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BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.488221 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is just a simple wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which hides most of its complexity by using a) Tj T* 0 Tw .203318 Tw (declarative interface: the argument parser is inferred rather than written down by imperatively. Still, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is) Tj T* 0 Tw .125984 Tw (surprisingly scalable upwards, even without using the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. I have been using Python for 8) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.618876 Tw (years and in my experience it is extremely unlikely that you will ever need to go beyond the features) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.776457 Tw (provided by the declarative interface of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: they should be more than enough for 99.9% of the use) Tj T* 0 Tw (cases.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm 1.540888 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is targetting especially unsophisticated users, programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in general) Tj T* 0 Tw .81284 Tw (people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing the command line interface because it is the) Tj T* 0 Tw .471751 Tw (quick and simple. Such users are not interested in features, they are interested in a small learning curve:) Tj T* 0 Tw .984988 Tw (they just want to be able to write a simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to build a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.091235 Tw (command line parser by hand. Unfortunately, the modules in the standard library forces them to go the) Tj T* 0 Tw .014104 Tw (hard way. They are designed to implement power user tools and they have a non-trivial learning curve. On) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.584104 Tw (the contrary, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is designed to be simple to use and extremely concise, as the examples below will) Tj T* 0 Tw (show.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .352209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.022485 Tw (it. It cannot get simpler than that, unless you consider a script without command line arguments, where) Tj T* 0 Tw .735488 Tw (there is nothing to parse. Still, it is a use case ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (extremely common) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: I need to write scripts like that nearly) Tj T* 0 Tw .486655 Tw (every day, I wrote hundreds of them in the last few years and I have never been happy. Here is a typical) Tj T* 0 Tw (example of code I have been writing by hand for years:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 173.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example1.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* (    "Do something with the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import sys) Tj T* (    n = len\(sys.argv[1:]\)) Tj T* (    if n == 0:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* (    elif n == 1:) Tj T* (        main\(sys.argv[1]\)) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(sys.argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm .880651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see the whole ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block \(nine lines\) is essentially boilerplate that) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.67881 Tw (should not exists. Actually I think the language should recognize the main function and pass to it the) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.096905 Tw (command line arguments automatically; unfortunaly this is unlikely to happen. I have been writing) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.767356 Tw (boilerplate like this in hundreds of scripts for years, and every time I ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (hate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (it. The purpose of using a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47229 Tw (scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be trivial. Unfortunately the standard library) Tj T* 0 Tw .69881 Tw (does not help for this incredibly common use case. Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not help, since they) Tj T* 0 Tw .894104 Tw (are intended to manage options and not positional arguments; the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module helps a bit and it is) Tj T* 0 Tw (able to reduce the boilerplate from nine lines to six lines:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example2.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* (    "Do something on the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T*  T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import argparse) Tj T* (    p = argparse.ArgumentParser\(\)) Tj T* (    p.add_argument\('dsn'\)) Tj T* (    arg = p.parse_args\(\)) Tj T* (    main\(arg.dsn\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.644269 Tw (However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external dependency: most people will not) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206303 Tw (switch to Python 2.7, which at the time of this writing is just about to be released, for many years.) Tj T* 0 Tw .678488 Tw (Moreover, it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to define a parser by hand for such a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw (task.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.123145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module is designed to manage well such use cases, and it is able to reduce the original nine) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines of boiler plate to two lines. With the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module all you need to write is) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example3.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* (    "Do something with the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .929986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module provides for free \(actually the work is done by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module\) a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage message:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example3.py -h) Tj T* (usage: example3.py [-h] dsn) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is only the tip of the iceberg: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to do much more than that.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.33436 Tw (The need to have suitable defaults for command line arguments is quite common. For instance I have) Tj T* 0 Tw (encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# example4.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T*  T* (def main\(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today\(\)\):) Tj T* (    "Do something on the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn, table, today\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import sys) Tj T* (    args = sys.argv[1:]) Tj T* (    if not args:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (        sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* (    elif len\(args\) ) Tj (>) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* (    main\(*args\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.138935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I want to perform a query on a database table, by extracting the today's data: it makes sense for) Tj T* 0 Tw .299988 Tw /F4 10 Tf (today ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be a default argument. If there is a most used table \(in this example a table called ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ('product') Tj /F1 10 Tf (\)) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.828735 Tw (it also makes sense to make it a default argument. Performing the parsing of the command lines) Tj T* 0 Tw .083735 Tw (arguments by hand takes 8 ugly lines of boilerplate \(using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (would require about the same number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of lines\). With ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the entire ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block reduces to the usual two lines:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example5.py [-h] dsn [table] [today]) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T* (  table) Tj T* (  today) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .396235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages transparently even the case when you want to pass a variable number of arguments. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (is an example, a script running on a database a series of SQL scripts:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# example6.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T*  T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* (    "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* (    for script in scripts:) Tj T* (        print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* (        # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import sys) Tj T* (    if len\(sys.argv\) ) Tj (<) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn script.sql ...' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* (    main\(sys.argv[1:]\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .563876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, you can just replace the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block with the usual two lines \(I have defined an Emacs) Tj T* 0 Tw (keybinding for them\) and then you get the following nice usage message:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .92881 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples here should have made clear that ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (plac is able to figure out the command line arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .899988 Tw (parser to use from the signature of the main function) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is the whole idea behind ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: if the intent is) Tj T* 0 Tw (clear, let's the machine take care of the details.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .046098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is surprising how few command line scripts with options I have written over the years \(probably less than) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02311 Tw (a hundred\), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote \(certainly more than a) Tj T* 0 Tw .177045 Tw (thousand of them\). Still, this use case cannot be neglected. The standard library modules \(all of them\) are) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.30686 Tw (quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have never used them directly.) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.10561 Tw (Instead, I have always relied on an old recipe of mine, the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, which provides a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.369982 Tw (convenient wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Alternatively, in the simplest cases, I have just performed the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parsing by hand.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .476098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is inspired to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, in the sense that it delivers the programmer from the burden of) Tj T* 0 Tw .011488 Tw (writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser from the docstring of the module, it) Tj T* 0 Tw (extracts it from the signature of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .319987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The idea comes from the ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (function annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (concept, a new feature of Python 3. An example is worth a) Tj T* 0 Tw (thousand words, so here it is:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8.py) Tj T* (def main\(command: \("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\), dsn\):) Tj T* (    if command:) Tj T* (        print\('executing %s on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* (        # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .789983 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see, the argument ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been annotated with the tuple ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\("SQL query", 'option',) Tj T* 0 Tw .358409 Tw ('c'\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: the first string is the help string which will appear in the usage message, the second string tell ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj T* 0 Tw .560988 Tw 0 0 0 rg (that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an option and the third string that it can be abbreviated with the letter ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (c) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Of course, the) Tj T* 0 Tw .89284 Tw (long option format \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (--command=) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) comes from the argument name. The resulting usage message is the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.34104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that if the option is not passed, the variable ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will get the value ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. It is possible to) Tj T* 0 Tw (specify a non-trivial default for an option. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8_.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\)='select * from table'\):) Tj T* (    print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.123876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When omitted, the third argument is assumed to be the first letter of the variable name for options and) Tj T* 0 Tw .334983 Tw (flags, and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (None ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (for positional arguments. Moreover, smart enough to convert help messages into tuples;) Tj T* 0 Tw (in other words, you can just write ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("Database dsn" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\("Database dsn", 'positional'\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is a valid signature for ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, which will recognize the help strings for both ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (dsn ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (scripts) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .765868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (also recognizes flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command line) Tj T* 0 Tw (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example9.py) Tj T*  T* (def main\(verbose: \('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'\), dsn: 'connection string'\):) Tj T* (    if verbose:) Tj T* (        print\('connecting to %s' % dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example9.py -h) Tj T* (usage: example9.py [-h] [-v] dsn) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn            connection string) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help     show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -v, --verbose  prints more info) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .31408 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the default value for a flag is always ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.652485 Tw (you feel the need to implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two choices, as) Tj T* 0 Tw (explained in the "more features" section.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 5.832651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.895433 Tw (Flag-Option-Required-Default \(FORD\) convention: in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function write first the flag arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .881235 Tw (then the option arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default arguments. This is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw .110574 Tw (convention and you are not forced to use it, except for the default arguments \(including the varargs\) which) Tj T* 0 Tw (must stay at the end as it is required by the Python syntax.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .211807 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years) Tj T* 0 Tw .304724 Tw (before we think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas are in the same situation.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.459984 Tw (Therefore ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides a way to work with function annotations even in Python 2.X \(including Python) Tj T* 0 Tw .226098 Tw (2.3\). There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations by hand. For instance the annotate) Tj T* 0 Tw (function declaration) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* (    ...) Tj T* (main.__annotations__ = dict\() Tj T* (    dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* (    scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .536098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* (    scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* (    ...) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.422164 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (X >) Tj (= 4 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and I will use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator. Notice however that the tests for ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (runs even on Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .486179 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Even if one of the goals of plac is to have a learning curve of ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (minutes) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, compared to the learning curve of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.356303 Tw /F5 10 Tf (hours ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, it does not mean that I have removed all the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually a lot of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.71686 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (power persists in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Until now, I have only showed simple annotations, but in general an) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotation is a 5-tuple of the form) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.068735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (where ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the help message, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kind ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string in the set { ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("flag") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("option") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("positional") Tj /F1 10 Tf (},) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.711163 Tw /F4 10 Tf (abbrev ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a one-character string, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a callable taking a string in input, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a discrete) Tj T* 0 Tw (sequence of values and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.05061 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to automagically convert the command line arguments from the string type to any Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (type; by default there is no convertion and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (type=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.904692 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to restrict the number of the valid options; by default there is no restriction i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (choices=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.071751 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to change the argument name in the usage message \(and only there\); by default the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.056654 Tw (metavar is ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: this means that the name in the usage message is the same as the argument name,) Tj T* 0 Tw (unless the argument has a default and in such a case is equal to the stringified form of the default.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 348.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is an example showing many of the features \(taken from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 185.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example10.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* (    "A script to add and multiply numbers") Tj T* (    op = getattr\(float, '__%s__' % operator\)) Tj T* (    result = dict\(add=0.0, mul=1.0\)[operator]) Tj T* (    for n in numbers:) Tj T* (        result = op\(result, n\)) Tj T* (    print\(result\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T*  T* (A script to add and multiply numbers) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  {add,mul}   The name of an operator) Tj T* (  n           A number) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .15186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the docstring of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function has been automatically added to the usage message. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (are a couple of examples of use:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (10.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py mul 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (24.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py ad 1 2 3 4 # a mispelling error) Tj T* (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* (example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' \(choose from 'add', 'mul'\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .238651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.4, if your main function has keyword arguments, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recognizes arguments of the) Tj T* 0 Tw (form ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("name=value" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the command line. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example12.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (   opt=\('some option', 'option'\),) Tj T* (   args='default arguments',) Tj T* (   kw='keyword arguments'\)) Tj T* (def main\(opt, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (   print\(opt, args, kw\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  args               default arguments) Tj T* (  kw                 keyword arguments) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help         show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -o OPT, --opt OPT  some option) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 --opt=0) Tj T* (\('0', \('1', '2'\), {'kw1': '1', 'kw2': '2'}\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.133735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which are not alreay taken; for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance in this examples the names ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (opt ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is taken:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 opt=0) Tj T* (usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* (example12.py: error: colliding keyword arguments: opt) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.024104 Tw (The names taken are the names of the flags, of the options, and of the positional arguments, excepted) Tj T* 0 Tw .60561 Tw (varargs and keywords. This limitation is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (function calls by the Python language.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.234488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to run SQL queries on a database by) Tj T* 0 Tw .930697 Tw (relying on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SQLAlchemy) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice the usage of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy) Tj T* 0 Tw (connection string into a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SqlSoup ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 305.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# dbcli.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    db=\("Connection string", 'positional', None, SqlSoup\),) Tj T* (    header=\("Header", 'flag', 'H'\),) Tj T* (    sqlcmd=\("SQL command", 'option', 'c', str, None, "SQL"\),) Tj T* (    delimiter=\("Column separator", 'option', 'd'\),) Tj T* (    scripts="SQL scripts",) Tj T* (    \)) Tj T* (def main\(db, header, sqlcmd, delimiter="|", *scripts\):) Tj T* (    "A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database") Tj T* (    print\('Working on %s' % db.bind.url\)) Tj T* (    if sqlcmd:) Tj T* (        result = db.bind.execute\(sqlcmd\)) Tj T* (        if header: # print the header) Tj T* (            print\(delimiter.join\(result.keys\(\)\)\)) Tj T* (        for row in result: # print the rows) Tj T* (            print\(delimiter.join\(map\(str, row\)\)\)) Tj T*  T* (    for script in scripts:) Tj T* (        db.bind.execute\(file\(script\).read\(\)\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python dbcli.py -h) Tj T* (usage: dbcli.py [-h] [-H] [-c SQL] [-d |] db [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T*  T* (A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  db                    Connection string) Tj T* (  scripts               SQL scripts) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help            show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -H, --header          Header) Tj T* (  -c SQL, --sqlcmd SQL  SQL command) Tj T* (  -d |, --delimiter |   Column separator) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Advanced usage) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .094988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (relies on a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for all of the heavy lifting work and it is possible to leverage on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (features) Tj T* 0 Tw (directly or indirectly.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 5.575697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by using) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.435976 Tw /F4 10 Tf ('==SUPPRESS==' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as help string \(or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (argparse.SUPPRESS) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Similarly, you can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse.FileType) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 0 rg (directly.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.639213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is also possible to pass options to the underlying ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (argparse.ArgumentParser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object \(currently it) Tj T* 0 Tw .285529 Tw (accepts the default arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (description) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (epilog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (prog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (usage) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (add_help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (argument_default) Tj /F1 10 Tf (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.439953 Tw /F4 10 Tf (parents) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (fromfile_prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (conflict_handler) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (formatter_class) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). It) Tj T* 0 Tw (is enough to set such attributes on the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function. For instance) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.256457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (disable the recognition of the help flag ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (-h, --help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is not particularly elegant, but I assume the) Tj T* 0 Tw .275703 Tw (typical user of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (will be happy with the defaults and would not want to change them; still it is possible if) Tj T* 0 Tw .365542 Tw (she wants to. For instance, by setting the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (description ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .602339 Tw (usage message \(by default the docstring of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function is used as description\). It is also possible) Tj T* 0 Tw .322988 Tw (to change the option prefix; for instance if your script must run under Windows and you want to use "/" as) Tj T* 0 Tw (option prefix you can add the lines:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 3.694269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The recognition of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (short_prefix ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute is a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (extension; there is also a companion) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.348314 Tw /F4 10 Tf (long_prefix ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute with default value of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("--") Tj /F1 10 Tf (. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (prefix_chars ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (feature. Interested) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.419984 Tw (readers should read the documentation of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to understand the meaning of the other options. If) Tj T* 0 Tw .098935 Tw (there is a set of options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator adding such options) Tj T* 0 Tw (to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function for you. For simplicity, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not perform any magic of that kind.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 7.709147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is possible to access directly the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object, by invoking the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (utility function:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(arg\):) Tj T* (...     pass) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( print plac.parser_from\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ArgumentParser\(prog='', usage=None, description=None, version=None,) Tj T* (formatter_class=) Tj (<) Tj (class 'argparse.HelpFormatter') Tj (>) Tj (, conflict_handler='error',) Tj T* (add_help=True\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I use ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the unit tests of the module, but regular users should never need to use it.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .578651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses an ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Annotation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class to convert the tuples in the function signature into annotation) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects, i.e. objects with six attributes ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .083735 Tw (Advanced users can implement their own annotation objects. For instance, here is an example of how you) Tj T* 0 Tw (could implement annotations for positional arguments:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# annotations.py) Tj T* (class Positional\(object\):) Tj T* (    def __init__\(self, help='', type=None, choices=None, metavar=None\):) Tj T* (        self.help = help) Tj T* (        self.kind = 'positional') Tj T* (        self.abbrev = None) Tj T* (        self.type = type) Tj T* (        self.choices = choices) Tj T* (        self.metavar = metavar) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example11.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from annotations import Positional) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    i=Positional\("This is an int", int\),) Tj T* (    n=Positional\("This is a float", float\),) Tj T* (    rest=Positional\("Other arguments"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(i, n, *rest\):) Tj T* (    print\(i, n, rest\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example11.py [-h] i n [rest [rest ...]]) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  i           This is an int) Tj T* (  n           This is a float) Tj T* (  rest        Other arguments) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .713516 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can go on and define ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Option ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Flag ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (classes, if you like. Using custom annotation objects you ) Tj T* 0 Tw .17528 Tw (could do advanced things like extracting the annotations from a configuration file or from a database, but I) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.065988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (in an) Tj T* 0 Tw .177126 Tw (easy way. In particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences \(the following assumes) Tj T* 0 Tw (knowledge of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .889984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (automatically defines both a long and short form for each options, just like ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw .446988 Tw 0 0 0 rg (allows you to define only a long form, or only a short form, if you like. However, since I have always) Tj T* 0 Tw .457045 Tw (been happy with the behavior of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, which I feel is pretty much consistent, I have decided not) Tj T* 0 Tw (to support this feature.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.69784 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac does not support the destination concept: the destination coincides with the name of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .359983 Tw (argument, always. This restriction has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.758651 Tw (long option called ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (--yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In this case the destination would be ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which is a Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181235 Tw (keyword, and since you cannot introduce an argument with that name in a function definition, it is) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.12528 Tw (impossible to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long option, or to use) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (with a suitable destination.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.120751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support "required options". As the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation puts it: ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (Required options) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.075318 Tw (are generally considered bad form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid) Tj T* 0 Tw (the use of required options whenever possible.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.539982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports only regular boolean flags. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has the ability to define generalized two-value) Tj T* 0 Tw .361751 Tw (flags with values different from ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. An earlier version of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (had this feature too, but) Tj T* 0 Tw .814985 Tw (since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case the conversion from ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ({True,) Tj T* 0 Tw .901984 Tw (False} ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to any couple of values can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (value1 if) Tj T* 0 Tw (flag else value2) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), I have removed it \(KISS rules!\).) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 390.0236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.797126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (nargs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (options directly \(it uses them internally, though, to implement flag) Tj T* 0 Tw .90683 Tw (recognition\). The reason it that all the use cases of interest to me are covered by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and did not) Tj T* 0 Tw (feel the need to increase the learning curve by adding direct support for ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (nargs) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .24436 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support subparsers directly. For the moment, this looks like a feature too advanced for) Tj T* 0 Tw (the goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.111751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support actions directly. This also looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of) Tj T* 0 Tw .347485 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice however that the ability to define your own annotation objects may mitigate the need for) Tj T* 0 Tw (custom actions.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 2.14683 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I should stress again that if you want to access all of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (features from ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (you can use) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.723059 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and you will get the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object. The the full power of) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.44152 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is then available to you: you can use ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (add_argument) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (add_subparsers\(\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, etc. In other) Tj T* 0 Tw (words, while some features are not supported directly, ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (all ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (features are supported indirectly.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.136457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Luckily for me none of such projects had the idea of using function annotations and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; as a) Tj T* 0 Tw (consequence, they are no match for the capabilities of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm .444431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Currently plac is below 100 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments and docstrings. I do not plan to) Tj T* 0 Tw .035444 Tw (extend it much in the future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should remain a little wrapper) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.903318 Tw (over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually I have thought about contributing the code back to ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (becomes) Tj T* 0 Tw 4.105697 Tw (successfull and gains a reasonable number of users. For the moment it should be considered) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.092339 Tw (experimental: after all I wrote the first version of it in three days, including the tests, the documentation) Tj T* 0 Tw (and the time to learn ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Trivia: the story behind the name) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .942651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (project started very humble: I just wanted to make easy_installable my old ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe,) Tj T* 0 Tw .565988 Tw (and to publish it on PyPI. The original name of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was optionparser and the idea behind it was to build) Tj T* 0 Tw .603735 Tw (an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (OptionParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object from the docstring of the module. However, before doing that, I decided to check) Tj T* 0 Tw .244198 Tw (out the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module, since I knew it was going into Python 2.7 and Python 2.7 was coming out. Soon) Tj T* 0 Tw (enough I realized two things:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.66748 Tw (parsing the docstring was so old-fashioned, considering the existence of functions annotations in) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python 3.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .600574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Putting together these two observations with the original idea of inferring the parser I decided to build an) Tj T* 0 Tw .516905 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object from function annotations. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (optionparser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (name was ruled out, since I was) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.085984 Tw (now using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; a name like ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (argparse_plus ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (was also ruled out, since the typical usage was) Tj T* 0 Tw (completely different from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (usage.) Tj T* ET
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