diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'decorator/documentation3.pdf')
| -rw-r--r-- | decorator/documentation3.pdf | 1750 |
1 files changed, 934 insertions, 816 deletions
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm .351235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A very common use case for decorators is the memoization of functions. A ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator works by) Tj T* 0 Tw .871988 Tw (caching the result of the function call in a dictionary, so that the next time the function is called with the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.350651 Tw (same input parameters the result is retrieved from the cache and not recomputed. There are many) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.92247 Tw (implementations of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, but they do not) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.683984 Tw (preserve the signature. A simple implementation could be the following \(notice that in general it is) Tj T* 0 Tw (impossible to memoize correctly something that depends on non-hashable arguments\):) Tj T* ET
Q
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Q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.801412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here we used the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (utility, which has been added in Python 2.5 expressly to) Tj T* 0 Tw .91686 Tw (simplify the definition of decorators \(in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes) Tj T* 0 Tw .580814 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__name__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__module__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__dict__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function to the decorated function) Tj T* 0 Tw (by hand\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.801412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here we used the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (utility, which has been added in Python 2.5 expressly to ) Tj T* 0 Tw .91686 Tw (simplify the definition of decorators \(in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes ) Tj T* 0 Tw .580814 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__name__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__module__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__dict__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function to the decorated function) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The implementation above works in the sense that the decorator can accept functions with generic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.233615 Tw (signatures; unfortunately this implementation does ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (define a signature-preserving decorator, since in) Tj T* 0 Tw (general ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a function with a ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (different signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function.) Tj T* ET
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (by hand\).) Tj T* ET
Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The implementation above works in the sense that the decorator can accept functions with generic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.233615 Tw (signatures; unfortunately this implementation does ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (define a signature-preserving decorator, since in) Tj T* 0 Tw (general ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a function with a ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (different signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider for instance the following case:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 591.8236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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q
q
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@@ -2085,13 +2162,13 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
q
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@@ -2111,19 +2188,19 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 388.4236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 346.4236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.362976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2143,13 +2220,13 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 257.2236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw .821984 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\(f,) Tj T* 0 Tw .65061 Tw (*args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, implementing the) Tj T* 0 Tw (wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.594983 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature) Tj T* 0 Tw .19311 Tw /F4 10 Tf (\(f,) Tj ( ) Tj (*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, implementing) Tj T* 0 Tw (the wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 104.0236 cm
q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2169,7 +2246,7 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 84.02362 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2276,7 +2353,7 @@ BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .479398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an additional example Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj (kwstr) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (', ') Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (join) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (k) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kw) Tj ([) Tj (k) Tj (]\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (for) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (k) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (sorted) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (kw) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, {) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (}") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kwstr) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
Q
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@@ -2316,14 +2393,14 @@ Q Q
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 250.0236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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@@ -2343,13 +2420,13 @@ Q Q
Q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is immediate to verify that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works) Tj T* ET
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 127.6236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and it that it has the correct signature:) Tj T* ET
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Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can also check that the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__annotations__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (dictionary is preserved:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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@@ -2516,61 +2593,35 @@ Q Q
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 117.378 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The two dictionaries are different objects, though) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .011098 Tw (Depending on the version of the decorator module, the two dictionaries can be the same object or not: you) Tj T* 0 Tw (cannot rely on object identity, but you can rely on the content being the same.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.758651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (since internally the decorator module creates an entirely new dictionary \(it is not simply attaching the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__annotations__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute to the new function\).) Tj T* ET
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (is a decorator) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm .643876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It may be annoying to write a caller function \(like the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (_trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function above\) and then a trivial wrapper) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.803615 Tw (\() Tj /F4 10 Tf (def trace\(f\): return decorator\(_trace, f\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) every time. For this reason, the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw .334269 Tw /F1 10 Tf (module provides an easy shortcut to convert the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator: you) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.443735 Tw (can just call ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with a single argument. In our example you can just write ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace =) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.056342 Tw (decorator\(_trace\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function can also be used as a signature-changing decorator,) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.177752 Tw (just as ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (staticmethod) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. However, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (staticmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (return) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.693615 Tw (generic objects which are not callable, while ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns signature-preserving decorators, i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw (functions of a single argument. For instance, you can write directly) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm .643876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It may be annoying to write a caller function \(like the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (_trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function above\) and then a trivial wrapper) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.510888 Tw (\() Tj /F4 10 Tf (def) Tj ( ) Tj (trace\(f\):) Tj ( ) Tj (return) Tj ( ) Tj (decorator\(_trace,) Tj ( ) Tj (f\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) every time. For this reason, the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw .334269 Tw /F1 10 Tf (module provides an easy shortcut to convert the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator: you) Tj T* 0 Tw 7.364269 Tw (can just call ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with a single argument. In our example you can just write) Tj T* 0 Tw .951647 Tw /F4 10 Tf (trace) Tj ( ) Tj (=) Tj ( ) Tj (decorator\(_trace\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function can also be used as a signature-changing) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.077752 Tw (decorator, just as ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (staticmethod) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. However, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (staticmethod) Tj T* 0 Tw .531797 Tw /F1 10 Tf (return generic objects which are not callable, while ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns signature-preserving decorators,) Tj T* 0 Tw (i.e. functions of a single argument. For instance, you can write directly) Tj T* ET
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 560.8236 cm
q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B*
Q
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (kwstr) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (', ') Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (join) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (k) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kw) Tj ([) Tj (k) Tj (]\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (for) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (k) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (sorted) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (kw) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, {) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (}") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kwstr) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
Q
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Q
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 528.8236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.806654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and now ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will be a decorator. Actually ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (partial ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object which can be used as a) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorator:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2616,14 +2667,14 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 463.6236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 382.4236 cm
q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2643,25 +2694,25 @@ Q Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 350.4236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.44686 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you are using an old Python version \(Python 2.4\) the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module provides a poor man) Tj T* 0 Tw (replacement for ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (functools.partial) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 317.4236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (blocking) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 206.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 275.4236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.224692 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes one has to deal with blocking resources, such as ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (stdin) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and sometimes it is best to have) Tj T* 0 Tw .266235 Tw (back a "busy" message than to block everything. This behavior can be implemented with a suitable family) Tj T* 0 Tw (of decorators, where the parameter is the busy message:) Tj T* ET
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.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 168 re B*
Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (not_avail) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (hasattr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("thread") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# no thread running) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (set_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (set_result) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj (\(\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (not_avail) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (elif) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (isAlive) Tj (\(\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (not_avail) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (not_avail) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (hasattr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("thread") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# no thread running) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (set_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (set_result) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj (\(\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (not_avail) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (elif) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (isAlive) Tj (\(\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (not_avail) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the thread is ended, return the stored result) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (del) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (blocking) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
-Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the thread is ended, return the stored result) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (del) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (blocking) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
-Q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.010651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Functions decorated with ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (blocking ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will return a busy message if the resource is unavailable, and the) Tj T* 0 Tw (intended result if the resource is available. For instance:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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@@ -2736,25 +2767,26 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 458.8236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (async) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 416.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.647485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory, implemented as a function returning a) Tj T* 0 Tw .29784 Tw (decorator. For more complex situations, it is more convenient to implement decorator factories as classes) Tj T* 0 Tw .657674 Tw (returning callable objects that can be used as signature-preserving decorators. The suggested pattern to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.109398 Tw (do that is to introduce a helper method ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (call\(self, func, *args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and to call it in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__call__\(self, func\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method.) Tj T* ET
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.647485 Tw (We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory, implemented as a function returning a) Tj T* 0 Tw .29784 Tw (decorator. For more complex situations, it is more convenient to implement decorator factories as classes) Tj T* 0 Tw (returning callable objects that can be converted into decorators.) Tj T* ET
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .166654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an example, here I show a decorator which is able to convert a blocking function into an asynchronous) Tj T* 0 Tw .437633 Tw (function. The function, when called, is executed in a separate thread. Moreover, it is possible to set three) Tj T* 0 Tw .074597 Tw (callbacks ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_success) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_failure ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_closing) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to specify how to manage the function call. The) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementation is the following:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 2.853876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an example, here will I show a decorator which is able to convert a blocking function into an) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.477126 Tw (asynchronous function. The function, when called, is executed in a separate thread. Moreover, it is) Tj T* 0 Tw .288443 Tw (possible to set three callbacks ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_success) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_failure ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_closing) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to specify how to manage) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.854724 Tw (the function call \(of course the code here is just an example, it is not a recommended way of doing) Tj T* 0 Tw (multi-threaded programming\). The implementation is the following:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 293.6236 cm
q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2774,7 +2806,7 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 236.4236 cm
q
q
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@@ -2794,7 +2826,7 @@ Q Q
Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 179.2236 cm
q
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@@ -2813,17 +2845,37 @@ Q Q
Q
Q
+q
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+q
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+.5 w
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+n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 326 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( async_with_processes = Async\(multiprocessing.Process\)) Tj T* ( """) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (threadfactory) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (on_success) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj (,) Tj T* ( ) Tj (on_failure) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (on_closing) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threadfactory) Tj T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_success) Tj T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_failure) Tj T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_closing) Tj T* T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__call__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (counter) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (AttributeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# instantiate the counter at the first call) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj (counter) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (itertools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (count) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (name) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (-) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (next) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (counter) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj (\() Tj (sys) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (exc_info) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj (\() Tj (result) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (finally) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj (\(\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (thread) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func_wrapper) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (name) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj (\(\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (thread) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .865984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The decorated function returns the current execution thread, which can be stored and checked later, for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance to verify that the thread ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.isAlive\(\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (async) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (Async) Tj (\() Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ([]) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# for simplicity the written data are stored into a list.) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@async) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (write) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (data) Tj (\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# append data to the datalist by locking) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Lock) Tj (\(\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# emulate some long running operation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (append) Tj (\() Tj (data) Tj (\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# other operations not requiring a lock here) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you apply the upgraded decorator to the good old factorial:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .188935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for your mind ;\) Notice that there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.339983 Tw (recursion limit now, and you can easily compute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or larger without filling the stack) Tj T* 0 Tw .909431 Tw (frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .266235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On my MacBook, using the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (do_nothing ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator instead of the plain function is more than three times) Tj T* 0 Tw (slower:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give you a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.05528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You see here the inner call to the decorator ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which calls ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kw\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and a reference to) Tj T* 0 Tw .076457 Tw /F4 10 Tf (File) Tj ( ) Tj (") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (",) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj (2,) Tj ( ) Tj (in) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This latter reference is due to the fact that internally the decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.053318 Tw (module uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to generate the decorated function. Notice that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responsibile for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.507485 Tw (performance penalty, since is the called ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (only once ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at function decoration time, and not every time the) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorated function is called.) Tj T* ET
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