message and exit
+  -o OPT, --opt OPT  some option
+</pre>
+<p>Here is how you call the script:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+$ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 --opt=0
+('0', ('1', '2'), {'kw1': '1', 'kw2': '2'})
+</pre>
+<p>When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which
+are not alreay taken; for instance in this examples the names <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">opt</span></tt>
+is taken:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+$ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 opt=0
+usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]
+example12.py: error: colliding keyword arguments: opt
+</pre>
+<p>The names taken are the names of the flags, of the options, and of the
+positional arguments, excepted varargs and keywords. This limitation
+is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in function calls
+by the Python language.</p>
+</div>
 <div class="section" id="a-realistic-example">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">A realistic example</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">A realistic example</a></h1>
 <p>Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> to
 run SQL queries on a database by relying on <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a>. Notice the usage
-of the <tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy connection
+of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy connection
 string into a <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/reference/ext/sqlsoup.html">SqlSoup</a> object:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 # dbcli.py
@@ -980,19 +1031,19 @@ optional arguments:
 </pre>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="advanced-usage">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Advanced usage</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Advanced usage</a></h1>
 <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> relies on a <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> for all of the heavy lifting work and it is
 possible to leverage on <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> features directly or indirectly.</p>
 <p>For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message
 simply by using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'==SUPPRESS=='</span></tt> as help string (or
-<tt class="docutils literal">argparse.SUPPRESS</tt>). Similarly, you can use <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/other-utilities.html?highlight=filetype#FileType">argparse.FileType</a>
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse.SUPPRESS</span></tt>). Similarly, you can use <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/other-utilities.html?highlight=filetype#FileType">argparse.FileType</a>
 directly.</p>
 <p>It is also possible to pass options to the underlying
-<tt class="docutils literal">argparse.ArgumentParser</tt> object (currently it accepts the default
-arguments <tt class="docutils literal">description</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">epilog</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">prog</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">usage</tt>,
-<tt class="docutils literal">add_help</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">argument_default</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">parents</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">prefix_chars</tt>,
-<tt class="docutils literal">fromfile_prefix_chars</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">conflict_handler</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">formatter_class</tt>).
-It is enough to set such attributes on the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function.  For
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse.ArgumentParser</span></tt> object (currently it accepts the default
+arguments <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">description</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">epilog</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prog</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">usage</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_help</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argument_default</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parents</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prefix_chars</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fromfile_prefix_chars</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">conflict_handler</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">formatter_class</span></tt>).
+It is enough to set such attributes on the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function.  For
 instance</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 def main(...):
@@ -1003,9 +1054,9 @@ main.add_help = False
 <p>disable the recognition of the help flag <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-h,</span> <span class="pre">--help</span></tt>. This is not
 particularly elegant, but I assume the typical user of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> will be
 happy with the defaults and would not want to change them; still it is
-possible if she wants to. For instance, by setting the <tt class="docutils literal">description</tt>
+possible if she wants to. For instance, by setting the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">description</span></tt>
 attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the usage message (by
-default the docstring of the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function is used as
+default the docstring of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function is used as
 description). It is also possible to change the option prefix; for
 instance if your script must run under Windows and you want to use &quot;/&quot;
 as option prefix you can add the lines:</p>
@@ -1013,16 +1064,16 @@ as option prefix you can add the lines:</p>
 main.prefix_chars='-/'
 main.short_prefix = '/'
 </pre>
-<p>The recognition of the <tt class="docutils literal">short_prefix</tt> attribute is a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>
-extension; there is also a companion <tt class="docutils literal">long_prefix</tt> attribute with
-default value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;--&quot;</span></tt>. <tt class="docutils literal">prefix_chars</tt> is an <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> feature.
+<p>The recognition of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">short_prefix</span></tt> attribute is a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>
+extension; there is also a companion <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">long_prefix</span></tt> attribute with
+default value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;--&quot;</span></tt>. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prefix_chars</span></tt> is an <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> feature.
 Interested readers should read the documentation of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> to
 understand the meaning of the other options. If there is a set of
 options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator
-adding such options to the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function for you. For simplicity,
+adding such options to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function for you. For simplicity,
 <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not perform any magic of that kind.</p>
 <p>It is possible to access directly the underlying <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/ArgumentParser.html">ArgumentParser</a> object, by
-invoking the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.parser_from</tt> utility function:</p>
+invoking the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.parser_from</span></tt> utility function:</p>
 <pre class="doctest-block">
 &gt;&gt;&gt; import plac
 &gt;&gt;&gt; def main(arg):
@@ -1033,14 +1084,14 @@ ArgumentParser(prog='', usage=None, description=None, version=None,
 formatter_class=&lt;class 'argparse.HelpFormatter'&gt;, conflict_handler='error',
 add_help=True)
 </pre>
-<p>I use <tt class="docutils literal">plac.parser_from</tt> in the unit tests of the module, but regular
+<p>I use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.parser_from</span></tt> in the unit tests of the module, but regular
 users should never need to use it.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="custom-annotation-objects">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Custom annotation objects</a></h1>
-<p>Internally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses an <tt class="docutils literal">Annotation</tt> class to convert the tuples
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Custom annotation objects</a></h1>
+<p>Internally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Annotation</span></tt> class to convert the tuples
 in the function signature into annotation objects, i.e. objects with
-six attributes <tt class="docutils literal">help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar</tt>.</p>
+six attributes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help,</span> <span class="pre">kind,</span> <span class="pre">short,</span> <span class="pre">type,</span> <span class="pre">choices,</span> <span class="pre">metavar</span></tt>.</p>
 <p>Advanced users can implement their own annotation objects.
 For instance, here is an example of how you could implement annotations for
 positional arguments:</p>
@@ -1085,14 +1136,14 @@ positional arguments:
 optional arguments:
   -h, --help  show this help message and exit
 </pre>
-<p>You can go on and define <tt class="docutils literal">Option</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">Flag</tt> classes, if you like.
+<p>You can go on and define <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Option</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Flag</span></tt> classes, if you like.
 Using custom annotation objects you could do advanced things like extracting the
 annotations from a configuration file or from a database, but I expect such
 use cases to be quite rare: the default mechanism should work
 pretty well for most users.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="plac-vs-argparse">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">plac vs argparse</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">plac vs argparse</a></h1>
 <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available
 all of the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> in an easy way.  In particular you
 should be aware of the following limitations/differences (the
@@ -1106,7 +1157,7 @@ consistent, I have decided not to support this feature.</li>
 <li>plac does not support the destination concept: the destination
 coincides with the name of the argument, always. This restriction
 has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a long
-option called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--yield</span></tt>. In this case the destination would be <tt class="docutils literal">yield</tt>,
+option called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--yield</span></tt>. In this case the destination would be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></tt>,
 which is a Python keyword, and since you cannot introduce an
 argument with that name in a function definition, it is impossible
 to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long
@@ -1116,16 +1167,16 @@ documentation puts it: <em>Required options are generally considered bad
 form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid
 the use of required options whenever possible.</em></li>
 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> supports only regular boolean flags. <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> has the ability to
-define generalized two-value flags with values different from <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>
-and <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>. An earlier version of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> had this feature too, but
+define generalized two-value flags with values different from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>
+and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>. An earlier version of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> had this feature too, but
 since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case
-the conversion from <tt class="docutils literal">{True, False}</tt> to any couple of values
+the conversion from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{True,</span> <span class="pre">False}</span></tt> to any couple of values
 can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator
-(<tt class="docutils literal">value1 if flag else value2</tt>), I have removed it (KISS rules!).</li>
-<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support <tt class="docutils literal">nargs</tt> options directly (it uses them internally,
+(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value1</span> <span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">flag</span> <span class="pre">else</span> <span class="pre">value2</span></tt>), I have removed it (KISS rules!).</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nargs</span></tt> options directly (it uses them internally,
 though, to implement flag recognition). The reason it that all the use
 cases of interest to me are covered by <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> and did not feel the need
-to increase the learning curve by adding direct support for <tt class="docutils literal">nargs</tt>.</li>
+to increase the learning curve by adding direct support for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nargs</span></tt>.</li>
 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support subparsers directly. For the moment, this
 looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>.</li>
 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support actions directly. This also
@@ -1134,14 +1185,14 @@ that the ability to define your own annotation objects may mitigate the
 need for custom actions.</li>
 </ul>
 <p>I should stress again that if you want to access all of the <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> features
-from <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> you can use <tt class="docutils literal">plac.parser_from</tt> and you will get
+from <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> you can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.parser_from</span></tt> and you will get
 the underlying <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/ArgumentParser.html">ArgumentParser</a> object. The the full power of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>
-is then available to you: you can use <tt class="docutils literal">add_argument</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">add_subparsers()</tt>,
+is then available to you: you can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_argument</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_subparsers()</span></tt>,
 etc. In other words, while some features are not supported directly,
 <em>all</em> features are supported indirectly.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">plac vs the rest of the world</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">plac vs the rest of the world</a></h1>
 <p>Originally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> boasted about being &quot;the easiest command-line
 arguments parser in the world&quot;. Since then, people started pointing
 out to me various projects which are based on the same idea
@@ -1156,18 +1207,19 @@ function annotations and <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.goo
 no match for the capabilities of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="the-future">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">The future</a></h1>
-<p>Currently plac is below 100 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments
-and docstrings. I do not plan to extend it much in the future. The idea is
-to keep the module short: it is and it should remain a little wrapper over
-<a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>. Actually I have thought about contributing the code back to
-<a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> if <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> becomes successfull and gains a reasonable number of
-users. For the moment it should be considered experimental: after all
-I wrote it in three days, including the tests, the documentation and the
-time to learn <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>.</p>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">The future</a></h1>
+<p>Currently plac is below 100 lines of code, not counting blanks,
+comments and docstrings. I do not plan to extend it much in the
+future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should
+remain a little wrapper over <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>. Actually I have thought about
+contributing the code back to <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> if <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> becomes successfull
+and gains a reasonable number of users. For the moment it should be
+considered experimental: after all I wrote the first version of it in
+three days, including the tests, the documentation and the time to
+learn <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="trivia-the-story-behind-the-name">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></h1>
 <p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> project started very humble: I just wanted to make
 easy_installable my old <a class="reference external" href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/">optionparse</a> recipe, and to publish it on PyPI.
 The original name of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> was optionparser and the idea behind it was
@@ -1183,14 +1235,14 @@ of functions annotations in Python 3.</li>
 </ol>
 <p>Putting together these two observations with the original idea of inferring the
 parser I decided to build an <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/ArgumentParser.html">ArgumentParser</a> object from function
-annotations. The <tt class="docutils literal">optionparser</tt> name was ruled out, since I was
-now using <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>; a name like <tt class="docutils literal">argparse_plus</tt> was also ruled out,
+annotations. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optionparser</span></tt> name was ruled out, since I was
+now using <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>; a name like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse_plus</span></tt> was also ruled out,
 since the typical usage was completely different from the <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> usage.</p>
-<p>I made a research on PyPI and the name plac (Command Line Arguments Parser)
-was not taken, so I renamed everything to plac. After two days
+<p>I made a research on PyPI and the name clap (Command Line Arguments Parser)
+was not taken, so I renamed everything to clap. After two days
 a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Clap/0.7">Clap</a> module appeared on PyPI &lt;expletives deleted&gt;!</p>
 <p>Having little imagination, I decided to rename everything again to plac,
-an anagram of plac: since it is a non-existing English name, I hope nobody
+an anagram of clap: since it is a non-existing English name, I hope nobody
 will steal it from me!</p>
 <p>That's all, I hope you will enjoy working with plac!</p>
 </div>
diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.pdf b/plac/doc/plac.pdf
index 90075ba..a8c62fb 100644
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@@ -2876,13 +2962,13 @@ BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (2) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2890,13 +2976,13 @@ BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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+1 0 0 1 0 201 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with options) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2904,13 +2990,13 @@ BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (5) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 0 165 cm
+1 0 0 1 0 183 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 397.8898 165 cm
+1 0 0 1 397.8898 183 cm
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@@ -2918,13 +3004,13 @@ BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (6) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 0 147 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2932,13 +3018,13 @@ BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (7) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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-1 0 0 1 0 129 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2946,6 +3032,20 @@ BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (8) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (11) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (12) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (12) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (13) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (13) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (14) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (13) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (14) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 206.0236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.50936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is no want of command line arguments parsers in the Python world. The standard library alone) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.087126 Tw (contains three different modules: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from the stone age\), ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.3\) and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw .223735 Tw 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.7\). All of them are quite powerful and especially ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is an industrial strength solution;) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.40311 Tw (unfortunately, all of them feature a non-zero learning curve and a certain verbosity. They do not scale) Tj T* 0 Tw (down well enough, at least in my opinion.) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .051984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should not be necessary to stress the importance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (scaling down) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; nevertheless most people are obsessed) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.385868 Tw (with features and concerned with the possibility of scaling up, whereas I think that we should be even) Tj T* 0 Tw .996457 Tw (more concerned with the issue of scaling down. This is an old meme in the computing world: programs) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.499984 Tw (should address the common cases simply, simple things should be kept simple, while at the same) Tj T* 0 Tw .535868 Tw (keeping difficult things possible. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (adhere as much as possible to this philosophy and it is designed to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.44686 Tw (handle well the simple cases, while retaining the ability to handle complex cases by relying on the) Tj T* 0 Tw (underlying power of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.488221 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is just a simple wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which hides most of its complexity by using a ) Tj T* 0 Tw .203318 Tw (declarative interface: the argument parser is inferred rather than written down by imperatively. Still, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is ) Tj T* 0 Tw .125984 Tw (surprisingly scalable upwards, even without using the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. I have been using Python for 8) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
-Q
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.618876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (years and in my experience it is extremely unlikely that you will ever need to go beyond the features) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.776457 Tw (provided by the declarative interface of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: they should be more than enough for 99.9% of the use) Tj T* 0 Tw (cases.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.488221 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is just a simple wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which hides most of its complexity by using a) Tj T* 0 Tw .203318 Tw (declarative interface: the argument parser is inferred rather than written down by imperatively. Still, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is) Tj T* 0 Tw .125984 Tw (surprisingly scalable upwards, even without using the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. I have been using Python for 8) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.618876 Tw (years and in my experience it is extremely unlikely that you will ever need to go beyond the features) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.776457 Tw (provided by the declarative interface of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: they should be more than enough for 99.9% of the use) Tj T* 0 Tw (cases.) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm 1.540888 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is targetting especially unsophisticated users, programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in general) Tj T* 0 Tw .81284 Tw (people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing the command line interface because it is the) Tj T* 0 Tw .471751 Tw (quick and simple. Such users are not interested in features, they are interested in a small learning curve:) Tj T* 0 Tw .984988 Tw (they just want to be able to write a simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to build a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.091235 Tw (command line parser by hand. Unfortunately, the modules in the standard library forces them to go the) Tj T* 0 Tw .014104 Tw (hard way. They are designed to implement power user tools and they have a non-trivial learning curve. On) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.584104 Tw (the contrary, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is designed to be simple to use and extremely concise, as the examples below will) Tj T* 0 Tw (show.) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .352209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.022485 Tw (it. It cannot get simpler than that, unless you consider a script without command line arguments, where) Tj T* 0 Tw .735488 Tw (there is nothing to parse. Still, it is a use case ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (extremely common) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: I need to write scripts like that nearly) Tj T* 0 Tw .486655 Tw (every day, I wrote hundreds of them in the last few years and I have never been happy. Here is a typical) Tj T* 0 Tw (example of code I have been writing by hand for years:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -3133,7 +3227,7 @@ Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 186.8236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm .880651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see the whole ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block \(nine lines\) is essentially boilerplate that) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.67881 Tw (should not exists. Actually I think the language should recognize the main function and pass to it the) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.096905 Tw (command line arguments automatically; unfortunaly this is unlikely to happen. I have been writing) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.767356 Tw (boilerplate like this in hundreds of scripts for years, and every time I ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (hate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (it. The purpose of using a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47229 Tw (scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be trivial. Unfortunately the standard library) Tj T* 0 Tw .69881 Tw (does not help for this incredibly common use case. Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not help, since they) Tj T* 0 Tw .894104 Tw (are intended to manage options and not positional arguments; the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module helps a bit and it is) Tj T* 0 Tw (able to reduce the boilerplate from nine lines to six lines:) Tj T* ET
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 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example2.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* (    "Do something on the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import argparse) Tj T* (    p = argparse.ArgumentParser\(\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example2.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* (    "Do something on the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T*  T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (    p.add_argument\('dsn'\)) Tj T* (    arg = p.parse_args\(\)) Tj T* (    main\(arg.dsn\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import argparse) Tj T* (    p = argparse.ArgumentParser\(\)) Tj T* (    p.add_argument\('dsn'\)) Tj T* (    arg = p.parse_args\(\)) Tj T* (    main\(arg.dsn\)) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.644269 Tw (However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external dependency: most people will not) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206303 Tw (switch to Python 2.7, which at the time of this writing is just about to be released, for many years.) Tj T* 0 Tw .678488 Tw (Moreover, it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to define a parser by hand for such a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw (task.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 629.8236 cm
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@@ -3232,13 +3326,13 @@ Q
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .929986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module provides for free \(actually the work is done by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module\) a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage message:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -3259,19 +3353,19 @@ Q
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is only the tip of the iceberg: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to do much more than that.) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.33436 Tw (The need to have suitable defaults for command line arguments is quite common. For instance I have) Tj T* 0 Tw (encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:) Tj T* ET
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 180 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# example4.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T*  T* (def main\(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today\(\)\):) Tj T* (    "Do something on the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn, table, today\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import sys) Tj T* (    args = sys.argv[1:]) Tj T* (    if not args:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* (    elif len\(args\) ) Tj (>) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# example4.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T*  T* (def main\(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today\(\)\):) Tj T* (    "Do something on the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn, table, today\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import sys) Tj T* (    args = sys.argv[1:]) Tj T* (    if not args:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (    main\(*args\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (        sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* (    elif len\(args\) ) Tj (>) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* (    main\(*args\)) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.138935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I want to perform a query on a database table, by extracting the today's data: it makes sense for) Tj T* 0 Tw .299988 Tw /F4 10 Tf (today ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be a default argument. If there is a most used table \(in this example a table called ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ('product') Tj /F1 10 Tf (\)) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.828735 Tw (it also makes sense to make it a default argument. Performing the parsing of the command lines) Tj T* 0 Tw .083735 Tw (arguments by hand takes 8 ugly lines of boilerplate \(using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (would require about the same number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of lines\). With ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the entire ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block reduces to the usual two lines:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -3362,14 +3456,14 @@ Q
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 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In other words, six lines of boilerplate have been removed, and we get the usage message for free:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -3390,13 +3484,13 @@ Q
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@@ -3416,13 +3510,13 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 188.2236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .563876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, you can just replace the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block with the usual two lines \(I have defined an Emacs) Tj T* 0 Tw (keybinding for them\) and then you get the following nice usage message:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 95.02362 cm
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@@ -3432,11 +3526,11 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T* (  scripts) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T* (  scripts) Tj T*  T* ET
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm
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+q
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+n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
+Q
+q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
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 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .92881 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples here should have made clear that ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (plac is able to figure out the command line arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .899988 Tw (parser to use from the signature of the main function) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is the whole idea behind ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: if the intent is) Tj T* 0 Tw (clear, let's the machine take care of the details.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 650.8236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with options) Tj T* ET
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 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 606.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 560.8236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .046098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is surprising how few command line scripts with options I have written over the years \(probably less than) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02311 Tw (a hundred\), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote \(certainly more than a) Tj T* 0 Tw .177045 Tw (thousand of them\). Still, this use case cannot be neglected. The standard library modules \(all of them\) are) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.30686 Tw (quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have never used them directly.) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.10561 Tw (Instead, I have always relied on an old recipe of mine, the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, which provides a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.369982 Tw (convenient wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Alternatively, in the simplest cases, I have just performed the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parsing by hand.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 564.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 518.8236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .476098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is inspired to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, in the sense that it delivers the programmer from the burden of) Tj T* 0 Tw .011488 Tw (writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser from the docstring of the module, it) Tj T* 0 Tw (extracts it from the signature of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 534.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 488.8236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .319987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The idea comes from the ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (function annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (concept, a new feature of Python 3. An example is worth a) Tj T* 0 Tw (thousand words, so here it is:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 416.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 371.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3511,13 +3626,13 @@ Q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 348.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 303.6236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .789983 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see, the argument ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been annotated with the tuple ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\("SQL query", 'option',) Tj T* 0 Tw .358409 Tw ('c'\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: the first string is the help string which will appear in the usage message, the second string tell ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj T* 0 Tw .560988 Tw 0 0 0 rg (that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an option and the third string that it can be abbreviated with the letter ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (c) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Of course, the) Tj T* 0 Tw .89284 Tw (long option format \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (--command=) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) comes from the argument name. The resulting usage message is the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 219.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 174.4236 cm
 q
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3538,14 +3653,14 @@ Q
 Q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 199.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 154.4236 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here are two examples of usage:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 97.22362 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3555,11 +3670,11 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8.py -c"select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T*  T* ($ python3 example8.py --command="select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8.py -c"select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T*  T* ET
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm
+q
+q
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+q
+1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
+q
+.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
+.5 w
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
+Q
+q
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8.py --command="select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+Q
+Q
+Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 695.8236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.34104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that if the option is not passed, the variable ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will get the value ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. It is possible to) Tj T* 0 Tw (specify a non-trivial default for an option. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 647.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 602.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3610,13 +3746,13 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 627.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 582.6236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now if you do not pass the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (command option) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, the default query will be executed:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 582.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 537.4236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3630,21 +3766,21 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
 Q
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example8_.py dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select * from table' on dsn) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8_.py dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select * from table' on dsn) Tj T* ET
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 562.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 517.4236 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Positional argument can be annotated too:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 505.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 460.2236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3665,13 +3801,13 @@ Q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 461.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 416.2236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.203318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course explicit is better than implicit, an no special cases are special enough, but sometimes) Tj T* 0 Tw .16832 Tw (practicality beats purity, so ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to use smart defaults; in particular you can omit the third argument) Tj T* 0 Tw (and write:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 404.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.0236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3692,20 +3828,20 @@ Q
 Q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 360.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 315.0236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.123876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When omitted, the third argument is assumed to be the first letter of the variable name for options and) Tj T* 0 Tw .334983 Tw (flags, and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (None ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (for positional arguments. Moreover, smart enough to convert help messages into tuples;) Tj T* 0 Tw (in other words, you can just write ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("Database dsn" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\("Database dsn", 'positional'\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 342.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 297.0236 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (I should notice that varargs \(starred-arguments\) can be annotated too; here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 297.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 251.8236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3726,13 +3862,13 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 277.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 231.8236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is a valid signature for ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, which will recognize the help strings for both ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (dsn ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (scripts) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 219.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 174.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3753,39 +3889,18 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 186.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 141.6236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 156.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 111.6236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .765868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (also recognizes flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command line) Tj T* 0 Tw (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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-q
-q
-.96447 0 0 .96447 0 0 cm
-q
-1 0 0 1 6.6 6.843137 cm
-q
-.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
-.5 w
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 486 48 re B*
-Q
-q
-0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example9.py) Tj T*  T* (def main\(verbose: \('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'\), dsn: 'connection string'\):) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-Q
-Q
-Q
-q
 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
@@ -3796,35 +3911,35 @@ Q
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 679.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 648.1299 cm
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
+.96447 0 0 .96447 0 0 cm
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-1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
+1 0 0 1 6.6 6.843137 cm
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 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
+n -6 -6 486 120 re B*
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (    if verbose:) Tj T* (        print\('connecting to %s' % dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example9.py) Tj T*  T* (def main\(verbose: \('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'\), dsn: 'connection string'\):) Tj T* (    if verbose:) Tj T* (        print\('connecting to %s' % dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 550.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 518.9299 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3845,7 +3960,7 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 505.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 473.7299 cm
 q
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3866,31 +3981,31 @@ Q
 Q
 Q
 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 461.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 429.7299 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .31408 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the default value for a flag is always ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.652485 Tw (you feel the need to implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two choices, as) Tj T* 0 Tw (explained in the "more features" section.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 395.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 363.7299 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 5.832651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.895433 Tw (Flag-Option-Required-Default \(FORD\) convention: in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function write first the flag arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .881235 Tw (then the option arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default arguments. This is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw .110574 Tw (convention and you are not forced to use it, except for the default arguments \(including the varargs\) which) Tj T* 0 Tw (must stay at the end as it is required by the Python syntax.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 362.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.7299 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
 Q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 296.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 264.7299 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .211807 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years) Tj T* 0 Tw .304724 Tw (before we think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas are in the same situation.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.459984 Tw (Therefore ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides a way to work with function annotations even in Python 2.X \(including Python) Tj T* 0 Tw .226098 Tw (2.3\). There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations by hand. For instance the annotate) Tj T* 0 Tw (function declaration) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 251.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 219.5299 cm
 q
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3911,14 +4026,14 @@ Q
 Q
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 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 231.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 199.5299 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (is equivalent to the following code:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 150.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 118.3299 cm
 q
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3939,12 +4054,6 @@ Q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 106.0236 cm
-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .536098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you:) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-q
 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
@@ -3955,14 +4064,20 @@ Q
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+<< /Length 5557 >>
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 691.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 729.0236 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .536098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you:) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 647.8236 cm
 q
 q
 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3983,28 +4098,28 @@ Q
 Q
 Q
 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 659.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 615.8236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.422164 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (X >) Tj (= 4 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and I will use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator. Notice however that the tests for ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (runs even on Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 626.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 582.8236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
 Q
 Q
 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 572.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 528.8236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .486179 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Even if one of the goals of plac is to have a learning curve of ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (minutes) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, compared to the learning curve of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.356303 Tw /F5 10 Tf (hours ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, it does not mean that I have removed all the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually a lot of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.71686 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (power persists in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Until now, I have only showed simple annotations, but in general an) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotation is a 5-tuple of the form) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 566.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 522.8236 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 554.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 510.8236 cm
 0 0 0 rg
 BT /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ET
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm  T* ET
@@ -4019,40 +4134,40 @@ q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 554.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 510.8236 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 512.8236 cm
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+189 0 obj
 % None
 << /S /D
  /St 2 >>
 endobj
-% 'R184': class PDFPageLabel 
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 % None
 << /S /D
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 % None
 << /S /D
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 << /S /D
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-% 'R187': class PDFPageLabel 
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 % None
 << /S /D
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 << /S /D
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 << /S /D
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 % None
 << /S /D
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 % None
 << /S /D
  /St 10 >>
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 % None
 << /S /D
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-% 'R193': class PDFPageLabel 
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 << /S /D
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 % None
 << /S /D
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+% 'R201': class PDFPageLabel 
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+% None
+<< /S /D
+ /St 14 >>
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 %%EOF
diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.txt b/plac/doc/plac.txt
index 2b1bfb1..a4d30f5 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac.txt
+++ b/plac/doc/plac.txt
@@ -412,6 +412,46 @@ to the usage message. Here are a couple of examples of use::
  usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]
  example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' (choose from 'add', 'mul')
 
+Keyword arguments
+---------------------------------------
+
+Starting from release 0.4, if your main function has keyword arguments, 
+plac_ recognizes arguments of the form ``"name=value"`` in the command line.
+Here is an example:
+
+.. include:: example12.py
+   :literal:
+
+Here is the generated usage message::
+
+ usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]
+ 
+ positional arguments:
+   args               default arguments
+   kw                 keyword arguments
+ 
+ optional arguments:
+   -h, --help         show this help message and exit
+   -o OPT, --opt OPT  some option
+
+Here is how you call the script::
+   
+ $ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 --opt=0
+ ('0', ('1', '2'), {'kw1': '1', 'kw2': '2'})
+
+When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which
+are not alreay taken; for instance in this examples the names ``opt``
+is taken::
+ 
+ $ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 opt=0
+ usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]
+ example12.py: error: colliding keyword arguments: opt
+
+The names taken are the names of the flags, of the options, and of the
+positional arguments, excepted varargs and keywords. This limitation
+is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in function calls
+by the Python language.
+
 A realistic example
 ---------------------------------------
 
@@ -615,14 +655,15 @@ no match for the capabilities of plac_.
 The future
 -------------------------------
 
-Currently plac is below 100 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments
-and docstrings. I do not plan to extend it much in the future. The idea is
-to keep the module short: it is and it should remain a little wrapper over
-argparse_. Actually I have thought about contributing the code back to
-argparse_ if plac_ becomes successfull and gains a reasonable number of
-users. For the moment it should be considered experimental: after all 
-I wrote it in three days, including the tests, the documentation and the
-time to learn argparse_.
+Currently plac is below 100 lines of code, not counting blanks,
+comments and docstrings. I do not plan to extend it much in the
+future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should
+remain a little wrapper over argparse_. Actually I have thought about
+contributing the code back to argparse_ if plac_ becomes successfull
+and gains a reasonable number of users. For the moment it should be
+considered experimental: after all I wrote the first version of it in
+three days, including the tests, the documentation and the time to
+learn argparse_.
 
 Trivia: the story behind the name
 -----------------------------------------
diff --git a/plac/plac.py b/plac/plac.py
index d54d8e7..309853a 100644
--- a/plac/plac.py
+++ b/plac/plac.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ See plac/doc.html for the documentation.
 """
 # this module should be kept Python 2.3 compatible
 
-__version__ = '0.3.1'
+__version__ = '0.4.0'
 
 import re, sys, inspect, argparse
 
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ else:
             self.args, self.varargs, self.keywords, self.defaults = \
                 inspect.getargspec(f)
             self.annotations = getattr(f, '__annotations__', {})
+try:
+    set
+except NameError: # Python 2.3
+    from sets import Set as set
 
 def annotations(**ann):
     """
@@ -53,6 +57,8 @@ def annotations(**ann):
         args = fas.args
         if fas.varargs:
             args.append(fas.varargs)
+        if fas.keywords:
+            args.append(fas.keywords)
         for argname in ann:
             if argname not in args:
                 raise NameError(
@@ -139,8 +145,24 @@ def parser_from(func):
         a = Annotation.from_(f.annotations.get(f.varargs, ()))
         p.add_argument(f.varargs, nargs='*', help=a.help, default=[],
                        type=a.type, metavar=a.metavar)
+    if f.keywords:
+        a = Annotation.from_(f.annotations.get(f.keywords, ()))
+        p.add_argument(f.keywords, nargs='*', help=a.help, default={},
+                       type=a.type, metavar=a.metavar)
     return p
 
+def extract_kwargs(args):
+    arglist = []
+    kwargs = {}
+    for arg in args:
+        match = re.match(r'([a-zA-Z_]\w*)=', arg)
+        if match:
+            name = match.group(1)
+            kwargs[name] = arg[len(name)+1:]
+        else:
+            arglist.append(arg)
+    return arglist, kwargs
+
 def call(func, arglist=sys.argv[1:]):
     """
     Parse the given arglist by using an argparser inferred from the
@@ -149,7 +171,14 @@ def call(func, arglist=sys.argv[1:]):
     provide a custom parse_annotation hook or replace the default one.
     """
     p = parser_from(func)
+    if p.argspec.keywords:
+        arglist, kwargs = extract_kwargs(arglist)
+    else:
+        kwargs = {}
     argdict = vars(p.parse_args(arglist))
     args = [argdict[a] for a in p.argspec.args]
     varargs = argdict.get(p.argspec.varargs, [])
-    func(*(args + varargs))
+    collision = set(p.argspec.args) & set(kwargs)
+    if collision:
+        p.error('colliding keyword arguments: %s' % ' '.join(collision))
+    return func(*(args + varargs), **kwargs)
diff --git a/plac/test_plac.py b/plac/test_plac.py
index b1c89c2..526cb7b 100644
--- a/plac/test_plac.py
+++ b/plac/test_plac.py
@@ -77,6 +77,20 @@ def test_flag_with_default():
     expect(TypeError, parser_from, lambda yes_or_no='no': None,
            yes_or_no=('A yes/no flag', 'flag', 'f'))
 
+def test_kwargs():
+    def main(opt, arg1, *args, **kw):
+        print(opt, arg1)
+        return args, kw
+    main.__annotations__ = dict(opt=('Option', 'option'))
+    argskw = plac.call(main, ['arg1', 'arg2', 'a=1', 'b=2'])
+    assert argskw == (('arg2',), dict(a='1', b='2')), argskw
+    
+    argskw = plac.call(main, ['arg1', 'arg2', 'a=1', '-o2'])
+    assert argskw == (('arg2',), dict(a='1')), argskw
+
+    expect(SystemExit, plac.call, main, ['arg1', 'arg2', 'a=1', 'opt=2'])
+
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     n = 0
     for name, test in sorted(globals().items()):
author	Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>	2010-06-03 10:38:02 +0200
committer	Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>	2010-06-03 10:38:02 +0200
commit	5629e13e6a6320f55b96f1b980c50feda238d372 (patch)
tree	39a1277efd512f4cc3d3f9d52eb773b293c2e093
parent	58922d7d49bd30cd4165b9d02dd137c994524189 (diff)
download	micheles-5629e13e6a6320f55b96f1b980c50feda238d372.tar.gz