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BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm 1.342209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Enters ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is designed to be ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (downwardly scalable) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, i.e. to be trivially simple to use for trivial use) Tj T* 0 Tw .29436 Tw (cases, and to have a next-to-zero learning curve. Technically ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is just a simple wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw .01686 Tw (hiding most of the complexity while retaining most of the power. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is surprisingly scalable upwards even) Tj T* 0 Tw .569398 Tw (for non-trivial use cases, but it is not intended to be an industrial strength command line parsing module.) Tj T* 0 Tw .07104 Tw (Its capabilities are limited by design. If you need more power, by all means use the parsing modules in the) Tj T* 0 Tw .51237 Tw (standard library. Still, I have been using Python for 8 years and never once I had to use the full power of) Tj T* 0 Tw (the standard library modules.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm .536457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Actually I am pretty much convinced that features provided by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (clap ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are more than enough for 99.9% of) Tj T* 0 Tw .60811 Tw (the typical use cases of a scripter working in a Unix-like environment. I am targetting here programmers,) Tj T* 0 Tw .337126 Tw (sys-admins, scientists and in general people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing to use a) Tj T* 0 Tw .242339 Tw (command line interface because it is the quick and simple. Such users are not interested in features, they) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.177882 Tw (just want to be able to write a simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to build a) Tj T* 0 Tw .014985 Tw (command line parser by hand. Unfortunately, the current modules in the standard library forces them to go) Tj T* 0 Tw 4.664269 Tw (the hard way. They are designed to implement power user tools for programmers or system) Tj T* 0 Tw (administrators, and they have a non-trivial learning curve.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* (    "Do something with the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import sys) Tj T* (    n = len\(sys.argv[1:]\)) Tj T* (    if n == 0:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* (    elif n == 1:) Tj T* (        main\(sys.argv[1]\)) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(sys.argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .880651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see the whole ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block \(nine lines\) is essentially boilerplate that ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.125318 Tw (should not exists. Actually I think the Python language should recognize the main function and perform ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.385984 Tw (trivial arguments parsing behind the scenes; unfortunaly this is unlikely to happen. I have been writing ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.767356 Tw (boilerplate like this in hundreds of scripts for years, and every time I ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (it. The purpose of using a ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47229 Tw (scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be trivial. Unfortunately the standard library) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .482093 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (modules do not help for this use case, which may be trivial, but it is still incredibly common. Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt) Tj T* 0 Tw .253735 Tw 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not help, since they are intended to manage options and not positional arguments; the) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module helps a bit and it is able to reduce the boilerplate from nine lines to six lines:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.644269 Tw (However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external dependency: most people will not) Tj T* 0 Tw .276303 Tw (switch Python 2.7, which at the time of this writing is just about to be released, for many years. Moreover,) Tj T* 0 Tw (it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to define a parser by hand for such a trivial task.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.123145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module is designed to manage well such use cases, and it is able to reduce the original nine) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines of boiler plate to two lines. With the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module all you need to write is) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .929986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module provides for free \(actually the work is done by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module\) a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage message:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example3.py -h) Tj T* (usage: example3.py [-h] dsn) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is only the tip of the iceberg: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to do much more than that.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Positional default arguments) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (from datetime import datetime) Tj T*  T* (def main\(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today\(\)\):) Tj T* (    "Do something on the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn, table, today\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import sys) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (    args = sys.argv[1:]) Tj T* (    if not args:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* (    elif len\(args\) ) Tj (>) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* (    main\(*args\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (With ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the entire ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block reduces to the usual two lines:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .396235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages transparently even the case when you want to pass a variable number of arguments. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (is an example, a script running on a database a series of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.sql ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (scripts:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (from datetime import datetime) Tj T*  T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* (    "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* (    for script in scripts:) Tj T* (        print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import sys) Tj T* (    if len\(sys.argv\) ) Tj (<) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn script.sql ...' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* (    main\(sys.argv[1:]\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 6.923059 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, you can just replace the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block with the usual ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (import clap;) Tj T* 0 Tw (clap.call\(main\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and you get the following usage message:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .92881 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples here should have made clear that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (clap is able to figure out the command line arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .928488 Tw (parser to use from the signature of the main function) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is the whole idea behind ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: if my intent is) Tj T* 0 Tw (clear, let's the machine takes care of the details.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .046098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is surprising how few command line scripts with options I have written over the years \(probably less than) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.165984 Tw (a hundred\), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments \(I certainly have written more) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.221163 Tw (than a thousand of them\). Still, this use case is quite common and cannot be neglected. The standard) Tj T* 0 Tw .446098 Tw (library modules \(all of them\) are quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have) Tj T* 0 Tw .732339 Tw (never used them directly. Instead, I have always relied on an old recipe of mine, the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.32784 Tw (which provides a convenient wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Alternatively, in the simplest cases, I have just) Tj T* 0 Tw (performed the parsing by hand, instead of manually building a suitable OptionParser.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .476098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is inspired to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, in the sense that it delivers the programmer from the burden of) Tj T* 0 Tw .011488 Tw (writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser from the docstring of the module, it) Tj T* 0 Tw (extracts it from the signature of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .319987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The idea comes from the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (function annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (concept, a new feature of Python 3. An example is worth a) Tj T* 0 Tw (thousand words, so here it is:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .789983 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see, the argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been annotated with the tuple ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\("SQL query", 'option',) Tj T* 0 Tw .593876 Tw ('c'\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: the first string is the help string which will appear in the usage message, whereas the second and) Tj T* 0 Tw .144988 Tw (third strings tell ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an option and that it can be abbreviated with the letter ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (c) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Of course,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.543735 Tw (it also possible to use the long option format, by prefixing the option with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--command=) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The resulting) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage message is the following:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8.py -h) Tj T* (usage: example8.py [-h] [-c COMMAND] dsn) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help            show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -c COMMAND, --command COMMAND) Tj T* (                        SQL query) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8.py -c"select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T*  T* ($ python3 example8.py --command="select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.203318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course explicit is better than implicit, an no special cases are special enough, but sometimes) Tj T* 0 Tw .64061 Tw (practicality beats purity, so ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is smart enough to convert help messages into tuples internally; in other) Tj T* 0 Tw (words, you can just write "Database dsn" instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\("Database dsn", 'positional', None\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a valid signature for ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, which will recognize the help strings for both ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (dsn ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (scripts) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .765868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (also recognizes flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command line) Tj T* 0 Tw (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example9.py -h) Tj T* (usage: example9.py [-h] [-v] dsn) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn            connection string) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help     show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -v, --verbose  prints more info) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 5.832651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.686905 Tw (Flag-Option-Positional \(FOP\) convention: in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function write first the flag arguments, then the) Tj T* 0 Tw .404692 Tw (option arguments and finally the positional arguments. This is just a convention and you are not forced to) Tj T* 0 Tw .478409 Tw (use it, but it makes sense to put the position arguments at the end, since they may be default arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw (and varargs.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* (    ...) Tj T* (main.__annotations__ = dict\() Tj T* (dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* (scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .412765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to much the keys of the annotations dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (clap.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (@annotations\() Tj T* (dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* (scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* (    ...) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.422164 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (X >) Tj (= 4 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and I will use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (clap.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .115703 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One of the goals of clap is to have a learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (minutes) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, compared to the learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hours ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of) Tj T* 0 Tw .196098 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. That does not mean that I have removed all the advanced features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually a lot of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.529269 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (power persists in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: in particular, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (concepts are there.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Until now, I have only showed simple annotations, but in general an annotation is a 5-tuple of the form) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.38811 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (where ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the help message, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (kind ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is one of {"flag", "option ", "positional"}, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (abbrev ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.203735 Tw (one-character string, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is callable taking a string in input, choices is a sequence of values and) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .006654 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to automagically convert the arguments from string to any Python type; by default there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw (convertion i.e. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.904692 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to restrict the number of the valid options; by default there is no restriction i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (choices=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.071751 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to change the argument name in the usage message \(and only there\); by default the) Tj T* 0 Tw (metavar is equal to the name of the argument.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is an example showing all of such features \(shamelessly stolen from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import clap) Tj T*  T* (@clap.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* (    op = getattr\(float, '__%s__' % operator\)) Tj T* (    result = dict\(add=0.0, mul=1.0\)[operator]) Tj T* (    for n in numbers:) Tj T* (        result = op\(result, n\)) Tj T* (    print\(result\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    clap.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  {add,mul}   The name of an operator) Tj T* (  n           A number) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (10.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py mul 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (24.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py ad 1 2 3 4 # a mispelling error) Tj T* (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* (example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' \(choose from 'add', 'mul'\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A few notes on the underlying implementation) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .928488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (relies on a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for all of the heavy lifting work. It is possible to pass options to the underlying) Tj T* 0 Tw .03816 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object \(currently it accepts the default arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (usage) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (epilog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 18.21744 Tw /F3 10 Tf (version) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (parents) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (formatter_class) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (fromfile_prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.035976 Tw /F3 10 Tf (argument_default) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (conflict_handler) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (add_help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) simply by setting such attributes on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (function. For instance) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.256457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (disable the recognition of the help flag ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h, --help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is not particularly elegant, but I assume the) Tj T* 0 Tw .274751 Tw (typical user of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (will be happy with the default message and would not want to go at this level of detail;) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.463876 Tw (still it is possible if she wants to. I redirect the interested readers to the documentation of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to) Tj T* 0 Tw (understand the meaning of the various options.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .154269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you want to access the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object, you can use the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (clap.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (utility) Tj T* 0 Tw (function:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import clap) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(arg\):) Tj T* (...     pass) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( print clap.parser_from\(main\)) Tj T* (ArgumentParser\(prog='', usage=None, description=None, version=None,) Tj T* (formatter_class=) Tj (<) Tj (class 'argparse.HelpFormatter') Tj (>) Tj (, conflict_handler='error',) Tj T* (add_help=True\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (clap.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the unit tests of the module, but regular users should never need to use it.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .541318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Annotation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class to convert the raw annotations in the function signature into annotation) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects, i.e. objects with six attributes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.682126 Tw (Advanced users can implement their own annotation objects. Since the special case of no annotation) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.088735 Tw (must be taken care of, the annotation factory must return a suitable default annotation object where no) Tj T* 0 Tw .18811 Tw (arguments are passed in input. Here is an example of how you could implement annotations for positional) Tj T* 0 Tw (arguments:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (class Positional\(object\):) Tj T* (    def __init__\(self, help='', type=None, choices=None, metavar=None\):) Tj T* (        self.help = help) Tj T* (        self.kind = 'positional') Tj T* (        self.abbrev = None) Tj T* (        self.type = type) Tj T* (        self.choices = choices) Tj T* (        self.metavar = metavar) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 601.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 583.8236 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can use such annotations objects as follows:) Tj T* ET
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Q
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 577.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 420.6236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F5 10 Tf 12 TL ET
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm  T* ET
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1 0 0 1 20 0 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import clap) Tj T* (from annotations import Positional) Tj T*  T* (@clap.annotations\() Tj T* (    i=Positional\("This is an int", int\),) Tj T* (    n=Positional\("This is a float", float\),) Tj T* (    rest=Positional\("Other arguments"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(i, n, *rest\):) Tj T* (    print\(i, n, rest\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import clap; clap.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 420.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 402.6236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 273.4236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B*
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example11.py [-h] i n [rest [rest ...]]) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  i           This is an int) Tj T* (  n           This is a float) Tj T* (  rest        Other arguments) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 253.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can go on and define Option and Flag classes, if you like.) Tj T* ET
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