diff options
| author | Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> | 2010-08-11 08:02:09 +0200 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> | 2010-08-11 08:02:09 +0200 |
| commit | 5d4b85b1ad7072125b3768890bb13c3c62a44b39 (patch) | |
| tree | 2e62010153f25e507aeae0acafd4b426c6713a5d | |
| parent | 4d370234721062eb9191f91a2ea22cb03230891e (diff) | |
| download | micheles-5d4b85b1ad7072125b3768890bb13c3c62a44b39.tar.gz | |
Bug fixed plac.Interpreter.call and simplified import_main to work with factories
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/CHANGES.txt | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/doc/plac.html | 1658 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/doc/plac.pdf | 12709 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/doc/plac_core.txt (renamed from plac/doc/plac.txt) | 0 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/plac.py | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/plac_core.py | 16 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | plac/plac_ext.py | 63 |
7 files changed, 12442 insertions, 2007 deletions
diff --git a/plac/CHANGES.txt b/plac/CHANGES.txt index fb7fa04..257bbc8 100644 --- a/plac/CHANGES.txt +++ b/plac/CHANGES.txt @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ HISTORY ---------- +0.7.1 A few bug fixes (2010-08-11) 0.7.0 Improved and documented the support for parallel programming; added an asynchronous server; added plac.Interpreter.call (2010-08-07) 0.6.1 Fixed the history file location; added the ability to pass a split diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.html b/plac/doc/plac.html index a634480..354af7a 100644 --- a/plac/doc/plac.html +++ b/plac/doc/plac.html @@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.6: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> -<title>Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</title> -<meta name="author" content="Michele Simionato" /> -<meta name="date" content="July 2010" /> +<title></title> <style type="text/css"> .first { @@ -413,51 +411,79 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt { </style> </head> <body> -<div class="document" id="plac-parsing-the-command-line-the-easy-way"> -<h1 class="title">Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</h1> -<table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none"> -<col class="docinfo-name" /> -<col class="docinfo-content" /> +<div class="document"> + + +<div class="section" id="plac-parsing-the-command-line-the-easy-way"> +<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id53">Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</a></h1> +<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> +<col class="field-name" /> +<col class="field-body" /> <tbody valign="top"> -<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Author:</th> -<td>Michele Simionato</td></tr> -<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">E-mail:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="mailto:michele.simionato@gmail.com">michele.simionato@gmail.com</a></td> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Author:</th><td class="field-body">Michele Simionato</td> +</tr> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">E-mail:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="mailto:michele.simionato@gmail.com">michele.simionato@gmail.com</a></td> </tr> -<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Date:</th> -<td>July 2010</td></tr> -<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Download page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac</a></td> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Date:</th><td class="field-body">July 2010</td> </tr> -<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Project page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html</a></td> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Download page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac</a></td> </tr> -<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Requires:</th><td class="field-body">Python 2.3+</td> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Project page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html</a></td> </tr> -<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal">easy_install <span class="pre">-U</span> plac</tt></td> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Requires:</th><td class="field-body">Python 2.3+</td> </tr> -<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">License:</th><td class="field-body">BSD license</td> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal">easy_install <span class="pre">-U</span> plac</tt></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">License:</th><td class="field-body">BSD license</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="contents topic" id="contents"> <p class="topic-title first">Contents</p> <ul class="simple"> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-importance-of-scaling-down" id="id1">The importance of scaling down</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-required-arguments" id="id2">Scripts with required arguments</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-default-arguments" id="id3">Scripts with default arguments</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-options-and-smart-options" id="id4">Scripts with options (and smart options)</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-flags" id="id5">Scripts with flags</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-for-python-2-x-users" id="id6">plac for Python 2.X users</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-features" id="id7">More features</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-realistic-example" id="id8">A realistic example</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-arguments" id="id9">Keyword arguments</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#final-example-a-shelve-interface" id="id10">Final example: a shelve interface</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-argparse" id="id11">plac vs argparse</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world" id="id12">plac vs the rest of the world</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-future" id="id13">The future</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#trivia-the-story-behind-the-name" id="id14">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-parsing-the-command-line-the-easy-way" id="id18">Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-importance-of-scaling-down" id="id19">The importance of scaling down</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-required-arguments" id="id20">Scripts with required arguments</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-default-arguments" id="id21">Scripts with default arguments</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-options-and-smart-options" id="id22">Scripts with options (and smart options)</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-flags" id="id23">Scripts with flags</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-for-python-2-x-users" id="id24">plac for Python 2.X users</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-features" id="id25">More features</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-realistic-example" id="id26">A realistic example</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-arguments" id="id27">Keyword arguments</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#final-example-a-shelve-interface" id="id28">Final example: a shelve interface</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-argparse" id="id29">plac vs argparse</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world" id="id30">plac vs the rest of the world</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-future" id="id31">The future</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#trivia-the-story-behind-the-name" id="id32">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#advanced-usages-of-plac" id="id33">Advanced usages of plac</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id34">Introduction</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#from-scripts-to-interactive-applications" id="id35">From scripts to interactive applications</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-a-plac-application" id="id36">Testing a plac application</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-easy-tests" id="id37">Plac easy tests</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-batch-scripts" id="id38">Plac batch scripts</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementing-subcommands" id="id39">Implementing subcommands</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-interpreter-call" id="id40">plac.Interpreter.call</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#readline-support" id="id41">Readline support</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-runner" id="id42">The plac runner</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-non-class-based-example" id="id43">A non class-based example</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-your-own-plac-runner" id="id44">Writing your own plac runner</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#long-running-commands" id="id45">Long running commands</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#threaded-commands" id="id46">Threaded commands</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-commands-as-external-processes" id="id47">Running commands as external processes</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#managing-the-output-of-concurrent-commands" id="id48">Managing the output of concurrent commands</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parallel-computing-with-plac" id="id49">Parallel computing with plac</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-server" id="id50">The plac server</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#summary" id="id51">Summary</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appendix-custom-annotation-objects" id="id52">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></li> +</ul> +</li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="the-importance-of-scaling-down"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">The importance of scaling down</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id54">The importance of scaling down</a></h2> <p>There is no want of command line arguments parsers in the Python world. The standard library alone contains three different modules: <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/getopt.html">getopt</a> (from the stone age), @@ -498,7 +524,7 @@ is designed to be simple to use and extremely concise, as the examples below will show.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="scripts-with-required-arguments"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Scripts with required arguments</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id55">Scripts with required arguments</a></h2> <p>Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to it. It cannot get simpler than that, unless you consider a script without command-line @@ -592,7 +618,7 @@ optional arguments: This is only the tip of the iceberg: <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to do much more than that.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="scripts-with-default-arguments"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Scripts with default arguments</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id56">Scripts with default arguments</a></h2> <p>The need to have suitable defaults for command-line scripts is quite common. For instance I have encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:</p> @@ -717,7 +743,7 @@ optional arguments: I will show in the next paragraphs.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="scripts-with-options-and-smart-options"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Scripts with options (and smart options)</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id57">Scripts with options (and smart options)</a></h2> <p>It is surprising how few command-line scripts with options I have written over the years (probably less than a hundred), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote (certainly more @@ -841,7 +867,7 @@ executing 'select * from table' on dsn </pre> </div> <div class="section" id="scripts-with-flags"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Scripts with flags</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id58">Scripts with flags</a></h2> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt> if they are passed to the command line and <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt> if they are absent. Here is an example:</p> @@ -890,7 +916,7 @@ the one-character abbreviation for options, since it does not make sense to compose them.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="plac-for-python-2-x-users"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">plac for Python 2.X users</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id59">plac for Python 2.X users</a></h2> <p>I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years before we think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas @@ -926,7 +952,7 @@ X >= 4 and I will use the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.annotations</tt> that the core features of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> run even on Python 2.3.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="more-features"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">More features</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id60">More features</a></h2> <p>One of the goals of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is to have a learning curve of <em>minutes</em> for its core features, compared to the learning curve of <em>hours</em> of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>. In order to reach this goal, I have <em>not</em> sacrificed all @@ -1041,7 +1067,7 @@ line as soon as available, whereas the default behaviour is to print all the lines together and the end of the computation.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="a-realistic-example"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">A realistic example</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id61">A realistic example</a></h2> <p>Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> to run SQL queries on a database by relying on <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a>. Notice the usage of the <tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy connection @@ -1105,7 +1131,7 @@ optional arguments: <p>You can check for yourself that the script works.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="keyword-arguments"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Keyword arguments</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id62">Keyword arguments</a></h2> <p>Starting from release 0.4, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> supports keyword arguments. In practice that means that if your main function has keyword arguments, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> treats specially arguments of the form <tt class="docutils literal">"name=value"</tt> in the @@ -1165,7 +1191,7 @@ is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in function calls by the Python language.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="final-example-a-shelve-interface"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Final example: a shelve interface</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id63">Final example: a shelve interface</a></h2> <p>Here is a less trivial example for the keyword arguments feature. The use case is the following: suppose we have stored the configuration parameters of a given application into a Python shelve @@ -1287,7 +1313,7 @@ ishelve.py: error: unrecognized arguments: .cler </pre> </div> <div class="section" id="plac-vs-argparse"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">plac vs argparse</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id64">plac vs argparse</a></h2> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> in an easy way. In particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences (the @@ -1385,7 +1411,7 @@ adding such options to the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function for y attribute.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">plac vs the rest of the world</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id65">plac vs the rest of the world</a></h2> <p>Originally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> boasted about being "the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world". Since then, people started pointing out to me various projects which are based on the same idea @@ -1408,7 +1434,7 @@ Catherine Devlin. However, this is completely coincidental, since I became aware of the <a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/cmd2/">cmd2</a> module only after writing <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="the-future"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">The future</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id66">The future</a></h2> <p>Currently the core of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is around 200 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments and docstrings. I do not plan to extend the core much in the future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should @@ -1429,7 +1455,7 @@ they require Python 2.5 to work, whereas <tt class="docutils literal">plac_core. Python 2.3.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="trivia-the-story-behind-the-name"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></h1> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id67">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></h2> <p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> project started very humbly: I just wanted to make easy_installable my old <a class="reference external" href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/">optionparse</a> recipe, and to publish it on PyPI. The original name of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> was optionparser and the idea behind it was @@ -1457,5 +1483,1545 @@ will steal it from me!</p> <p>That's all, I hope you will enjoy working with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>!</p> </div> </div> +<div class="section" id="advanced-usages-of-plac"> +<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id68">Advanced usages of plac</a></h1> +<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> +<col class="field-name" /> +<col class="field-body" /> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Author:</th><td class="field-body">Michele Simionato</td> +</tr> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">E-mail:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="mailto:michele.simionato@gmail.com">michele.simionato@gmail.com</a></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Date:</th><td class="field-body">August 2010</td> +</tr> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Download page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac</a></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Project page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html</a></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal">easy_install <span class="pre">-U</span> plac</tt></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">License:</th><td class="field-body">BSD license</td> +</tr> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Requires:</th><td class="field-body">Python 2.5+</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p><em>The present document discusses a few of the advanced use +cases for plac. It shows how to write interactive and non-interactive +interpreters with plac, and how to use plac for testing and scripting a generic +application. It assumes you have already read an understood the +basic documentation.</em></p> +<div class="contents topic" id="id1"> +<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-parsing-the-command-line-the-easy-way" id="id53">Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-importance-of-scaling-down" id="id54">The importance of scaling down</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-required-arguments" id="id55">Scripts with required arguments</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-default-arguments" id="id56">Scripts with default arguments</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-options-and-smart-options" id="id57">Scripts with options (and smart options)</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-flags" id="id58">Scripts with flags</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-for-python-2-x-users" id="id59">plac for Python 2.X users</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-features" id="id60">More features</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-realistic-example" id="id61">A realistic example</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-arguments" id="id62">Keyword arguments</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#final-example-a-shelve-interface" id="id63">Final example: a shelve interface</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-argparse" id="id64">plac vs argparse</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-the-rest-of-the-world" id="id65">plac vs the rest of the world</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-future" id="id66">The future</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#trivia-the-story-behind-the-name" id="id67">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#advanced-usages-of-plac" id="id68">Advanced usages of plac</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id69">Introduction</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#from-scripts-to-interactive-applications" id="id70">From scripts to interactive applications</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-a-plac-application" id="id71">Testing a plac application</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-easy-tests" id="id72">Plac easy tests</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-batch-scripts" id="id73">Plac batch scripts</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementing-subcommands" id="id74">Implementing subcommands</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-interpreter-call" id="id75">plac.Interpreter.call</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#readline-support" id="id76">Readline support</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-runner" id="id77">The plac runner</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-non-class-based-example" id="id78">A non class-based example</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-your-own-plac-runner" id="id79">Writing your own plac runner</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#long-running-commands" id="id80">Long running commands</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#threaded-commands" id="id81">Threaded commands</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-commands-as-external-processes" id="id82">Running commands as external processes</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#managing-the-output-of-concurrent-commands" id="id83">Managing the output of concurrent commands</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parallel-computing-with-plac" id="id84">Parallel computing with plac</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-server" id="id85">The plac server</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#summary" id="id86">Summary</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appendix-custom-annotation-objects" id="id87">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="introduction"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id69">Introduction</a></h2> +<p>One of the design goals of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is to make it dead easy to write a +scriptable and testable interface for an application. You can use +<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> whenever you have an API with strings in input and strings in +output, and that includes a <em>huge</em> domain of applications.</p> +<p>A string-oriented interface is a scriptable interface by +construction. That means that you can define a command language for +your application and that it is possible to write scripts which are +interpretable by <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> and can be run as batch scripts.</p> +<p>Actually, at the most general level, you can see <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> as a generic tool to +write domain specific languages (DSL). With <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> you +can test your application interactively as well as with batch +scripts, and even with the analogous of Python doctests for your +defined language.</p> +<p>You can easily replace the <tt class="docutils literal">cmd</tt> module of the standard library and +you could easily write an application like <a class="reference external" href="http://twill.idyll.org/">twill</a> with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>. Or you +could use it to script your building procedure. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> also supports +parallel execution of multiple commands and can be used as +task manager and monitor. It is also quite easy to build a GUI +or a Web application on top of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>. When speaking of things +you can do with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>, your imagination is the only limit!</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="from-scripts-to-interactive-applications"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id70">From scripts to interactive applications</a></h2> +<p>Command-line scripts have many advantages, but they are no substitute +for interactive applications. +In particular, if you have a script with a large startup time which must be run +multiple times, it is best to turn it into an interactive application, +so that the startup is performed only once. <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> provides an +<tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> class just for this purpose.</p> +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> class wraps the main function of a script and +provides an <tt class="docutils literal">.interact</tt> method to start an interactive interpreter +reading commands from the console.</p> +<p>For instance, you can define an interactive interpreter on top of the +<tt class="docutils literal">ishelve</tt> script introduced in the <a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">basic documentation</a> as +follows:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +# shelve_interpreter.py +import plac, ishelve + +@plac.annotations( + interactive=('start interactive interface', 'flag'), + subcommands='the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter') +def main(interactive, *subcommands): + """ + This script works both interactively and non-interactively. + Use .help to see the internal commands. + """ + if interactive: + plac.Interpreter(ishelve.main).interact() + else: + for out in plac.call(ishelve.main, subcommands): + print(out) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + plac.call(main) + +</pre> +<p>A trick has been used here: the ishelve command-line interface has been +hidden inside an external interface. They are distinct: for instance +the external interface recognizes the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-h/--help</span></tt> flag whereas the +internal interface only recognizes the <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt> command:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python shelve_interpreter.py -h +</pre> +<pre class="literal-block"> +usage: shelve_interpreter.py [-h] [-interactive] + [subcommands [subcommands ...]] + + This script works both interactively and non-interactively. + Use .help to see the internal commands. + + +positional arguments: + subcommands the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter + +optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + -interactive start interactive interface + +</pre> +<p>Thanks to this ingenuous trick, the script can be run both interactively +and non-interactively:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python shelve_interpreter.py .clear # non-interactive use +cleared the shelve +</pre> +<p>Here is an usage session:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use +A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands. +i> .help +Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete +<param> ... +<param=value> ... +i> a=1 +setting a=1 +i> a +1 +i> b=2 +setting b=2 +i> a b +1 +2 +i> .del a +deleted a +i> a +a: not found +i> .show +b=2 +i> [CTRL-D] +</pre> +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">.interact</tt> method +reads commands from the console and send them to the +underlying interpreter, until the user send a CTRL-D +command (CTRL-Z in Windows). There is a default +argument <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prompt='i></span> '</tt> which +can be used to change the prompt. The text displayed at the beginning +of the interactive session is the docstring of the main function. +<tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> also understands command abbreviations: in this example +<tt class="docutils literal">del</tt> is an abbreviation for <tt class="docutils literal">delete</tt>. In case of ambiguous +abbreviations <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> raises a <tt class="docutils literal">NameError</tt>.</p> +<p>Finally I must notice that the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> is available only if you +are using a recent version of Python (>= 2.5), because it is a context +manager object which uses extended generators internally.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="testing-a-plac-application"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id71">Testing a plac application</a></h2> +<p>You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode. +However manual testing is a poor substitute for automatic testing.</p> +<p>In principle, one could write automatic tests for the +<tt class="docutils literal">ishelve</tt> application by using <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> directly:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +# test_ishelve.py +import plac, ishelve + +def test(): + assert plac.call(ishelve.main, ['.clear']) == ['cleared the shelve'] + assert plac.call(ishelve.main, ['a=1']) == ['setting a=1'] + assert plac.call(ishelve.main, ['a']) == ['1'] + assert plac.call(ishelve.main, ['.delete=a']) == ['deleted a'] + assert plac.call(ishelve.main, ['a']) == ['a: not found'] + +if __name__ == '__main__': + test() + +</pre> +<p>However, using <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> is not especially nice. The big +issue is that <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> responds to invalid input by printing an +error message on stderr and by raising a <tt class="docutils literal">SystemExit</tt>: this is +certainly not a nice thing to do in a test.</p> +<p>As a consequence of this behavior it is impossible to test for invalid +commands, unless you wrap the <tt class="docutils literal">SystemExit</tt> exception by +hand each time (a possibly you do something with the error message in +stderr too). Luckily, <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> offers a better testing support through +the <tt class="docutils literal">check</tt> method of <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> objects:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +# test_ishelve_more.py +from __future__ import with_statement +import plac, ishelve + +def test(): + with plac.Interpreter(ishelve.main) as i: + i.check('.clear', 'cleared the shelve') + i.check('a=1', 'setting a=1') + i.check('a', '1') + i.check('.delete=a', 'deleted a') + i.check('a', 'a: not found') + +</pre> +<p>The method <tt class="docutils literal">.check(given_input, expected_output)</tt> works on strings +and raises an <tt class="docutils literal">AssertionError</tt> if the output produced by the +interpreter is different from the expected output for the given input. +Notice that <tt class="docutils literal">AssertionError</tt> is catched by tools like <tt class="docutils literal">py.test</tt> and +<tt class="docutils literal">nosetests</tt> and actually <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> tests are intended to be run with +such tools.</p> +<p>Interpreters offer a minor syntactic advantage with respect to calling +<tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> directly, but they offer a <em>major</em> semantic advantage when things +go wrong (read exceptions): an <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> object internally invokes +something like <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt>, but it wraps all exceptions, so that <tt class="docutils literal">i.check</tt> +is guaranteed not to raise any exception except <tt class="docutils literal">AssertionError</tt>.</p> +<p>Even the <tt class="docutils literal">SystemExit</tt> exception is captured and you can write your test as</p> +<blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">i.check('-cler',</span> 'SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: <span class="pre">-cler')</span></tt></blockquote> +<p>without risk of exiting from the Python interpreter.</p> +<p>There is a second advantage of interpreters: if the main function contains some +initialization code and finalization code +(<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> functions) they will be run only +once at the beginning and at the end of the interpreter loop. +<tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="plac-easy-tests"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id72">Plac easy tests</a></h2> +<p>Writing your tests in terms of <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.check</tt> is certainly an +improvement over writing them in terms of <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt>, but they +are still too low-level for my taste. The <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> class provides +support for doctest-style tests, a.k.a. <em>plac easy tests</em>.</p> +<p>By using plac easy tests you can cut and paste your interactive session and +turn it into a runnable automatics test. +Consider for instance the following file <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve.placet</tt> (the <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> +extension is a mnemonic for plac easy tests):</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +#!ishelve.py +i> .clear # start from a clean state +cleared the shelve +i> a=1 +setting a=1 +i> a +1 +i> .del a +deleted a +i> a +a: not found +i> .cler # spelling error +.cler: not found + +</pre> +<p>Notice the precence of the shebang line containing the name of the +<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> tool to test (a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> tool is just a Python module with a +function called <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt>). The shebang is ignored by the interpreter +(it looks like a comment to it) but it is there so that external +tools (say a test runner) can infer the plac interpreter +to use to test the file.</p> +<p>You can test <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve.placet</tt> file by calling the +<tt class="docutils literal">.doctest</tt> method of the interpreter, as in this example:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python -c"import plac, ishelve +plac.Interpreter(ishelve.main).doctest(open('ishelve.placet'), verbose=True)" +</pre> +<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.doctests</tt> invokes something like <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.check</tt> +multiple times inside the same context and compare the output with the +expected output: if even a check fails, the whole test fail.</p> +<p>You should realize tha the easy tests supported by <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> are <em>not</em> +unittests: they are functional tests. They model then user interaction and the +order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a +<tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> file are not independent and it makes sense to exit +immediately at the first failure.</p> +<p>The support for doctests in <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> comes nearly for free, thanks to the +<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a> module in the standard library, which is able to parse simple +languages as the ones you can implement with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>. In particular, +thanks to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to recognize comments (the default +comment character is <tt class="docutils literal">#</tt>), escape sequences and more. Look at the +<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a> documentation if you need to customize how the language is +interpreted. For more flexibility, it is even possible to pass to the +interpreter a custom split function with signature <tt class="docutils literal">split(line, +commentchar)</tt>.</p> +<p>In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number +recognition, so that if a test fail you get the line number of the +failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are +stored in external files, even if plac easy tests does not need to be in +a file: you can just pass to the <tt class="docutils literal">.doctest</tt> method a list of +strings corresponding to the lines of the file.</p> +<p>At the present <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not use any code from the doctest +module, but the situation may change in the future (it would be nice +if <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> could reuse doctests directives like ELLIPSIS).</p> +<p>It is straighforward to integrate your <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> tests with standard +testing tools. For instance, you can integrate your doctests with <tt class="docutils literal">nose</tt> +or <tt class="docutils literal">py.test</tt> as follow:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +import os, shlex, plac + +def test_doct(): + """ + Find all the doctests in the current directory and run them with the + corresponding plac interpreter (the shebang rules!) + """ + placets = [f for f in os.listdir('.') if f.endswith('.placet')] + for placet in placets: + lines = list(open(placet)) + assert lines[0].startswith('#!'), 'Missing or incorrect shebang line!' + firstline = lines[0][2:] # strip the shebang + main = plac.import_main(*shlex.split(firstline)) + yield plac.Interpreter(main).doctest, lines[1:] +</pre> +<p>Here you should notice that usage of <tt class="docutils literal">plac.import_main</tt>, an utility +which is able to import the main function of the script specified in +the shebang line. You can use both the full path name of the +tool, or a relative path name. In this case the runner look at the +environment variable <tt class="docutils literal">PLACPATH</tt> and it searches +the plac tool in the directories specified there (<tt class="docutils literal">PLACPATH</tt> is just +a string containing directory names separated by colons). If the variable +<tt class="docutils literal">PLACPATH</tt> is not defined, it just looks in the current directory. +If the plac tool is not found, an <tt class="docutils literal">ImportError</tt> is raised.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="plac-batch-scripts"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id73">Plac batch scripts</a></h2> +<p>It is pretty easy to realize that an interactive interpreter can +also be used to run batch scripts: instead of reading the commands from +the console, it is enough to read the commands from a file. +<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreters provide an <tt class="docutils literal">.execute</tt> method to perform just that.</p> +<p>There is just a subtle point to notice: whereas in an interactive loop +one wants to manage all exceptions, a batch script should not in the +background in case of unexpected errors. The implementation of +<tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.execute</tt> makes sure that any error raised by +<tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> internally is re-raised. In other words, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> +interpreters <em>wrap the errors, but does not eat them</em>: the errors are +always accessible and can be re-raised on demand.</p> +<p>The exception is the case of invalid commands, which are skipped. +Consider for instance the following batch file, which contains a +mispelled command (<tt class="docutils literal">.dl</tt> instead of <tt class="docutils literal">.del</tt>):</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +#!ishelve.py +.clear +a=1 b=2 +.show +.del a +.dl b +.show + +</pre> +<p>If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will print a <tt class="docutils literal">.dl: not found</tt> +at the <tt class="docutils literal">.dl</tt> line and will continue:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python -c "import plac, ishelve +plac.Interpreter(ishelve.main).execute(open('ishelve.plac'), verbose=True)" +i> .clear +cleared the shelve +i> a=1 b=2 +setting a=1 +setting b=2 +i> .show +b=2 +a=1 +i> .del a +deleted a +i> .dl b +2 +.dl: not found +i> .show +b=2 +</pre> +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">verbose</tt> flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted +(prefixed by <tt class="docutils literal">i></tt>). This is done on purpose, so that you can cut and paste +the output of the batch script and turn it into a <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> test +(cool, isn't it?).</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="implementing-subcommands"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id74">Implementing subcommands</a></h2> +<p>When I discussed the <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve</tt> implementation in the <a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">basic +documentation</a>, I said that it looked like a poor man implementation +of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> was +able to do much better than that. Here I will substantiate my claim.</p> +<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is actually able to infer a set of subparsers from a +generic container of commands. This is useful if you want to +implement <em>subcommands</em> (a familiar example of a command-line +application featuring subcommands is subversion).</p> +<p>Technically a container of commands is any object with a <tt class="docutils literal">.commands</tt> attribute +listing a set of functions or methods which are valid commands. A command +container may have initialization/finalization hooks (<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__/__exit__</tt>) +and dispatch hooks (<tt class="docutils literal">__missing__</tt>, invoked for invalid command names). +Moreover, only when using command containers <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to provide +automatic autocompletion of commands.</p> +<p>The shelve interface can be rewritten in an object-oriented way as follows:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +# ishelve2.py +import shelve, os, sys, plac + +class ShelveInterface(object): + "A minimal interface over a shelve object." + commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete' + @plac.annotations( + configfile=('path name of the shelve', 'option')) + def __init__(self, configfile): + self.configfile = configfile or '~/conf.shelve' + self.fname = os.path.expanduser(self.configfile) + self.__doc__ += '\nOperating on %s.\n.help to see '\ + 'the available commands.\n' % self.fname + def __enter__(self): + self.sh = shelve.open(self.fname) + return self + def __exit__(self, etype, exc, tb): + self.sh.close() + def set(self, name, value): + "set name value" + yield 'setting %s=%s' % (name, value) + self.sh[name] = value + def show(self, *names): + "show given parameters" + for name in names: + yield '%s = %s' % (name, self.sh[name]) # no error checking + def showall(self): + "show all parameters" + for name in self.sh: + yield '%s = %s' % (name, self.sh[name]) + def delete(self, name=None): + "delete given parameter (or everything)" + if name is None: + yield 'deleting everything' + self.sh.clear() + else: + yield 'deleting %s' % name + del self.sh[name] # no error checking + +main = ShelveInterface # useful for the tests + +if __name__ == '__main__': + plac.Interpreter(plac.call(ShelveInterface)).interact() + +</pre> +<p><tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> objects wrap context manager objects +consistently. In other words, if you wrap an object with +<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> methods, they are invoked in the right +order (<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> before the interpreter loop starts and +<tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> after the interpreter loop ends, both in the regular and +in the exceptional case). In our example, the methods <tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> +and <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> make sure the the shelve is opened and closed +correctly even in the case of exceptions. Notice that I have not +implemented any error checking in the <tt class="docutils literal">show</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">delete</tt> methods +on purpose, to verify that <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> works correctly in the presence of +exceptions.</p> +<p>When working with command containers, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> automatically adds two +special commands to the set of provided commands: <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt> +and <tt class="docutils literal">.last_tb</tt>. The <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt> command is the easier to understand: +when invoked without arguments it displays the list of available commands +with the same formatting of the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a> module; when invoked with the name of +a command it displays the usage message for that command. +The <tt class="docutils literal">.last_tb</tt> command is useful when debugging: in case of errors, +it allows you to display the traceback of the last executed command.</p> +<p>Here is a session of usage on an Unix-like operating system:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python ishelve2.py +A minimal interface over a shelve object. +Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve. +.help to see the available commands. +i> .help + +special commands +================ +.help .last_tb + +custom commands +=============== +delete set show showall + +i> delete +deleting everything +i> set a pippo +setting a=pippo +i> set b lippo +setting b=lippo +i> showall +b = lippo +a = pippo +i> show a b +a = pippo +b = lippo +i> del a +deleting a +i> showall +b = lippo +i> delete a +deleting a +KeyError: 'a' +i> .last_tb + File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/plac-0.6.0-py2.6.egg/plac_ext.py", line 190, in _wrap + for value in genobj: + File "./ishelve2.py", line 37, in delete + del self.sh[name] # no error checking + File "/usr/lib/python2.6/shelve.py", line 136, in __delitem__ + del self.dict[key] +i> +</pre> +<p>Notice that in interactive mode the traceback is hidden, unless +you pass the <tt class="docutils literal">verbose</tt> flag to the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.interact</tt> method.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="plac-interpreter-call"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id75">plac.Interpreter.call</a></h2> +<p>At the core of <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> there is the <tt class="docutils literal">call</tt> function which invokes +a callable with the list of the arguments passed at the command-line +(<tt class="docutils literal">sys.argv[1:]</tt>). Thanks to <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> you can launch your module +by simply adding the lines:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +if __name__ == '__main__': + plac.call(main) +</pre> +<p>Everything works fine if <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> is a simple callable performing some +action; however, in many cases, one has a <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> "function" which +is a actually a factory returning a command container object. For +instance, in my second shelve example the main function is the class +<tt class="docutils literal">ShelveInterface</tt>, and the two lines needed to run the module are +a bit ugly:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +if __name__ == '__main__': + plac.Interpreter(plac.call(ShelveInterface)).interact() +</pre> +<p>Moreover, now the program runs, but only in interactive mode, i.e. +it is not possible to run it as a script. It would be nice instead +to be able to specify the command to execute on the command-line +and have the interpreter start, execute the command and finish +properly (I mean by calling <tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt>) +without needing user input. The the script could be called from +a batch shell script working in the background. +In order to provide such functionality <tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> provides +a classmethod named <tt class="docutils literal">.call</tt> which takes the factory, instantiates +it with the arguments read from the command line, wraps the resulting +container object as an interpreter and runs it with the rest arguments +found in the command line. Here is the code to turn the <tt class="docutils literal">ShelveInterface</tt> +into a script</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +# ishelve3.py +from ishelve2 import ShelveInterface as main + +if __name__ == '__main__': + import plac; plac.Interpreter.call(main) + +</pre> +<p>and here are a few examples of usage:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python ishelve3.py -h +</pre> +<pre class="literal-block"> +usage: ishelve3.py [-h] [-configfile CONFIGFILE] + +A minimal interface over a shelve object. + +optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + -configfile CONFIGFILE + path name of the shelve + +</pre> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python ishelve3.py set a 1 +setting a=1 +$ python ishelve3.py show a +a = 1 +</pre> +<p>If you do not pass enough arguments in the command line, then the +script will automatically enter in interactive mode and ask the user +for the command to execute:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python ishelve3.py +A minimal interface over a shelve object. +Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve. +.help to see the available commands. + +i> +</pre> +<p>In a sense, I have closed the circle: at the beginning of this +document I discussed how to turn a script into an interactive +application (the <tt class="docutils literal">shelve_interpreter.py</tt> example), whereas here I +have show how to turn an interactive application into a script.</p> +<p>The complete signature of <tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter.call</tt> is the following:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +call(factory, arglist=sys.argv[1:], + commentchar='#', split=shlex.split, + stdin=sys.stdin, prompt='i> ', verbose=False) +</pre> +<p>The factory must have a fixed number of positional arguments (no +default arguments, no varargs, no kwargs), otherwise a <tt class="docutils literal">TypeError</tt> +is raised: the reason is that we want to be able to distinguish the +command-line arguments needed to instantiate the factory from the rest +arguments that must be sent to the corresponding interpreter object. +It is also possible to specify a list of arguments different from +<tt class="docutils literal">sys.argv[1:]</tt> (useful in tests), the character to be recognized as +a comment, the splitting function, the input source and the prompt to +use while in interactive mode, and a verbose flag.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="readline-support"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id76">Readline support</a></h2> +<p>Starting from release 0.6 <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> offers full readline support. That +means that if your Python was compiled with readline support you get +autocompletion and persistent command history for free. By default +all commands are autocomplete in a case sensitive way. If you want to +add new words to the autocompletion set, or you want to change the +location of the <tt class="docutils literal">.history</tt> file, or to change the case sensitivity, +the way to go is to pass a <tt class="docutils literal">plac.ReadlineInput</tt> object to the +interpreter. Here is an example, assuming you want to build a +database interface understanding SQL commands:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +import os, plac +from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup + +SQLKEYWORDS = set(['select', 'from', 'inner', 'join', 'outer', 'left', 'right'] + ) # and many others +DBTABLES = set(['table1', 'table2']) # you can read them from the db schema + +COMPLETIONS = SQLKEYWORDS | DBTABLES + +class SqlInterface(object): + commands = ['SELECT'] + def __init__(self, dsn): + self.soup = SqlSoup(dsn) + def SELECT(self, argstring): + sql = 'SELECT ' + argstring + for row in self.soup.bind.execute(sql): + yield str(row) # the formatting can be much improved + +rl_input = plac.ReadlineInput( + COMPLETIONS, histfile=os.path.expanduser('~/.sql_interface.history'), + case_sensitive=False) + +def split_on_first_space(line, commentchar): + return line.strip().split(' ', 1) # ignoring comments + +if __name__ == '__main__': + plac.Interpreter.call(SqlInterface, split=split_on_first_space, + stdin=rl_input, prompt='sql> ') + +</pre> +<p>Here is an example of usage:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python sql_interface.py <some dsn> +sql> SELECT a.* FROM TABLE1 AS a INNER JOIN TABLE2 AS b ON a.id = b.id +... +</pre> +<p>You can check that entering just <tt class="docutils literal">sel</tt> and pressing TAB the readline library +completes the <tt class="docutils literal">SELECT</tt> keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for +<tt class="docutils literal">FROM</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">INNER</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">JOIN</tt> and even for the names of the tables. An +obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting +the database: actually you can even read the names of the views and of +the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the entered commands +and recorded and saved in the file <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/.sql_interface.history</span></tt> when +exiting from the command-line interface.</p> +<p>If the readline library is not available, my suggestion is to use the +<a class="reference external" href="http://freshmeat.net/projects/rlwrap/">rlwrap</a> tool which provides similar features, at least on Unix-like +platforms. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> should also work fine on Windows with the <a class="reference external" href="http://ipython.scipy.org/moin/PyReadline/Intro">pyreadline</a> +library (I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested: I +tried it only once and it worked, but your mileage may vary). +For people worried about licenses, I will notice that <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses the +readline library only if available, it does not include it and it does +not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> licence does +not need to be the GPL (actually it is a BSD +do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence).</p> +<p>The interactive mode of <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> can be used as a replacement of the +<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a> module in the standard library. It is actually better than <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a>: +for instance, the <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt> command is more powerful, since it +provides information about the arguments accepted by the given command:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> .help set +usage: set name value + +set name value + +positional arguments: + name + value + +i> .help delete +usage: delete [name] + +delete given parameter (or everything) + +positional arguments: + name + +i> .help show +usage: show [names [names ...]] + +show given parameters + +positional arguments: + names +</pre> +<p>As you can imagine, the help message is provided by the underlying <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> +subparser (there is a subparser for each command). <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> commands accept +options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments, arguments with defaults, +arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the +features provided of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> which should be reimplemented from scratch +using <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>.</p> +<p>Moreover at the moment <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> also understands command abbreviations. +However, this feature may disappear in +future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> did not support +readline.</p> +<p>Notice that if an abbreviation is ambiguous, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> warns you:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> sh +NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show'] +</pre> +</div> +<div class="section" id="the-plac-runner"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id77">The plac runner</a></h2> +<p>The distribution of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> includes a runner script named <tt class="docutils literal">plac_runner.py</tt>, +which will be installed in a suitable directory in your system by <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/distutils/">distutils</a> +(say in <tt class="docutils literal">\usr\local\bin\plac_runner.py</tt> in a Unix-like operative system). +The runner provides many facilities to run <tt class="docutils literal">.plac</tt> scripts and +<tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> files, as well as Python modules containg a <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> +object, which can be a function, a command container object or +even a command container class.</p> +<p>For instance, suppose you want to execute a script containing commands +defined in the <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve2</tt> module like the following one:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -c ~/conf.shelve +set a 1 +del a +del a # intentional error + +</pre> +<p>The first line of the <tt class="docutils literal">.plac</tt> script contains the name of the +python module containing the plac interpreter and the arguments +which must be passed to its main function in order to be able +to instantiate an interpreter object. In this case I appended +<tt class="docutils literal">:ShelveInterface</tt> to the name of the module to specify the +object that must be imported: if not specified, by default the +object named 'main' is imported. +The other lines contains commands. +You can run the script as follows:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ plac_runner.py --batch ishelve2.plac +setting a=1 +deleting a +Traceback (most recent call last): + ... +_bsddb.DBNotFoundError: (-30988, 'DB_NOTFOUND: No matching key/data pair found') +</pre> +<p>The last command intentionally contained an error, to show that the +plac runner does not eat the traceback.</p> +<p>The runner can also be used to run Python modules in interactive +mode and non-interactive mode. If you put this alias in your bashrc</p> +<blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal">alias <span class="pre">plac="plac_runner.py"</span></tt></blockquote> +<p>(or you define a suitable <tt class="docutils literal">plac.bat</tt> script in Windows) you can +run the <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve2.py</tt> script in interactive mode as +follows:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ plac -i ishelve2.py +A minimal interface over a shelve object. +Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve. +.help to see the available commands. + +i> del +deleting everything +i> set a 1 +setting a=1 +i> set b 2 +setting b=2 +i> show b +b = 2 +</pre> +<p>Now you can cut and paste the interactive session an turns into into +a <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> file like the following:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -configfile=~/test.shelve +i> del +deleting everything +i> set a 1 +setting a=1 +i> set b 2 +setting b=2 +i> show a +a = 1 + +</pre> +<p>Notice that the first line specifies a test database +<tt class="docutils literal">~/test.shelve</tt>, to avoid clobbering your default shelve. If you +mispell the arguments in the first line plac will give you an +<a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> error message (just try).</p> +<p>You can run placets following the shebang convention directly with +the plac runner:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ plac --test ishelve2.placet +run 1 plac test(s) +</pre> +<p>If you want to see the output of the tests, pass the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-v/--verbose</span></tt> flag. +Notice that he runner ignore the extension, so you can actually use any +extension your like, but <em>it relies on the first line of the file to invoke +the corresponding plac tool with the given arguments</em>.</p> +<p>The plac runner does not provide any test discovery facility, +but you can use standard Unix tools to help. For instance, you can +run all the <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> files into a directory and its subdirectories +as follows:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ find . -name \*.placet | xargs plac_runner.py -t +</pre> +<p>The plac runner expects the main function of your script to +return a plac tool, i.e. a function or an object with a <tt class="docutils literal">.commands</tt> +attribute. It this is not the case the runner gracefully exits.</p> +<p>It also works in non-interactive mode, if you call it as</p> +<blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal">$ plac module.py args ...</tt></blockquote> +<p>Here is an example:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ plac ishelve.py a=1 +setting a=1 +$ plac ishelve.py .show +a=1 +</pre> +<p>Notice that in non-interactive mode the runner just invokes <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> +on the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> object of the Python module.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="a-non-class-based-example"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id78">A non class-based example</a></h2> +<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not force you to use classes to define command containers. +Even a simple function can be a valid command container, it is +enough to add to it a <tt class="docutils literal">.commands</tt> attribute and possibly +<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__</tt> and/or <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> attributes.</p> +<p>In particular, a Python module is a perfect container of commands. As an +example, consider the following module implementing a fake Version +Control System:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +"A Fake Version Control System" + +import plac + +commands = 'checkout', 'commit', 'status' + +@plac.annotations(url='url of the source code') +def checkout(url): + "A fake checkout command" + return ('checkout ', url) + +@plac.annotations(message=('commit message', 'option')) +def commit(message): + "A fake commit command" + return ('commit ', message) + +@plac.annotations(quiet=('summary information', 'flag', 'q')) +def status(quiet): + "A fake status command" + return ('status ', quiet) + +def __missing__(name): + return 'Command %r does not exist' % name + +def __exit__(etype, exc, tb): + "Will be called automatically at the end of the call/cmdloop" + if etype in (None, GeneratorExit): # success + print('ok') + +main = __import__(__name__) # the module imports itself! + +</pre> +<p>Notice that I have defined both an <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> hook and a <tt class="docutils literal">__missing__</tt> +hook, invoked for non-existing commands. +The real trick here is the line <tt class="docutils literal">main = __import__(__name__)</tt>, which +define <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> to be an alias for the current module.</p> +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">vcs</tt> module does not contain an <tt class="docutils literal">if __name__ == '__main__'</tt> +block, but you can still run it through the plac runner +(try <tt class="docutils literal">plac vcs.py <span class="pre">-h</span></tt>):</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +usage: plac_runner.py vcs.py [-h] {status,commit,checkout} ... + +A Fake Version Control System + +optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + +subcommands: + {status,commit,checkout} + -h to get additional help + +</pre> +<p>You can get help for the subcommands by postponing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-h</span></tt> after the +name of the command:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ plac vcs.py status -h +usage: vcs.py status [-h] [-q] + +A fake status command + +optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + -q, --quiet summary information +</pre> +<p>Notice how the docstring of the command is automatically shown in +usage message, as well as the documentation for the sub flag <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-q</span></tt>.</p> +<p>Here is an example of a non-interactive session:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ plac vcs.py check url +checkout +url +$ plac vcs.py st -q +status +True +$ plac vcs.py co +commit +None +</pre> +<p>and here is an interactive session:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ plac -i vcs.py +usage: plac_runner.py vcs.py [-h] {status,commit,checkout} ... +i> check url +checkout +url +i> st -q +status +True +i> co +commit +None +i> sto +Command 'sto' does not exist +i> [CTRL-D] +ok +</pre> +<p>Notice the invocation of the <tt class="docutils literal">__missing__</tt> hook for non-existing commands. +Notice also that the <tt class="docutils literal">__exit__</tt> hook gets called only in interactive +mode.</p> +<p>If the commands are completely independent, a module is a good fit for +a method container. In other situations, it is best to use a custom +class.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="writing-your-own-plac-runner"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id79">Writing your own plac runner</a></h2> +<p>The runner included in the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> distribution is intentionally kept +small (around 50 lines of code) so that you can study it and write +your own runner if want to. If you need to go to such level +of detail, you should know that the most important method of +the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> class is the <tt class="docutils literal">.send</tt> method, which takes +strings in input and returns a four-tuple with attributes +<tt class="docutils literal">.str</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">.etype</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">.exc</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">.tb</tt>:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><tt class="docutils literal">.str</tt> is the output of the command, if successful (a string);</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal">.etype</tt> is the class of the exception, if the command fail;</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal">.exc</tt> is the exception instance;</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal">.tb</tt> is the traceback.</li> +</ul> +<p>Moreover the <tt class="docutils literal">__str__</tt> representation of the output object is redefined +to return the output string if the command was successful or the error +message if the command failed (actually it returns the error message +preceded by the name of the exception class).</p> +<p>For instance, if you send a mispelled option to +the interpreter a <tt class="docutils literal">SystemExit</tt> will be trapped:</p> +<pre class="doctest-block"> +>>> import plac +>>> from ishelve import ishelve +>>> with plac.Interpreter(ishelve) as i: +... print(i.send('.cler')) +... +SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: .cler +</pre> +<p>It is important to invoke the <tt class="docutils literal">.send</tt> method inside the context manager, +otherwise you will get a <tt class="docutils literal">RuntimeError</tt>.</p> +<p>For instance, suppose you want to implement a graphical runner for a +plac-based interpreter with two text widgets: one to enter the commands +and one to display the results. Suppose you want to display the errors +with tracebacks in red. You will need to code something like that +(pseudocode follows):</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +input_widget = WidgetReadingInput() +output_widget = WidgetDisplayingOutput() + +def send(interpreter, line): + out = interpreter.send(line) + if out.tb: # there was an error + output_widget.display(out.tb, color='red') + else: + output_widget.display(out.str) + +main = plac.import_main(tool_path) # get the main object + +with plac.Interpreter(main) as i: + def callback(event): + if event.user_pressed_ENTER(): + send(i, input_widget.last_line) + input_widget.addcallback(callback) + gui_mainloop.start() +</pre> +<p>You can adapt the pseudocode to your GUI toolkit of choice and you can +also change the file associations in such a way that clicking on a +plac tool file the graphical user interface starts.</p> +<p>An example of GUI program built on top of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is given later on, in the +paragraph <em>Managing the output of concurrent commands</em> (using Tkinter +for simplicity and portability).</p> +<p>There is a final <em>caveat</em>: since the plac interpreter loop is +implemented via extended generators, plac interpreters are single threaded: you +will get an error if you <tt class="docutils literal">.send</tt> commands from separated threads. +You can circumvent the problem by using a queue. If EXIT is a sentinel +value to signal exiting from the interpreter look, you can write code +like this:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +with interpreter: + for input_value in iter(input_queue.get, EXIT): + output_queue.put(interpreter.send(input_value)) +</pre> +<p>The same trick also work for processes; you could run the interpreter +loop in a separate process and send commands to it via the Queue +class provided by the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/multiprocessing.html">multiprocessing</a> module.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="long-running-commands"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id80">Long running commands</a></h2> +<p>As we saw, by default a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreter blocks until +the command terminates. This is an issue, in the sense that it makes +the interactive experience quite painful for long running commands. An +example is better than a thousand words, so consider the following +fake importer:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +import time +import plac + +class FakeImporter(object): + "A fake importer with an import_file command" + commands = ['import_file'] + def __init__(self, dsn): + self.dsn = dsn + def import_file(self, fname): + "Import a file into the database" + try: + for n in range(10000): + time.sleep(.01) + if n % 100 == 99: + yield 'Imported %d lines' % (n+1) + finally: + print('closing the file') + +if __name__ == '__main__': + plac.Interpreter.call(FakeImporter) + +</pre> +<p>If you run the <tt class="docutils literal">import_file</tt> command, you will have to wait for 200 seconds +before entering a new command:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python importer1.py dsn +A fake importer with an import_file command +i> import_file file1 +... <wait 3+ minutes> +Imported 100 lines +Imported 200 lines +Imported 300 lines +... +Imported 10000 lines +closing the file +</pre> +<p>Being unable to enter any other command is quite annoying: in such situation one +would like to run the long running commands in the background, to keep +the interface responsive. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> provides two ways to reach this goal: threads +and processes.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="threaded-commands"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id81">Threaded commands</a></h2> +<p>The most familiar way to execute a task in the background (even if not +necessarily the best way) is to run it into a separated thread. In our +example it is sufficient to replace the line</p> +<blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal">commands = ['import_file']</tt></blockquote> +<p>with</p> +<blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal">thcommands = ['import_file']</tt></blockquote> +<p>to tell to the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreter that the command <tt class="docutils literal">import_file</tt> should be +run into a separated thread. Here is an example session:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> import_file file1 +<ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING> +</pre> +<p>The import task started in a separated thread. You can see the +progress of the task by using the special command <tt class="docutils literal">.output</tt>:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> .output 1 +<ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING> +Imported 100 lines +Imported 200 lines +</pre> +<p>If you look after a while, you will get more lines of output:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> .output 1 +<ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING> +Imported 100 lines +Imported 200 lines +Imported 300 lines +Imported 400 lines +</pre> +<p>If you look after a time long enough, the task will be finished:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> .output 1 +<ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] FINISHED> +</pre> +<p>You can even skip the number argument: then <tt class="docutils literal">.output</tt> will the return +the output of the last launched command (the special commands like .output +do not count).</p> +<p>You can launch many tasks one after the other:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> import_file file2 +<ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] RUNNING> +i> import_file file3 +<ThreadedTask 6 [import_file file3] RUNNING> +</pre> +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">.list</tt> command displays all the running tasks:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> .list +<ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] RUNNING> +<ThreadedTask 6 [import_file file3] RUNNING> +</pre> +<p>It is even possible to kill a task:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> .kill 5 +<ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] TOBEKILLED> +# wait a bit ... +closing the file +i> .output 5 +<ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] KILLED> +</pre> +<p>You should notice that since at the Python level it is impossible to kill +a thread, the <tt class="docutils literal">.kill</tt> commands works by setting the status of the task to +<tt class="docutils literal">TOBEKILLED</tt>. Internally the generator corresponding to the command +is executed in the thread and the status is checked at each iteration: +when the status become <tt class="docutils literal">TOBEKILLED</tt> a <tt class="docutils literal">GeneratorExit</tt> exception is +raised and the thread terminates (softly, so that the <tt class="docutils literal">finally</tt> clause +is honored). In our example the generator is yielding +back control once every 100 iterations, i.e. every two seconds (not much). +In order to get a responsive interface it is a good idea to yield more +often, for instance every 10 iterations (i.e. 5 times per second), +as in the following code:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +import time +import plac + +class FakeImporter(object): + "A fake importer with an import_file command" + thcommands = ['import_file'] + def __init__(self, dsn): + self.dsn = dsn + def import_file(self, fname): + "Import a file into the database" + try: + for n in range(10000): + time.sleep(.02) + if n % 100 == 99: # every two seconds + yield 'Imported %d lines' % (n+1) + if n % 10 == 9: # every 0.2 seconds + yield # go back and check the TOBEKILLED status + finally: + print('closing the file') + +if __name__ == '__main__': + plac.Interpreter.call(FakeImporter) + +</pre> +</div> +<div class="section" id="running-commands-as-external-processes"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id82">Running commands as external processes</a></h2> +<p>Threads are not loved much in the Python world and actually most people +prefer to use processes instead. For this reason <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> provides the +option to execute long running commands as external processes. Unfortunately +the current implementation only works in Unix-like operating systems +(including Mac OS X) because it relies on fork via the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/multiprocessing.html">multiprocessing</a> +module.</p> +<p>In our example, to enable the feature it is sufficient to replace the line</p> +<blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal">thcommands = ['import_file']</tt></blockquote> +<p>with</p> +<blockquote> +<tt class="docutils literal">mpcommands = ['import_file']</tt>.</blockquote> +<p>The user experience is exactly the same as with threads and you will not see any +difference at the user interface level:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +i> import_file file3 +<MPTask 1 [import_file file3] SUBMITTED> +i> .kill 1 +<MPTask 1 [import_file file3] RUNNING> +closing the file +i> .o 1 +<MPTask 1 [import_file file3] KILLED> +Imported 100 lines +Imported 200 lines +i> +</pre> +<p>Still, using processes is quite different than using threads: in +particular, when using processes you can only yield pickleable values +and you cannot re-raise an exception first raised in a different +process, because traceback objects are not pickleable. Moreover, +you cannot rely on automatic sharing of your objects.</p> +<p>On the plus side, when using processes you do not need to worry about +killing a command: they are killed immediately using a SIGTERM signal, +and there is not a <tt class="docutils literal">TOBEKILLED</tt> mechanism. Moreover, the killing is +guaranteed to be soft: internally a command receiving a SIGTERM raises +a <tt class="docutils literal">TerminatedProcess</tt> exception which is trapped in the generator +loop, so that the command is closed properly.</p> +<p>Using processes allows to take full advantage of multicore machines +and it is safer than using threads, so it is the recommended approach +unless you are working on Windows.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="managing-the-output-of-concurrent-commands"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id83">Managing the output of concurrent commands</a></h2> +<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> acts as a command-line task launcher and can be used as the base +to build a GUI-based task launcher and task monitor. To this aim the +interpreter class provides a <tt class="docutils literal">.submit</tt> method which returns a task +object and a <tt class="docutils literal">.tasks</tt> method returning the list of all the tasks +submitted to the interpreter. The <tt class="docutils literal">submit</tt> method does not start the task +and thus it is nonblocking. +Each task has an <tt class="docutils literal">.outlist</tt> attribute which is a list +storing the value yielded by the generator underlying the task (the +<tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> values are skipped though): the <tt class="docutils literal">.outlist</tt> grows as the +task runs and more values are yielded. Accessing the <tt class="docutils literal">.outlist</tt> is +nonblocking and can be done freely. +Finally there is a <tt class="docutils literal">.result</tt> +property which waits for the task to finish and returns the last yielded +value or raises an exception.</p> +<p>Here is some example code to visualize the output of the FakeImporter +in Tkinter (I chose Tkinter because it is easy to use and it is +in the standard library, but you can use any GUI):</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +from Tkinter import * +from importer3 import FakeImporter + +def taskwidget(root, task, tick=500): + "A Label widget showing the output of a task every 500 ms" + sv = StringVar(root) + lb = Label(root, textvariable=sv) + def show_outlist(): + try: + out = task.outlist[-1] + except IndexError: # no output yet + out = '' + sv.set('%s %s' % (task, out)) + root.after(tick, show_outlist) + root.after(0, show_outlist) + return lb + +def monitor(tasks): + root = Tk() + for task in tasks: + task.run() + taskwidget(root, task).pack() + root.mainloop() + +if __name__ == '__main__': + import plac + with plac.Interpreter(plac.call(FakeImporter)) as i: + tasks = [i.submit('import_file f1'), i.submit('import_file f2')] + monitor(tasks) + +</pre> +</div> +<div class="section" id="parallel-computing-with-plac"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id84">Parallel computing with plac</a></h2> +<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is certainly not intended as a tool for parallel computing, but +still you can use it to launch a set of commands and to collect the +results, similarly to the MapReduce pattern recently popularized by +Google. In order to give an example, I will consider the "Hello +World" of parallel computing, i.e. the computation of pi with +independent processes. There is a huge number of algorithms to +compute pi; here I will describe a trivial one chosen for simplicity, +not per efficienty. The trick is to consider the first quadrant of a +circle with radius 1 and to extract a number of points <tt class="docutils literal">(x, y)</tt> with +<tt class="docutils literal">x</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">y</tt> random variables in the interval <tt class="docutils literal">[0,1]</tt>. The +probability of extracting a number inside the quadrant (i.e. with +<tt class="docutils literal">x^2 + y^2 < 1</tt>) is proportional to the area of the quadrant +(i.e. <tt class="docutils literal">pi/4</tt>). The value of <tt class="docutils literal">pi</tt> therefore can be extracted by +multiplying by 4 the ratio between the number of points in the +quadrant versus the total number of points <tt class="docutils literal">N</tt>, for <tt class="docutils literal">N</tt> large:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +def calc_pi(N): + inside = 0 + for j in xrange(N): + x, y = random(), random() + if x*x + y*y < 1: + inside += 1 + return (4.0 * inside) / N +</pre> +<p>The algorithm is trivially parallelizable: if you have n CPUs, you can +compute pi n times with N/n iterations, sum the results and divide the total +by n. I have a Macbook with two cores, therefore I would expect a speedup +factor of 2 with respect to a sequential computation. Moreover, I would +expect a threaded computation to be even slower than a sequential +computation, due to the GIL and the scheduling overhead.</p> +<p>Here is a script implementing the algorithm and working in three different +modes (parallel mode, threaded mode and sequential mode) depending on a +<tt class="docutils literal">mode</tt> option:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +from __future__ import with_statement +from random import random +import multiprocessing +import plac + +class PiCalculator(object): + """Compute pi in parallel with threads or processes""" + + @plac.annotations( + npoints=('number of integration points', 'positional', None, int), + mode=('sequential|parallel|threaded', 'option', 'm', str, 'SPT')) + def __init__(self, npoints, mode='S'): + self.npoints = npoints + if mode == 'P': + self.mpcommands = ['calc_pi'] + elif mode == 'T': + self.thcommands = ['calc_pi'] + elif mode == 'S': + self.commands = ['calc_pi'] + self.n_cpu = multiprocessing.cpu_count() + + def submit_tasks(self): + self.i = plac.Interpreter(self).__enter__() + return [self.i.submit('calc_pi %d' % (self.npoints / self.n_cpu)) + for _ in range(self.n_cpu)] + + def close(self): + self.i.close() + + @plac.annotations( + npoints=('npoints', 'positional', None, int)) + def calc_pi(self, npoints): + counts = 0 + for j in xrange(npoints): + n, r = divmod(j, 1000000) + if r == 0: + yield '%dM iterations' % n + x, y = random(), random() + if x*x + y*y < 1: + counts += 1 + yield (4.0 * counts)/npoints + + def run(self): + tasks = self.i.tasks() + for t in tasks: + t.run() + try: + total = 0 + for task in tasks: + total += task.result + except: # the task was killed + print tasks + return + return total / self.n_cpu + +if __name__ == '__main__': + pc = plac.call(PiCalculator) + pc.submit_tasks() + try: + import time; t0 = time.time() + print '%f in %f seconds ' % (pc.run(), time.time() - t0) + finally: + pc.close() + +</pre> +<p>Notice the <tt class="docutils literal">submit_tasks</tt> method, which instantiates and initializes a +<tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> object and submits a number of commands corresponding +to the number of available CPUs. The <tt class="docutils literal">calc_pi</tt> command yield a log +message every million of interactions, just to monitor the progress of +the computation. The <tt class="docutils literal">run</tt> method starts all the submitted commands +in parallel and sums the results. It returns the average value of <tt class="docutils literal">pi</tt> +after the slowest CPU has finished its job (if the CPUs are equal and +equally busy they should finish more or less at the same time).</p> +<p>Here are the results on my old Macbook with Ubuntu 10.04 and Python 2.6, +for 10 million of iterations:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ python picalculator.py -mP 10000000 +3.141904 in 5.744545 seconds +$ python picalculator.py -mT 10000000 +3.141272 in 13.875645 seconds +$ python picalculator.py -mS 10000000 +3.141586 in 11.353841 seconds +</pre> +<p>As you see using processes one gets a 2x speedup indeed, where the threaded +mode is some 20% slower than the sequential mode.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="the-plac-server"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id85">The plac server</a></h2> +<p>A command-line oriented interface can be easily converted into a +socket-based interface. Starting from release 0.7 plac features +a builtin server which is able to accept commands from multiple +clients and to execute them. The server works by instantiating +a separate interpreter for each client, so that if a client interpreter +dies for any reason the other interpreters keep working. +To avoid external dependencies the server is based on the <tt class="docutils literal">asynchat</tt> +module in the standard library, but it would not be difficult to +replace the server with a different one (for instance, a Twisted server). +Since <tt class="docutils literal">asynchat</tt>-based servers are asynchronous, any blocking command +in the interpreter should be run in a separated process or thread. +The default port for the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> server is 2199, and the command to +signal end-of-connection is EOF. +For instance, here is how you could manage remote import on a database +(say a SQLite db):</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +import plac +from importer2 import FakeImporter + +def main(port=2199): + main = FakeImporter('dsn') + plac.Interpreter(main).start_server(port) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + plac.call(main) + +</pre> +<p>You can connect to the server with <tt class="docutils literal">telnet</tt> on port 2199, as follows:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +$ telnet localhost 2199 +Trying ::1... +Trying 127.0.0.1... +Connected to localhost. +Escape character is '^]'. +i> import_file f1 +i> .list +<ThreadedTask 1 [import_file f1] RUNNING> +i> .out +Imported 100 lines +Imported 200 lines +i> EOF +Connection closed by foreign host. +</pre> +</div> +<div class="section" id="summary"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id86">Summary</a></h2> +<p>Once <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> claimed to be the easiest command-line arguments parser +in the world. Having read this document you may think that it is not +so easy after all. But it is a false impression. Actually the +rules are quite simple:</p> +<ol class="arabic simple"> +<li>if you want to implement a command-line script, use <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt>;</li> +<li>if you want to implement a command interpreter, use <tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt>:<ul> +<li>for an interactive interpreter, call the <tt class="docutils literal">.interact</tt> method;</li> +<li>for an batch interpreter, call the <tt class="docutils literal">.execute</tt> method;</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>for testing call the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.check</tt> method in the appropriate context +or use the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.doctest</tt> feature;</li> +<li>if you need to go at a lower level, you may need to call the +<tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.send</tt> method which returns a (finished) <tt class="docutils literal">Task</tt> object.</li> +<li>long running command can be executed in the background as threads or +processes: just declare them in the lists <tt class="docutils literal">thcommands</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">mpcommands</tt> +respectively.</li> +<li>the <tt class="docutils literal">.start_server</tt> method starts an asynchronous server on the +given port number (default 2199)</li> +</ol> +<p>Moreover, remember that <tt class="docutils literal">plac_runner.py</tt> is your friend.</p> +</div> +<hr class="docutils" /> +<div class="section" id="appendix-custom-annotation-objects"> +<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id87">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></h2> +<p>Internally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses an <tt class="docutils literal">Annotation</tt> class to convert the tuples +in the function signature into annotation objects, i.e. objects with +six attributes <tt class="docutils literal">help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar</tt>.</p> +<p>Advanced users can implement their own annotation objects. +For instance, here is an example of how you could implement annotations for +positional arguments:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +# annotations.py +class Positional(object): + def __init__(self, help='', type=None, choices=None, metavar=None): + self.help = help + self.kind = 'positional' + self.abbrev = None + self.type = type + self.choices = choices + self.metavar = metavar + +</pre> +<p>You can use such annotations objects as follows:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +# example11.py +import plac +from annotations import Positional + +@plac.annotations( + i=Positional("This is an int", int), + n=Positional("This is a float", float), + rest=Positional("Other arguments")) +def main(i, n, *rest): + print(i, n, rest) + +if __name__ == '__main__': + import plac; plac.call(main) + +</pre> +<p>Here is the usage message you get:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +usage: example11.py [-h] i n [rest [rest ...]] + +positional arguments: + i This is an int + n This is a float + rest Other arguments + +optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + +</pre> +<p>You can go on and define <tt class="docutils literal">Option</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">Flag</tt> classes, if you like. +Using custom annotation objects you could do advanced things like extracting the +annotations from a configuration file or from a database, but I expect such +use cases to be quite rare: the default mechanism should work +pretty well for most users.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> </body> </html> diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.pdf b/plac/doc/plac.pdf index 5a6c78c..0a6f91d 100644 --- a/plac/doc/plac.pdf +++ b/plac/doc/plac.pdf @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ /F2 3 0 R
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .016457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is surprising how few command-line scripts with options I have written over the years \(probably less than) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02311 Tw (a hundred\), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote \(certainly more than a) Tj T* 0 Tw .177045 Tw (thousand of them\). Still, this use case cannot be neglected. The standard library modules \(all of them\) are) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.30686 Tw (quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have never used them directly.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.557126 Tw (Instead, I have always relied on the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, which provides a convenient wrapper over) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09061 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Alternatively, in the simplest cases, I have just performed the parsing by hand. In ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser is inferred by the function annotations. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .016457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is surprising how few command-line scripts with options I have written over the years \(probably less than) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02311 Tw (a hundred\), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote \(certainly more than a) Tj T* 0 Tw .177045 Tw (thousand of them\). Still, this use case cannot be neglected. The standard library modules \(all of them\) are) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.30686 Tw (quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have never used them directly.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.557126 Tw (Instead, I have always relied on the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, which provides a convenient wrapper over) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09061 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Alternatively, in the simplest cases, I have just performed the parsing by hand. In ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser is inferred by the function annotations. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -command COMMAND SQL query) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -command COMMAND SQL query) Tj T* ET
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q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The following are all valid invocations ot the script:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -4099,13 +8375,13 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 489.4236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the form ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (-command=SQL ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is recognized only for the full option, not for its abbreviations:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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q
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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Q
q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.724987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the option is not passed, the variable ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will get the value ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. However, it is possible to) Tj T* 0 Tw (specify a non-trivial default. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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Q
q
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q
0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Notice that the default value appears in the help message:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -4181,13 +8457,13 @@ Q Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 288.2236 cm
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When you run the script and you do not pass the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (-command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option, the default query will be executed:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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Q
q
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-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-q
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-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .815542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command) Tj T* 0 Tw (line and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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-Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example9.py) Tj T* T* (def main\(verbose: \('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'\), dsn: 'connection string'\):) Tj T* ( if verbose:) Tj T* ( print\('connecting to %s' % dsn\)) Tj T* ET
-Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (7) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (8) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
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q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm
q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET
+Q
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q
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+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .815542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command) Tj T* 0 Tw (line and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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q
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Q
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example9.py) Tj T* T* (def main\(verbose: \('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'\), dsn: 'connection string'\):) Tj T* ( if verbose:) Tj T* ( print\('connecting to %s' % dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
q
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -4300,7 +8555,7 @@ Q Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 541.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 429.7299 cm
q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -4321,37 +8576,37 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .31408 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the default value for a flag is always ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.652485 Tw (you feel the need to implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two choices, as) Tj T* 0 Tw (explained in the "more features" section.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 319.7299 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 5.832651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.895433 Tw (Flag-Option-Required-Default \(FORD\) convention: in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function write first the flag arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .881235 Tw (then the option arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default arguments. This is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw .110574 Tw (convention and you are not forced to use it, except for the default arguments \(including the varargs\) which) Tj T* 0 Tw (must stay at the end as it is required by the Python syntax.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .897045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I also suggests to specify a one-character abbreviation for flags: in this way you can use the GNU-style) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.034431 Tw (composition of flags \(i.e. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (-zxvf ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (-z -x -v -f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). I usually do not provide the) Tj T* 0 Tw (one-character abbreviation for options, since it does not make sense to compose them.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 247.7299 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 290.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 181.7299 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .211807 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years) Tj T* 0 Tw .304724 Tw (before we think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas are in the same situation.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.459984 Tw (Therefore ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides a way to work with function annotations even in Python 2.X \(including Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.692339 Tw (2.3\). There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations by hand. For instance the) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotated function declaration) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -4372,14 +8627,31 @@ Q Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 225.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.5299 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (is equivalent to the following code:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
+q
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (9) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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Q
q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .536098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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-q
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -4444,28 +8699,28 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.846077 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with X >) Tj (= 4 and I will use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator. Notice however that the core features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (run even on Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.483488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One of the goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is to have a learning curve of ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (minutes ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (for its core features, compared to the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.152093 Tw (learning curve of ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (hours ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In order to reach this goal, I have ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (sacrificed all the features of) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.89936 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually a lot of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (power persists in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Until now, I have only showed simple) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotations, but in general an annotation is a 6-tuple of the form) Tj T* ET
Q
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Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ET
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET
@@ -4480,40 +8735,40 @@ q Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 554.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 432.6236 cm
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 390.6236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.068735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (where ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the help message, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kind ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string in the set { ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("flag") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("option") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("positional") Tj /F1 10 Tf (},) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.579431 Tw /F4 10 Tf (abbrev ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a one-character string or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a callable taking a string in input, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (discrete sequence of values and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 360.6236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.05061 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to automagically convert the command line arguments from the string type to any Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (type; by default there is no conversion and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (type=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 452.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.6236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.904692 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to restrict the number of the valid options; by default there is no restriction i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (choices=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.071751 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to change the argument name in the usage message \(and only there\); by default the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.056654 Tw (metavar is ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: this means that the name in the usage message is the same as the argument name,) Tj T* 0 Tw (unless the argument has a default and in such a case is equal to the stringified form of the default.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 270.6236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is an example showing many of the features \(copied from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation\):) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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q
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@@ -4523,42 +8778,63 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 480 252 re B*
+n -6 -6 480 168 re B*
Q
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 233.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example10.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* ( "A script to add and multiply numbers") Tj T* ( if operator == 'mul':) Tj T* ( op = float.__mul__) Tj T* ( result = 1.0) Tj T* ( else: # operator == 'add') Tj T* ( op = float.__add__) Tj T* ( result = 0.0) Tj T* ( for n in numbers:) Tj T* ( result = op\(result, n\)) Tj T* ( return result) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( print\(plac.call\(main\)\)) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example10.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* ( "A script to add and multiply numbers") Tj T* ( if operator == 'mul':) Tj T* ( op = float.__mul__) Tj T* ( result = 1.0) Tj T* ( else: # operator == 'add') Tj T* ( op = float.__add__) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
Q
-q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 117.5749 cm
-q
-0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (9) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (10) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 667.8236 cm
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+.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
+.5 w
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+Q
+q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ( result = 0.0) Tj T* ( for n in numbers:) Tj T* ( result = op\(result, n\)) Tj T* ( return result) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( print\(plac.call\(main\)\)) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+Q
+Q
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 647.8236 cm
+q
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage:) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -4579,13 +8855,13 @@ Q Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 599.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 474.6236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .15186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the docstring of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function has been automatically added to the usage message. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (are a couple of examples of use:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 381.2849 cm
q
q
.87797 0 0 .87797 0 0 cm
@@ -4606,13 +8882,13 @@ Q Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 486.4849 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 361.2849 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can also be used in doctests like this:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 304.0849 cm
q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -4632,13 +8908,13 @@ Q Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 409.2849 cm
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works for generators too:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .158409 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tries to convert the output of the main function into a list, if possible. If the output is) Tj T* 0 Tw .725703 Tw (not iterable or it is a string, it is left unchanged, but if it is iterable it is converted. In particular, generator) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects are exhausted by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .647262 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you are a fan of lazyness, you can still have it by setting the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (eager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, as in the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.35528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a generator object this example will print each line as soon as available, whereas the) Tj T* 0 Tw (default behaviour is to print all the lines together and the end of the computation.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.234488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to run SQL queries on a database by) Tj T* 0 Tw .930697 Tw (relying on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SQLAlchemy) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice the usage of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy) Tj T* 0 Tw (connection string into a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SqlSoup ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .049987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can see the ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (yield-is-print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (pattern here: instead of using ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the main function, I use ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.55061 Tw (I perform the print in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block. The advantage of the pattern is that tests invoking) Tj T* 0 Tw .52936 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and checking the result become trivial: had I performed the printing in the main function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (test would have involved an ugly hack like redirecting ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (sys.stdout ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (StringIO ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .049987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can see the ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (yield-is-print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (pattern here: instead of using ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the main function, I use ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and ) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.55061 Tw (I perform the print in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block. The advantage of the pattern is that tests invoking) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (12) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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-Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .52936 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and checking the result become trivial: had I performed the printing in the main function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (test would have involved an ugly hack like redirecting ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (sys.stdout ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (StringIO ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ( db Connection string) Tj T* ( scripts SQL scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -H, --header Header) Tj T* ( -c SQL, --sqlcmd SQL SQL command) Tj T* ( -d |, --delimiter | Column separator) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: dbcli.py [-h] [-H] [-c SQL] [-d |] db [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( db Connection string) Tj T* ( scripts SQL scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -H, --header Header) Tj T* ( -c SQL, --sqlcmd SQL SQL command) Tj T* ( -d |, --delimiter | Column separator) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check for yourself that the script works.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.831984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.4, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports keyword arguments. In practice that means that if your main) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.099213 Tw (function has keyword arguments, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (treats specially arguments of the form ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("name=value" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the generated usage message:) Tj T* ET
Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example12.py [-h] [-opt OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( args default arguments) Tj T* ( kw keyword arguments) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -opt OPT some option) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you call the script:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py -o X a1 a2 name=value) Tj T* (opt=X) Tj T* (args=\('a1', 'a2'\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -opt OPT some option) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you call the script:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (kw={'name': 'value'}) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py -o X a1 a2 name=value) Tj T* (opt=X) Tj T* (args=\('a1', 'a2'\)) Tj T* (kw={'name': 'value'}) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.133735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which are not alreay taken; for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance in this examples the name ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (opt ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is taken:) Tj T* ET
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Q
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q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.024104 Tw (The names taken are the names of the flags, of the options, and of the positional arguments, excepted) Tj T* 0 Tw .60561 Tw (varargs and keywords. This limitation is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (function calls by the Python language.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .603516 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a less trivial example for the keyword arguments feature. The use case is the following: suppose) Tj T* 0 Tw .82881 Tw (we have stored the configuration parameters of a given application into a Python shelve and we need a) Tj T* 0 Tw (command-line tool to edit the shelve. A possible implementation using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could be the following:) Tj T* ET
Q
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-n -6 -6 492 432 re B*
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Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 413.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# ishelve.py) Tj T* (import os, shelve, plac) Tj T* T* (DEFAULT_SHELVE = os.path.expanduser\('~/conf.shelve'\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( help=\('show help', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( showall=\('show all parameters in the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( clear=\('clear the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( delete=\('delete an element', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( filename=\('filename of the shelve', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( params='names of the parameters in the shelve',) Tj T* ( setters='setters param=value'\)) Tj T* (def main\(help, showall, clear, delete, filename=DEFAULT_SHELVE,) Tj T* ( *params, **setters\):) Tj T* ( "A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.") Tj T* ( sh = shelve.open\(filename\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( if not any\([help, showall, clear, delete, params, setters]\):) Tj T* ( yield 'no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands') Tj T* ( elif help: # custom help) Tj T* ( yield 'Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( elif showall:) Tj T* ( for param, name in sh.items\(\):) Tj T* ( yield '%s=%s' % \(param, name\)) Tj T* ( elif clear:) Tj T* ( sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( yield 'cleared the shelve') Tj T* ( elif delete:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( del sh[delete]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % delete) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 305.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# ishelve.py) Tj T* (import os, shelve, plac) Tj T* T* (DEFAULT_SHELVE = os.path.expanduser\('~/conf.shelve'\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( help=\('show help', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( showall=\('show all parameters in the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( clear=\('clear the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( delete=\('delete an element', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( filename=\('filename of the shelve', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( params='names of the parameters in the shelve',) Tj T* ( setters='setters param=value'\)) Tj T* (def main\(help, showall, clear, delete, filename=DEFAULT_SHELVE,) Tj T* ( *params, **setters\):) Tj T* ( "A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.") Tj T* ( sh = shelve.open\(filename\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( if not any\([help, showall, clear, delete, params, setters]\):) Tj T* ( yield 'no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands') Tj T* ( elif help: # custom help) Tj T* ( yield 'Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( elif showall:) Tj T* ( for param, name in sh.items\(\):) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (13) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (14) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 240 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 348 re B*
Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 221.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleted %s' % delete) Tj T* ( for param in params:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( yield sh[param]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % param ) Tj T* ( for param, value in setters.items\(\):) Tj T* ( sh[param] = value) Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(param, value\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( sh.close\(\)) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False # there is a custom help, remove the default one) Tj T* (main.prefix_chars = '.' # use dot-prefixed commands) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 329.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( yield '%s=%s' % \(param, name\)) Tj T* ( elif clear:) Tj T* ( sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( yield 'cleared the shelve') Tj T* ( elif delete:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( del sh[delete]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % delete) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleted %s' % delete) Tj T* ( for param in params:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( yield sh[param]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % param ) Tj T* ( for param, value in setters.items\(\):) Tj T* ( sh[param] = value) Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(param, value\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( sh.close\(\)) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False # there is a custom help, remove the default one) Tj T* (main.prefix_chars = '.' # use dot-prefixed commands) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (without arguments you get the following message:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.065988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (in an) Tj T* 0 Tw .177126 Tw (easy way. In particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences \(the following assumes) Tj T* 0 Tw (knowledge of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can leverage directly on many ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (features.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 5.575697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by using) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.435976 Tw /F4 10 Tf ('==SUPPRESS==' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as help string \(or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (argparse.SUPPRESS) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Similarly, you can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse.FileType) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 0 rg (directly.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.639213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is also possible to pass options to the underlying ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (argparse.ArgumentParser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object \(currently it) Tj T* 0 Tw .285529 Tw (accepts the default arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (description) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (epilog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (prog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (usage) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (add_help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (argument_default) Tj /F1 10 Tf (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.439953 Tw /F4 10 Tf (parents) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (fromfile_prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (conflict_handler) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (formatter_class) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). It) Tj T* 0 Tw (is enough to set such attributes on the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function. For instance) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (disables the recognition of the help flag ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (-h, --help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This mechanism does not look particularly elegant,) Tj T* 0 Tw .566988 Tw (but it works well enough. I assume that the typical user of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (will be happy with the defaults and would) Tj T* 0 Tw (not want to change them; still it is possible if she wants to.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.391235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, by setting the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (description ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the usage) Tj T* 0 Tw (message \(by default the docstring of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function is used as description\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .392619 Tw (It is also possible to change the option prefix; for instance if your script must run under Windows and you) Tj T* 0 Tw (want to use "/" as option prefix you can add the line:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .924198 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first prefix char \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (/) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used as the default for the recognition of options and flags; the second prefix) Tj T* 0 Tw .26832 Tw (char \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (-) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is kept to keep the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (-h/--help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option working: however you can disable it and reimplement it, if) Tj T* 0 Tw (you like, as seen in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (example.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 7.709147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is possible to access directly the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object, by invoking the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (utility function:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.646905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and adds the parser to the main function as an) Tj T* 0 Tw .982126 Tw (attribute. When ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call\(func\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is invoked multiple time, the parser is re-used and not rebuilt from) Tj T* 0 Tw (scratch again.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .982765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I use ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the unit tests of the module, but regular users should not need to use it,) Tj T* 0 Tw (unless they want to access ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (all ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (directly without calling the main function.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.442126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interested readers should read the documentation of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to understand the meaning of the other) Tj T* 0 Tw .771567 Tw (options. If there is a set of options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator adding) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.257045 Tw (such options to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function for you. For simplicity, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not perform any magic except the) Tj T* 0 Tw (addition of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.p ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.866905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Originally ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (boasted about being "the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world". Since) Tj T* 0 Tw .306457 Tw (then, people started pointing out to me various projects which are based on the same idea \(extracting the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser from the main function signature\) and are arguably even easier than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .239984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interpreters offer a minor syntactic advantage with respect to calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directly, but they offer a) Tj T* 0 Tw .96748 Tw /F5 10 Tf (major ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (semantic advantage when things go wrong \(read exceptions\): an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object internally) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181318 Tw (invokes something like ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but it wraps all exceptions, so that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (i.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is guaranteed not to) Tj T* 0 Tw (raise any exception except ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (AssertionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (at the end of the interpreter loop. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Writing your tests in terms of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is certainly an improvement over writing them in) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.807318 Tw (terms of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but they are still too low-level for my taste. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (support for doctest-style tests, a.k.a. ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (plac easy tests) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .697132 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the precence of the shebang line containing the name of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool to test \(a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.511751 Tw (Python module with a function called ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). The shebang is ignored by the interpreter \(it looks like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .487608 Tw (comment to it\) but it is there so that external tools \(say a test runner\) can infer the plac interpreter to use) Tj T* 0 Tw (to test the file.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 4.007109 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Interpreter.doctests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (invokes something like ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (multiple times) Tj T* 0 Tw .226654 Tw (inside the same context and compare the output with the expected output: if even a check fails, the whole) Tj T* 0 Tw (test fail.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .175868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You should realize tha the easy tests supported by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (unittests: they are functional tests. They) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.22936 Tw (model then user interaction and the order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file are not independent and it makes sense to exit immediately at the first failure.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 329.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (import os, plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T* T* (SQLKEYWORDS = set\(['select', 'from', 'inner', 'join', 'outer', 'left', 'right']) Tj T* ( \) # and many others) Tj T* (DBTABLES = set\(['table1', 'table2']\) # you can read them from the db schema) Tj T* T* (COMPLETIONS = SQLKEYWORDS | DBTABLES) Tj T* T* (class SqlInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( commands = ['SELECT']) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, dsn\):) Tj T* ( self.soup = SqlSoup\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( def SELECT\(self, argstring\):) Tj T* ( sql = 'SELECT ' + argstring) Tj T* ( for row in self.soup.bind.execute\(sql\):) Tj T* ( yield str\(row\) # the formatting can be much improved) Tj T* T* (rl_input = plac.ReadlineInput\() Tj T* ( COMPLETIONS, histfile=os.path.expanduser\('~/.sql_interface.history'\), ) Tj T* ( case_sensitive=False\)) Tj T* T* (def split_on_first_space\(line, commentchar\):) Tj T* ( return line.strip\(\).split\(' ', 1\) # ignoring comments) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter.call\(SqlInterface, split=split_on_first_space,) Tj T* ( stdin=rl_input, prompt='sql) Tj (>) Tj ( '\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python sql_interface.py ) Tj (<) Tj (some dsn) Tj (>) Tj T* (sql) Tj (>) Tj ( SELECT a.* FROM TABLE1 AS a INNER JOIN TABLE2 AS b ON a.id = b.id) Tj T* (...) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.951318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that entering just ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (sel ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and pressing TAB the readline library completes the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (SELECT) Tj T* 0 Tw .797356 Tw /F1 10 Tf (keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FROM) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (INNER) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (JOIN ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and even for the names of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .256235 Tw (tables. An obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting the database: actually) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.616654 Tw (you can even read the names of the views and of the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.047251 Tw (entered commands and recorded and saved in the file ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (~/.sql_interface.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when exiting) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the command-line interface.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.010574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the readline library is not available, my suggestion is to use the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (rlwrap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool which provides similar) Tj T* 0 Tw .22561 Tw (features, at least on Unix-like platforms. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (should also work fine on Windows with the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (pyreadline ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (library) Tj T* 0 Tw .389989 Tw (\(I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested: I tried it only once and it worked, but your mileage) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206457 Tw (may vary\). For people worried about licenses, I will notice that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses the readline library only if) Tj T* 0 Tw .591894 Tw (available, it does not include it and it does not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (licence) Tj T* 0 Tw (does not need to be the GPL \(actually it is a BSD do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence\).) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .187882 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The interactive mode of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library. It) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.730651 Tw (is actually better than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: for instance, the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is more powerful, since it provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (information about the arguments accepted by the given command:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.959985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you can imagine, the help message is provided by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (subparser \(there is a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.954524 Tw (subparser for each command\). ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (commands accept options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .719318 Tw (arguments with defaults, arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the features) Tj T* 0 Tw (provided of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which should be reimplemented from scratch using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.78248 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover at the moment ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations. However, this feature may) Tj T* 0 Tw (disappear in future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (did not support readline.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.531318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The distribution of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (includes a runner script named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac_runner.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which will be installed in a) Tj T* 0 Tw .44748 Tw (suitable directory in your system by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (distutils ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(say in ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\\usr\\local\\bin\\plac_runner.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in a Unix-like) Tj T* 0 Tw .680651 Tw (operative system\). The runner provides many facilities to run ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (scripts and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files, as well) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47311 Tw (as Python modules containg a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object, which can be a function, a command container object or) Tj T* 0 Tw (even a command container class.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .575868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first line of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script contains the name of the python module containing the plac interpreter) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.327209 Tw (and the arguments which must be passed to its main function in order to be able to instantiate an) Tj T* 0 Tw .202485 Tw (interpreter object. In this case I appended ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (:ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the name of the module to specify the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.030574 Tw (object that must be imported: if not specified, by default the object named 'main' is imported. The other) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines contains commands. You can run the script as follows:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (alias plac="plac_runner.py") Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -configfile=~/test.shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b 2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a) Tj T* (a = 1) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can run placets following the shebang convention directly with the plac runner:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .01561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that in non-interactive mode the runner just invokes ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object of the Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (module.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 305.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (from __future__ import with_statement) Tj T* (from random import random) Tj T* (import multiprocessing) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (class PiCalculator\(object\):) Tj T* ( """Compute pi in parallel with threads or processes""") Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( npoints=\('number of integration points', 'positional', None, int\),) Tj T* ( mode=\('sequential|parallel|threaded', 'option', 'm', str, 'SPT'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, npoints, mode='S'\):) Tj T* ( self.npoints = npoints) Tj T* ( if mode == 'P':) Tj T* ( self.mpcommands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* ( elif mode == 'T':) Tj T* ( self.thcommands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* ( elif mode == 'S':) Tj T* ( self.commands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* ( self.n_cpu = multiprocessing.cpu_count\(\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( def submit_tasks\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.i = plac.Interpreter\(self\).__enter__\(\) ) Tj T* ( return [self.i.submit\('calc_pi %d' % \(self.npoints / self.n_cpu\)\)) Tj T* ( for _ in range\(self.n_cpu\)]) Tj T* T* ET
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diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.txt b/plac/doc/plac_core.txt index ab797b6..ab797b6 100644 --- a/plac/doc/plac.txt +++ b/plac/doc/plac_core.txt diff --git a/plac/plac.py b/plac/plac.py index 9aed3a7..0b1c3bd 100644 --- a/plac/plac.py +++ b/plac/plac.py @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ See doc/plac.pdf, doc/plac_adv.pdf for the documentation. """ -__version__ = '0.7.0' +__version__ = '0.7.1' from plac_core import * diff --git a/plac/plac_core.py b/plac/plac_core.py index 2237cab..fbd63b8 100644 --- a/plac/plac_core.py +++ b/plac/plac_core.py @@ -94,14 +94,12 @@ def parser_from(obj, **confparams): conf = pconf(obj).copy() conf.update(confparams) parser_registry[obj] = parser = ArgumentParser(**conf) + parser.obj = obj parser.case_sensitive = confparams.get( 'case_sensitive', getattr(obj, 'case_sensitive', True)) if hasattr(obj, 'commands') and obj.commands and not inspect.isclass(obj): # a command container instance parser.addsubcommands(obj.commands, obj, 'subcommands') - parser.missing = getattr( - obj, '__missing__', - lambda name: parser.error('No command %r' % name)) else: parser.populate_from(obj) return parser @@ -160,7 +158,7 @@ class ArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser): # ignore unrecognized arguments ns, extraopts = self.parse_known_args(arglist) else: - ns, extraopts = self.parse_args(arglist), [] + ns, extraopts = self.parse_args(arglist), [] # may raise an exit args = [getattr(ns, a) for a in self.argspec.args] varargs = getattr(ns, self.argspec.varargs or '', []) collision = set(self.argspec.args) & set(kwargs) @@ -203,7 +201,10 @@ class ArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser): self.argspec = getfullargspec(obj) del self.argspec.args[0] # remove first argument elif inspect.isclass(obj): - self.argspec = getfullargspec(obj.__init__) + if obj.__init__ is object.__init__: # to avoid an error + self.argspec = getfullargspec(lambda self: None) + else: + self.argspec = getfullargspec(obj.__init__) del self.argspec.args[0] # remove first argument elif hasattr(obj, '__call__'): self.argspec = getfullargspec(obj.__call__) @@ -265,6 +266,11 @@ class ArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser): self.add_argument(f.varkw, nargs='*', help=a.help, default={}, type=a.type, metavar=a.metavar) + def missing(self, name): + miss = getattr(self.obj, '__missing__', lambda name: + self.error('No command %r' % name)) + return miss(name) + def help_cmd(self, cmd): "Return the help message for a subcommand" p = self.subparsers._name_parser_map.get(cmd) diff --git a/plac/plac_ext.py b/plac/plac_ext.py index e175514..7a4e528 100644 --- a/plac/plac_ext.py +++ b/plac/plac_ext.py @@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ except: def import_main(path, *args, **pconf): """ An utility to import the main function of a plac tool. It also - works with tool factories, if you pass the arguments. + works with command container factories. """ - if ':' in path: - path, main_name = path.split(':') - else: - main_name = 'main' + if ':' in path: # importing a factory + path, factory_name = path.split(':') + else: # importing the main function + factory_name = None if not os.path.isabs(path): # relative path, look at PLACDIRS for placdir in PLACDIRS: fullpath = os.path.join(placdir, path) @@ -159,12 +159,11 @@ def import_main(path, *args, **pconf): fullpath = path name, ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(fullpath)) module = imp.load_module(name, open(fullpath), fullpath, (ext, 'U', 1)) - main = getattr(module, main_name) - if args: - cmd, tool = plac_core.parser_from(main).consume(args) + if factory_name: + tool = plac_core.call(getattr(module, factory_name), args) else: - tool = main - # set the parser configuration and possibly raise a TypeError early + tool = module.main + # set the parser configuration plac_core.parser_from(tool, **pconf) return tool @@ -259,6 +258,8 @@ class BaseTask(object): self.__class__.__name__, self.no, ' '.join(self.arglist), self.status) +nulltask = BaseTask(0, [], ('skip' for dummy in (1,))) + ########################## synchronous tasks ############################### class SynTask(BaseTask): @@ -591,21 +592,23 @@ class Interpreter(object): """ @classmethod - def call(cls, factory, arglist=sys.argv[1:], - commentchar='#', split=shlex.split, - stdin=sys.stdin, prompt='i> ', verbose=False): - """Call a container factory with the arglist and instantiate an - interpreter object. If there are remaining arguments, send them to the - interpreter, else start an interactive session""" + def instance(cls, factory, arglist=sys.argv[1:], + commentchar='#', split=shlex.split): + """ + Call a container factory with the arglist and return an + interpreter object. + """ a = plac_core.parser_from(factory).argspec if a.defaults or a.varargs or a.varkw: raise TypeError('Interpreter.call must be invoked on ' 'factories with required arguments only') required_args = ', '.join(a.args) - code = '''def makeobj(%s, *args): + if required_args: + required_args += ',' # trailing comma + code = '''def makeobj(%s *args): obj = factory(%s) obj.args = args - return obj'''% (required_args, required_args) + return obj\n'''% (required_args, required_args) dic = dict(factory=factory) exec code in dic makeobj = dic['makeobj'] @@ -616,16 +619,27 @@ class Interpreter(object): makeobj.__annotations__ = getattr( factory, '__annotations__', {}) obj = plac_core.call(makeobj, arglist) - i = cls(obj, commentchar, split) # interpreter - if obj.args: + return cls(obj, commentchar, split) # interpreter + + @classmethod + def call(cls, factory, arglist=sys.argv[1:], + commentchar='#', split=shlex.split, + stdin=sys.stdin, prompt='i> ', verbose=False): + """ + Call a container factory with the arglist and instantiate an + interpreter object. If there are remaining arguments, send them to the + interpreter, else start an interactive session. + """ + i = cls.instance(factory, arglist, commentchar, split) + if i.obj.args: with i: - task = i.send(obj.args) # synchronous + task = i.send(i.obj.args) # synchronous if task.exc: raise task.etype, task.exc, task.tb print(task) else: i.interact(stdin, prompt, verbose) - + def __init__(self, obj, commentchar='#', split=shlex.split): self.obj = obj try: @@ -685,9 +699,10 @@ class Interpreter(object): arglist = self.split(line, self.commentchar) else: # expects a list of strings arglist = line + if not arglist: + return nulltask task = self._interpreter.send(arglist) # nonblocking - if arglist and not plac_core._match_cmd( - arglist[0], self.tm.specialcommands): + if not plac_core._match_cmd(arglist[0], self.tm.specialcommands): self.tm.registry[task.no] = task return task |