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authorMichele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>2010-07-10 08:33:55 +0200
committerMichele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>2010-07-10 08:33:55 +0200
commit5e4bdc93b22e41ba39e871d30f646a34ac7475e0 (patch)
tree82d34c1c18a07f803147c82c4424485e79896d40
parentecf1d3f604d3b68e318924560b76b9dae7d41f16 (diff)
downloadmicheles-5e4bdc93b22e41ba39e871d30f646a34ac7475e0.tar.gz
A lot of work for plac 0.6
Diffstat
-rw-r--r--plac/CHANGES.txt3
-rw-r--r--plac/Makefile4
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/example13.help1
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/example13.py2
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/example14.help8
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/example14.py15
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/importer1.py20
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/importer2.py22
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/importer3.py20
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/ishelve.placet2
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/ishelve.py2
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/ishelve2.help8
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/ishelve2.placet4
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/plac.html14
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/plac.pdf997
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/plac.txt16
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/plac_adv.html547
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/plac_adv.pdf3606
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/plac_adv.txt461
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/shelve_interpreter.help5
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/sql_interface.py25
-rw-r--r--plac/doc/test_plac.py29
-rw-r--r--plac/plac.py4
-rw-r--r--plac/plac_core.py134
-rw-r--r--plac/plac_ext.py674
25 files changed, 4185 insertions, 2438 deletions
diff --git a/plac/CHANGES.txt b/plac/CHANGES.txt
index fc42bf1..dfb8c23 100644
--- a/plac/CHANGES.txt
+++ b/plac/CHANGES.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
HISTORY
----------
+0.6.0 Improvement the interactive experience with full readline support and
+ custom help. Added support for long running command, via threads and
+ processes.
0.5.0 Gigantic release. Introduced smart options, added an Interpreter class
and the command container concept. Made the split plac/plac_core/plac_ext
and added a plac runner, able to run scripts, batch files and doctests.
diff --git a/plac/Makefile b/plac/Makefile
index 52bd70c..7e119b6 100644
--- a/plac/Makefile
+++ b/plac/Makefile
@@ -6,3 +6,7 @@ doc/plac_adv.pdf: doc/plac_adv.txt
cd doc; rst2pdf --footer=###Page### plac_adv.txt; rst2html --stylesheet=$(HOME)/gcode/df.css plac_adv.txt plac_adv.html
upload:
python3 setup.py register sdist upload
+2:
+ python setup.py build; sudo python setup.py install
+3:
+ python3 setup.py build; sudo python3 setup.py install
diff --git a/plac/doc/example13.help b/plac/doc/example13.help
index 91216a3..94401ad 100644
--- a/plac/doc/example13.help
+++ b/plac/doc/example13.help
@@ -7,4 +7,3 @@ optional arguments:
subcommands:
{status,commit,checkout,help}
- -h to get additional help
diff --git a/plac/doc/example13.py b/plac/doc/example13.py
index 3c91f07..715f2e1 100644
--- a/plac/doc/example13.py
+++ b/plac/doc/example13.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class FVCS(object):
@plac.annotations(
name=('a recognized command', 'positional', None, str, commands))
def help(self, name):
- self.p.subp[name].print_help()
+ print(plac.parser_from(self).help_cmd(name))
@plac.annotations(
url=('url of the source code', 'positional'))
diff --git a/plac/doc/example14.help b/plac/doc/example14.help
deleted file mode 100644
index 50c600b..0000000
--- a/plac/doc/example14.help
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-usage: example14.py [-h] {status,commit,checkout,help} ...
-
-optional arguments:
- -h, --help show this help message and exit
-
-subcommands:
- {status,commit,checkout,help}
- -h to get additional help
diff --git a/plac/doc/example14.py b/plac/doc/example14.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 18a2931..0000000
--- a/plac/doc/example14.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-import plac
-from example13 import FVCS
-
-class VCS_with_help(FVCS):
- commands = FVCS.commands + ('help',)
-
- @plac.annotations(
- name=('a recognized command', 'positional', None, str, commands))
- def help(self, name):
- self.p.subp[name].print_help()
-
-main = VCS_with_help()
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
- plac.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/importer1.py b/plac/doc/importer1.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43e6833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/importer1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import time
+import plac
+
+class FakeImporter(object):
+ "A fake importer with an import_file command"
+ commands = ['import_file']
+ def __init__(self, dsn):
+ self.dsn = dsn
+ def import_file(self, fname):
+ "Import a file into the database"
+ try:
+ for n in range(10000):
+ time.sleep(.01)
+ if n % 100 == 99:
+ yield 'Imported %d lines' % (n+1)
+ finally:
+ print('closing the file')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ plac.Interpreter(plac.call(FakeImporter)).interact()
diff --git a/plac/doc/importer2.py b/plac/doc/importer2.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b448aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/importer2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import time
+import plac
+
+class FakeImporter(object):
+ "A fake importer with an import_file command"
+ thcommands = ['import_file']
+ def __init__(self, dsn):
+ self.dsn = dsn
+ def import_file(self, fname):
+ "Import a file into the database"
+ try:
+ for n in range(10000):
+ time.sleep(.02)
+ if n % 100 == 99: # every two seconds
+ yield 'Imported %d lines' % (n+1)
+ if n % 10 == 9: # every 0.2 seconds
+ yield # go back and check the TOBEKILLED status
+ finally:
+ print('closing the file')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ plac.Interpreter(plac.call(FakeImporter)).interact()
diff --git a/plac/doc/importer3.py b/plac/doc/importer3.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb3aee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/importer3.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import time
+import plac
+
+class FakeImporter(object):
+ "A fake importer with an import_file command"
+ mpcommands = ['import_file']
+ def __init__(self, dsn):
+ self.dsn = dsn
+ def import_file(self, fname):
+ "Import a file into the database"
+ try:
+ for n in range(10000):
+ time.sleep(.02)
+ if n % 100 == 99:
+ yield 'Imported %d lines' % (n+1)
+ finally:
+ print('closing the file')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ plac.Interpreter(plac.call(FakeImporter)).interact()
diff --git a/plac/doc/ishelve.placet b/plac/doc/ishelve.placet
index 87c1b32..2637223 100644
--- a/plac/doc/ishelve.placet
+++ b/plac/doc/ishelve.placet
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ deleted a
i> a
a: not found
i> .cler # spelling error
-SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: .cler
+.cler: not found
diff --git a/plac/doc/ishelve.py b/plac/doc/ishelve.py
index 343b4ed..4f22ba2 100644
--- a/plac/doc/ishelve.py
+++ b/plac/doc/ishelve.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ DEFAULT_SHELVE = os.path.expanduser('~/conf.shelve')
setters='setters param=value')
def main(help, showall, clear, delete, filename=DEFAULT_SHELVE,
*params, **setters):
- "A simple interface to a shelve"
+ "A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands."
sh = shelve.open(filename)
try:
if not any([help, showall, clear, delete, params, setters]):
diff --git a/plac/doc/ishelve2.help b/plac/doc/ishelve2.help
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ce64db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/ishelve2.help
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+usage: ishelve2.py [-h] [-configfile ~/conf.shelve]
+
+A minimal interface over a shelve object.
+
+optional arguments:
+ -h, --help show this help message and exit
+ -configfile ~/conf.shelve
+ path name of the shelve
diff --git a/plac/doc/ishelve2.placet b/plac/doc/ishelve2.placet
index a41fc8d..f954932 100644
--- a/plac/doc/ishelve2.placet
+++ b/plac/doc/ishelve2.placet
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ i> set a 1
setting a=1
i> set b 2
setting b=2
-i> show b
-b = 2
+i> show a
+a = 1
diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.html b/plac/doc/plac.html
index da6cbad..c63e131 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac.html
+++ b/plac/doc/plac.html
@@ -1027,12 +1027,18 @@ try:
except:
# do something
</pre>
-<p>Without the <tt class="docutils literal">listify</tt> functionality, a main function returning a
+<p>Without the &quot;listify&quot; functionality, a main function returning a
generator object would not raise any exception until the generator
is iterated over.</p>
-<p>Moreover you can rely on type checks like <tt class="docutils literal">isinstance(result, list)</tt>
-for the output of <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt>, to check if the output is an iterable
-or not.</p>
+<p>If you are a fan of lazyness, you can still have it by setting the <tt class="docutils literal">eager</tt>
+flag to <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>, as in the following example:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+for line in plac.call(main, args, eager=False):
+ print(line)
+</pre>
+<p>If <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> returns a generator object this example will print each
+line as soon as available, whereas the default behaviour is to print
+all the lines together and the end of the computation.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="a-realistic-example">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">A realistic example</a></h1>
diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.pdf b/plac/doc/plac.pdf
index 5e15047..836a8d6 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac.pdf
+++ b/plac/doc/plac.pdf
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ endobj
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.133735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which are not alreay taken; for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance in this examples the name ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (opt ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is taken:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .603516 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a less trivial example for the keyword arguments feature. The use case is the following: suppose) Tj T* 0 Tw .82881 Tw (we have stored the configuration parameters of a given application into a Python shelve and we need a) Tj T* 0 Tw (command-line tool to edit the shelve. A possible implementation using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could be the following:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 497.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# ishelve.py) Tj T* (import os, shelve, plac) Tj T* T* (DEFAULT_SHELVE = os.path.expanduser\('~/conf.shelve'\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( help=\('show help', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( showall=\('show all parameters in the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( clear=\('clear the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( delete=\('delete an element', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( filename=\('filename of the shelve', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( params='names of the parameters in the shelve',) Tj T* ( setters='setters param=value'\)) Tj T* (def main\(help, showall, clear, delete, filename=DEFAULT_SHELVE,) Tj T* ( *params, **setters\):) Tj T* ( "A simple interface to a shelve") Tj T* ( sh = shelve.open\(filename\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( if not any\([help, showall, clear, delete, params, setters]\):) Tj T* ( yield 'no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands') Tj T* ( elif help: # custom help) Tj T* ( yield 'Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( elif showall:) Tj T* ( for param, name in sh.items\(\):) Tj T* ( yield '%s=%s' % \(param, name\)) Tj T* ( elif clear:) Tj T* ( sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( yield 'cleared the shelve') Tj T* ( elif delete:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( del sh[delete]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % delete) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleted %s' % delete) Tj T* ( for param in params:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( yield sh[param]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % param ) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 413.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# ishelve.py) Tj T* (import os, shelve, plac) Tj T* T* (DEFAULT_SHELVE = os.path.expanduser\('~/conf.shelve'\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( help=\('show help', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( showall=\('show all parameters in the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( clear=\('clear the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( delete=\('delete an element', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( filename=\('filename of the shelve', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( params='names of the parameters in the shelve',) Tj T* ( setters='setters param=value'\)) Tj T* (def main\(help, showall, clear, delete, filename=DEFAULT_SHELVE,) Tj T* ( *params, **setters\):) Tj T* ( "A simple interface to a shelve") Tj T* ( sh = shelve.open\(filename\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( if not any\([help, showall, clear, delete, params, setters]\):) Tj T* ( yield 'no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands') Tj T* ( elif help: # custom help) Tj T* ( yield 'Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( elif showall:) Tj T* ( for param, name in sh.items\(\):) Tj T* ( yield '%s=%s' % \(param, name\)) Tj T* ( elif clear:) Tj T* ( sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( yield 'cleared the shelve') Tj T* ( elif delete:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( del sh[delete]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % delete) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( for param, value in setters.items\(\):) Tj T* ( sh[param] = value) Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(param, value\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( sh.close\(\)) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False # there is a custom help, remove the default one) Tj T* (main.prefix_chars = '.' # use dot-prefixed commands) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 221.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleted %s' % delete) Tj T* ( for param in params:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( yield sh[param]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % param ) Tj T* ( for param, value in setters.items\(\):) Tj T* ( sh[param] = value) Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(param, value\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( sh.close\(\)) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False # there is a custom help, remove the default one) Tj T* (main.prefix_chars = '.' # use dot-prefixed commands) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (A few notes are in order:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (without arguments you get the following message:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with the option ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(or any abbreviation of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) you get:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check by hand that the tool work:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (a=1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .del b # abbreviation for .delete) Tj T* (deleted b) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py b) Tj T* (b: not found) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .cler # mispelled command) Tj T* (usage: ishelve.py [.help] [.showall] [.clear] [.delete DELETE]) Tj T* ( [.filename /home/micheles/conf.shelve]) Tj T* ( [params [params ...]] [setters [setters ...]]) Tj T* (ishelve.py: error: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 221.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py .clear # start from an empty shelve) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .showall) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .del b # abbreviation for .delete) Tj T* (deleted b) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py b) Tj T* (b: not found) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .cler # mispelled command) Tj T* (usage: ishelve.py [.help] [.showall] [.clear] [.delete DELETE]) Tj T* ( [.filename /home/micheles/conf.shelve]) Tj T* ( [params [params ...]] [setters [setters ...]]) Tj T* (ishelve.py: error: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.065988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (in an) Tj T* 0 Tw .177126 Tw (easy way. In particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences \(the following assumes) Tj T* 0 Tw (knowledge of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ET
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BT /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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@@ -5465,13 +5472,13 @@ q
Q
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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@@ -5491,30 +5498,18 @@ q
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 130.8236 cm
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can leverage directly on many ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (features.) Tj T* ET
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-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 5.575697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by using) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.435976 Tw /F4 10 Tf ('==SUPPRESS==' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as help string \(or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (argparse.SUPPRESS) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Similarly, you can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse.FileType) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 0 rg (directly.) Tj T* ET
-Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .982765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I use ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the unit tests of the module, but regular users should not need to use it,) Tj T* 0 Tw (unless they want to access ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (all ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (directly without calling the main function.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.442126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interested readers should read the documentation of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to understand the meaning of the other) Tj T* 0 Tw .771567 Tw (options. If there is a set of options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator adding) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.257045 Tw (such options to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function for you. For simplicity, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not perform any magic except the) Tj T* 0 Tw (addition of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.p ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.136457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Luckily for me none of such projects had the idea of using function annotations and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; as a) Tj T* 0 Tw (consequence, they are no match for the capabilities of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.551163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course, there are tons of other libraries to parse the command line. For instance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Matthew) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.211567 Tw (Frazier which appeared on PyPI just the day before ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is fine but it is certainly not easier than) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .927488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that even if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has been designed to be simple to use for simple stuff, its power should not be) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02186 Tw (underestimated; it is actually a quite advanced tool with a domain of applicability which far exceeds the) Tj T* 0 Tw (realm of command-line arguments parsers.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .285988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Version 0.5 of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (doubled the code base and the documentation: it is based on the idea of using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to) Tj T* 0 Tw .408555 Tw (implement command-line interpreters, i.e. something akin to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (cmd ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library, only) Tj T* 0 Tw .49936 Tw (better. The new features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (are described in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced usage document ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. They are implemented) Tj T* 0 Tw .313828 Tw (in a separated module \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac_ext.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), since they require Python 2.5 to work, whereas ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac_core.py) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (only requires Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .942651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (project started very humble: I just wanted to make easy_installable my old ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe,) Tj T* 0 Tw .565988 Tw (and to publish it on PyPI. The original name of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was optionparser and the idea behind it was to build) Tj T* 0 Tw .603735 Tw (an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (OptionParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object from the docstring of the module. However, before doing that, I decided to check) Tj T* 0 Tw .244198 Tw (out the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module, since I knew it was going into Python 2.7 and Python 2.7 was coming out. Soon) Tj T* 0 Tw (enough I realized two things:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .600574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Putting together these two observations with the original idea of inferring the parser I decided to build an) Tj T* 0 Tw .516905 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object from function annotations. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (optionparser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (name was ruled out, since I was) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.085984 Tw (now using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; a name like ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (argparse_plus ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (was also ruled out, since the typical usage was) Tj T* 0 Tw (completely different from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (usage.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.093876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I made a research on PyPI and the name ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (clap ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(Command Line Arguments Parser\) was not taken, so I) Tj T* 0 Tw (renamed everything to clap. After two days a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module appeared on PyPI <) Tj (expletives deleted) Tj (>) Tj (!) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .877209 Tw (Having little imagination, I decided to rename everything again to plac, an anagram of clap: since it is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (non-existing English name, I hope nobody will steal it from me!) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (That's all, I hope you will enjoy working with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (!) Tj T* ET
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diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.txt b/plac/doc/plac.txt
index ccbe8f7..f43d57c 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac.txt
+++ b/plac/doc/plac.txt
@@ -419,13 +419,19 @@ errors visible early, and avoids mistakes in code like the following::
except:
# do something
-Without the ``listify`` functionality, a main function returning a
+Without the "listify" functionality, a main function returning a
generator object would not raise any exception until the generator
-is iterated over.
+is iterated over.
-Moreover you can rely on type checks like ``isinstance(result, list)``
-for the output of ``plac.call``, to check if the output is an iterable
-or not.
+If you are a fan of lazyness, you can still have it by setting the ``eager``
+flag to ``False``, as in the following example::
+
+ for line in plac.call(main, args, eager=False):
+ print(line)
+
+If ``main`` returns a generator object this example will print each
+line as soon as available, whereas the default behaviour is to print
+all the lines together and the end of the computation.
A realistic example
---------------------------------------
diff --git a/plac/doc/plac_adv.html b/plac/doc/plac_adv.html
index ecbaf2f..5629997 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac_adv.html
+++ b/plac/doc/plac_adv.html
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.6: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
-<title>Testing and scripting your applications with plac</title>
+<title>Advanced usages of plac</title>
<meta name="author" content="Michele Simionato" />
-<meta name="date" content="June 2010" />
+<meta name="date" content="July 2010" />
<style type="text/css">
.first {
@@ -413,8 +413,8 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
</style>
</head>
<body>
-<div class="document" id="testing-and-scripting-your-applications-with-plac">
-<h1 class="title">Testing and scripting your applications with plac</h1>
+<div class="document" id="advanced-usages-of-plac">
+<h1 class="title">Advanced usages of plac</h1>
<table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="docinfo-name" />
<col class="docinfo-content" />
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">E-mail:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="mailto:michele.simionato&#64;gmail.com">michele.simionato&#64;gmail.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Date:</th>
-<td>June 2010</td></tr>
+<td>July 2010</td></tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Download page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Project page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html</a></td>
@@ -438,7 +438,9 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em>The present document discusses a few of the advanced use
-cases for plac. It assumes you have already read an understood the
+cases for plac. It shows how to write interactive and non-interactive
+interpreters with plac, and how to use plac for testing and scripting a generic
+application. It assumes you have already read an understood the
basic documentation.</em></p>
<div class="contents topic" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
@@ -448,13 +450,16 @@ basic documentation.</em></p>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-a-plac-application" id="id3">Testing a plac application</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-easy-tests" id="id4">Plac easy tests</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-batch-scripts" id="id5">Plac batch scripts</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#containers-of-commands" id="id6">Containers of commands</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#for-cmd-lovers" id="id7">For <tt class="docutils literal">cmd</tt> lovers</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementing-subcommands" id="id6">Implementing subcommands</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#readline-support" id="id7">Readline support</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-plac-runner" id="id8">The plac runner</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-non-class-based-example" id="id9">A non class-based example</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-your-own-plac-runner" id="id10">Writing your own plac runner</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#summary" id="id11">Summary</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appendix-custom-annotation-objects" id="id12">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#long-running-commands" id="id11">Long running commands</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#threaded-commands" id="id12">Threaded commands</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-commands-as-external-processes" id="id13">Running commands as external processes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#summary" id="id14">Summary</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appendix-custom-annotation-objects" id="id15">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="introduction">
@@ -524,8 +529,9 @@ $ python shelve_interpreter.py -h
usage: shelve_interpreter.py [-h] [-interactive]
[subcommands [subcommands ...]]
-This script works both interactively and non-interactively. Use .help to see
-the internal commands.
+ This script works both interactively and non-interactively.
+ Use .help to see the internal commands.
+
positional arguments:
subcommands the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter
@@ -541,13 +547,14 @@ and non-interactively:</p>
$ python shelve_interpreter.py .clear # non-interactive use
cleared the shelve
</pre>
-<p>Here is an usage session, using <a class="reference external" href="http://freshmeat.net/projects/rlwrap/">rlwrap</a> to enable readline features
-(<a class="reference external" href="http://freshmeat.net/projects/rlwrap/">rlwrap</a> is available in Unix-like systems):</p>
+<p>Here is an usage session:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
-$ rlwrap python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use
-usage: shelve_interpreter.py [.help] [.showall] [.clear] [.delete DELETE]
- [.filename /home/micheles/conf.shelve]
- [params [params ...]] [setters [setters ...]]
+$ python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use
+A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.
+i&gt; .help
+Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete
+&lt;param&gt; ...
+&lt;param=value&gt; ...
i&gt; a=1
setting a=1
i&gt; a
@@ -570,17 +577,19 @@ reads commands from the console and send them to the
underlying interpreter, until the user send a CTRL-D
command (CTRL-Z in Windows). There is a default
argument <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prompt='i&gt;</span> '</tt> which
-can be used to change the prompt. The message displayed
-by default is the argparse-provided usage message, but can be
-customized by setting an <tt class="docutils literal">.intro</tt> attribute on the main function.</p>
-<p>Notice that <tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> is available only if you are using a recent
-version of Python (&gt;= 2.5), because it is a context manager object
-which uses extended generators internally.</p>
-<p>You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode.
-However manual testing is a poor substitute for automatic testing.</p>
+can be used to change the prompt. The text displayed at the beginning
+of the interactive session is the docstring of the main function.
+<tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> also understands command abbreviations: in this example
+<tt class="docutils literal">del</tt> is an abbreviation for <tt class="docutils literal">delete</tt>. In case of ambiguous
+abbreviations <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> raises a <tt class="docutils literal">NameError</tt>.</p>
+<p>Finally I must notice that the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> is available only if you
+are using a recent version of Python (&gt;= 2.5), because it is a context
+manager object which uses extended generators internally.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="testing-a-plac-application">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Testing a plac application</a></h1>
+<p>You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode.
+However manual testing is a poor substitute for automatic testing.</p>
<p>In principle, one could write automatic tests for the
<tt class="docutils literal">ishelve</tt> application by using <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> directly:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
@@ -623,8 +632,8 @@ def test():
</pre>
<p>The method <tt class="docutils literal">.check(given_input, expected_output)</tt> works on strings
and raises an <tt class="docutils literal">AssertionError</tt> if the output produced by the
-interpreter is different from the expected output for the given input.</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">AssertionError</tt> is catched by tools like <tt class="docutils literal">py.test</tt> and
+interpreter is different from the expected output for the given input.
+Notice that <tt class="docutils literal">AssertionError</tt> is catched by tools like <tt class="docutils literal">py.test</tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal">nosetests</tt> and actually <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> tests are intended to be run with
such tools.</p>
<p>Interpreters offer a minor syntactic advantage with respect to calling
@@ -649,7 +658,7 @@ improvement over writing them in terms of <tt class="docutils literal">plac.call
are still too low-level for my taste. The <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter</tt> class provides
support for doctest-style tests, a.k.a. <em>plac easy tests</em>.</p>
<p>By using plac easy tests you can cut and paste your interactive session and
-turn it into a runnable automatics test!
+turn it into a runnable automatics test.
Consider for instance the following file <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve.placet</tt> (the <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt>
extension is a mnemonic for plac easy tests):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
@@ -665,7 +674,7 @@ deleted a
i&gt; a
a: not found
i&gt; .cler # spelling error
-SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: .cler
+.cler: not found
</pre>
<p>Notice the precence of the shebang line containing the name of the
@@ -682,25 +691,26 @@ plac.Interpreter(ishelve.main).doctest(open('ishelve.placet'), verbose=True)&quo
</pre>
<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.doctests</tt> invokes something like <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.check</tt>
multiple times inside the same context and compare the output with the
-expected output: if even a check fails, the whole test fail. The
-easy tests supported by <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> are <em>not</em> unittests: they should be
-used to model user interaction when the order of the operations
-matters. Since the single subtests in a <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> file are not
-independent, it makes sense to exit immediately at the first failure.</p>
-<p>The support for doctests in <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> comes nearly for free, thanks to the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a>
-module in the standard library, which is able to parse simple
+expected output: if even a check fails, the whole test fail.</p>
+<p>You should realize tha the easy tests supported by <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> are <em>not</em>
+unittests: they are functional tests. They model then user interaction and the
+order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a
+<tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> file are not independent and it makes sense to exit
+immediately at the first failure.</p>
+<p>The support for doctests in <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> comes nearly for free, thanks to the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a> module in the standard library, which is able to parse simple
languages as the ones you can implement with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>. In particular,
thanks to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to recognize comments (the default
-comment character is <tt class="docutils literal">#</tt>), continuation lines, escape sequences and
-more. Look at the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a> documentation if you need to customize how
-the language is interpreted.</p>
+comment character is <tt class="docutils literal">#</tt>), escape sequences and more. Look at the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/shlex.html">shlex</a> documentation if you need to customize how the language is
+interpreted.</p>
<p>In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number
recognition, so that if a test fail you get the line number of the
failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are
-stored in external files (plac easy tests does not need to be in
+stored in external files, even if plac easy tests does not need to be in
a file: you can just pass to the <tt class="docutils literal">.doctest</tt> method a list of
-strings corresponding to the lines of the file).</p>
-<p>At the present plac easy tests do not use any code from the doctest
+strings corresponding to the lines of the file.</p>
+<p>At the present <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not use any code from the doctest
module, but the situation may change in the future (it would be nice
if <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> could reuse doctests directives like ELLIPSIS).</p>
<p>It is straighforward to integrate your <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> tests with standard
@@ -724,7 +734,7 @@ def test_doct():
</pre>
<p>Here you should notice that usage of <tt class="docutils literal">plac.import_main</tt>, an utility
which is able to import the main function of the script specified in
-the shabng line. You can use both the full path name of the
+the shebang line. You can use both the full path name of the
tool, or a relative path name. In this case the runner look at the
environment variable <tt class="docutils literal">PLACPATH</tt> and it searches
the plac tool in the directories specified there (<tt class="docutils literal">PLACPATH</tt> is just
@@ -745,8 +755,9 @@ background in case of unexpected errors. The implementation of
<tt class="docutils literal">plac.call</tt> internally is re-raised. In other words, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>
interpreters <em>wrap the errors, but does not eat them</em>: the errors are
always accessible and can be re-raised on demand.</p>
-<p>In particular consider the following batch file, which contains a syntax
-error (<tt class="docutils literal">.dl</tt> instead of <tt class="docutils literal">.del</tt>):</p>
+<p>The exception is the case of invalid commands, which are skipped.
+Consider for instance the following batch file, which contains a
+mispelled command (<tt class="docutils literal">.dl</tt> instead of <tt class="docutils literal">.del</tt>):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
#!ishelve.py
.clear
@@ -757,9 +768,8 @@ a=1 b=2
.show
</pre>
-<p>If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will raise a <tt class="docutils literal">SystemExit</tt>
-with an appropriated error message at the <tt class="docutils literal">.dl</tt> line and the last command
-will <em>not</em> be executed:</p>
+<p>If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will print a <tt class="docutils literal">.dl: not found</tt>
+at the <tt class="docutils literal">.dl</tt> line and will continue:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
$ python -c &quot;import plac, ishelve
plac.Interpreter(ishelve.main).execute(open('ishelve.plac'), verbose=True)&quot;
@@ -774,19 +784,22 @@ a=1
i&gt; .del a
deleted a
i&gt; .dl b
-unrecognized arguments: .dl
+2
+.dl: not found
+i&gt; .show
+b=2
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">verbose</tt> flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted
(prefixed by <tt class="docutils literal">i&gt;</tt>). This is done on purpose, so that you can cut and paste
the output of the batch script and turn it into a <tt class="docutils literal">.placet</tt> test
(cool, isn't it?).</p>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="containers-of-commands">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Containers of commands</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="implementing-subcommands">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Implementing subcommands</a></h1>
<p>When I discussed the <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve</tt> implementation in the <a class="reference external" href="http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html">basic
documentation</a>, I said that it looked like a poor man implementation
of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> was
-able to do better. Here I will substantiate my claim.</p>
+able to do much better than that. Here I will substantiate my claim.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is actually able to infer a set of subparsers from a
generic container of commands. This is useful if you want to
implement <em>subcommands</em> (a familiar example of a command-line
@@ -794,25 +807,28 @@ application featuring subcommands is subversion).</p>
<p>Technically a container of commands is any object with a <tt class="docutils literal">.commands</tt> attribute
listing a set of functions or methods which are valid commands. A command
container may have initialization/finalization hooks (<tt class="docutils literal">__enter__/__exit__</tt>)
-and dispatch hooks (<tt class="docutils literal">__missing__</tt>, invoked for invalid command names).</p>
-<p>Using this feature the shelve interface can be rewritten in a more
-object-oriented way as follows:</p>
+and dispatch hooks (<tt class="docutils literal">__missing__</tt>, invoked for invalid command names).
+Moreover, only when using command containers <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to provide
+automatic autocompletion of commands.</p>
+<p>Rhe shelve interface can be rewritten in an object-oriented way as follows:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
# ishelve2.py
import shelve, os, sys, plac
class ShelveInterface(object):
- &quot;A minimal interface over a shelve object&quot;
+ &quot;A minimal interface over a shelve object.&quot;
commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete'
&#64;plac.annotations(
configfile=('path name of the shelve', 'option'))
def __init__(self, configfile='~/conf.shelve'):
self.fname = os.path.expanduser(configfile)
- self.intro = 'Operating on %s. Available commands:\n%s' % (
- self.fname, '\n'.join(c for c in self.commands))
+ self.__doc__ += '\nOperating on %s.\n.help to see '\
+ 'the available commands.\n' % self.fname
def __enter__(self):
self.sh = shelve.open(self.fname)
return self
+ def __exit__(self, etype, exc, tb):
+ self.sh.close()
def set(self, name, value):
&quot;set name value&quot;
yield 'setting %s=%s' % (name, value)
@@ -833,14 +849,12 @@ class ShelveInterface(object):
else:
yield 'deleting %s' % name
del self.sh[name] # no error checking
- def __exit__(self, etype, exc, tb):
- self.sh.close()
main = ShelveInterface # the main 'function' can also be a class!
if __name__ == '__main__':
- i = plac.Interpreter(main())
- i.interact()
+ shelve_interface = plac.call(main)
+ plac.Interpreter(shelve_interface).interact()
</pre>
<p><tt class="docutils literal">plac.Interpreter</tt> objects wrap context manager objects
@@ -854,14 +868,30 @@ correctly even in the case of exceptions. Notice that I have not
implemented any error checking in the <tt class="docutils literal">show</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">delete</tt> methods
on purpose, to verify that <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> works correctly in the presence of
exceptions.</p>
+<p>When working with command containers, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> automatically adds two
+special commands to the set of provided commands: <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt>
+and <tt class="docutils literal">.last_tb</tt>. The <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt> command is the easier to understand:
+when invoked without arguments it displays the list of available commands
+with the same formatting of the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a> module; when invoked with the name of
+a command it displays the usage message for that command.
+The <tt class="docutils literal">.last_tb</tt> command is useful when debugging: in case of errors,
+it allows you to display the traceback of the last executed command.</p>
<p>Here is a session of usage on an Unix-like operating system:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
-$ rlwrap python ishelve2.py
-Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve. Available commands:
-set
-show
-showall
-delete
+$ python ishelve2.py
+A minimal interface over a shelve object.
+Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.
+.help to see the available commands.
+i&gt; .help
+
+special commands
+================
+.help .last_tb
+
+custom commands
+===============
+delete set show showall
+
i&gt; delete
deleting everything
i&gt; set a pippo
@@ -879,77 +909,128 @@ deleting a
i&gt; showall
b = lippo
i&gt; delete a
-DBNotFoundError: (-30988, 'DB_NOTFOUND: No matching key/data pair found')
+deleting a
+KeyError: 'a'
+i&gt; .last_tb
+ File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/plac-0.6.0-py2.6.egg/plac_ext.py&quot;, line 190, in _wrap
+ for value in genobj:
+ File &quot;./ishelve2.py&quot;, line 37, in delete
+ del self.sh[name] # no error checking
+ File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.6/shelve.py&quot;, line 136, in __delitem__
+ del self.dict[key]
i&gt;
</pre>
<p>Notice that in interactive mode the traceback is hidden, unless
you pass the <tt class="docutils literal">verbose</tt> flag to the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.interact</tt> method.</p>
-<p>The interactive mode of <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> can be used as a replacement of the
-<tt class="docutils literal">cmd</tt> module in the standard library. There are a few differences,
-however. For instance you miss tab completion, even if use <a class="reference external" href="http://freshmeat.net/projects/rlwrap/">rlwrap</a>
-(you get persistent command history for free, however). This is not
-a big issue, since <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> understands command abbreviations.</p>
-<p>If an abbreviation is ambiguous, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> warns you:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-$ rlwrap python ishelve2.py
-usage: plac_runner.py ishelve2.py [-h] {delete,set,showall,show} ...
-i&gt; sh
-NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show']
-</pre>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="for-cmd-lovers">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">For <tt class="docutils literal">cmd</tt> lovers</a></h1>
-<p>I have been using the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a> module of the standard library for years.
-I have also written a much enhanced <tt class="docutils literal">cmd2</tt> module which we are using
-internally at work and from which I have taken some ideas used in <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>.
-In many ways <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> makes the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a> module obsolete,
-but I realize why many nostalgic souls would still use <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a>, especially
-until <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not grow real auto-completion features, instead of
-relying on <a class="reference external" href="http://freshmeat.net/projects/rlwrap/">rlwrap</a>. But there must not be competition between <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>
-and <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a>: actually the two can happily work togethere. For this
-reason I have put in the <tt class="docutils literal">plac_ext</tt> module a few lines of code
-for gluing together <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>, the <tt class="docutils literal">cmd_interface</tt>.
-Using the <tt class="docutils literal">cmd_interface</tt> is quite trivial: give to it a plac
-command container and you will get in exchange a <tt class="docutils literal">cmd.Cmd</tt> object:</p>
+<div class="section" id="readline-support">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Readline support</a></h1>
+<p>Starting from release 0.6 <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> offers full readline support. That
+means that if your Python was compiled with readline support you get
+autocompletion and persistent command history for free.
+By default all commands are autocomplete in a case sensitive way.
+If you want to add new words to the autocompletion set, or you want
+to change the location of the <tt class="docutils literal">.history</tt> file, or to change the
+case sensitivirt, or you want to change the prompt, the way to do
+it is to pass a <tt class="docutils literal">plac.ReadlineInput</tt> object to the interpreter.
+Here is an example, assuming you want to build a database interface
+understanding SQL commands:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
-# cmd_ext.py
-from plac_ext import cmd_interface
-import ishelve2
+import os, plac
+from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup
+
+SQLKEYWORDS = set(['select', 'from', 'inner', 'join', 'outer', 'left', 'right']
+ ) # and many others
+DBTABLES = set(['table1', 'table2']) # you can read them from the db schema
+
+COMPLETIONS = SQLKEYWORDS | DBTABLES
+
+class SqlInterface(object):
+ commands = ['SELECT']
+ def __init__(self, dsn):
+ self.soup = SqlSoup(dsn)
+ def SELECT(self, *args):
+ sql = 'SELECT ' + ' '.join(args)
+ for row in self.soup.bind.execute(sql):
+ yield str(row) # the formatting can be much improved
+
+rl_input = plac.ReadlineInput(
+ COMPLETIONS, prompt='sql&gt; ',
+ histfile=os.path.expanduser('~/.sql_interface.history'),
+ case_sensitive=False)
if __name__ == '__main__':
- cmd_interface(ishelve2.main()).cmdloop()
+ plac.Interpreter(plac.call(SqlInterface)).interact(rl_input)
</pre>
-<p>Here is an example of interactive session:</p>
+<p>Here is an example of usage:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
-$ python cmd_ex.py
-(Cmd) help
+$ python sql_interface.py &lt;some dsn&gt;
+sql&gt; SELECT a.* FROM TABLE1 AS a INNER JOIN TABLE2 AS b ON a.id = b.id
+...
+</pre>
+<p>You can check that entering just <tt class="docutils literal">sel</tt> and pressing TAB the readline library
+completes the <tt class="docutils literal">SELECT</tt> keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for
+<tt class="docutils literal">FROM</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">INNER</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">JOIN</tt> and even for the names of the tables. An
+obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting
+the database: actually you can even read the names of the views and of
+the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the entered commands
+and recorded and saved in the file <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/.sql_interface.history</span></tt> when
+exiting from the command-line interface.</p>
+<p>If the readline library is not available, my suggestion is to use the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://freshmeat.net/projects/rlwrap/">rlwrap</a> tool which provides similar features, at least on Unix-like
+platforms. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> should also work fine on Windows with the pyreadline
+library (I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested).
+For people worried about licenses, I will notice that <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses the
+readline library only if available, it does not include it and it does
+not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> licence does
+not need to be the GPL (actually it is a BSD
+do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence).</p>
+<p>The interactive mode of <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> can be used as a replacement of the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a> module in the standard library. It is actually better than <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html">cmd</a>:
+for instance, the <tt class="docutils literal">.help</tt> command is more powerful, since it
+provides information about the arguments accepted by the given command:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+i&gt; .help set
+usage: set name value
-Documented commands (type help &lt;topic&gt;):
-========================================
-delete set show showall
+set name value
-Undocumented commands:
-======================
-EOF help
+positional arguments:
+ name
+ value
-(Cmd) set a 1
-setting a=1
-(Cmd) show a
-a = 1
-(Cmd) showall
-a = 1
-(Cmd) delete b
-KeyError: 'b'
-(Cmd) EOF [or CTRL-D]
+i&gt; .help delete
+usage: delete [name]
+
+delete given parameter (or everything)
+
+positional arguments:
+ name
+
+i&gt; .help show
+usage: show [names [names ...]]
+
+show given parameters
+
+positional arguments:
+ names
+</pre>
+<p>As you can imagine, the help message is provided by the underlying <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>
+subparser (there is a subparser for each command). <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> commands accept
+options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments, arguments with defaults,
+arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the
+features provided of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> which should be reimplemented from scratch
+using <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>.</p>
+<p>Moreover at the moment <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt> also understands command abbreviations.
+However, this feature should be considered deprecated and may disappear in
+future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> did not support
+readline.</p>
+<p>Notice that if an abbreviation is ambiguous, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> warns you:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+i&gt; sh
+NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show']
</pre>
-<p>Internally the <tt class="docutils literal">cmd_interface</tt> builds a <tt class="docutils literal">cmd.Cmd</tt> class and adds
-to it the <tt class="docutils literal">do_</tt> methods corresponding to the commands in the container,
-then it returns a <tt class="docutils literal">cmd.Cmd</tt> instance.</p>
-<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">cmd_interface</tt> is just a proof of concept: it is there so that you
-can study the source code and see an example of integration of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>
-with a different framework. It may change and even go away in future
-releases of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-plac-runner">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">The plac runner</a></h1>
@@ -987,17 +1068,16 @@ plac runner does not eat the traceback.</p>
<p>The runner can also be used to run Python modules in interactive
mode and non-interactive mode. If you put this alias in your bashrc</p>
<blockquote>
-<tt class="docutils literal">alias <span class="pre">plac=&quot;rlwrap</span> plac_runner.py&quot;</tt></blockquote>
+<tt class="docutils literal">alias <span class="pre">plac=&quot;plac_runner.py&quot;</span></tt></blockquote>
<p>(or you define a suitable <tt class="docutils literal">plac.bat</tt> script in Windows) you can
run the <tt class="docutils literal">ishelve2.py</tt> script in interactive mode as
follows:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
$ plac -i ishelve2.py
-Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve. Available commands:
-set
-show
-showall
-delete
+A minimal interface over a shelve object.
+Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.
+.help to see the available commands.
+
i&gt; del
deleting everything
i&gt; set a 1
@@ -1017,8 +1097,8 @@ i&gt; set a 1
setting a=1
i&gt; set b 2
setting b=2
-i&gt; show b
-b = 2
+i&gt; show a
+a = 1
</pre>
<p>Notice that the first line specifies a test database
@@ -1245,8 +1325,196 @@ with interpreter:
loop in a separate process and send commands to it via the Queue
class provided by the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/multiprocessing.html">multiprocessing</a> module.</p>
</div>
+<div class="section" id="long-running-commands">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Long running commands</a></h1>
+<p>As we saw, by default a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreter blocks until
+the command terminates. This is an issue, in the sense that it makes
+the interactive experience quite painful for long running commands. An
+example is better than a thousand words, so consider the following
+fake importer:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+import time
+import plac
+
+class FakeImporter(object):
+ &quot;A fake importer with an import_file command&quot;
+ commands = ['import_file']
+ def __init__(self, dsn):
+ self.dsn = dsn
+ def import_file(self, fname):
+ &quot;Import a file into the database&quot;
+ try:
+ for n in range(10000):
+ time.sleep(.01)
+ if n % 100 == 99:
+ yield 'Imported %d lines' % (n+1)
+ finally:
+ print('closing the file')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ plac.Interpreter(plac.call(FakeImporter)).interact()
+
+</pre>
+<p>If you run the <tt class="docutils literal">import_file</tt> command, you will have to wait for 200 seconds
+before entering a new command:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+$ python importer1.py dsn
+A fake importer with an import_file command
+i&gt; import_file file1
+Imported 100 lines
+Imported 200 lines
+Imported 300 lines
+... &lt;wait 3+ minutes&gt;
+Imported 10000 lines
+closing the file
+</pre>
+<p>Being unable to enter any other command is quite annoying: in such situation one
+would like to run the long running commands in the background, to keep
+the interface responsive. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> provides two ways to reach this goal: threads
+and processes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="threaded-commands">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Threaded commands</a></h1>
+<p>The most familiar way to execute a task in the background (even if not
+necessarily the best way) is to run it into a separated thread. In our
+example it is sufficient to replace the line</p>
+<blockquote>
+<tt class="docutils literal">commands = ['import_file']</tt></blockquote>
+<p>with</p>
+<blockquote>
+<tt class="docutils literal">thcommands = ['import_file']</tt></blockquote>
+<p>to tell to the <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> interpreter that the command <tt class="docutils literal">import_file</tt> should be
+run into a separated thread. Here is an example session:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+i&gt; import_file file1
+&lt;ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>The import task started in a separated thread. You can see the
+progress of the task by using the special command <tt class="docutils literal">.output</tt>:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+i&gt; .output 1
+&lt;ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING&gt;
+Imported 100 lines
+Imported 200 lines
+</pre>
+<p>If you look after a while, you will get more lines of output:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+i&gt; .output 1
+&lt;ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING&gt;
+Imported 100 lines
+Imported 200 lines
+Imported 300 lines
+Imported 400 lines
+</pre>
+<p>If you look after a time long enough, the task will be finished:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+i&gt; .output 1
+&lt;ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] FINISHED&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>You can launch many tasks one after the other:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+i&gt; import_file file2
+&lt;ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] RUNNING&gt;
+i&gt; import_file file3
+&lt;ThreadedTask 6 [import_file file3] RUNNING&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">.list</tt> command displays all the running tasks:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+i&gt; .list
+&lt;ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] RUNNING&gt;
+&lt;ThreadedTask 6 [import_file file3] RUNNING&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>It is even possible to kill a task:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+i&gt; .kill 5
+&lt;ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] TOBEKILLED&gt;
+# wait a bit ...
+closing the file
+i&gt; .output 5
+&lt;ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] KILLED&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>You should notice that since at the Python level it is impossible to kill
+a thread, the <tt class="docutils literal">.kill</tt> commands works by setting the status of the task to
+<tt class="docutils literal">TOBEKILLED</tt>. Internally the generator corresponding to the command
+is executed in the thread and the status is checked at each iteration:
+when the status become <tt class="docutils literal">TOBEKILLED</tt> a <tt class="docutils literal">GeneratorExit</tt> exception is
+raised and the thread terminates (softly, so that the <tt class="docutils literal">finally</tt> clause
+is honored). In our example the generator is yielding
+back control once every 100 iterations, i.e. every two seconds (not much).
+In order to get a responsive interface it is a good idea to yield more
+often, for instance every 10 iterations (i.e. 5 times per second),
+as in the following code:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+import time
+import plac
+
+class FakeImporter(object):
+ &quot;A fake importer with an import_file command&quot;
+ thcommands = ['import_file']
+ def __init__(self, dsn):
+ self.dsn = dsn
+ def import_file(self, fname):
+ &quot;Import a file into the database&quot;
+ try:
+ for n in range(10000):
+ time.sleep(.02)
+ if n % 100 == 99: # every two seconds
+ yield 'Imported %d lines' % (n+1)
+ if n % 10 == 9: # every 0.2 seconds
+ yield # go back and check the TOBEKILLED status
+ finally:
+ print('closing the file')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ plac.Interpreter(plac.call(FakeImporter)).interact()
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="running-commands-as-external-processes">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Running commands as external processes</a></h1>
+<p>Threads are not loved much in the Python world and actually most people
+prefer to use processes instead. For this reason <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> provides the
+option to execute long running commands as external processes. Unfortunately
+the current implementation only works in Unix-like operating systems
+(including Mac OS X) because it relies on fork via the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/multiprocessing.html">multiprocessing</a>
+module.</p>
+<p>In our example, to enable the feature it is sufficient to replace the line</p>
+<blockquote>
+<tt class="docutils literal">thcommands = ['import_file']</tt></blockquote>
+<p>with</p>
+<blockquote>
+<tt class="docutils literal">mpcommands = ['import_file']</tt>.</blockquote>
+<p>The user experience is exactly the same as with threads and you will not see any
+difference at the user interface level:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+i&gt; import_file file3
+&lt;MPTask 1 [import_file file3] SUBMITTED&gt;
+i&gt; .kill 1
+&lt;MPTask 1 [import_file file3] RUNNING&gt;
+closing the file
+i&gt; .o 1
+&lt;MPTask 1 [import_file file3] KILLED&gt;
+Imported 100 lines
+Imported 200 lines
+i&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>Still, using processes is quite different than using threads: in
+particular, when using processes you can only yield pickleable values
+and you cannot re-raise an exception first raised in a different
+process, because traceback objects are not pickleable. Moreover,
+you cannot rely on automatic sharing of your objects.</p>
+<p>On the plus side, when using processes you do not need to worry about
+killing a command: they are killed immediately using a SIGTERM signal,
+and there is not a <tt class="docutils literal">TOBEKILLED</tt> mechanism. Moreover, the killing is
+guaranteed to be soft: internally a command receiving a SIGTERM raises
+a <tt class="docutils literal">TerminatedProcess</tt> exception which is trapped in the generator
+loop, so that the command is closed properly.</p>
+<p>Using processes allows to take full advantage of multicore machines
+and it is safer than using threads, so it is the recommended approach
+unless you are working on Windows.</p>
+</div>
<div class="section" id="summary">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Summary</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Summary</a></h1>
<p>Once <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> claimed to be the easiest command-line arguments parser
in the world. Having read this document you may think that it is not
so easy after all. But it is a false impression. Actually the
@@ -1261,12 +1529,15 @@ rules are quite simple:</p>
<li>for testing call the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.check</tt> method in the appropriate context
or use the <tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.doctest</tt> feature;</li>
<li>if you need to go at a lower level, you may need to call the
-<tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.send</tt> method.</li>
+<tt class="docutils literal">Interpreter.send</tt> method which returns a (finished) <tt class="docutils literal">Task</tt> object.</li>
+<li>long running command can be executed in the background as threads or
+processes: just declare them in the lists <tt class="docutils literal">thcommands</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">mpcommands</tt>
+respectively.</li>
</ol>
<p>Moreover, remember that <tt class="docutils literal">plac_runner.py</tt> is your friend.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="appendix-custom-annotation-objects">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Appendix: custom annotation objects</a></h1>
<p>Internally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses an <tt class="docutils literal">Annotation</tt> class to convert the tuples
in the function signature into annotation objects, i.e. objects with
six attributes <tt class="docutils literal">help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar</tt>.</p>
@@ -1320,10 +1591,6 @@ Using custom annotation objects you could do advanced things like extracting the
annotations from a configuration file or from a database, but I expect such
use cases to be quite rare: the default mechanism should work
pretty well for most users.</p>
-<!-- If the script is invoked with no arguments, the default help is
-invoked: this is done by invoking the argparse_ low-level method
-``.format_help``. In other words, the recognition of the couple
-``-h/- -help`` is disabled, but the original help feature is still there. -->
</div>
</div>
</body>
diff --git a/plac/doc/plac_adv.pdf b/plac/doc/plac_adv.pdf
index 0061f67..7abe4f7 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac_adv.pdf
+++ b/plac/doc/plac_adv.pdf
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: shelve_interpreter.py [-h] [-interactive]) Tj T* ( [subcommands [subcommands ...]]) Tj T* T* ( This script works both interactively and non-interactively.) Tj T* ( Use .help to see the internal commands.) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( subcommands the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 233.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ rlwrap python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use) Tj T* (usage: shelve_interpreter.py [.help] [.showall] [.clear] [.delete DELETE]) Tj T* ( [.filename /home/micheles/conf.shelve]) Tj T* ( [params [params ...]] [setters [setters ...]]) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( b=2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a b) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( [CTRL-D]) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 257.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use) Tj T* (A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( b=2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a b) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( [CTRL-D]) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .256412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method reads commands from the console and send them to the underlying interpreter,) Tj T* 0 Tw .065984 Tw (until the user send a CTRL-D command \(CTRL-Z in Windows\). There is a default argument ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (prompt='i) Tj (>) Tj T* 0 Tw .81936 Tw (' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which can be used to change the prompt. The message displayed by default is the argparse-provided) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage message, but can be customized by setting an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.intro ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute on the main function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .256412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method reads commands from the console and send them to the underlying interpreter,) Tj T* 0 Tw .065984 Tw (until the user send a CTRL-D command \(CTRL-Z in Windows\). There is a default argument ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (prompt='i) Tj (>) Tj T* 0 Tw .41832 Tw (' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which can be used to change the prompt. The text displayed at the beginning of the interactive session) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.407126 Tw (is the docstring of the main function. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations: in this example) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (del ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation for ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In case of ambiguous abbreviations ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (raises a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (NameError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.03811 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is available only if you are using a recent version of Python \() Tj (>) Tj (= 2.5\),) Tj T* 0 Tw (because it is a context manager object which uses extended generators internally.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .847045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally I must notice that the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is available only if you are using a recent version of) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python \() Tj (>) Tj (= 2.5\), because it is a context manager object which uses extended generators internally.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.034269 Tw (You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode. However manual testing is a poor) Tj T* 0 Tw (substitute for automatic testing.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Testing a plac application) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# test_ishelve.py) Tj T* (import plac, ishelve) Tj T* T* (def test\(\):) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['.clear']\) == ['cleared the shelve']) Tj T* ( assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['a=1']\) == ['setting a=1']) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .390651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, using ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not especially nice. The big issue is that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responds to invalid) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.249987 Tw (input by printing an error message on stderr and by raising a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (SystemExit) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: this is certainly not a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (thing to do in a test.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 6.299974 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The method ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.check\(given_input, expected_output\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works on strings and raises an) Tj T* 0 Tw .971318 Tw /F4 10 Tf (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if the output produced by the interpreter is different from the expected output for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.186905 Tw (given input. Notice that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is catched by tools like ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (py.test ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (nosetests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw (actually ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tests are intended to be run with such tools.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.179982 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is catched by tools like ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (py.test ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (nosetests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and actually ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tests are) Tj T* 0 Tw (intended to be run with such tools.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .239984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interpreters offer a minor syntactic advantage with respect to calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directly, but they offer a) Tj T* 0 Tw .96748 Tw /F5 10 Tf (major ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (semantic advantage when things go wrong \(read exceptions\): an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object internally) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181318 Tw (invokes something like ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but it wraps all exceptions, so that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (i.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is guaranteed not to) Tj T* 0 Tw (raise any exception except ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (AssertionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Even the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (SystemExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (exception is captured and you can write your test as) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.422651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is a second advantage of interpreters: if the main function contains some initialization code and) Tj T* 0 Tw .454651 Tw (finalization code \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (functions\) they will be run only once at the beginning and) Tj T* 0 Tw (at the end of the interpreter loop. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.142209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (By using plac easy tests you can cut and paste your interactive session and turn it into a runnable) Tj T* 0 Tw .519213 Tw (automatics test. Consider for instance the following file ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ishelve.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (extension is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (mnemonic for plac easy tests\):) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .cler # spelling error) Tj T* (SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (#!ishelve.py) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .clear # start from a clean state) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .cler # spelling error) Tj T* (.cler: not found) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .697132 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the precence of the shebang line containing the name of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool to test \(a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.511751 Tw (Python module with a function called ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). The shebang is ignored by the interpreter \(it looks like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .487608 Tw (comment to it\) but it is there so that external tools \(say a test runner\) can infer the plac interpreter to use) Tj T* 0 Tw (to test the file.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.419984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can test ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ishelve.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file by calling the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method of the interpreter, as in this) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .414431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The support for doctests in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (comes nearly for free, thanks to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library,) Tj T* 0 Tw .352765 Tw (which is able to parse simple languages as the ones you can implement with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In particular, thanks to) Tj T* 0 Tw .061318 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize comments \(the default comment character is ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (#) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), continuation lines, escape) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.54061 Tw (sequences and more. Look at the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation if you need to customize how the language is) Tj T* 0 Tw (interpreted.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .175868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You should realize tha the easy tests supported by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (unittests: they are functional tests. They) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.22936 Tw (model then user interaction and the order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file are not independent and it makes sense to exit immediately at the first failure.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .136654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number recognition, so that if a test fail) Tj T* 0 Tw .042093 Tw (you get the line number of the failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are stored in external) Tj T* 0 Tw .86408 Tw (files \(plac easy tests does not need to be in a file: you can just pass to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method a list of) Tj T* 0 Tw (strings corresponding to the lines of the file\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .414431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The support for doctests in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (comes nearly for free, thanks to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library,) Tj T* 0 Tw .352765 Tw (which is able to parse simple languages as the ones you can implement with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In particular, thanks to) Tj T* 0 Tw .875984 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize comments \(the default comment character is ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (#) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), escape sequences and) Tj T* 0 Tw (more. Look at the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation if you need to customize how the language is interpreted.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .136654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number recognition, so that if a test fail) Tj T* 0 Tw .042093 Tw (you get the line number of the failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are stored in external) Tj T* 0 Tw .610898 Tw (files, even if plac easy tests does not need to be in a file: you can just pass to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method a) Tj T* 0 Tw (list of strings corresponding to the lines of the file.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (import os, shlex, plac) Tj T* T* (def test_doct\(\):) Tj T* ( """) Tj T* ( Find all the doctests in the current directory and run them with the) Tj T* ( corresponding plac interpreter \(the shebang rules!\)) Tj T* ( """) Tj T* ( placets = [f for f in os.listdir\('.'\) if f.endswith\('.placet'\)]) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.44811 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here you should notice that usage of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.import_main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, an utility which is able to import the main) Tj T* 0 Tw .775703 Tw (function of the script specified in the shebang line. You can use both the full path name of the tool, or a) Tj T* 0 Tw .87686 Tw (relative path name. In this case the runner look at the environment variable ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it searches) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.900651 Tw (the plac tool in the directories specified there \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is just a string containing directory names) Tj T* 0 Tw .56332 Tw (separated by colons\). If the variable ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not defined, it just looks in the current directory. If the) Tj T* 0 Tw (plac tool is not found, an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ImportError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is raised.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .772093 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is pretty easy to realize that an interactive interpreter can also be used to run batch scripts: instead of) Tj T* 0 Tw .504692 Tw (reading the commands from the console, it is enough to read the commands from a file. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreters) Tj T* 0 Tw (provide an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method to perform just that.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In particular consider the following batch file, which contains a syntax error \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.del) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\):) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The exception is the case of invalid commands, which are skipped. Consider for instance the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (batch file, which contains a mispelled command \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.del) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\):) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .159988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted \(prefixed by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (i) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). This is done on) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.359988 Tw (purpose, so that you can cut and paste the output of the batch script and turn it into a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (test) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(cool, isn't it?\).) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.182485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When I discussed the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (implementation in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (basic documentation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, I said that it looked like a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.483988 Tw (poor man implementation of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was able to do) Tj T* 0 Tw (better. Here I will substantiate my claim.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .159988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted \(prefixed by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (i) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). This is done on) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.359988 Tw (purpose, so that you can cut and paste the output of the batch script and turn it into a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (test) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(cool, isn't it?\).) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .015868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically a container of commands is any object with a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute listing a set of functions or) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.550888 Tw (methods which are valid commands. A command container may have initialization/finalization hooks) Tj T* 0 Tw (\() Tj /F4 10 Tf (__enter__/__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) and dispatch hooks \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (__missing__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, invoked for invalid command names\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .015868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically a container of commands is any object with a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute listing a set of functions or) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.550888 Tw (methods which are valid commands. A command container may have initialization/finalization hooks) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.55664 Tw (\() Tj /F4 10 Tf (__enter__/__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) and dispatch hooks \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (__missing__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, invoked for invalid command names\).) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.113828 Tw (Moreover, only when using command containers ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to provide automatic autocompletion of) Tj T* 0 Tw (commands.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 473.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# ishelve2.py) Tj T* (import shelve, os, sys, plac) Tj T* T* (class ShelveInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A minimal interface over a shelve object") Tj T* ( commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete') Tj T* ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( configfile=\('path name of the shelve', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, configfile='~/conf.shelve'\):) Tj T* ( self.fname = os.path.expanduser\(configfile\)) Tj T* ( self.intro = 'Operating on %s. Available commands:\\n%s' % \() Tj T* ( self.fname, '\\n'.join\(c for c in self.commands\)\)) Tj T* ( def __enter__\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.sh = shelve.open\(self.fname\)) Tj T* ( return self) Tj T* ( def set\(self, name, value\):) Tj T* ( "set name value") Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(name, value\)) Tj T* ( self.sh[name] = value) Tj T* ( def show\(self, *names\):) Tj T* ( "show given parameters") Tj T* ( for name in names:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\) # no error checking) Tj T* ( def showall\(self\):) Tj T* ( "show all parameters") Tj T* ( for name in self.sh:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\)) Tj T* ( def delete\(self, name=None\):) Tj T* ( "delete given parameter \(or everything\)") Tj T* ( if name is None:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting everything') Tj T* ( self.sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting %s' % name) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* ( def __exit__\(self, etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( self.sh.close\(\)) Tj T* T* (main = ShelveInterface # the main 'function' can also be a class!) Tj T* T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 365.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# ishelve2.py) Tj T* (import shelve, os, sys, plac) Tj T* T* (class ShelveInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A minimal interface over a shelve object.") Tj T* ( commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete') Tj T* ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( configfile=\('path name of the shelve', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, configfile='~/conf.shelve'\):) Tj T* ( self.fname = os.path.expanduser\(configfile\)) Tj T* ( self.__doc__ += '\\nOperating on %s.\\n.help to see '\\) Tj T* ( 'the available commands.\\n' % self.fname) Tj T* ( def __enter__\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.sh = shelve.open\(self.fname\)) Tj T* ( return self) Tj T* ( def __exit__\(self, etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( self.sh.close\(\)) Tj T* ( def set\(self, name, value\):) Tj T* ( "set name value") Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(name, value\)) Tj T* ( self.sh[name] = value) Tj T* ( def show\(self, *names\):) Tj T* ( "show given parameters") Tj T* ( for name in names:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\) # no error checking) Tj T* ( def showall\(self\):) Tj T* ( "show all parameters") Tj T* ( for name in self.sh:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\)) Tj T* ( def delete\(self, name=None\):) Tj T* ( "delete given parameter \(or everything\)") Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ( if name is None:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting everything') Tj T* ( self.sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting %s' % name) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* T* (main = ShelveInterface # the main 'function' can also be a class!) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( shelve_interface = plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter\(shelve_interface\).interact\(\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 293.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve2.py) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* T* (special commands) Tj T* (================) Tj T* (.help .last_tb) Tj T* T* (custom commands) Tj T* (===============) Tj T* (delete set show showall) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a pippo) Tj T* (setting a=pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b lippo) Tj T* (setting b=lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a b) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .532209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The interactive mode of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can be used as a replacement of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (cmd ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library.) Tj T* 0 Tw .66881 Tw (There are a few differences, however. For instance you miss tab completion, even if use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (rlwrap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(you get) Tj T* 0 Tw .092651 Tw (persistent command history for free, however\). This is not a big issue, since ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (understands command) Tj T* 0 Tw (abbreviations.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If an abbreviation is ambiguous, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (warns you:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.022485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.6 ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (offers full readline support. That means that if your Python was compiled) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.120697 Tw (with readline support you get autocompletion and persistent command history for free. By default all) Tj T* 0 Tw .144104 Tw (commands are autocomplete in a case sensitive way. If you want to add new words to the autocompletion) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.14683 Tw (set, or you want to change the location of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file, or to change the case sensitivirt, or you) Tj T* 0 Tw .162209 Tw (want to change the prompt, the way to do it is to pass a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.ReadlineInput ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object to the interpreter.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Here is an example, assuming you want to build a database interface understanding SQL commands:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ rlwrap python ishelve2.py) Tj T* (usage: plac_runner.py ishelve2.py [-h] {delete,set,showall,show} ...) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( sh) Tj T* (NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show']) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 293.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (import os, plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T* T* (SQLKEYWORDS = set\(['select', 'from', 'inner', 'join', 'outer', 'left', 'right']) Tj T* ( \) # and many others) Tj T* (DBTABLES = set\(['table1', 'table2']\) # you can read them from the db schema) Tj T* T* (COMPLETIONS = SQLKEYWORDS | DBTABLES) Tj T* T* (class SqlInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( commands = ['SELECT']) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, dsn\):) Tj T* ( self.soup = SqlSoup\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( def SELECT\(self, *args\):) Tj T* ( sql = 'SELECT ' + ' '.join\(args\)) Tj T* ( for row in self.soup.bind.execute\(sql\):) Tj T* ( yield str\(row\) # the formatting can be much improved) Tj T* T* (rl_input = plac.ReadlineInput\() Tj T* ( COMPLETIONS, prompt='sql) Tj (>) Tj ( ', ) Tj T* ( histfile=os.path.expanduser\('~/.sql_interface.history'\), ) Tj T* ( case_sensitive=False\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter\(plac.call\(SqlInterface\)\).interact\(rl_input\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm .391567 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I have been using the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module of the standard library for years. I have also written a much enhanced) Tj T* 0 Tw .212619 Tw /F4 10 Tf (cmd2 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module which we are using internally at work and from which I have taken some ideas used in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .13832 Tw (In many ways ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (makes the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module obsolete, but I realize why many nostalgic souls would still use) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.053984 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, especially until ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not grow real auto-completion features, instead of relying on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (rlwrap) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. But) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.12561 Tw (there must not be competition between ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: actually the two can happily work togethere. For) Tj T* 0 Tw .338988 Tw (this reason I have put in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac_ext ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module a few lines of code for gluing together ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.229269 Tw /F4 10 Tf (cmd_interface) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Using the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (cmd_interface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is quite trivial: give to it a plac command container and) Tj T* 0 Tw (you will get in exchange a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (cmd.Cmd ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python sql_interface.py ) Tj (<) Tj (some dsn) Tj (>) Tj T* (sql) Tj (>) Tj ( SELECT a.* FROM TABLE1 AS a INNER JOIN TABLE2 AS b ON a.id = b.id) Tj T* (...) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of interactive session:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.951318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that entering just ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (sel ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and pressing TAB the readline library completes the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (SELECT) Tj T* 0 Tw .797356 Tw /F1 10 Tf (keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FROM) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (INNER) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (JOIN ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and even for the names of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .256235 Tw (tables. An obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting the database: actually) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.616654 Tw (you can even read the names of the views and of the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.047251 Tw (entered commands and recorded and saved in the file ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (~/.sql_interface.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when exiting) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the command-line interface.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.010574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the readline library is not available, my suggestion is to use the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (rlwrap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool which provides similar) Tj T* 0 Tw .22561 Tw (features, at least on Unix-like platforms. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (should also work fine on Windows with the pyreadline library) Tj T* 0 Tw .068488 Tw (\(I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested\). For people worried about licenses, I will notice that) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.863322 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses the readline library only if available, it does not include it and it does not rely on it in any) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.716654 Tw (fundamental way, so that the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (licence does not need to be the GPL \(actually it is a BSD) Tj T* 0 Tw (do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence\).) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 233.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python cmd_ex.py) Tj T* (\(Cmd\) help) Tj T* T* (Documented commands \(type help ) Tj (<) Tj (topic) Tj (>) Tj (\):) Tj T* (========================================) Tj T* (delete set show showall) Tj T* T* (Undocumented commands:) Tj T* (======================) Tj T* (EOF help) Tj T* T* (\(Cmd\) set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (\(Cmd\) show a) Tj T* (a = 1) Tj T* (\(Cmd\) showall) Tj T* (a = 1) Tj T* (\(Cmd\) delete b) Tj T* (KeyError: 'b') Tj T* (\(Cmd\) EOF [or CTRL-D]) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 281.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help set) Tj T* (usage: set name value) Tj T* T* (set name value) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( name) Tj T* ( value) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help delete) Tj T* (usage: delete [name]) Tj T* T* (delete given parameter \(or everything\)) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( name) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help show) Tj T* (usage: show [names [names ...]]) Tj T* T* (show given parameters) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( names) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .504983 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (cmd_interface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (builds a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (cmd.Cmd ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class and adds to it the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (do_ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods corresponding) Tj T* 0 Tw (to the commands in the container, then it returns a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (cmd.Cmd ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instance.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.959985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you can imagine, the help message is provided by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (subparser \(there is a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.954524 Tw (subparser for each command\). ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (commands accept options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .719318 Tw (arguments with defaults, arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the features) Tj T* 0 Tw (provided of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which should be reimplemented from scratch using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .089488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (cmd_interface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is just a proof of concept: it is there so that you can study the source code and see) Tj T* 0 Tw .93832 Tw (an example of integration of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (with a different framework. It may change and even go away in future) Tj T* 0 Tw (releases of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .901647 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover at the moment ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations. However, this feature should) Tj T* 0 Tw .256235 Tw (be considered deprecated and may disappear in future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 0 rg (did not support readline.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.531318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The distribution of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (includes a runner script named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac_runner.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which will be installed in a) Tj T* 0 Tw .44748 Tw (suitable directory in your system by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (distutils ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(say in ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\\usr\\local\\bin\\plac_runner.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in a Unix-like) Tj T* 0 Tw .680651 Tw (operative system\). The runner provides many facilities to run ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (scripts and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files, as well) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47311 Tw (as Python modules containg a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object, which can be a function, a command container object or) Tj T* 0 Tw (even a command container class.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that if an abbreviation is ambiguous, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (warns you:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.531318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The distribution of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (includes a runner script named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac_runner.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which will be installed in a) Tj T* 0 Tw .44748 Tw (suitable directory in your system by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (distutils ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(say in ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\\usr\\local\\bin\\plac_runner.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in a Unix-like) Tj T* 0 Tw .680651 Tw (operative system\). The runner provides many facilities to run ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (scripts and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files, as well) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47311 Tw (as Python modules containg a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object, which can be a function, a command container object or) Tj T* 0 Tw (even a command container class.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (alias plac="rlwrap plac_runner.py") Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (alias plac="plac_runner.py") Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.955318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(or you define a suitable ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.bat ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in Windows\) you can run the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ishelve2.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in) Tj T* 0 Tw (interactive mode as follows:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ plac -i ishelve2.py) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve. Available commands:) Tj T* (set) Tj T* (show) Tj T* (showall) Tj T* (delete) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b 2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show b) Tj T* (b = 2) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ plac -i ishelve2.py) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b 2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show b) Tj T* (b = 2) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now you can cut and paste the interactive session an turns into into a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file like the following:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (#!ishelve2.py -configfile=~/test.shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b 2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show b) Tj T* (b = 2) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.145697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the first line specifies a test database ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (~/test.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to avoid clobbering your default) Tj T* 0 Tw (shelve. If you mispell the arguments in the first line plac will give you an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (error message \(just try\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can run placets following the shebang convention directly with the plac runner:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .32104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you want to see the output of the tests, pass the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (-v/--verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag. Notice that he runner ignore the) Tj T* 0 Tw .24856 Tw (extension, so you can actually use any extension your like, but ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (it relies on the first line of the file to invoke) Tj T* 0 Tw (the corresponding plac tool with the given arguments) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .537209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner does not provide any test discovery facility, but you can use standard Unix tools to help.) Tj T* 0 Tw (For instance, you can run all the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files into a directory and its subdirectories as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .18936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that it non-interactive mode the runner just invokes ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object of the Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (module.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .907209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not force you to use classes to define command containers. Even a simple function can be a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.796651 Tw (valid command container, it is enough to add to it a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute and possibly ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__enter__) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (and/or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attributes.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .327485 Tw (In particular, a Python module is a perfect container of commands. As an example, consider the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (module implementing a fake Version Control System:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ("A Fake Version Control System") Tj T* T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (commands = 'checkout', 'commit', 'status') Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(url='url of the source code'\)) Tj T* (def checkout\(url\):) Tj T* ( "A fake checkout command") Tj T* ( return \('checkout ', url\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(message=\('commit message', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* (def commit\(message\):) Tj T* ( "A fake commit command") Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ("A Fake Version Control System") Tj T* T* (import plac) Tj T* ET
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diff --git a/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt b/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt
index d8a421c..9ff1dab 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt
+++ b/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-Testing and scripting your applications with plac
+Advanced usages of plac
=========================================================
:Author: Michele Simionato
:E-mail: michele.simionato@gmail.com
-:Date: June 2010
+:Date: July 2010
:Download page: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac
:Project page: http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html
:Installation: ``easy_install -U plac``
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ Testing and scripting your applications with plac
:Requires: Python 2.5+
*The present document discusses a few of the advanced use
-cases for plac. It assumes you have already read an understood the
+cases for plac. It shows how to write interactive and non-interactive
+interpreters with plac, and how to use plac for testing and scripting a generic
+application. It assumes you have already read an understood the
basic documentation.*
.. contents::
@@ -77,13 +79,14 @@ and non-interactively::
$ python shelve_interpreter.py .clear # non-interactive use
cleared the shelve
-Here is an usage session, using rlwrap_ to enable readline features
-(rlwrap_ is available in Unix-like systems)::
+Here is an usage session::
- $ rlwrap python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use
- usage: shelve_interpreter.py [.help] [.showall] [.clear] [.delete DELETE]
- [.filename /home/micheles/conf.shelve]
- [params [params ...]] [setters [setters ...]]
+ $ python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use
+ A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.
+ i> .help
+ Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete
+ <param> ...
+ <param=value> ...
i> a=1
setting a=1
i> a
@@ -106,20 +109,22 @@ reads commands from the console and send them to the
underlying interpreter, until the user send a CTRL-D
command (CTRL-Z in Windows). There is a default
argument ``prompt='i> '`` which
-can be used to change the prompt. The message displayed
-by default is the argparse-provided usage message, but can be
-customized by setting an ``.intro`` attribute on the main function.
+can be used to change the prompt. The text displayed at the beginning
+of the interactive session is the docstring of the main function.
+``plac`` also understands command abbreviations: in this example
+``del`` is an abbreviation for ``delete``. In case of ambiguous
+abbreviations plac_ raises a ``NameError``.
-Notice that ``plac.Interpreter`` is available only if you are using a recent
-version of Python (>= 2.5), because it is a context manager object
-which uses extended generators internally.
-
-You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode.
-However manual testing is a poor substitute for automatic testing.
+Finally I must notice that the ``plac.Interpreter`` is available only if you
+are using a recent version of Python (>= 2.5), because it is a context
+manager object which uses extended generators internally.
Testing a plac application
-----------------------------------------------------------
+You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode.
+However manual testing is a poor substitute for automatic testing.
+
In principle, one could write automatic tests for the
``ishelve`` application by using ``plac.call`` directly:
@@ -143,8 +148,7 @@ the ``check`` method of ``Interpreter`` objects:
The method ``.check(given_input, expected_output)`` works on strings
and raises an ``AssertionError`` if the output produced by the
interpreter is different from the expected output for the given input.
-
-``AssertionError`` is catched by tools like ``py.test`` and
+Notice that ``AssertionError`` is catched by tools like ``py.test`` and
``nosetests`` and actually ``plac`` tests are intended to be run with
such tools.
@@ -175,7 +179,7 @@ are still too low-level for my taste. The ``Interpreter`` class provides
support for doctest-style tests, a.k.a. *plac easy tests*.
By using plac easy tests you can cut and paste your interactive session and
-turn it into a runnable automatics test!
+turn it into a runnable automatics test.
Consider for instance the following file ``ishelve.placet`` (the ``.placet``
extension is a mnemonic for plac easy tests):
@@ -197,28 +201,30 @@ You can test ``ishelve.placet`` file by calling the
Internally ``Interpreter.doctests`` invokes something like ``Interpreter.check``
multiple times inside the same context and compare the output with the
-expected output: if even a check fails, the whole test fail. The
-easy tests supported by ``plac`` are *not* unittests: they should be
-used to model user interaction when the order of the operations
-matters. Since the single subtests in a ``.placet`` file are not
-independent, it makes sense to exit immediately at the first failure.
-
-The support for doctests in plac_ comes nearly for free, thanks to the shlex_
-module in the standard library, which is able to parse simple
+expected output: if even a check fails, the whole test fail.
+
+You should realize tha the easy tests supported by ``plac`` are *not*
+unittests: they are functional tests. They model then user interaction and the
+order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a
+``.placet`` file are not independent and it makes sense to exit
+immediately at the first failure.
+
+The support for doctests in plac_ comes nearly for free, thanks to the
+shlex_ module in the standard library, which is able to parse simple
languages as the ones you can implement with plac_. In particular,
thanks to shlex_, plac_ is able to recognize comments (the default
-comment character is ``#``), continuation lines, escape sequences and
-more. Look at the shlex_ documentation if you need to customize how
-the language is interpreted.
+comment character is ``#``), escape sequences and more. Look at the
+shlex_ documentation if you need to customize how the language is
+interpreted.
In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number
recognition, so that if a test fail you get the line number of the
failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are
-stored in external files (plac easy tests does not need to be in
+stored in external files, even if plac easy tests does not need to be in
a file: you can just pass to the ``.doctest`` method a list of
-strings corresponding to the lines of the file).
+strings corresponding to the lines of the file.
-At the present plac easy tests do not use any code from the doctest
+At the present plac_ does not use any code from the doctest
module, but the situation may change in the future (it would be nice
if plac_ could reuse doctests directives like ELLIPSIS).
@@ -243,7 +249,7 @@ or ``py.test`` as follow::
Here you should notice that usage of ``plac.import_main``, an utility
which is able to import the main function of the script specified in
-the shabng line. You can use both the full path name of the
+the shebang line. You can use both the full path name of the
tool, or a relative path name. In this case the runner look at the
environment variable ``PLACPATH`` and it searches
the plac tool in the directories specified there (``PLACPATH`` is just
@@ -267,15 +273,15 @@ background in case of unexpected errors. The implementation of
interpreters *wrap the errors, but does not eat them*: the errors are
always accessible and can be re-raised on demand.
-In particular consider the following batch file, which contains a syntax
-error (``.dl`` instead of ``.del``):
+The exception is the case of invalid commands, which are skipped.
+Consider for instance the following batch file, which contains a
+mispelled command (``.dl`` instead of ``.del``):
.. include:: ishelve.plac
:literal:
-If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will raise a ``SystemExit``
-with an appropriated error message at the ``.dl`` line and the last command
-will *not* be executed::
+If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will print a ``.dl: not found``
+at the ``.dl`` line and will continue::
$ python -c "import plac, ishelve
plac.Interpreter(ishelve.main).execute(open('ishelve.plac'), verbose=True)"
@@ -290,20 +296,23 @@ will *not* be executed::
i> .del a
deleted a
i> .dl b
- unrecognized arguments: .dl
+ 2
+ .dl: not found
+ i> .show
+ b=2
The ``verbose`` flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted
(prefixed by ``i>``). This is done on purpose, so that you can cut and paste
the output of the batch script and turn it into a ``.placet`` test
(cool, isn't it?).
-Containers of commands
+Implementing subcommands
----------------------------------------
When I discussed the ``ishelve`` implementation in the `basic
documentation`_, I said that it looked like a poor man implementation
of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that plac_ was
-able to do better. Here I will substantiate my claim.
+able to do much better than that. Here I will substantiate my claim.
plac_ is actually able to infer a set of subparsers from a
generic container of commands. This is useful if you want to
@@ -314,9 +323,10 @@ Technically a container of commands is any object with a ``.commands`` attribute
listing a set of functions or methods which are valid commands. A command
container may have initialization/finalization hooks (``__enter__/__exit__``)
and dispatch hooks (``__missing__``, invoked for invalid command names).
+Moreover, only when using command containers plac_ is able to provide
+automatic autocompletion of commands.
-Using this feature the shelve interface can be rewritten in a more
-object-oriented way as follows:
+Rhe shelve interface can be rewritten in an object-oriented way as follows:
.. include:: ishelve2.py
:literal:
@@ -333,14 +343,31 @@ implemented any error checking in the ``show`` and ``delete`` methods
on purpose, to verify that plac_ works correctly in the presence of
exceptions.
+When working with command containers, plac_ automatically adds two
+special commands to the set of provided commands: ``.help``
+and ``.last_tb``. The ``.help`` command is the easier to understand:
+when invoked without arguments it displays the list of available commands
+with the same formatting of the cmd_ module; when invoked with the name of
+a command it displays the usage message for that command.
+The ``.last_tb`` command is useful when debugging: in case of errors,
+it allows you to display the traceback of the last executed command.
+
Here is a session of usage on an Unix-like operating system::
- $ rlwrap python ishelve2.py
- Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve. Available commands:
- set
- show
- showall
- delete
+ $ python ishelve2.py
+ A minimal interface over a shelve object.
+ Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.
+ .help to see the available commands.
+ i> .help
+
+ special commands
+ ================
+ .help .last_tb
+
+ custom commands
+ ===============
+ delete set show showall
+
i> delete
deleting everything
i> set a pippo
@@ -358,75 +385,108 @@ Here is a session of usage on an Unix-like operating system::
i> showall
b = lippo
i> delete a
- DBNotFoundError: (-30988, 'DB_NOTFOUND: No matching key/data pair found')
+ deleting a
+ KeyError: 'a'
+ i> .last_tb
+ File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/plac-0.6.0-py2.6.egg/plac_ext.py", line 190, in _wrap
+ for value in genobj:
+ File "./ishelve2.py", line 37, in delete
+ del self.sh[name] # no error checking
+ File "/usr/lib/python2.6/shelve.py", line 136, in __delitem__
+ del self.dict[key]
i>
Notice that in interactive mode the traceback is hidden, unless
you pass the ``verbose`` flag to the ``Interpreter.interact`` method.
-The interactive mode of ``plac`` can be used as a replacement of the
-``cmd`` module in the standard library. There are a few differences,
-however. For instance you miss tab completion, even if use rlwrap_
-(you get persistent command history for free, however). This is not
-a big issue, since ``plac`` understands command abbreviations.
-
-If an abbreviation is ambiguous, plac_ warns you::
-
- $ rlwrap python ishelve2.py
- usage: plac_runner.py ishelve2.py [-h] {delete,set,showall,show} ...
- i> sh
- NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show']
+Readline support
+---------------------------------------
+
+Starting from release 0.6 plac_ offers full readline support. That
+means that if your Python was compiled with readline support you get
+autocompletion and persistent command history for free.
+By default all commands are autocomplete in a case sensitive way.
+If you want to add new words to the autocompletion set, or you want
+to change the location of the ``.history`` file, or to change the
+case sensitivirt, or you want to change the prompt, the way to do
+it is to pass a ``plac.ReadlineInput`` object to the interpreter.
+Here is an example, assuming you want to build a database interface
+understanding SQL commands:
+
+.. include:: sql_interface.py
+ :literal:
-For ``cmd`` lovers
---------------------------------------------------------
+Here is an example of usage::
+
+ $ python sql_interface.py <some dsn>
+ sql> SELECT a.* FROM TABLE1 AS a INNER JOIN TABLE2 AS b ON a.id = b.id
+ ...
+
+You can check that entering just ``sel`` and pressing TAB the readline library
+completes the ``SELECT`` keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for
+``FROM``, ``INNER``, ``JOIN`` and even for the names of the tables. An
+obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting
+the database: actually you can even read the names of the views and of
+the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the entered commands
+and recorded and saved in the file ``~/.sql_interface.history`` when
+exiting from the command-line interface.
+
+If the readline library is not available, my suggestion is to use the
+rlwrap_ tool which provides similar features, at least on Unix-like
+platforms. plac_ should also work fine on Windows with the pyreadline
+library (I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested).
+For people worried about licenses, I will notice that plac_ uses the
+readline library only if available, it does not include it and it does
+not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the plac_ licence does
+not need to be the GPL (actually it is a BSD
+do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence).
+
+The interactive mode of ``plac`` can be used as a replacement of the
+cmd_ module in the standard library. It is actually better than cmd_:
+for instance, the ``.help`` command is more powerful, since it
+provides information about the arguments accepted by the given command::
+
+ i> .help set
+ usage: set name value
+
+ set name value
+
+ positional arguments:
+ name
+ value
-I have been using the cmd_ module of the standard library for years.
-I have also written a much enhanced ``cmd2`` module which we are using
-internally at work and from which I have taken some ideas used in plac_.
-In many ways plac_ makes the cmd_ module obsolete,
-but I realize why many nostalgic souls would still use cmd_, especially
-until plac_ does not grow real auto-completion features, instead of
-relying on rlwrap_. But there must not be competition between plac_
-and cmd_: actually the two can happily work togethere. For this
-reason I have put in the ``plac_ext`` module a few lines of code
-for gluing together cmd_ and plac_, the ``cmd_interface``.
-Using the ``cmd_interface`` is quite trivial: give to it a plac
-command container and you will get in exchange a ``cmd.Cmd`` object:
-
-.. include:: cmd_ex.py
- :literal:
-
-Here is an example of interactive session::
-
- $ python cmd_ex.py
- (Cmd) help
+ i> .help delete
+ usage: delete [name]
- Documented commands (type help <topic>):
- ========================================
- delete set show showall
+ delete given parameter (or everything)
- Undocumented commands:
- ======================
- EOF help
+ positional arguments:
+ name
+
+ i> .help show
+ usage: show [names [names ...]]
- (Cmd) set a 1
- setting a=1
- (Cmd) show a
- a = 1
- (Cmd) showall
- a = 1
- (Cmd) delete b
- KeyError: 'b'
- (Cmd) EOF [or CTRL-D]
-
-Internally the ``cmd_interface`` builds a ``cmd.Cmd`` class and adds
-to it the ``do_`` methods corresponding to the commands in the container,
-then it returns a ``cmd.Cmd`` instance.
-
-The ``cmd_interface`` is just a proof of concept: it is there so that you
-can study the source code and see an example of integration of plac_
-with a different framework. It may change and even go away in future
-releases of plac_.
+ show given parameters
+
+ positional arguments:
+ names
+
+As you can imagine, the help message is provided by the underlying argparse_
+subparser (there is a subparser for each command). plac_ commands accept
+options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments, arguments with defaults,
+arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the
+features provided of argparse_ which should be reimplemented from scratch
+using plac_.
+
+Moreover at the moment ``plac`` also understands command abbreviations.
+However, this feature should be considered deprecated and may disappear in
+future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when plac_ did not support
+readline.
+
+Notice that if an abbreviation is ambiguous, plac_ warns you::
+
+ i> sh
+ NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show']
The plac runner
--------------------------------------------------------
@@ -464,18 +524,17 @@ plac runner does not eat the traceback.
The runner can also be used to run Python modules in interactive
mode and non-interactive mode. If you put this alias in your bashrc
- ``alias plac="rlwrap plac_runner.py"``
+ ``alias plac="plac_runner.py"``
(or you define a suitable ``plac.bat`` script in Windows) you can
run the ``ishelve2.py`` script in interactive mode as
follows::
$ plac -i ishelve2.py
- Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve. Available commands:
- set
- show
- showall
- delete
+ A minimal interface over a shelve object.
+ Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.
+ .help to see the available commands.
+
i> del
deleting everything
i> set a 1
@@ -690,6 +749,163 @@ The same trick also work for processes; you could run the interpreter
loop in a separate process and send commands to it via the Queue
class provided by the multiprocessing_ module.
+Long running commands
+---------------------------------------
+
+As we saw, by default a plac_ interpreter blocks until
+the command terminates. This is an issue, in the sense that it makes
+the interactive experience quite painful for long running commands. An
+example is better than a thousand words, so consider the following
+fake importer:
+
+.. include:: importer1.py
+ :literal:
+
+If you run the ``import_file`` command, you will have to wait for 200 seconds
+before entering a new command::
+
+ $ python importer1.py dsn
+ A fake importer with an import_file command
+ i> import_file file1
+ Imported 100 lines
+ Imported 200 lines
+ Imported 300 lines
+ ... <wait 3+ minutes>
+ Imported 10000 lines
+ closing the file
+
+Being unable to enter any other command is quite annoying: in such situation one
+would like to run the long running commands in the background, to keep
+the interface responsive. plac_ provides two ways to reach this goal: threads
+and processes.
+
+Threaded commands
+-----------------------------------------
+
+The most familiar way to execute a task in the background (even if not
+necessarily the best way) is to run it into a separated thread. In our
+example it is sufficient to replace the line
+
+ ``commands = ['import_file']``
+
+with
+
+ ``thcommands = ['import_file']``
+
+to tell to the plac_ interpreter that the command ``import_file`` should be
+run into a separated thread. Here is an example session::
+
+ i> import_file file1
+ <ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING>
+
+The import task started in a separated thread. You can see the
+progress of the task by using the special command ``.output``::
+
+ i> .output 1
+ <ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING>
+ Imported 100 lines
+ Imported 200 lines
+
+If you look after a while, you will get more lines of output::
+
+ i> .output 1
+ <ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING>
+ Imported 100 lines
+ Imported 200 lines
+ Imported 300 lines
+ Imported 400 lines
+
+If you look after a time long enough, the task will be finished::
+
+ i> .output 1
+ <ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] FINISHED>
+
+You can launch many tasks one after the other::
+
+ i> import_file file2
+ <ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] RUNNING>
+ i> import_file file3
+ <ThreadedTask 6 [import_file file3] RUNNING>
+
+The ``.list`` command displays all the running tasks::
+
+ i> .list
+ <ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] RUNNING>
+ <ThreadedTask 6 [import_file file3] RUNNING>
+
+It is even possible to kill a task::
+
+ i> .kill 5
+ <ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] TOBEKILLED>
+ # wait a bit ...
+ closing the file
+ i> .output 5
+ <ThreadedTask 5 [import_file file2] KILLED>
+
+You should notice that since at the Python level it is impossible to kill
+a thread, the ``.kill`` commands works by setting the status of the task to
+``TOBEKILLED``. Internally the generator corresponding to the command
+is executed in the thread and the status is checked at each iteration:
+when the status become ``TOBEKILLED`` a ``GeneratorExit`` exception is
+raised and the thread terminates (softly, so that the ``finally`` clause
+is honored). In our example the generator is yielding
+back control once every 100 iterations, i.e. every two seconds (not much).
+In order to get a responsive interface it is a good idea to yield more
+often, for instance every 10 iterations (i.e. 5 times per second),
+as in the following code:
+
+.. include:: importer2.py
+ :literal:
+
+Running commands as external processes
+-----------------------------------------
+
+Threads are not loved much in the Python world and actually most people
+prefer to use processes instead. For this reason plac_ provides the
+option to execute long running commands as external processes. Unfortunately
+the current implementation only works in Unix-like operating systems
+(including Mac OS X) because it relies on fork via the multiprocessing_
+module.
+
+In our example, to enable the feature it is sufficient to replace the line
+
+ ``thcommands = ['import_file']``
+
+with
+
+ ``mpcommands = ['import_file']``.
+
+The user experience is exactly the same as with threads and you will not see any
+difference at the user interface level::
+
+ i> import_file file3
+ <MPTask 1 [import_file file3] SUBMITTED>
+ i> .kill 1
+ <MPTask 1 [import_file file3] RUNNING>
+ closing the file
+ i> .o 1
+ <MPTask 1 [import_file file3] KILLED>
+ Imported 100 lines
+ Imported 200 lines
+ i>
+
+Still, using processes is quite different than using threads: in
+particular, when using processes you can only yield pickleable values
+and you cannot re-raise an exception first raised in a different
+process, because traceback objects are not pickleable. Moreover,
+you cannot rely on automatic sharing of your objects.
+
+On the plus side, when using processes you do not need to worry about
+killing a command: they are killed immediately using a SIGTERM signal,
+and there is not a ``TOBEKILLED`` mechanism. Moreover, the killing is
+guaranteed to be soft: internally a command receiving a SIGTERM raises
+a ``TerminatedProcess`` exception which is trapped in the generator
+loop, so that the command is closed properly.
+
+Using processes allows to take full advantage of multicore machines
+and it is safer than using threads, so it is the recommended approach
+unless you are working on Windows.
+
Summary
-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -711,7 +927,11 @@ rules are quite simple:
or use the ``Interpreter.doctest`` feature;
4. if you need to go at a lower level, you may need to call the
- ``Interpreter.send`` method.
+ ``Interpreter.send`` method which returns a (finished) ``Task`` object.
+
+5. long running command can be executed in the background as threads or
+ processes: just declare them in the lists ``thcommands`` and ``mpcommands``
+ respectively.
Moreover, remember that ``plac_runner.py`` is your friend.
@@ -767,8 +987,3 @@ pretty well for most users.
.. _distutils: http://docs.python.org/distutils/
.. _cmd: http://docs.python.org/library/cmd.html
.. _rlwrap: http://freshmeat.net/projects/rlwrap/
-
-.. If the script is invoked with no arguments, the default help is
- invoked: this is done by invoking the argparse_ low-level method
- ``.format_help``. In other words, the recognition of the couple
- ``-h/--help`` is disabled, but the original help feature is still there.
diff --git a/plac/doc/shelve_interpreter.help b/plac/doc/shelve_interpreter.help
index e8c5320..f666445 100644
--- a/plac/doc/shelve_interpreter.help
+++ b/plac/doc/shelve_interpreter.help
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
usage: shelve_interpreter.py [-h] [-interactive]
[subcommands [subcommands ...]]
-This script works both interactively and non-interactively. Use .help to see
-the internal commands.
+ This script works both interactively and non-interactively.
+ Use .help to see the internal commands.
+
positional arguments:
subcommands the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter
diff --git a/plac/doc/sql_interface.py b/plac/doc/sql_interface.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d045d03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/sql_interface.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import os, plac
+from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup
+
+SQLKEYWORDS = set(['select', 'from', 'inner', 'join', 'outer', 'left', 'right']
+ ) # and many others
+DBTABLES = set(['table1', 'table2']) # you can read them from the db schema
+
+COMPLETIONS = SQLKEYWORDS | DBTABLES
+
+class SqlInterface(object):
+ commands = ['SELECT']
+ def __init__(self, dsn):
+ self.soup = SqlSoup(dsn)
+ def SELECT(self, *args):
+ sql = 'SELECT ' + ' '.join(args)
+ for row in self.soup.bind.execute(sql):
+ yield str(row) # the formatting can be much improved
+
+rl_input = plac.ReadlineInput(
+ COMPLETIONS, prompt='sql> ',
+ histfile=os.path.expanduser('~/.sql_interface.history'),
+ case_sensitive=False)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ plac.Interpreter(plac.call(SqlInterface)).interact(rl_input)
diff --git a/plac/doc/test_plac.py b/plac/doc/test_plac.py
index 450f9ff..86c600b 100644
--- a/plac/doc/test_plac.py
+++ b/plac/doc/test_plac.py
@@ -41,6 +41,13 @@ def check_help(name):
####################### tests ############################
+def test_expected_help():
+ for fname in os.listdir('.'):
+ if fname.endswith('.help'):
+ name = fname[:-5]
+ if name not in ('vcs', 'ishelve'):
+ yield check_help, fname[:-5]
+
p1 = parser_from(lambda delete, *args: None,
delete=('delete a file', 'option'))
@@ -114,13 +121,6 @@ def test_kwargs():
expect(SystemExit, plac.call, main, ['arg1', 'arg2', 'a=1', 'opt=2'])
-def test_expected_help():
- for fname in os.listdir('.'):
- if fname.endswith('.help'):
- name = fname[:-5]
- if name not in ('vcs', 'ishelve'):
- yield check_help, fname[:-5]
-
class Cmds(object):
add_help = False
commands = 'help', 'commit'
@@ -151,17 +151,24 @@ def test_doctest():
failure, tot= doctest.testfile('plac.txt', module_relative=False)
assert not failure, failure
+failing_scripts = set(['ishelve2.plac'])
+
+def check_script(args):
+ if failing_scripts.intersection(args):
+ assert subprocess.call(args) > 0, ( # expected failure
+ 'Unexpected success for %s' % ' '.join(args))
+ else:
+ assert subprocess.call(args) == 0 , 'Failed %s' % ' '.join(args)
+
def test_batch():
for batch in os.listdir('.'):
if batch.endswith('.plac'):
- args = [sys.executable, '../plac_runner.py', '-b', batch]
- yield subprocess.call, args
+ yield check_script, ['plac_runner.py', '-b', batch]
def test_placet():
for placet in os.listdir('.'):
if placet.endswith('.placet'):
- args = [sys.executable, '../plac_runner.py', '-t', placet]
- yield subprocess.call, args
+ yield check_script, ['plac_runner.py', '-t', placet]
if __name__ == '__main__':
n = 0
diff --git a/plac/plac.py b/plac/plac.py
index ce53890..4427ea2 100644
--- a/plac/plac.py
+++ b/plac/plac.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
## DAMAGE.
"""
-See doc/plac.pdf for the documentation.
+See doc/plac.pdf, doc/plac_adv.pdf for the documentation.
"""
__version__ = '0.6.0'
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ __version__ = '0.6.0'
from plac_core import *
if sys.version >= '2.5':
- from plac_ext import Interpreter, import_main
+ from plac_ext import Interpreter, import_main, ReadlineInput
diff --git a/plac/plac_core.py b/plac/plac_core.py
index 365732c..89cb9a7 100644
--- a/plac/plac_core.py
+++ b/plac/plac_core.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ try:
set
except NameError: # Python 2.3
from sets import Set as set
+from gettext import gettext as _
def annotations(**ann):
"""
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ def annotations(**ann):
for argname in ann:
if argname not in args:
raise NameError(
- 'Annotating non-existing argument: %s' % argname)
+ _('Annotating non-existing argument: %s') % argname)
f.__annotations__ = ann
return f
return annotate
@@ -72,33 +73,36 @@ PARSER_CFG = getfullargspec(argparse.ArgumentParser.__init__).args[1:]
def pconf(obj):
"Extracts the configuration of the underlying ArgumentParser from obj"
- cfg = dict(description=obj.__doc__)
+ cfg = dict(description=obj.__doc__,
+ formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
for name in dir(obj):
if name in PARSER_CFG: # argument of ArgumentParser
cfg[name] = getattr(obj, name)
return cfg
-def parser_from(obj):
+parser_registry = {}
+
+def parser_from(obj, **confparams):
"""
obj can be a callable or an object with a .commands attribute.
Returns an ArgumentParser.
- """
- if hasattr(obj, 'func'): # added by the task manager
- obj = obj.func
- if hasattr(obj, 'p'): # the underlying parser has been generated already
- return obj.p
- parser = obj.p = ArgumentParser(**pconf(obj))
- if hasattr(obj, 'commands'): # a command container
- for cmd in obj.commands:
- parser.addsubparser(cmd, getattr(obj, cmd))
+ """
+ try: # the underlying parser has been generated already
+ return parser_registry[obj]
+ except KeyError: # generate a new parser
+ pass
+ conf = pconf(obj).copy()
+ conf.update(confparams)
+ parser_registry[obj] = parser = ArgumentParser(**conf)
+ if hasattr(obj, 'commands') and obj.commands and not inspect.isclass(obj):
+ # a command container instance
+ parser.addsubcommands(obj.commands, obj, 'subcommands')
parser.missing = getattr(
obj, '__missing__',
lambda name: parser.error('No command %r' % name))
- parser.func = lambda : None
- parser.argspec = getfullargspec(parser.func)
- return parser
else:
- return parser._populated(obj)
+ parser.populate_from(obj)
+ return parser
def _extract_kwargs(args):
"Returns two lists: regular args and name=value args"
@@ -124,14 +128,14 @@ def _match_cmd(abbrev, commands):
return matches[0]
elif n > 1:
raise NameError(
- 'Ambiguous command %r: matching %s' % (abbrev, matches))
+ _('Ambiguous command %r: matching %s' % (abbrev, matches)))
class ArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
"""
An ArgumentParser with .func and .argspec attributes, and possibly
.commands and .subparsers.
"""
- def consume(self, args, ignore_extra=False):
+ def consume(self, args):
"""Call the underlying function with the args. Works also for
command containers, by dispatching to the right subparser."""
arglist = list(args)
@@ -139,70 +143,74 @@ class ArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
if hasattr(self, 'subparsers'):
subp, cmd = self._extract_subparser_cmd(arglist)
if subp is None and cmd is not None:
- return self.missing(cmd)
+ return cmd, self.missing(cmd)
elif subp is not None: # use the subparser
self = subp
- if self.argspec.varkw:
- arglist, kwargs = _extract_kwargs(arglist)
+ if hasattr(self, 'argspec') and self.argspec.varkw:
+ arglist, kwargs = _extract_kwargs(arglist) # modify arglist!
else:
kwargs = {}
- if ignore_extra: # ignore unrecognized arguments
- ns, self.extra_args = self.parse_known_args(arglist)
+ if hasattr(self, 'argspec') and self.argspec.varargs:
+ # ignore unrecognized arguments
+ ns, extraopts = self.parse_known_args(arglist)
else:
- ns = self.parse_args(arglist)
+ ns, extraopts = self.parse_args(arglist), []
args = [getattr(ns, a) for a in self.argspec.args]
varargs = getattr(ns, self.argspec.varargs or '', [])
collision = set(self.argspec.args) & set(kwargs)
if collision:
- self.error('colliding keyword arguments: %s' % ' '.join(collision))
- return cmd, self.func(*(args + varargs), **kwargs)
+ self.error(
+ _('colliding keyword arguments: %s') % ' '.join(collision))
+ return cmd, self.func(*(args + varargs + extraopts), **kwargs)
def _extract_subparser_cmd(self, arglist):
- "Extract the subparser from the first recognized argument"
- prefix = self.prefix_chars[0]
+ "Extract the right subparser from the first recognized argument"
+ optprefix = self.prefix_chars[0]
name_parser_map = self.subparsers._name_parser_map
for i, arg in enumerate(arglist):
- if not arg.startswith(prefix):
+ if not arg.startswith(optprefix):
cmd = _match_cmd(arg, name_parser_map)
del arglist[i]
- return name_parser_map.get(cmd), cmd
+ return name_parser_map.get(cmd), cmd or arg
return None, None
- def addsubparser(self, cmd, func):
- "Add a subparser for a command"
+ def addsubcommands(self, commands, obj, title=None, cmdprefix=''):
+ "Extract a list of subcommands from obj and add them to the parser"
+ if hasattr(obj, cmdprefix) and obj.cmdprefix in self.prefix_chars:
+ raise ValueError(_('The prefix %r is already taken!' % cmdprefix))
if not hasattr(self, 'subparsers'):
- self.subparsers = self.add_subparsers(
- title='subcommands', help='-h to get additional help')
- subp = self.subparsers.add_parser(cmd, **pconf(func))
- return subp._populated(func)
+ self.subparsers = self.add_subparsers(title=title)
+ elif title:
+ self.add_argument_group(title=title) # populate ._action_groups
+ prefixlen = len(getattr(obj, 'cmdprefix', ''))
+ for cmd in commands:
+ func = getattr(obj, cmd[prefixlen:]) # strip the prefix
+ self.subparsers.add_parser(
+ cmd, add_help=False, **pconf(func)).populate_from(func)
def _set_func_argspec(self, obj):
"""Extracts the signature from a callable object and adds an .argspec
attribute to the parser. Also adds a .func reference to the object."""
- self.func = obj
if inspect.isfunction(obj):
self.argspec = getfullargspec(obj)
- obj.p = self
elif inspect.ismethod(obj):
self.argspec = getfullargspec(obj)
- obj.im_func.p = self
del self.argspec.args[0] # remove first argument
elif inspect.isclass(obj):
self.argspec = getfullargspec(obj.__init__)
- obj.__init__.im_func.p = self
del self.argspec.args[0] # remove first argument
elif hasattr(obj, '__call__'):
self.argspec = getfullargspec(obj.__call__)
- obj.__call__.im_func.p = self
del self.argspec.args[0] # remove first argument
else:
- raise TypeError('Could not determine signature of %r' % obj)
+ raise TypeError(_('Could not determine the signature of %r') % obj)
+ self.func = obj
+ parser_registry[obj] = self
- def _populated(self, func):
+ def populate_from(self, func):
"""
Extract the arguments from the attributes of the passed function
- and return a populated ArgumentParser instance. As a side
- effect, adds a .p attribute to func.
+ and return a populated ArgumentParser instance.
"""
self._set_func_argspec(func)
f = self.argspec
@@ -226,7 +234,7 @@ class ArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
shortlong = (prefix + name,)
elif default is NONE: # required argument
self.add_argument(name, help=a.help, type=a.type,
- choices=a.choices, metavar=metavar)
+ choices=a.choices, metavar=metavar)
else: # default argument
self.add_argument(
name, nargs='?', help=a.help, default=dflt,
@@ -239,35 +247,45 @@ class ArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
choices=a.choices, metavar=metavar, *shortlong)
elif a.kind == 'flag':
if default is not NONE and default is not False:
- raise TypeError('Flag %r wants default False, got %r' %
+ raise TypeError(_('Flag %r wants default False, got %r') %
(name, default))
self.add_argument(action='store_true', help=a.help, *shortlong)
if f.varargs:
a = Annotation.from_(f.annotations.get(f.varargs, ()))
self.add_argument(f.varargs, nargs='*', help=a.help, default=[],
- type=a.type, metavar=a.metavar)
+ type=a.type, metavar=a.metavar)
if f.varkw:
a = Annotation.from_(f.annotations.get(f.varkw, ()))
self.add_argument(f.varkw, nargs='*', help=a.help, default={},
- type=a.type, metavar=a.metavar)
- return self
+ type=a.type, metavar=a.metavar)
+
+ def help_cmd(self, cmd):
+ "Return the help message for a subcommand"
+ p = self.subparsers._name_parser_map.get(cmd)
+ if p is None:
+ return _('Unknown command %s' % cmd)
+ else:
+ return p.format_help()
+
+ def print_actions(self):
+ "Useful for debugging"
+ print(self)
+ for a in self._actions:
+ print(a)
def iterable(obj):
"Any object with an __iter__ method which is not a string"
return hasattr(obj, '__iter__') and not isinstance(obj, basestring)
-def call(obj, arglist=sys.argv[1:], ignore_extra=False):
+def call(obj, arglist=sys.argv[1:], eager=True):
"""
If obj is a function or a bound method, parse the given arglist
- by using the argument parser inferred from the annotations of obj
+ by using the parser inferred from the annotations of obj
and call obj with the parsed arguments.
If obj is an object with attribute .commands, dispatch to the
- associated subparser. Returns a list or an atomic object.
- If ignore_extra is True, unrecognized arguments are stored
- in the attribute .extra_args of the associated parser for
- later processing.
+ associated subparser.
"""
- cmd, result = parser_from(obj).consume(arglist, ignore_extra)
- if iterable(result):
+ cmd, result = parser_from(obj).consume(arglist)
+ if iterable(result) and eager: # listify the result
return list(result)
return result
diff --git a/plac/plac_ext.py b/plac/plac_ext.py
index 37051fe..69d7772 100644
--- a/plac/plac_ext.py
+++ b/plac/plac_ext.py
@@ -1,12 +1,27 @@
# this module requires Python 2.5+
from __future__ import with_statement
+from contextlib import contextmanager
from operator import attrgetter
+from gettext import gettext as _
import imp, inspect, os, sys, cmd, shlex, subprocess
-import itertools, traceback, time, select, multiprocessing, signal
+import itertools, traceback, time, select, multiprocessing, signal, threading
import plac_core
+try:
+ import readline
+except ImportError:
+ readline = None
############################# generic utils ################################
+@contextmanager
+def stdout(fileobj):
+ orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+ sys.stdout = fileobj
+ try:
+ yield
+ finally:
+ sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+
def write(x):
"Write str(x) on stdout and flush, no newline added"
sys.stdout.write(str(x))
@@ -34,12 +49,82 @@ def less(text):
use_less = (sys.platform != 'win32') # unices
+class TerminatedProcess(Exception):
+ pass
+
+def terminatedProcess(signum, frame):
+ raise TerminatedProcess
+
+def namedpipe(fname):
+ "Return a line iterator reading from a named pipe every twice per second"
+ try:
+ os.mkfifo(fname)
+ except OSError: # already there
+ pass
+ with open(fname) as fifo:
+ while True:
+ line = fifo.readline()
+ if line == 'EOF\n':
+ break
+ elif line:
+ yield line
+ time.sleep(.5)
+ os.remove(fname)
+
+########################### readline support #############################
+
+class ReadlineInput(object):
+ """
+ An iterable with a .readline method reading from stdin with readline
+ features enabled, if possible. Otherwise return sys.stdin itself.
+ """
+ def __init__(self, completions, prompt='', case_sensitive=True,
+ histfile=None):
+ self.completions = completions
+ self.case_sensitive = case_sensitive
+ self.histfile = histfile
+ self.prompt = prompt
+ if not case_sensitive:
+ self.completions = map(str.upper, completions)
+ readline.parse_and_bind("tab: complete")
+ readline.set_completer(self.complete)
+
+ def __enter__(self):
+ try:
+ if self.histfile:
+ readline.read_history_file(self.histfile)
+ except IOError: # the first time
+ pass
+ return self
+
+ def __exit__(self, etype, exc, tb):
+ if self.histfile:
+ readline.write_history_file(self.histfile)
+
+ def complete(self, kw, state):
+ # state is 0, 1, 2, ... and increases by hitting TAB
+ if not self.case_sensitive:
+ kw = kw.upper()
+ try:
+ return [k for k in self.completions if k.startswith(kw)][state]
+ except IndexError: # no completions
+ return # exit
+
+ def readline(self):
+ try:
+ return raw_input(self.prompt) + '\n'
+ except EOFError:
+ return ''
+
+ def __iter__(self):
+ return iter(self.readline, '')
+
########################### import management ################################
try:
PLACDIRS = os.environ.get('PLACPATH', '.').split(':')
except:
- raise ValueError('Ill-formed PLACPATH: got %PLACPATHs' % os.environ)
+ raise ValueError(_('Ill-formed PLACPATH: got %PLACPATHs') % os.environ)
def import_main(path, *args, **pconf):
"""
@@ -52,28 +137,23 @@ def import_main(path, *args, **pconf):
if os.path.exists(fullpath):
break
else: # no break
- raise ImportError('Cannot find %s', path)
+ raise ImportError(_('Cannot find %s'), path)
else:
fullpath = path
name, ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(fullpath))
- tool = imp.load_module(name, open(fullpath), fullpath, (ext, 'U', 1)).main
+ main = imp.load_module(name, open(fullpath), fullpath, (ext, 'U', 1)).main
if args:
- cmd, tool = plac_core.parser_from(tool).consume(args)
- elif inspect.isclass(tool):
- tool = tool() # instantiate it
- vars(tool).update(pconf)
- plac_core.parser_from(tool) # raise a TypeError if not
+ cmd, tool = plac_core.parser_from(main).consume(args)
+ else:
+ tool = main
+ # set the parser configuration and possibly raise a TypeError early
+ plac_core.parser_from(tool, **pconf)
return tool
-######################## Tasks management ##########################
-
-class TerminatedProcess(Exception):
- pass
-
-def terminatedProcess(signum, frame):
- raise TerminatedProcess
+############################## Task classes ##############################
-class Task(object):
+# base class not instantiated directly
+class BaseTask(object):
"""
A task is a wrapper over a generator object with signature
Task(no, arglist, genobj), attributes
@@ -85,16 +165,17 @@ class Task(object):
.exc
.tb
.status
+ .synchronous
and methods .run and .kill.
"""
- STATES = 'SUBMITTED', 'RUNNING', 'FINISHED', 'ABORTED', 'KILLED'
- synchronous = True # may be overridden in subclasses
+ STATES = ('SUBMITTED', 'RUNNING', 'TOBEKILLED', 'KILLED', 'FINISHED',
+ 'ABORTED')
def __init__(self, no, arglist, genobj):
self.no = no
self.arglist = arglist
self._genobj = self._wrap(genobj)
- self.str, self.etype, self.exc, self.tb = '*', None, None, None
+ self.str, self.etype, self.exc, self.tb = '', None, None, None
self.status = 'SUBMITTED'
self.outlist = []
@@ -102,19 +183,21 @@ class Task(object):
"""
Wrap the genobj into a generator managing the exceptions,
populating the .outlist, setting the .status and yielding None.
+ stringify_tb must be True if the traceback must be sent to a process.
"""
self.status = 'RUNNING'
try:
for value in genobj:
- if value is not None:
+ if self.status == 'TOBEKILLED': # exit from the loop
+ raise GeneratorExit
+ if value is not None: # add output
self.outlist.append(value)
yield
except (GeneratorExit, TerminatedProcess): # soft termination
self.status = 'KILLED'
- except: # unexpect exception
+ except: # unexpected exception
self.etype, self.exc, tb = sys.exc_info()
self.tb = self.traceback if stringify_tb else tb
- # needed when sending the traceback to a process
self.status = 'ABORTED'
else: # regular exit
self.status = 'FINISHED'
@@ -126,21 +209,15 @@ class Task(object):
pass
def kill(self):
- "Kill softly the task by closing the inner generator"
- self._genobj.close()
+ "Set a TOBEKILLED status"
+ self.status = 'TOBEKILLED'
def wait(self):
- "Wait for the task to finish: overridden in MPTask"
-
- def __str__(self):
- "Returns the output string or the error message"
- if self.etype: # there was an error
- return '%s: %s' % (self.etype.__name__, self.exc)
- else:
- return self.str
+ "Wait for the task to finish: to be overridden"
@property
def traceback(self):
+ "Return the traceback as a (possibly empty) string"
if self.tb is None:
return ''
elif isinstance(self.tb, basestring):
@@ -148,35 +225,158 @@ class Task(object):
else:
return ''.join(traceback.format_tb(self.tb))
+ def __str__(self):
+ "String representation containing class name, number, arglist, status"
+ return '<%s %d [%s] %s>' % (
+ self.__class__.__name__, self.no,
+ ' '.join(self.arglist), self.status)
+
+########################## synchronous tasks ###############################
+
+class Outlist(object):
+ "A list wrapper displaying each appended value on stdout"
+ def __init__(self):
+ self._ls = []
+ def append(self, value):
+ self._ls.append(value)
+ print(value)
+ def __iter__(self):
+ return iter(self._ls)
+ def __len__(self):
+ return len(self._ls)
+
+class SynTask(BaseTask):
+ """
+ Synchronous task running in the interpreter loop and displaying its
+ output as soon as available.
+ """
+ synchronous = True
+
+ def __init__(self, no, arglist, genobj):
+ BaseTask.__init__(self, no, arglist, genobj)
+ self.outlist = Outlist()
+
+ def __str__(self):
+ "Return the output string or the error message"
+ if self.etype: # there was an error
+ return '%s: %s' % (self.etype.__name__, self.exc)
+ else:
+ return self.str
+
+class ThreadedTask(BaseTask):
+ """
+ A task running in a separated thread.
+ """
+ synchronous = False
+
+ def __init__(self, no, arglist, genobj):
+ BaseTask.__init__(self, no, arglist, genobj)
+ self.thread = threading.Thread(target=super(ThreadedTask, self).run)
+
+ def run(self):
+ "Run the task into a thread"
+ self.thread.start()
+
+ def wait(self):
+ "Block until the thread ends"
+ self.thread.join()
+
+######################### multiprocessing tasks ##########################
+
+def sharedattr(name):
+ "Return a property to be attached to an object with a .ns attribute"
+ def get(self):
+ return getattr(self.ns, name)
+ def set(self, value):
+ setattr(self.ns, name, value)
+ return property(get, set)
+
+class MPTask(BaseTask):
+ """
+ A task running as an external process. The current implementation
+ only works on Unix-like systems, where multiprocessing use forks.
+ """
+
+ synchronous = False
+ _mp_manager = None
+
+ str = sharedattr('str')
+ etype = sharedattr('etype')
+ exc = sharedattr('exc')
+ tb = sharedattr('tb')
+ status = sharedattr('status')
+
+ def __init__(self, no, arglist, genobj):
+ if self.__class__._mp_manager is None: # the first time
+ self.__class__._mp_manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
+ self.no = no
+ self.arglist = arglist
+ self.outlist = self._mp_manager.list()
+ self.ns = self._mp_manager.Namespace()
+ self.str, self.etype, self.exc, self.tb = '*', None, None, None
+ self.status = 'SUBMITTED'
+ self._genobj = self._wrap(genobj, stringify_tb=True)
+ self.proc = multiprocessing.Process(target=super(MPTask, self).run)
+
+ def run(self):
+ "Run the task into an external process"
+ self.proc.start()
+
+ def wait(self):
+ "Block until the external process ends"
+ self.proc.join()
+
+ def kill(self):
+ """Kill the process with a SIGTERM inducing a TerminatedProcess
+ exception in the children"""
+ self.proc.terminate()
+
+######################### Task Manager #######################
+
+class HelpSummary(object):
+ "Build the help summary consistently with the cmd module"
+ @classmethod
+ def make(cls, obj, specialcommands):
+ c = cmd.Cmd(stdout=cls())
+ c.stdout.write('\n')
+ c.print_topics('special commands',
+ sorted(specialcommands), 15, 80)
+ c.print_topics('custom commands',
+ sorted(obj.syncommands), 15, 80)
+ c.print_topics('commands run in external processes',
+ sorted(obj.mpcommands), 15, 80)
+ c.print_topics('threaded commands',
+ sorted(obj.thcommands), 15, 80)
+ return c.stdout
+ def __init__(self):
+ self._ls = []
+ def write(self, s):
+ self._ls.append(s)
+ def __str__(self):
+ return ''.join(self._ls)
+
class TaskManager(object):
- specialcommands = set(['_help', '_kill', '_list', '_output', '_last_tb'])
+ """
+ Store the given commands into a task registry. Provides methods to
+ manage the submitted tasks.
+ """
+ cmdprefix = '.'
+ specialcommands = set(['.help', '.last_tb'])
def __init__(self, obj):
self.obj = obj
- self._extract_commands_from(obj)
self.registry = {} # {taskno : task}
+ if obj.mpcommands or obj.thcommands:
+ self.specialcommands.update(['.kill', '.list', '.output'])
+ self.helpsummary = HelpSummary.make(obj, self.specialcommands)
signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, terminatedProcess)
- def _extract_commands_from(self, obj):
- "Make sure self has the right command attributes"
- for attrname in ('commands', 'asyncommands', 'mpcommands'):
- try:
- sequence = getattr(obj, attrname)
- except AttributeError:
- sequence = []
- if not isinstance(sequence, set):
- sequence = set(sequence)
- setattr(self, attrname, sequence)
- self.commands.update(self.asyncommands, self.mpcommands)
- for cmd in self.commands:
- setattr(self, cmd, getattr(obj, cmd))
- if self.commands:
- self.commands.update(self.specialcommands)
- self.add_help = False
-
def run_task(self, task):
"Run the task and update the registry"
- if not task.synchronous:
+ if not task.arglist:
+ return
+ cmd = task.arglist[0]
+ if cmd not in self.specialcommands:
self.registry[task.no] = task
task.run()
@@ -187,15 +387,14 @@ class TaskManager(object):
task.kill()
task.wait()
- def _get_latest(self, taskno=-1, status=None, synchronous=False):
+ def _get_latest(self, taskno=-1, status=None):
"Get the latest submitted task from the registry"
assert taskno < 0, 'You must pass a negative number'
if status:
tasks = [t for t in self.registry.itervalues()
- if t.status == status and t.synchronous == synchronous]
+ if t.status == status]
else:
- tasks = [t for t in self.registry.itervalues()
- if t.synchronous == synchronous]
+ tasks = [t for t in self.registry.itervalues()]
tasks.sort(key=attrgetter('no'))
if len(tasks) >= abs(taskno):
return tasks[taskno]
@@ -204,7 +403,7 @@ class TaskManager(object):
@plac_core.annotations(
taskno=('task to kill', 'positional', None, int))
- def _kill(self, taskno=-1):
+ def kill(self, taskno=-1):
'kill the given task (-1 to kill the latest running task)'
if taskno < 0:
task = self._get_latest(taskno, status='RUNNING')
@@ -220,12 +419,11 @@ class TaskManager(object):
yield 'Already finished %s' % task
return
task.kill()
- yield 'Killed task %s' % task
+ yield task
@plac_core.annotations(
- status=('list of tasks with a given status', 'positional',
- None, str, Task.STATES))
- def _list(self, status='RUNNING'):
+ status=('', 'positional', None, str, BaseTask.STATES))
+ def list(self, status='RUNNING'):
'list tasks with a given status'
for task in self.registry.values():
if task.status == status:
@@ -233,7 +431,7 @@ class TaskManager(object):
@plac_core.annotations(
taskno=('task number', 'positional', None, int))
- def _output(self, taskno=-1):
+ def output(self, taskno=-1):
'show the output of a given task'
if taskno < 0:
task = self._get_latest(taskno)
@@ -252,81 +450,38 @@ class TaskManager(object):
else:
yield outstr
- def _last_tb(self):
- task = self._get_latest(synchronous=True)
- yield task.traceback + '\n'
-
- def _help(self, cmd=None):
- yield cmd_help(self.obj.asyncommands)
- #yield self.p.format_help()
-
-######################## Process management ##########################
-
-def sharedattr(name):
- "Return a property to be attached to an object with a .ns attribute"
- def get(self):
- return getattr(self.ns, name)
- def set(self, value):
- setattr(self.ns, name, value)
- return property(get, set)
-
-class MPTask(Task):
- """
- A task running as an external process. The current implementation
- only works on Unix-like systems, where multiprocessing use forks.
- """
-
- synchronous = False
- _mp_manager = None
-
- str = sharedattr('str')
- etype = sharedattr('etype')
- exc = sharedattr('exc')
- tb = sharedattr('tb')
- status = sharedattr('status')
-
- def __init__(self, no, arglist, genobj):
- if self.__class__._mp_manager is None: # the first time
- self.__class__._mp_manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
- self.no = no
- self.arglist = arglist
- self.outlist = self._mp_manager.list()
- self.ns = self._mp_manager.Namespace()
- self.str, self.etype, self.exc, self.tb = None, None, None, None
- self.status = 'SUBMITTED'
- self._genobj = self._wrap(genobj, stringify_tb=True)
- self.proc = multiprocessing.Process(target=super(MPTask, self).run)
-
- def run(self):
- "Run the task into an external process"
- self.proc.start()
-
- def wait(self):
- "Block until the external process ends"
- self.proc.join()
+ @plac_core.annotations(
+ taskno=('task number', 'positional', None, int))
+ def last_tb(self, taskno=-1):
+ "show the traceback of a given task, if any"
+ task = self._get_latest(taskno)
+ if task:
+ yield task.traceback
+ else:
+ yield 'Nothing to show'
- def kill(self):
- """Kill the process with a SIGTERM inducing a TerminatedProcess
- exception in the children"""
- self.proc.terminate()
+ def help(self, cmd=None):
+ "show help about a given command"
+ if cmd is None:
+ yield str(self.helpsummary)
+ else:
+ yield plac_core.parser_from(self.obj).help_cmd(cmd)
- def __str__(self):
- return '<%s %d [%s] %s>' % (
- self.__class__.__name__, self.no,
- ' '.join(self.arglist), self.status)
+########################### SyncProcess ##############################
-class SyncProcess(subprocess.Popen):
+class Process(subprocess.Popen):
"Start the interpreter specified by the params in a subprocess"
def __init__(self, params):
code = '''import plac
-plac.Interpreter(plac.import_main(*%s), prompt='i>\\n').interact()
+plac.Interpreter(plac.import_main(*%s)).interact(prompt='i>\\n')
''' % params
subprocess.Popen.__init__(
self, [sys.executable, '-u', '-c', code],
stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
def close(self):
+ "Close stdin and stdout"
self.stdin.close()
self.stdout.close()
@@ -340,63 +495,11 @@ plac.Interpreter(plac.import_main(*%s), prompt='i>\\n').interact()
return out[:-1] + ' ' # remove last newline
def send(self, line):
- "Send a line (adding a newline) to the subprocess"
+ """Send a line (adding a newline) to the underlying subprocess
+ and wait for the answer"""
self.stdin.write(line + os.linesep)
return self.recv()
-############################# asynchronous utilities #########################
-
-# eventloop inspired to monocle (http://github.com/saucelabs/monocle)
-class EventLoop(object):
- """
- A trivial event loop with a monocle-consistent interface, i.e. methods
- queue_task, run and halt.
- """
- def __init__(self):
- self._running = True
- self._queue = []
-
- def queue_task(self, delay, callable, *args, **kw):
- when = time.time() + delay
- self._queue.append((when, callable, args, kw))
- self._queue.sort(reverse=True) # the last is the most recent
-
- def run(self):
- while self._running:
- if self._queue: # there is always the select in queue
- when = self._queue[-1][0]
- if when <= time.time():
- task = self._queue.pop()
- task[1](*task[2], **task[3])
- time.sleep(0.05)
-
- def halt(self):
- self._running = False
-
-class AsynTask(Task):
- "Lightweight wrapper over a generator running into an event loop"
-
- synchronous = False
- eventloop = EventLoop()
- delay = 0
-
- def run(self):
- "Run the asyntask inside an eventloop"
- eventloop = self.eventloop
- delay = self.delay
- def next_and_reschedule(): # unless stop iteration
- try:
- self._genobj.next()
- except StopIteration: # error management inside _wrap
- return
- eventloop.queue_task(delay, next_and_reschedule)
- eventloop.queue_task(delay, next_and_reschedule)
-
- def __str__(self):
- return '<%s %d [%s] %s>' % (
- self.__class__.__name__, self.no,
- ' '.join(self.arglist), self.status)
-
########################### the Interpreter #############################
class Interpreter(object):
@@ -404,42 +507,68 @@ class Interpreter(object):
A context manager with a .send method and a few utility methods:
execute, test and doctest.
"""
- counter = itertools.count(1)
-
- def __init__(self, obj, commentchar='#', prompt='i> ',
- loop=AsynTask.eventloop):
+ def __init__(self, obj, commentchar='#'):
self.obj = obj
+ try:
+ self.name = obj.__module__
+ except AttributeError:
+ self.name = 'plac'
self.commentchar = commentchar
- self.prompt = prompt
- self.eventloop = loop
+ self._set_commands(obj)
self.tm = TaskManager(obj)
- try:
- self.p = plac_core.parser_from(obj)
- except TypeError: # obj is not callable
- self.p = plac_core.parser_from(self.tm)
- self.p.error = lambda msg: sys.exit(msg) # patch the parser
+ self.parser = plac_core.parser_from(obj, prog='', add_help=False)
+ if self.commands:
+ self.commands.update(self.tm.specialcommands)
+ self.parser.addsubcommands(self.tm.specialcommands, self.tm,
+ title='special commands')
+ if obj.mpcommands:
+ self.parser.addsubcommands(obj.mpcommands, obj,
+ title='commands run in external processes')
+ if obj.thcommands:
+ self.parser.addsubcommands(obj.thcommands, obj,
+ title='threaded commands')
+ self.parser.error = lambda msg: sys.exit(msg) # patch the parser
self._interpreter = None
+ def _set_commands(self, obj):
+ "Make sure obj has the right command attributes as Python sets"
+ for attrname in ('commands', 'syncommands', 'mpcommands', 'thcommands'):
+ try:
+ sequence = getattr(obj, attrname)
+ except AttributeError:
+ sequence = []
+ if not isinstance(sequence, set):
+ sequence = set(sequence)
+ setattr(obj, attrname, sequence)
+ obj.syncommands.update(obj.commands)
+ self.commands = obj.commands
+ self.commands.update(obj.syncommands)
+ self.commands.update(obj.mpcommands)
+ self.commands.update(obj.thcommands)
+
def __enter__(self):
self._interpreter = self._make_interpreter()
self._interpreter.send(None)
return self
- def maketask(self, line):
+ def __exit__(self, *exc):
+ self.close()
+
+ def make_task(self, line):
"Send a line to the underlying interpreter and return a task object"
if self._interpreter is None:
- raise RuntimeError('%r not initialized: probably you forgot to '
- 'use the with statement' % self)
+ raise RuntimeError(_('%r not initialized: probably you forgot to '
+ 'use the with statement') % self)
if isinstance(line, basestring):
arglist = shlex.split(line, self.commentchar)
- else:
+ else: # expects a list of strings
arglist = line
return self._interpreter.send(arglist)
def send(self, line):
"Send a line to the underlying interpreter and return the result"
- task = self.maketask(line)
- Task.run(task) # blocking
+ task = self.make_task(line)
+ BaseTask.run(task) # blocking
return task
def close(self):
@@ -447,9 +576,6 @@ class Interpreter(object):
self.tm.close()
self._interpreter.close()
- def __exit__(self, *exc):
- self.close()
-
def _make_interpreter(self):
"The interpreter main loop, from lists of arguments to task objects"
enter = getattr(self.obj, '__enter__', lambda : None)
@@ -460,19 +586,18 @@ class Interpreter(object):
for no in itertools.count(1):
arglist = yield task
try:
- cmd, result = self.p.consume(arglist)
+ cmd, result = self.parser.consume(arglist)
except: # i.e. SystemExit for invalid command
- task = Task(no, arglist, gen_exc(*sys.exc_info()))
+ task = SynTask(no, arglist, gen_exc(*sys.exc_info()))
continue
- if not plac_core.iterable(result):
- task = Task(no, arglist, gen_value(result))
- elif cmd in self.tm.asyncommands:
- task = AsynTask(no, arglist, result)
- task.eventloop = self.eventloop
- elif cmd in self.tm.mpcommands:
+ if not plac_core.iterable(result): # atomic result
+ task = SynTask(no, arglist, gen_val(result))
+ elif cmd in self.obj.mpcommands:
task = MPTask(no, arglist, result)
+ elif cmd in self.obj.thcommands:
+ task = ThreadedTask(no, arglist, result)
else: # blocking task
- task = Task(no, arglist, result)
+ task = SynTask(no, arglist, result)
except GeneratorExit: # regular exit
exit(None, None, None)
except: # exceptional exit
@@ -484,6 +609,7 @@ class Interpreter(object):
output = self.send(given_input).str # blocking
ok = (output == expected_output)
if not ok:
+ # the message here is not internationalized on purpose
msg = 'input: %s\noutput: %s\nexpected: %s' % (
given_input, output, expected_output)
raise AssertionError(msg)
@@ -505,7 +631,7 @@ class Interpreter(object):
positions.append(len(lines) + 1) # last position
return zip(inputs, self._getoutputs(lines, positions), positions)
- def doctest(self, lineiter, put=write, verbose=False):
+ def doctest(self, lineiter, verbose=False):
"""
Parse a text containing doctests in a context and tests of all them.
Raise an error even if a single doctest if broken. Use this for
@@ -514,103 +640,61 @@ class Interpreter(object):
with self:
for input, output, no in self._parse_doctest(lineiter):
if verbose:
- put('i> %s\n' % input)
- put('-> %s\n' % output)
- out = self.send(input)
- if not out.str == output:
- msg = 'line %d: input: %s\noutput: %s\nexpected: %s\n' % (
- no + 1, input, out, output)
- put(msg)
- raise out.etype, out.exc, out.tb
-
- def execute(self, lineiter, put=write, verbose=False):
+ write('i> %s\n' % input)
+ write('-> %s\n' % output)
+ task = self.send(input) # blocking
+ if not str(task) == output:
+ msg = 'line %d: input: %s\noutput: %s\nexpected: %s\n' % (
+ no + 1, input, task, output)
+ write(msg)
+ raise task.etype, task.exc, task.tb
+
+ def execute(self, lineiter, verbose=False):
"""
Execute a lineiter of commands in a context and print the output.
"""
with self:
for line in lineiter:
if verbose:
- put('i> ' + line)
- output = self.send(line)
- if output.etype: # there was an error
- raise output.etype, output.exc, output.tb
- put('%s\n' % output.str)
-
- def interact(self, stdin=sys.stdin, put=write, verbose=False):
+ write('i> ' + line)
+ task = self.send(line) # finished task
+ if task.etype: # there was an error
+ raise task.etype, task.exc, task.tb
+ if not task.synchronous:
+ write('%s\n' % task.str)
+
+ def interact(self, stdin=sys.stdin, prompt='i> ', verbose=False):
"""
Starts an interactive command loop reading commands from the
consolle. Using rlwrap is recommended.
"""
+ if stdin is sys.stdin and readline: # use readline
+ # print '.%s.history' % self.name
+ stdin = ReadlineInput(
+ self.commands, prompt, histfile='.%s.history' % self.name,
+ case_sensitive=True)
self.stdin = stdin
- self.put = put
- try:
- put(self.obj.intro + '\n')
- except AttributeError: # no intro
- put(self.p.format_usage() + '\n')
- put(self.prompt)
+ self.prompt = getattr(stdin, 'prompt', prompt)
+ self.verbose = verbose
+ intro = self.obj.__doc__ or ''
+ write(intro + '\n')
with self:
- if self.tm.asyncommands:
- loop.queue_task(0, self._dispatch_async_input)
- loop.run()
+ if self.stdin is sys.stdin: # do not close stdin automatically
+ self._manage_input()
else:
- while True:
- line = stdin.readline() # including \n
- if not line:
- break
- task = self.maketask(line)
- self.tm.run_task(task)
- if verbose and task.synchronous and task.etype:
- put(task.traceback + '\n')
- put(str(task) + '\n')
- put(self.prompt)
-
- def _dispatch_async_input(self):
- i, o, e = select.select([self.stdin], [], [], 0)
- if i:
- line = i[0].readline() # including \n
- if not line: # stdin was closed
- self.loop.halt()
- return
- task = self.maketask(line)
+ with self.stdin:
+ self._manage_input()
+
+ def _manage_input(self):
+ while True: # using 'for' would not work well with unbuffered mode
+ if not isinstance(self.stdin, ReadlineInput):
+ write(self.prompt) # else the prompt is already there
+ line = self.stdin.readline() # including \n
+ if not line:
+ break
+ task = self.make_task(line)
self.tm.run_task(task)
- self.put('%s\n' % task)
- self.put(self.prompt)
- self.loop.queue_task(0, self._dispatch_async_input) # reschedule
-
-################################## others ####################################
-
-def cmd_interface(obj):
- "Returns a cmd.Cmd wrapper over the command container"
- i = Interpreter(obj)
- def default(self, line):
- print(i.send(line))
- dic = dict(preloop=lambda self: i.__enter__(),
- postloop=lambda self: i.__exit__(),
- do_EOF=lambda self, line: True,
- default=default,
- intro=getattr(i, 'intro', None))
- for command in obj.commands:
- method = getattr(obj, command)
- def do_func(self, line, command=command):
- print(i.send(command + ' ' + line))
- do_func.__doc__ = method.__doc__
- do_func.__name__ = method.__name__
- dic['do_' + command] = do_func
- clsname = '_%s_' % obj.__class__.__name__
- cls = type(clsname, (cmd.Cmd, object), dic)
- return cls()
-
-class FakeOut(object):
- def __init__(self):
- self._s = ''
- def write(self, s):
- self._s += s
- def __str__(self):
- return self._s
-
-def cmd_help(cmds, displaywidth=80, cmd=cmd.Cmd(stdout=FakeOut())):
- cmd.stdout.write("%s\n" % str(cmd.doc_leader))
- cmd.print_topics(cmd.doc_header, cmds, 15,80)
- #cmd.print_topics(cmd.misc_header, helps,15,80)
- #cmd.print_topics(cmd.undoc_header, cmds_undoc, 15,80)
- return cmd.stdout
+ if self.verbose and task.synchronous and task.etype:
+ write(task.traceback)
+ if task.etype or not task.synchronous:
+ write(str(task) + '\n')
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