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-rw-r--r--decorator/documentation3.pdf2362
1 files changed, 1315 insertions, 1047 deletions
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 158 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (func) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ({}) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (iteritems) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj T* ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (functools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (update_wrapper) Tj (\() Tj (memoize) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (func) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ({}) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (frozenset) Tj (\() Tj (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (iteritems) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj T* ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (functools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (update_wrapper) Tj (\() Tj (memoize) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 117.8236 cm
-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.801412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here we used the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (utility, which has been added in Python 2.5 expressly to) Tj T* 0 Tw .91686 Tw (simplify the definition of decorators \(in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes) Tj T* 0 Tw .580814 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__name__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__module__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__dict__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function to the decorated function) Tj T* 0 Tw (by hand\).) Tj T* ET
-Q
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 87.82362 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The implementation above works in the sense that the decorator can accept functions with generic ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.233615 Tw (signatures; unfortunately this implementation does ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (define a signature-preserving decorator, since in) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.801412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here we used the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (utility, which has been added in Python 2.5 expressly to) Tj T* 0 Tw .91686 Tw (simplify the definition of decorators \(in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes) Tj T* 0 Tw .580814 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__name__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__module__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__dict__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function to the decorated function) Tj T* 0 Tw (by hand\).) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 729.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (general ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a function with a ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (different signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The implementation above works in the sense that the decorator can accept functions with generic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.233615 Tw (signatures; unfortunately this implementation does ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (define a signature-preserving decorator, since in) Tj T* 0 Tw (general ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a function with a ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (different signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 735.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 711.0236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider for instance the following case:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider for instance the following case:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 665.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 641.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -1948,20 +2071,20 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (x) Tj (\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# simulate some long computation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (x) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (x) Tj (\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# simulate some long computation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (x) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 609.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 576.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 552.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -1974,20 +2097,20 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (inspect) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (f1) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('args') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (inspect) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (f1) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('args') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 532.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 508.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 463.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 439.4236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2000,26 +2123,26 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj (takes) Tj ( ) Tj (exactly) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (positional) Tj ( ) Tj (argument) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (given) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj (takes) Tj ( ) Tj (exactly) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (positional) Tj ( ) Tj (argument) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (given) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 430.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 406.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 388.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 364.4236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.362976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.362976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 355.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 331.2236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2032,20 +2155,20 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 299.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 275.2236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw .821984 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\(f,) Tj T* 0 Tw .65061 Tw (*args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, implementing the) Tj T* 0 Tw (wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw .821984 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\(f,) Tj T* 0 Tw .65061 Tw (*args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, implementing the) Tj T* 0 Tw (wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 146.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.0236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2058,50 +2181,31 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (iteritems) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj T* ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# attributed added by memoize) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (frozenset) Tj (\() Tj (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (iteritems) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj T* ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# attributed added by memoize) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 126.0236 cm
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q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
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-.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
-Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ({}) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
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.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (_memoize) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ({}) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (_memoize) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 695.8236 cm
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .12561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference with respect to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (approach, which is based on nested functions, is that the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.59528 Tw (decorator module forces you to lift the inner function at the outer level \() Tj /F5 10 Tf (flat is better than nested) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* 0 Tw (Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to decorate to the caller function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .12561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference with respect to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (approach, which is based on nested functions, is that the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.59528 Tw (decorator module forces you to lift the inner function at the outer level \() Tj /F5 10 Tf (flat is better than nested) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* 0 Tw (Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to decorate to the caller function.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 653.8236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a test of usage:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a test of usage:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 536.6236 cm
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@@ -2147,20 +2251,20 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("done") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the first time it will take 2 seconds) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* (done) Tj T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the second time it will be instantaneous) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* (done) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("done") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the first time it will take 2 seconds) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* (done) Tj T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the second time it will be instantaneous) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* (done) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 516.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 492.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (heavy_computation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the one you would expect:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (heavy_computation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the one you would expect:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 471.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 447.4236 cm
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q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2173,26 +2277,26 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 438.4236 cm
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (trace ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (decorator) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (trace ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (decorator) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 408.4236 cm
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .479398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator, which prints a message) Tj T* 0 Tw (everytime the traced function is called:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .479398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator, which prints a message) Tj T* 0 Tw (everytime the traced function is called:) Tj T* ET
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q
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2205,14 +2309,14 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 306.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 282.0236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2225,21 +2329,21 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (_trace) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (_trace) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 286.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 262.0236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 228.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 204.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2252,20 +2356,20 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (x) Tj (\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (x) Tj (\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 208.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 184.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is immediate to verify that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is immediate to verify that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 163.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 139.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2278,21 +2382,31 @@ q
n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.647485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory, implemented as a function returning a) Tj T* 0 Tw .29784 Tw (decorator. For more complex situations, it is more convenient to implement decorator factories as classes) Tj T* 0 Tw .657674 Tw (returning callable objects that can be used as signature-preserving decorators. The suggested pattern to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.109398 Tw (do that is to introduce a helper method ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (call\(self, func, *args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and to call it in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__call__\(self, func\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .166654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an example, here I show a decorator which is able to convert a blocking function into an asynchronous) Tj T* 0 Tw .437633 Tw (function. The function, when called, is executed in a separate thread. Moreover, it is possible to set three) Tj T* 0 Tw .074597 Tw (callbacks ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_success) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_failure ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_closing) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to specify how to manage the function call. The) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementation is the following:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .865984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The decorated function returns the current execution thread, which can be stored and checked later, for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance to verify that the thread ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.isAlive\(\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .691654 Tw (Here is an example of usage. Suppose one wants to write some data to an external resource which can) Tj T* 0 Tw .21683 Tw (be accessed by a single user at once \(for instance a printer\). Then the access to the writing function must) Tj T* 0 Tw (be locked. Here is a minimalistic example:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (async) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (Async) Tj (\() Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\)) Tj T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ([]) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# for simplicity the written data are stored into a list.) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@async) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (write) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (data) Tj (\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# append data to the datalist by locking) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Lock) Tj (\(\):) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (Async) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (""") Tj T* ( A decorator converting blocking functions into asynchronous) Tj T* ( functions, by using threads or processes. Examples:) Tj T* T* ( async_with_threads = Async\(threading.Thread\)) Tj T* ( async_with_processes = Async\(multiprocessing.Process\)) Tj T* ( """) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# emulate some long running operation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (append) Tj (\() Tj (data) Tj (\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# other operations not requiring a lock here) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 317.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (threadfactory) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threadfactory) Tj T* T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__call__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (on_success) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj (,) Tj T* ( ) Tj (on_failure) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (on_closing) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# every decorated function has its own independent thread counter) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (itertools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (count) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_success) Tj T* ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_failure) Tj T* ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_closing) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\)) Tj T* T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj (\() Tj (sys) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (exc_info) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj (\() Tj (result) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (finally) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj (\(\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (name) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (-) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (next) Tj (\() Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (thread) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func_wrapper) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (name) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj (\(\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (thread) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .905868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Each call to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will create a new writer thread, but there will be no synchronization problems since) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is locked.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .865984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The decorated function returns the current execution thread, which can be stored and checked later, for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance to verify that the thread ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.isAlive\(\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .691654 Tw (Here is an example of usage. Suppose one wants to write some data to an external resource which can) Tj T* 0 Tw .21683 Tw (be accessed by a single user at once \(for instance a printer\). Then the access to the writing function must) Tj T* 0 Tw (be locked. Here is a minimalistic example:) Tj T* ET
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.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 156 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B*
Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (write) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("data1") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj (write) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (started) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# wait a bit, so we are sure data2 is written after data1) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (write) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("data2") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj (write) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (started) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# wait for the writers to complete) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (datalist) Tj (\)) Tj T* ([) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('data1') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('data2') Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (async) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (Async) Tj (\() Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\)) Tj T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ([]) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# for simplicity the written data are stored into a list.) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@async) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (write) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (data) Tj (\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# append data to the datalist by locking) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Lock) Tj (\(\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# emulate some long running operation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (append) Tj (\() Tj (data) Tj (\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# other operations not requiring a lock here) Tj T* ET
Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 485.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 168.6236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (class) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .905868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Each call to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will create a new writer thread, but there will be no synchronization problems since) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is locked.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 419.6236 cm
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 2.241412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You may wonder about how the functionality of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is implemented. The basic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.545868 Tw (building block is a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class which is able to generate on the fly functions with a given) Tj T* 0 Tw .047485 Tw (name and signature from a function template passed as a string. Generally speaking, you should not need) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.164983 Tw (to resort to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when writing ordinary decorators, but it is handy in some circumstances.) Tj T* 0 Tw (You will see an example shortly, in the implementation of a cool decorator utility \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .414597 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (classmethod which takes as input the name, signature, and body) Tj T* 0 Tw .632927 Tw (of the function we want to generate as well as the execution environment were the function is generated) Tj T* 0 Tw (by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2749,35 +2976,35 @@ q
.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 96 re B*
Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# a function with a generic signature) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (FunctionMaker) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (create) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f1\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (dict) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj ({}) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (write) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("data2") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj (write) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (started) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# wait for the writers to complete) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (datalist) Tj (\)) Tj T* ([) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('data1') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('data2') Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .226654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is important to notice that the function body is interpolated before being executed, so be careful with the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (% ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (sign!) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (class) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 210.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.995433 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also accepts keyword arguments and such arguments are attached to the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.64686 Tw (resulting function. This is useful if you want to set some function attributes, for instance the docstring) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 2.241412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You may wonder about how the functionality of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is implemented. The basic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.545868 Tw (building block is a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class which is able to generate on the fly functions with a given) Tj T* 0 Tw .047485 Tw (name and signature from a function template passed as a string. Generally speaking, you should not need) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.164983 Tw (to resort to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when writing ordinary decorators, but it is handy in some circumstances.) Tj T* 0 Tw (You will see an example shortly, in the implementation of a cool decorator utility \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 168.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .605318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For debugging/introspection purposes it may be useful to see the source code of the generated function;) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.246235 Tw (to do that, just pass the flag ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (addsource=True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__source__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute will be added to the) Tj T* 0 Tw (generated function:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .414597 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (classmethod which takes as input the name, signature, and body) Tj T* 0 Tw .632927 Tw (of the function we want to generate as well as the execution environment were the function is generated) Tj T* 0 Tw (by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 87.22362 cm
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@@ -2787,26 +3014,35 @@ q
.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (FunctionMaker) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (create) Tj (\() Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f1\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (dict) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj (\),) Tj ( ) Tj (addsource) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f1) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__source__) Tj (\)) Tj T* /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (a) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (b) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj (a) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (b) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 4.63311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that while I do not have plans to change or remove the functionality provided in the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.00936 Tw /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class, I do not guarantee that it will stay unchanged forever. For instance, right now I) Tj T* 0 Tw .791318 Tw (am using the traditional string interpolation syntax for function templates, but Python 2.6 and Python 3.0) Tj T* 0 Tw .712093 Tw (provide a newer interpolation syntax and I may use the new syntax in the future. On the other hand, the) Tj T* 0 Tw .639985 Tw (functionality provided by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been there from version 0.1 and it is guaranteed to stay there) Tj T* 0 Tw (forever.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 5.045529 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to generate the decorated function. Therefore) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.542126 Tw /F4 10 Tf (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will not work for decorated functions. That means that the usual '??' trick in) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.163059 Tw (IPython will give you the \(right on the spot\) message ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Dynamically generated function. No) Tj T* 0 Tw .563314 Tw (source code available) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In the past I have considered this acceptable, since ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect.getsource) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.790697 Tw /F1 10 Tf (does not really work even with regular decorators. In that case ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (gives you the) Tj T* 0 Tw (wrapper source code which is probably not what you want:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@identity_dec) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (example) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (inspect) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (getsource) Tj (\() Tj (example) Tj (\)\)) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (BLANKLINE) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.471235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(see bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug is still there,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.541235 Tw (even in Python 2.7 and 3.1. There is however a workaround. The decorator module adds an attribute) Tj T* 0 Tw .103984 Tw /F4 10 Tf (.undecorated ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the decorated function, containing a reference to the original function. The easy way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (get the source code is to call ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.471235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(see bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug is still there,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.541235 Tw (even in Python 2.7 and 3.1. There is however a workaround. The decorator module adds an attribute) Tj T* 0 Tw .103984 Tw /F4 10 Tf (.undecorated ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the decorated function, containing a reference to the original function. The easy way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (get the source code is to call ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
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Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (firstcall) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# return the arguments of the tail call) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argskwd) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kwd) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (CONTINUE) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here the decorator is implemented as a class returning callable objects.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you apply the upgraded decorator to the good old factorial:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@tail_recursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (n) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (acc) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("The good old factorial") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (n) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (acc) Tj T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (factorial) Tj (\() Tj (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (factorial) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (24) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .188935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for your mind ;\) Notice that there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.339983 Tw (recursion limit now, and you can easily compute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or larger without filling the stack) Tj T* 0 Tw .909431 Tw (frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .188935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for your mind ;\) Notice that there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.339983 Tw (recursion limit now, and you can easily compute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or larger without filling the stack) Tj T* 0 Tw .909431 Tw (frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (fact) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (n) Tj (\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# this is not tail-recursive) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (n) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (n) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (fact) Tj (\() Tj (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .541098 Tw (\(reminder: a function is tail recursive if it either returns a value without making a recursive call, or returns) Tj T* 0 Tw (directly the result of a recursive call\).) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Caveats and limitations) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Caveats and limitations) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .474987 Tw (The first thing you should be aware of, it the fact that decorators have a performance penalty. The worse) Tj T* 0 Tw (case is shown by the following example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .474987 Tw (The first thing you should be aware of, it the fact that decorators have a performance penalty. The worse) Tj T* 0 Tw (case is shown by the following example:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 197.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ cat performance.sh) Tj T* (python3 -m timeit -s ") Tj T* (from decorator import decorator) Tj T* T* (@decorator) Tj T* (def do_nothing\(func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* ( return func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T* T* (@do_nothing) Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* ( pass) Tj T* (" "f\(\)") Tj T* T* (python3 -m timeit -s ") Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* ( pass) Tj T* (" "f\(\)") Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .266235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On my MacBook, using the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (do_nothing ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator instead of the plain function is more than three times) Tj T* 0 Tw (slower:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .266235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On my MacBook, using the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (do_nothing ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator instead of the plain function is more than three times) Tj T* 0 Tw (slower:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ bash performance.sh) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.669 usec per loop) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.181 usec per loop) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .867984 Tw (You should be aware that decorators will make your tracebacks longer and more difficult to understand.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Consider this example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .867984 Tw (You should be aware that decorators will make your tracebacks longer and more difficult to understand.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Consider this example:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj (/) Tj (0) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give you a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give you a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
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