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BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 6 3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 48.03937 0 Td (Date:) Tj T* -48.03937 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (August 2010) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 660.0236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 6 3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 25.25937 0 Td (Download) Tj T* 21.11 0 Td (page:) Tj T* -46.36937 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 91.03937 15 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 645.0236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 6 3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 9.68937 0 Td (Project page:) Tj T* -9.68937 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm
q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (http://plac.googlecode.com/hg/doc/plac.html) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 630.0236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 6 3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 26.91937 0 Td (Requires:) Tj T* -26.91937 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Python 2.3+) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 615.0236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 6 3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 16.91937 0 Td (Installation:) Tj T* -16.91937 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (easy_install -U plac) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 600.0236 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 6 3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 32.46937 0 Td (License:) Tj T* -32.46937 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (BSD license) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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0 0 0 rg
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 744.0236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Contents) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 90.02362 cm
0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 0 633 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 633 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (1) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 615 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 615 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 597 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 597 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 579 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 579 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (5) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 561 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 561 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (7) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 543 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 543 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 525 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 525 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 507 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 507 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (10) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 489 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 489 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (12) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 471 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 471 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (13) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 453 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 453 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (14) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 435 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 435 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (16) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 417 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs the rest of the world) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 417 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 399 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The future) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 399 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 381 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Trivia: the story behind the name) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 381 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 363 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Advanced usages of plac) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 363 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 345 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Introduction) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 345 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 327 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (From scripts to interactive applications) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 327 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 309 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Testing a plac application) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 309 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (21) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 291 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac easy tests) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 291 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (22) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 273 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac batch scripts) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 273 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (23) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 255 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 255 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (24) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 237 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac.Interpreter.call) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 237 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (26) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 219 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Readline support) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 219 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (28) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 201 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 201 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (29) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 183 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 183 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (31) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 165 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Writing your own plac runner) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 165 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (33) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 147 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Long running commands) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 147 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (34) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 129 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Threaded commands) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 129 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (35) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 111 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Running commands as external processes) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 111 cm
q
0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (37) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 93 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Managing the output of concurrent commands) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 93 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (38) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 75 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Monitor support) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 75 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (39) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 57 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Parallel computing with plac) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 57 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (39) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 39 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac server) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 39 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (42) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 21 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Summary) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 21 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (42) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 3 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 20 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Appendix: custom annotation objects) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 397.8898 3 cm
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0 0 .501961 rg
0 0 .501961 RG
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (43) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (2) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET
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<< /Length 5956 >>
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 681.0236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.50936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is no want of command line arguments parsers in the Python world. The standard library alone) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.087126 Tw (contains three different modules: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from the stone age\), ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.3\) and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw .223735 Tw 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.7\). All of them are quite powerful and especially ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is an industrial strength solution;) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.40311 Tw (unfortunately, all of them feature a non-zero learning curve and a certain verbosity. They do not scale) Tj T* 0 Tw (down well, at least in my opinion.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 603.0236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 2.20186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should not be necessary to stress the importance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (scaling down) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; nevertheless, a lot of people are) Tj T* 0 Tw .968555 Tw (obsessed with features and concerned with the possibility of scaling up, forgetting the equally important) Tj T* 0 Tw .048221 Tw (issue of scaling down. This is an old meme in the computing world: programs should address the common) Tj T* 0 Tw .36311 Tw (cases simply and simple things should be kept simple, while at the same keeping difficult things possible.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09332 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (adhere as much as possible to this philosophy and it is designed to handle well the simple cases,) Tj T* 0 Tw (while retaining the ability to handle complex cases by relying on the underlying power of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.0236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.488221 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is just a simple wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which hides most of its complexity by using a) Tj T* 0 Tw .203318 Tw (declarative interface: the argument parser is inferred rather than written down by imperatively. Still, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is) Tj T* 0 Tw .125984 Tw (surprisingly scalable upwards, even without using the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. I have been using Python for 8) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.618876 Tw (years and in my experience it is extremely unlikely that you will ever need to go beyond the features) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.776457 Tw (provided by the declarative interface of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: they should be more than enough for 99.9% of the use) Tj T* 0 Tw (cases.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 423.0236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 1.540888 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is targetting especially unsophisticated users, programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in general) Tj T* 0 Tw .81284 Tw (people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing the command line interface because it is the) Tj T* 0 Tw .471751 Tw (quick and simple. Such users are not interested in features, they are interested in a small learning curve:) Tj T* 0 Tw .984988 Tw (they just want to be able to write a simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to build a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.127318 Tw (command-line parser by hand. Unfortunately, the modules in the standard library forces them to go the) Tj T* 0 Tw .014104 Tw (hard way. They are designed to implement power user tools and they have a non-trivial learning curve. On) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.584104 Tw (the contrary, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is designed to be simple to use and extremely concise, as the examples below will) Tj T* 0 Tw (show.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 393.0236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 327.0236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .352209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.053984 Tw (it. It cannot get simpler than that, unless you consider a script without command-line arguments, where) Tj T* 0 Tw .735488 Tw (there is nothing to parse. Still, it is a use case ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (extremely common) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: I need to write scripts like that nearly) Tj T* 0 Tw .486655 Tw (every day, I wrote hundreds of them in the last few years and I have never been happy. Here is a typical) Tj T* 0 Tw (example of code I have been writing by hand for years:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 125.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 170 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example1.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* (    "Do something with the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import sys) Tj T* (    n = len\(sys.argv[1:]\)) Tj T* (    if n == 0:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* (    elif n == 1:) Tj T* (        main\(sys.argv[1]\)) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(sys.argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .880651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see the whole ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block \(nine lines\) is essentially boilerplate that ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.972927 Tw (should not exist. Actually I think the language should recognize the main function and pass to it the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 3.309147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (command-line arguments automatically; unfortunaly this is unlikely to happen. I have been writing) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.767356 Tw (boilerplate like this in hundreds of scripts for years, and every time I ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (it. The purpose of using a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47229 Tw (scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be trivial. Unfortunately the standard library) Tj T* 0 Tw .69881 Tw (does not help for this incredibly common use case. Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not help, since they) Tj T* 0 Tw .894104 Tw (are intended to manage options and not positional arguments; the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module helps a bit and it is) Tj T* 0 Tw (able to reduce the boilerplate from nine lines to six lines:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example2.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* (    "Do something on the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import argparse) Tj T* (    p = argparse.ArgumentParser\(\)) Tj T* (    p.add_argument\('dsn'\)) Tj T* (    arg = p.parse_args\(\)) Tj T* (    main\(arg.dsn\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.644269 Tw (However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external dependency: most people will not) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206303 Tw (switch to Python 2.7, which at the time of this writing is just about to be released, for many years.) Tj T* 0 Tw .678488 Tw (Moreover, it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to define a parser by hand for such a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw (task.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.123145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module is designed to manage well such use cases, and it is able to reduce the original nine) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines of boiler plate to two lines. With the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module all you need to write is) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example3.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* (    "Do something with the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .929986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module provides for free \(actually the work is done by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module\) a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage message:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example3.py -h) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example3.py [-h] dsn) Tj T*  T* (Do something with the database) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .167765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages the case of missing arguments and of too many arguments. This is only the tip of) Tj T* 0 Tw (the iceberg: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to do much more than that.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.609984 Tw (The need to have suitable defaults for command-line scripts is quite common. For instance I have) Tj T* 0 Tw (encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 170 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# example4.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T*  T* (def main\(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today\(\)\):) Tj T* (    "Do something on the database") Tj T* (    print\(dsn, table, today\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import sys) Tj T* (    args = sys.argv[1:]) Tj T* (    if not args:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* (    elif len\(args\) ) Tj (>) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* (        sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* (    main\(*args\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .038488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I want to perform a query on a database table, by extracting the most recent data: it makes sense for) Tj T* 0 Tw .299988 Tw /F3 10 Tf (today ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be a default argument. If there is a most used table \(in this example a table called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ('product') Tj /F1 10 Tf (\)) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.313984 Tw (it also makes sense to make it a default argument. Performing the parsing of the command-line) Tj T* 0 Tw .083735 Tw (arguments by hand takes 8 ugly lines of boilerplate \(using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (would require about the same number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of lines\). With ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the entire ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block reduces to the usual two lines:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example5.py [-h] dsn [table] [today]) Tj T*  T* (Do something on the database) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T* (  table) Tj T* (  today) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .396235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages transparently even the case when you want to pass a variable number of arguments. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (is an example, a script running on a database a series of SQL scripts:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example7.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T*  T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* (    "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* (    for script in scripts:) Tj T* (        print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T*  T* (Run the given scripts on the database) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T* (  scripts) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .952485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples here should have made clear that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac is able to figure out the command-line arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .899988 Tw (parser to use from the signature of the main function) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is the whole idea behind ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: if the intent is) Tj T* 0 Tw (clear, let's the machine take care of the details.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.036235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is inspired to an old Python Cookbook recipe \() Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\), in the sense that it delivers the) Tj T* 0 Tw .847209 Tw (programmer from the burden of writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the docstring of the module, it extracts it from the signature of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .319987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The idea comes from the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (function annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (concept, a new feature of Python 3. An example is worth a) Tj T* 0 Tw (thousand words, so here it is:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example7_.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T*  T* (def main\(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"\):) Tj T* (    "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* (    for script in scripts:) Tj T* (        print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* (        # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .17528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the arguments of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function have been annotated with strings which are intented to be used) Tj T* 0 Tw (in the help message:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7_.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T*  T* (Run the given scripts on the database) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn         Database dsn) Tj T* (  scripts     SQL scripts) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize much more complex annotations, as I will show in the next paragraphs.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm .016457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is surprising how few command-line scripts with options I have written over the years \(probably less than) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02311 Tw (a hundred\), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote \(certainly more than a) Tj T* 0 Tw .177045 Tw (thousand of them\). Still, this use case cannot be neglected. The standard library modules \(all of them\) are) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.30686 Tw (quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have never used them directly.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.557126 Tw (Instead, I have always relied on the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, which provides a convenient wrapper over) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09061 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Alternatively, in the simplest cases, I have just performed the parsing by hand. In ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser is inferred by the function annotations. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8.py) Tj T* (def main\(command: \("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\), dsn\):) Tj T* (    if command:) Tj T* (        print\('executing %s on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* (        # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .929213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been annotated with the tuple ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* 0 Tw .62683 Tw (the first string is the help string which will appear in the usage message, the second string tells ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (that) Tj T* 0 Tw .931894 Tw /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an option and the third string that there is also a short form of the option ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-c) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, the long form) Tj T* 0 Tw (being ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--command) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The usage message is the following:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example8.py [-h] [-c COMMAND] dsn) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help            show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -c COMMAND, --command COMMAND) Tj T* (                        SQL query) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here are two examples of usage:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8.py -c"select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T*  T* ($ python3 example8.py --command="select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .268935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The third argument in the function annotation can be omitted: in such case it will be assumed to be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.839213 Tw (The consequence is that the usual dichotomy between long and short options \(GNU-style options\)) Tj T* 0 Tw .396235 Tw (disappears: we get ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (smart options) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which have the single character prefix of short options and behave like) Tj T* 0 Tw (both long and short options, since they can be abbreviated. Here is an example featuring smart options:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example6.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option'\)\):) Tj T* (    print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help        show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -command COMMAND  SQL query) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example6.py -c "select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ($ python3 example6.py -com "select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ($ python3 example6.py -command="select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-command=SQL ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is recognized only for the full option, not for its abbreviations:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example6.py -com="select" dsn) Tj T* (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* (example6.py: error: unrecognized arguments: -com=select) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.724987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the option is not passed, the variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will get the value ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. However, it is possible to) Tj T* 0 Tw (specify a non-trivial default. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8_.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option'\)='select * from table'\):) Tj T* (    print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example8_.py [-h] [-command select * from table] dsn) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  dsn) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help            show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -command select * from table) Tj T* (                        SQL query) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When you run the script and you do not pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option, the default query will be executed:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8_.py dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select * from table' on dsn) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .815542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command) Tj T* 0 Tw (line and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example9.py) Tj T*  T* (def main\(verbose: \('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'\), dsn: 'connection string'\):) Tj T* (    if verbose:) Tj T* (        print\('connecting to %s' % dsn\)) Tj T* (    # ...) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .31408 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the default value for a flag is always ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.652485 Tw (you feel the need to implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two choices, as) Tj T* 0 Tw (explained in the "more features" section.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 5.832651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.895433 Tw (Flag-Option-Required-Default \(FORD\) convention: in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function write first the flag arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .881235 Tw (then the option arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default arguments. This is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw .110574 Tw (convention and you are not forced to use it, except for the default arguments \(including the varargs\) which) Tj T* 0 Tw (must stay at the end as it is required by the Python syntax.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .897045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I also suggests to specify a one-character abbreviation for flags: in this way you can use the GNU-style) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.034431 Tw (composition of flags \(i.e. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-zxvf ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-z -x -v -f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). I usually do not provide the) Tj T* 0 Tw (one-character abbreviation for options, since it does not make sense to compose them.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .211807 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years) Tj T* 0 Tw .304724 Tw (before we think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas are in the same situation.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.459984 Tw (Therefore ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides a way to work with function annotations even in Python 2.X \(including Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.692339 Tw (2.3\). There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations by hand. For instance the) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotated function declaration) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* (    ...) Tj T* (main.__annotations__ = dict\() Tj T* (    dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* (    scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .536098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* (    scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* (    ...) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.846077 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with X >) Tj (= 4 and I will use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator. Notice however that the core features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (run even on Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.483488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One of the goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is to have a learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (minutes ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (for its core features, compared to the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.152093 Tw (learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hours ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In order to reach this goal, I have ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (sacrificed all the features of) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.89936 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually a lot of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (power persists in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Until now, I have only showed simple) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotations, but in general an annotation is a 6-tuple of the form) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.068735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (where ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the help message, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (kind ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string in the set { ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("flag") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("option") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("positional") Tj /F1 10 Tf (},) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.579431 Tw /F3 10 Tf (abbrev ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a one-character string or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a callable taking a string in input, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (discrete sequence of values and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.05061 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to automagically convert the command line arguments from the string type to any Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (type; by default there is no conversion and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.904692 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to restrict the number of the valid options; by default there is no restriction i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (choices=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.171163 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has two meanings. For a positional argument it is used to change the argument name in the) Tj T* 0 Tw .352209 Tw (usage message \(and only there\). By default the metavar is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and the name in the usage message is) Tj T* 0 Tw .752339 Tw (the same as the argument name. For an option the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used differently in the usage message,) Tj T* 0 Tw .802927 Tw (which has now the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ([--option-name METAVAR]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, then it is equal to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .50683 Tw (uppercased name of the argument, unless the argument has a default and in such a case is equal to the) Tj T* 0 Tw (stringified form of the default.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is an example showing many of the features \(copied from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example10.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* (    "A script to add and multiply numbers") Tj T* (    if operator == 'mul':) Tj T* (        op = float.__mul__) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T*  T* (A script to add and multiply numbers) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  {add,mul}   The name of an operator) Tj T* (  n           A number) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help  show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .15186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the docstring of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function has been automatically added to the usage message. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (are a couple of examples of use:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (10.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py mul 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (24.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py ad 1 2 3 4 # a mispelling error) Tj T* (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* (example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' \(choose from 'add', 'mul'\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac, example10) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( plac.call\(example10.main, ['add', '1', '2']\)) Tj T* (3.0) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(n\):) Tj T* (...     for i in range\(int\(n\)\):) Tj T* (...         yield i) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( plac.call\(main, ['3']\)) Tj T* ([0, 1, 2]) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .158409 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tries to convert the output of the main function into a list, if possible. If the output is) Tj T* 0 Tw .725703 Tw (not iterable or it is a string, it is left unchanged, but if it is iterable it is converted. In particular, generator) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects are exhausted by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.122126 Tw (Without the "listify" functionality, a main function returning a generator object would not raise any) Tj T* 0 Tw (exception until the generator is iterated over.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .647262 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you are a fan of lazyness, you can still have it by setting the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (eager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, as in the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.35528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a generator object this example will print each line as soon as available, whereas the) Tj T* 0 Tw (default behaviour is to print all the lines together and the end of the computation.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.234488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to run SQL queries on a database by) Tj T* 0 Tw .930697 Tw (relying on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SQLAlchemy) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice the usage of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy) Tj T* 0 Tw (connection string into a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SqlSoup ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 338 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# dbcli.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    db=\("Connection string", 'positional', None, SqlSoup\),) Tj T* (    header=\("Header", 'flag', 'H'\),) Tj T* (    sqlcmd=\("SQL command", 'option', 'c', str, None, "SQL"\),) Tj T* (    delimiter=\("Column separator", 'option', 'd'\),) Tj T* (    scripts="SQL scripts",) Tj T* (    \)) Tj T* (def main\(db, header, sqlcmd, delimiter="|", *scripts\):) Tj T* (    "A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database") Tj T* (    yield 'Working on %s' % db.bind.url) Tj T*  T* (    if sqlcmd:) Tj T* (        result = db.bind.execute\(sqlcmd\)) Tj T* (        if header: # print the header) Tj T* (            yield delimiter.join\(result.keys\(\)\)) Tj T* (        for row in result: # print the rows) Tj T* (            yield delimiter.join\(map\(str, row\)\)) Tj T*  T* (    for script in scripts:) Tj T* (        db.bind.execute\(file\(script\).read\(\)\)) Tj T* (        yield 'executed %s' % script) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* (        print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .049987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can see the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (yield-is-print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (pattern here: instead of using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the main function, I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and ) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.55061 Tw (I perform the print in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block. The advantage of the pattern is that tests invoking) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .52936 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and checking the result become trivial: had I performed the printing in the main function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (test would have involved an ugly hack like redirecting ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (sys.stdout ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (StringIO ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: dbcli.py [-h] [-H] [-c SQL] [-d |] db [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T*  T* (A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  db                    Connection string) Tj T* (  scripts               SQL scripts) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help            show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -H, --header          Header) Tj T* (  -c SQL, --sqlcmd SQL  SQL command) Tj T* (  -d |, --delimiter |   Column separator) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.831984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.4, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports keyword arguments. In practice that means that if your main) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.099213 Tw (function has keyword arguments, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (treats specially arguments of the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("name=value" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 206 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example12.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (   opt=\('some option', 'option'\),) Tj T* (   args='default arguments',) Tj T* (   kw='keyword arguments'\)) Tj T* (def main\(opt, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (   if opt:) Tj T* (      yield 'opt=%s' % opt) Tj T* (   if args:) Tj T* (      yield 'args=%s' % str\(args\)) Tj T* (   if kw:) Tj T* (      yield 'kw=%s' % kw) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* (       print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example12.py [-h] [-opt OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  args        default arguments) Tj T* (  kw          keyword arguments) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py -o X a1 a2 name=value) Tj T* (opt=X) Tj T* (args=\('a1', 'a2'\)) Tj T* (kw={'name': 'value'}) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.133735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which are not alreay taken; for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance in this examples the name ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (opt ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is taken:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 opt=0) Tj T* (usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* (example12.py: error: colliding keyword arguments: opt) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.024104 Tw (The names taken are the names of the flags, of the options, and of the positional arguments, excepted) Tj T* 0 Tw .60561 Tw (varargs and keywords. This limitation is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (function calls by the Python language.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .603516 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a less trivial example for the keyword arguments feature. The use case is the following: suppose) Tj T* 0 Tw .82881 Tw (we have stored the configuration parameters of a given application into a Python shelve and we need a) Tj T* 0 Tw (command-line tool to edit the shelve. A possible implementation using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could be the following:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 302 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# ishelve.py) Tj T* (import os, shelve, plac) Tj T*  T* (DEFAULT_SHELVE = os.path.expanduser\('~/conf.shelve'\)) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    help=\('show help', 'flag'\),) Tj T* (    showall=\('show all parameters in the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* (    clear=\('clear the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* (    delete=\('delete an element', 'option'\),) Tj T* (    filename=\('filename of the shelve', 'option'\),) Tj T* (    params='names of the parameters in the shelve',) Tj T* (    setters='setters param=value'\)) Tj T* (def main\(help, showall, clear, delete, filename=DEFAULT_SHELVE,) Tj T* (         *params, **setters\):) Tj T* (    "A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.") Tj T* (    sh = shelve.open\(filename\)) Tj T* (    try:) Tj T* (        if not any\([help, showall, clear, delete, params, setters]\):) Tj T* (            yield 'no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands') Tj T* (        elif help: # custom help) Tj T* (            yield 'Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete') Tj T* (            yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* (            yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* (        elif showall:) Tj T* (            for param, name in sh.items\(\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 326 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (                yield '%s=%s' % \(param, name\)) Tj T* (        elif clear:) Tj T* (            sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* (            yield 'cleared the shelve') Tj T* (        elif delete:) Tj T* (            try:) Tj T* (                del sh[delete]) Tj T* (            except KeyError:) Tj T* (                yield '%s: not found' % delete) Tj T* (            else:) Tj T* (                yield 'deleted %s' % delete) Tj T* (        for param in params:) Tj T* (            try:) Tj T* (                yield sh[param]) Tj T* (            except KeyError:) Tj T* (                yield '%s: not found' % param           ) Tj T* (        for param, value in setters.items\(\):) Tj T* (            sh[param] = value) Tj T* (            yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(param, value\)) Tj T* (    finally:) Tj T* (        sh.close\(\)) Tj T*  T* (main.add_help = False # there is a custom help, remove the default one) Tj T* (main.prefix_chars = '.' # use dot-prefixed commands) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* (        print\(output\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.075318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I have disabled the ordinary help provided by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and I have implemented a custom help) Tj T* 0 Tw (command.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .864985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments recognition \(in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (**setters) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used to make it possible to store a value in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the shelve with the syntax ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (param_name=param_value) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .649318 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*params ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are used to retrieve parameters from the shelve and some error checking is performed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the case of missing parameters) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 269.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (5.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command to clear the shelve is implemented as a flag \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.clear) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 251.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (6.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command to delete a given parameter is implemented as an option \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 233.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (7.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is an option with default \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.filename=conf.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) to store the filename of the shelve.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 191.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6 21 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (8.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.001984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (All things considered, the code looks like a poor man object oriented interface implemented with a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.345251 Tw (chain of elifs instead of methods. Of course, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can do better than that, but let me start from a) Tj T* 0 Tw (low-level approach first.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 191.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 173.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (without arguments you get the following message:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 128.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py) Tj T* (no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 108.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with the option ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(or any abbreviation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) you get:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (15) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve.py .h) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check by hand that the tool work:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 434.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 218 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py .clear # start from an empty shelve) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .showall) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .del b # abbreviation for .delete) Tj T* (deleted b) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py b) Tj T* (b: not found) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .cler # mispelled command) Tj T* (usage: ishelve.py [.help] [.showall] [.clear] [.delete DELETE]) Tj T* (                  [.filename /home/micheles/conf.shelve]) Tj T* (                  [params [params ...]] [setters [setters ...]]) Tj T* (ishelve.py: error: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 404.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.065988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (in an) Tj T* 0 Tw .177126 Tw (easy way. In particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences \(the following assumes) Tj T* 0 Tw (knowledge of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 356.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 284.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6 57 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 2.69784 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac does not support the destination concept: the destination coincides with the name of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .359983 Tw (argument, always. This restriction has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.758651 Tw (long option called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In this case the destination would be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which is a Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181235 Tw (keyword, and since you cannot introduce an argument with that name in a function definition, it is) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.12528 Tw (impossible to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long option, or to use) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (with a suitable destination.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 230.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6 33 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.120751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support "required options". As the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation puts it: ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Required options) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.075318 Tw (are generally considered bad form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid) Tj T* 0 Tw .874269 Tw (the use of required options whenever possible. ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (Notice that since ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports them, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can) Tj T* 0 Tw (manage them too, but not directly.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 164.6236 cm
0 0 0 rg
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1 0 0 1 6 45 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.539982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports only regular boolean flags. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has the ability to define generalized two-value) Tj T* 0 Tw .361751 Tw (flags with values different from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. An earlier version of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (had this feature too, but) Tj T* 0 Tw .814985 Tw (since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case the conversion from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ({True,) Tj T* 0 Tw .901984 Tw (False} ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to any couple of values can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (value1 if) Tj T* 0 Tw (flag else value2) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), I have removed it \(KISS rules!\).) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 158.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.6236 cm
0 0 0 rg
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1 0 0 1 6 21 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.797126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nargs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (options directly \(it uses them internally, though, to implement flag) Tj T* 0 Tw .90683 Tw (recognition\). The reason it that all the use cases of interest to me are covered by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and did not) Tj T* 0 Tw (feel the need to increase the learning curve by adding direct support for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nargs) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.62362 cm
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1 0 0 1 6 9 cm
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0 0 0 rg
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.111318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does support subparsers, but you must read the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced usage document ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to see how it) Tj T* 0 Tw (works.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 88.86614 cm
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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<< /Length 7017 >>
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 729.0236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6 21 cm
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1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.111751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support actions directly. This also looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of) Tj T* 0 Tw .406651 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice however that the ability to define your own annotation objects \(again, see the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage document) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\) may mitigate the need for custom actions.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 729.0236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 711.0236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can leverage directly on many ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (features.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 669.0236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 5.575697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by using) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.435976 Tw /F3 10 Tf ('==SUPPRESS==' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as help string \(or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse.SUPPRESS) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Similarly, you can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse.FileType) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 0 rg (directly.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 615.0236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.639213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is also possible to pass options to the underlying ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse.ArgumentParser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object \(currently it) Tj T* 0 Tw .285529 Tw (accepts the default arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (epilog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (usage) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (add_help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argument_default) Tj /F1 10 Tf (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.439953 Tw /F3 10 Tf (parents) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (fromfile_prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (conflict_handler) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (formatter_class) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). It) Tj T* 0 Tw (is enough to set such attributes on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function. For instance) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 545.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(...\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T*  T* (main.add_help = False) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 501.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (disables the recognition of the help flag ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h, --help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This mechanism does not look particularly elegant,) Tj T* 0 Tw .566988 Tw (but it works well enough. I assume that the typical user of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (will be happy with the defaults and would) Tj T* 0 Tw (not want to change them; still it is possible if she wants to.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 471.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.391235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, by setting the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the usage) Tj T* 0 Tw (message \(by default the docstring of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function is used as description\).) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 441.8236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .392619 Tw (It is also possible to change the option prefix; for instance if your script must run under Windows and you) Tj T* 0 Tw (want to use "/" as option prefix you can add the line:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 408.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (main.prefix_chars='/-') Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 364.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .924198 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first prefix char \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (/) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used as the default for the recognition of options and flags; the second prefix) Tj T* 0 Tw .26832 Tw (char \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (-) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is kept to keep the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h/--help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option working: however you can disable it and reimplement it, if) Tj T* 0 Tw (you like, as seen in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (example.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 334.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 7.709147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is possible to access directly the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object, by invoking the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (utility function:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 241.4236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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.5 w
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(arg\):) Tj T* (...     pass) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( print\(plac.parser_from\(main\)\) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS) Tj T* (ArgumentParser\(prog=...\)) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 197.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.646905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and adds the parser to the main function as an) Tj T* 0 Tw .982126 Tw (attribute. When ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call\(func\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is invoked multiple time, the parser is re-used and not rebuilt from) Tj T* 0 Tw (scratch again.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 167.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .982765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the unit tests of the module, but regular users should not need to use it,) Tj T* 0 Tw (unless they want to access ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (all ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (directly without calling the main function.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 113.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.442126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interested readers should read the documentation of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to understand the meaning of the other) Tj T* 0 Tw .771567 Tw (options. If there is a set of options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator adding) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.257045 Tw (such options to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function for you. For simplicity, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not perform any magic except the) Tj T* 0 Tw (addition of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.p ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (17) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac vs the rest of the world) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 705.0236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.866905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Originally ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (boasted about being "the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world". Since) Tj T* 0 Tw .306457 Tw (then, people started pointing out to me various projects which are based on the same idea \(extracting the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser from the main function signature\) and are arguably even easier than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 699.0236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 687.0236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (opterator ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Dusty Phillips) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.136457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Luckily for me none of such projects had the idea of using function annotations and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; as a) Tj T* 0 Tw (consequence, they are no match for the capabilities of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.551163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course, there are tons of other libraries to parse the command line. For instance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Matthew) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.211567 Tw (Frazier which appeared on PyPI just the day before ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is fine but it is certainly not easier than) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .622488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can also be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library and as such it shares) Tj T* 0 Tw .377126 Tw (many features with the module ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd2 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Catherine Devlin. However, this is completely coincidental, since) Tj T* 0 Tw (I became aware of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd2 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module only after writing ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .449982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Command-line argument parsers keep coming out; between the newcomers I will notice ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (marrow.script ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by) Tj T* 0 Tw (Alice Bevan-McGregor, which is quite similar to ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (in spirit, but does not rely on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (at all.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .135542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Currently the core of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is around 200 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments and docstrings. I do) Tj T* 0 Tw .968626 Tw (not plan to extend the core much in the future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should) Tj T* 0 Tw .11811 Tw (remain a little wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually I have thought about contributing the core back to ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.307485 Tw 0 0 0 rg (if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (becomes successfull and gains a reasonable number of users. For the moment it should be) Tj T* 0 Tw (considered in alpha status.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .927488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that even if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has been designed to be simple to use for simple stuff, its power should not be) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02186 Tw (underestimated; it is actually a quite advanced tool with a domain of applicability which far exceeds the) Tj T* 0 Tw (realm of command-line arguments parsers.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .285988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Version 0.5 of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (doubled the code base and the documentation: it is based on the idea of using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to) Tj T* 0 Tw .408555 Tw (implement command-line interpreters, i.e. something akin to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (cmd ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library, only) Tj T* 0 Tw .49936 Tw (better. The new features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (are described in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced usage document ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. They are implemented) Tj T* 0 Tw .313828 Tw (in a separated module \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_ext.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), since they require Python 2.5 to work, whereas ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_core.py) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (only requires Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Trivia: the story behind the name) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .979984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (project started very humbly: I just wanted to make easy_installable my old ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe,) Tj T* 0 Tw .565988 Tw (and to publish it on PyPI. The original name of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was optionparser and the idea behind it was to build) Tj T* 0 Tw .603735 Tw (an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (OptionParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object from the docstring of the module. However, before doing that, I decided to check) Tj T* 0 Tw .244198 Tw (out the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module, since I knew it was going into Python 2.7 and Python 2.7 was coming out. Soon) Tj T* 0 Tw (enough I realized two things:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .103735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (the single greatest idea of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was unifying the positional arguments and the options in a single) Tj T* 0 Tw (namespace object;) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.66748 Tw (parsing the docstring was so old-fashioned, considering the existence of functions annotations in) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python 3.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .600574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Putting together these two observations with the original idea of inferring the parser I decided to build an) Tj T* 0 Tw .516905 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object from function annotations. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (optionparser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (name was ruled out, since I was) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.085984 Tw (now using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; a name like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse_plus ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (was also ruled out, since the typical usage was) Tj T* 0 Tw (completely different from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (usage.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.093876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I made a research on PyPI and the name ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (clap ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(Command Line Arguments Parser\) was not taken, so I) Tj T* 0 Tw (renamed everything to clap. After two days a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module appeared on PyPI <) Tj (expletives deleted) Tj (>) Tj (!) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .877209 Tw (Having little imagination, I decided to rename everything again to plac, an anagram of clap: since it is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (non-existing English name, I hope nobody will steal it from me!) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (That's all, I hope you will enjoy working with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (!) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Advanced usages of plac) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Introduction) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .539036 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One of the design goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is to make it dead easy to write a scriptable and testable interface for an) Tj T* 0 Tw .813876 Tw (application. You can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (whenever you have an API with strings in input and strings in output, and) Tj T* 0 Tw (that includes a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (huge ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (domain of applications.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.756651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A string-oriented interface is a scriptable interface by construction. That means that you can define a) Tj T* 0 Tw .918735 Tw (command language for your application and that it is possible to write scripts which are interpretable by) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and can be run as batch scripts.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .444987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Actually, at the most general level, you can see ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (as a generic tool to write domain specific languages) Tj T* 0 Tw .107209 Tw (\(DSL\). With ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (you can test your application interactively as well as with batch scripts, and even with the) Tj T* 0 Tw (analogous of Python doctests for your defined language.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .694104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can easily replace the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (cmd ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module of the standard library and you could easily write an application) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.271751 Tw (like ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (twill ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Or you could use it to script your building procedure. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (also supports parallel) Tj T* 0 Tw .907765 Tw (execution of multiple commands and can be used as task manager and monitor. It is also quite easy to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.483488 Tw (build a GUI or a Web application on top of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. When speaking of things you can do with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, your) Tj T* 0 Tw (imagination is the only limit!) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (From scripts to interactive applications) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.300751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Command-line scripts have many advantages, but they are no substitute for interactive applications. In) Tj T* 0 Tw .088171 Tw (particular, if you have a script with a large startup time which must be run multiple times, it is best to turn it) Tj T* 0 Tw 4.582126 Tw (into an interactive application, so that the startup is performed only once. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides an) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class just for this purpose.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.293984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class wraps the main function of a script and provides an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method to) Tj T* 0 Tw (start an interactive interpreter reading commands from the console.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.49436 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can define an interactive interpreter on top of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script introduced in the) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (basic documentation ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 170 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# shelve_interpreter.py) Tj T* (import plac, ishelve) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    interactive=\('start interactive interface', 'flag'\),) Tj T* (    subcommands='the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter'\)) Tj T* (def main\(interactive, *subcommands\):) Tj T* (    """) Tj T* (    This script works both interactively and non-interactively.) Tj T* (    Use .help to see the internal commands.) Tj T* (    """) Tj T* (    if interactive:) Tj T* (        plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).interact\(\)) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        for out in plac.call\(ishelve.main, subcommands\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.200651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A trick has been used here: the ishelve command-line interface has been hidden inside an external) Tj T* 0 Tw .917674 Tw (interface. They are distinct: for instance the external interface recognizes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h/--help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag whereas) Tj T* 0 Tw (the internal interface only recognizes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python shelve_interpreter.py -h) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: shelve_interpreter.py [-h] [-interactive]) Tj T* (                             [subcommands [subcommands ...]]) Tj T*  T* (    This script works both interactively and non-interactively.) Tj T* (    Use .help to see the internal commands.) Tj T* (    ) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  subcommands   the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help    show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -interactive  start interactive interface) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Thanks to this ingenuous trick, the script can be run both interactively and non-interactively:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python shelve_interpreter.py .clear # non-interactive use) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 242 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use) Tj T* (A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( b=2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a b) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .256412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method reads commands from the console and send them to the underlying interpreter,) Tj T* 0 Tw .065984 Tw (until the user send a CTRL-D command \(CTRL-Z in Windows\). There is a default argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prompt='i) Tj (>) Tj T* 0 Tw .41832 Tw (' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which can be used to change the prompt. The text displayed at the beginning of the interactive session) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.407126 Tw (is the docstring of the main function. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations: in this example) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (del ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In case of ambiguous abbreviations ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (raises a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (NameError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .847045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally I must notice that the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is available only if you are using a recent version of) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python \() Tj (>) Tj (= 2.5\), because it is a context manager object which uses extended generators internally.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Testing a plac application) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.034269 Tw (You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode. However manual testing is a poor) Tj T* 0 Tw (substitute for automatic testing.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In principle, one could write automatic tests for the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (application by using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directly:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# test_ishelve.py) Tj T* (import plac, ishelve) Tj T*  T* (def test\(\):) Tj T* (    assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['.clear']\) == ['cleared the shelve']) Tj T* (    assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['a=1']\) == ['setting a=1']) Tj T* (    assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['a']\) == ['1']) Tj T* (    assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['.delete=a']\) == ['deleted a']) Tj T* (    assert plac.call\(ishelve.main, ['a']\) == ['a: not found']) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    test\(\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .390651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not especially nice. The big issue is that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responds to invalid) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.249987 Tw (input by printing an error message on stderr and by raising a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: this is certainly not a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (thing to do in a test.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.616457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As a consequence of this behavior it is impossible to test for invalid commands, unless you wrap the) Tj T* 0 Tw .259985 Tw /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (exception by hand each time \(a possibly you do something with the error message in stderr) Tj T* 0 Tw (too\). Luckily, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (offers a better testing support through the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (objects:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# test_ishelve_more.py) Tj T* (from __future__ import with_statement) Tj T* (import plac, ishelve) Tj T*  T* (def test\(\):) Tj T* (    with plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\) as i:) Tj T* (        i.check\('.clear', 'cleared the shelve'\)) Tj T* (        i.check\('a=1', 'setting a=1'\)) Tj T* (        i.check\('a', '1'\)) Tj T* (        i.check\('.delete=a', 'deleted a'\)) Tj T* (        i.check\('a', 'a: not found'\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 6.299974 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The method ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.check\(given_input, expected_output\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works on strings and raises an) Tj T* 0 Tw .971318 Tw /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if the output produced by the interpreter is different from the expected output for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.186905 Tw (given input. Notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is catched by tools like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (py.test ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nosetests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw (actually ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tests are intended to be run with such tools.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .239984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interpreters offer a minor syntactic advantage with respect to calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directly, but they offer a) Tj T* 0 Tw .96748 Tw /F4 10 Tf (major ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (semantic advantage when things go wrong \(read exceptions\): an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object internally) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181318 Tw (invokes something like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but it wraps all exceptions, so that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (i.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is guaranteed not to) Tj T* 0 Tw (raise any exception except ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Even the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (exception is captured and you can write your test as) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (i.check\('-cler', 'SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: -cler'\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (without risk of exiting from the Python interpreter.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.422651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is a second advantage of interpreters: if the main function contains some initialization code and) Tj T* 0 Tw .454651 Tw (finalization code \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (functions\) they will be run only once at the beginning and) Tj T* 0 Tw (at the end of the interpreter loop. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Plac easy tests) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Writing your tests in terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is certainly an improvement over writing them in) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.807318 Tw (terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but they are still too low-level for my taste. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (support for doctest-style tests, a.k.a. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac easy tests) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.142209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (By using plac easy tests you can cut and paste your interactive session and turn it into a runnable) Tj T* 0 Tw .519213 Tw (automatics test. Consider for instance the following file ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (extension is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (mnemonic for plac easy tests\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (#!ishelve.py) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .clear # start from a clean state) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .cler # spelling error) Tj T* (.cler: not found) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .697132 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the precence of the shebang line containing the name of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool to test \(a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.511751 Tw (Python module with a function called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). The shebang is ignored by the interpreter \(it looks like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .487608 Tw (comment to it\) but it is there so that external tools \(say a test runner\) can infer the plac interpreter to use) Tj T* 0 Tw (to test the file.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 243.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.419984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can test ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file by calling the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method of the interpreter, as in this) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python -c"import plac, ishelve) Tj T* (plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).doctest\(open\('ishelve.placet'\), verbose=True\)") Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 4.007109 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.doctests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (invokes something like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (multiple times) Tj T* 0 Tw .226654 Tw (inside the same context and compare the output with the expected output: if even a check fails, the whole) Tj T* 0 Tw (test fail.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .175868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You should realize tha the easy tests supported by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (unittests: they are functional tests. They) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.22936 Tw (model then user interaction and the order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file are not independent and it makes sense to exit immediately at the first failure.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm .414431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The support for doctests in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (comes nearly for free, thanks to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library,) Tj T* 0 Tw .352765 Tw (which is able to parse simple languages as the ones you can implement with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In particular, thanks to) Tj T* 0 Tw .875984 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize comments \(the default comment character is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (#) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), escape sequences and) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.50686 Tw (more. Look at the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation if you need to customize how the language is interpreted. For) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.794985 Tw (more flexibility, it is even possible to pass to the interpreter a custom split function with signature) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (split\(line, commentchar\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .136654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number recognition, so that if a test fail) Tj T* 0 Tw .042093 Tw (you get the line number of the failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are stored in external) Tj T* 0 Tw .610898 Tw (files, even if plac easy tests does not need to be in a file: you can just pass to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method a) Tj T* 0 Tw (list of strings corresponding to the lines of the file.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .653145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At the present ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not use any code from the doctest module, but the situation may change in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (future \(it would be nice if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could reuse doctests directives like ELLIPSIS\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.447318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is straighforward to integrate your ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tests with standard testing tools. For instance, you can) Tj T* 0 Tw (integrate your doctests with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (py.test ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as follow:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 158 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import os, shlex, plac) Tj T*  T* (def test_doct\(\):) Tj T* (   """) Tj T* (   Find all the doctests in the current directory and run them with the) Tj T* (   corresponding plac interpreter \(the shebang rules!\)) Tj T* (   """) Tj T* (   placets = [f for f in os.listdir\('.'\) if f.endswith\('.placet'\)]) Tj T* (   for placet in placets:) Tj T* (       lines = list\(open\(placet\)\)) Tj T* (       assert lines[0].startswith\('#!'\), 'Missing or incorrect shebang line!') Tj T* (       firstline = lines[0][2:] # strip the shebang) Tj T* (       main = plac.import_main\(*shlex.split\(firstline\)\)) Tj T* (       yield plac.Interpreter\(main\).doctest, lines[1:]) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8485 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.44811 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here you should notice that usage of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.import_main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, an utility which is able to import the main) Tj T* 0 Tw .775703 Tw (function of the script specified in the shebang line. You can use both the full path name of the tool, or a) Tj T* 0 Tw .87686 Tw (relative path name. In this case the runner look at the environment variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it searches) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.900651 Tw (the plac tool in the directories specified there \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is just a string containing directory names) Tj T* 0 Tw .56332 Tw (separated by colons\). If the variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not defined, it just looks in the current directory. If the) Tj T* 0 Tw (plac tool is not found, an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ImportError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is raised.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8485 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Plac batch scripts) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .772093 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is pretty easy to realize that an interactive interpreter can also be used to run batch scripts: instead of) Tj T* 0 Tw .504692 Tw (reading the commands from the console, it is enough to read the commands from a file. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreters) Tj T* 0 Tw (provide an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method to perform just that.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .098935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is just a subtle point to notice: whereas in an interactive loop one wants to manage all exceptions, a) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.866412 Tw (batch script should not in the background in case of unexpected errors. The implementation of) Tj T* 0 Tw .103059 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (makes sure that any error raised by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (internally is re-raised. In other) Tj T* 0 Tw .407045 Tw (words, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreters ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (wrap the errors, but does not eat them) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: the errors are always accessible and can) Tj T* 0 Tw (be re-raised on demand.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The exception is the case of invalid commands, which are skipped. Consider for instance the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (batch file, which contains a mispelled command \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.del) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (#!ishelve.py) Tj T* (.clear ) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (a=1 b=2) Tj T* (.show) Tj T* (.del a) Tj T* (.dl b) Tj T* (.show) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.939461 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will print a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl: not found ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (line and will) Tj T* 0 Tw (continue:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 194 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python -c "import plac, ishelve) Tj T* (plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).execute\(open\('ishelve.plac'\), verbose=True\)") Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .clear) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .dl b) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (.dl: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .159988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted \(prefixed by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (i) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). This is done on) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.359988 Tw (purpose, so that you can cut and paste the output of the batch script and turn it into a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (test) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(cool, isn't it?\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.182485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When I discussed the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (implementation in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (basic documentation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, I said that it looked like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .116655 Tw (poor man implementation of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was able to do much) Tj T* 0 Tw (better than that. Here I will substantiate my claim.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .89104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is actually able to infer a set of subparsers from a generic container of commands. This is useful if) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.125814 Tw (you want to implement ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (subcommands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(a familiar example of a command-line application featuring) Tj T* 0 Tw (subcommands is subversion\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .015868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically a container of commands is any object with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute listing a set of functions or) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.550888 Tw (methods which are valid commands. A command container may have initialization/finalization hooks) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.55664 Tw (\() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__/__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) and dispatch hooks \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, invoked for invalid command names\).) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.113828 Tw (Moreover, only when using command containers ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to provide automatic autocompletion of) Tj T* 0 Tw (commands.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The shelve interface can be rewritten in an object-oriented way as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# ishelve2.py) Tj T* (import shelve, os, sys, plac) Tj T*  T* (class ShelveInterface\(object\):) Tj T* (    "A minimal interface over a shelve object.") Tj T* (    commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete') Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm .885366 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (objects wrap context manager objects consistently. In other words, if you wrap an) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.323828 Tw (object with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods, they are invoked in the right order \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__) Tj T* 0 Tw .23528 Tw /F1 10 Tf (before the interpreter loop starts and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the interpreter loop ends, both in the regular and in) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.916412 Tw (the exceptional case\). In our example, the methods ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (make sure the the) Tj T* 0 Tw .339398 Tw (shelve is opened and closed correctly even in the case of exceptions. Notice that I have not implemented) Tj T* 0 Tw .814104 Tw (any error checking in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (show ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (delete ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods on purpose, to verify that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (works correctly in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the presence of exceptions.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.567126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When working with command containers, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (automatically adds two special commands to the set of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.176136 Tw (provided commands: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.last_tb) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is the easier to understand: when) Tj T* 0 Tw .39811 Tw (invoked without arguments it displays the list of available commands with the same formatting of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.19561 Tw 0 0 0 rg (module; when invoked with the name of a command it displays the usage message for that command.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.33686 Tw (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.last_tb ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is useful when debugging: in case of errors, it allows you to display the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traceback of the last executed command.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 482 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve2.py) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T*  T* (special commands) Tj T* (================) Tj T* (.help .last_tb) Tj T*  T* (custom commands) Tj T* (===============) Tj T* (delete  set  show  showall) Tj T*  T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a pippo) Tj T* (setting a=pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b lippo) Tj T* (setting b=lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a b) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (KeyError: 'a') Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .last_tb) Tj T* ( File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/plac-0.6.0-py2.6.egg/plac_ext.py", line 190, in _wrap) Tj T* (    for value in genobj:) Tj T* (  File "./ishelve2.py", line 37, in delete) Tj T* (    del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* (  File "/usr/lib/python2.6/shelve.py", line 136, in __delitem__) Tj T* (    del self.dict[key]) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.571235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that in interactive mode the traceback is hidden, unless you pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag to the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.Interpreter.call) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .10104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At the core of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (there is the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function which invokes a callable with the list of arguments passed) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.238443 Tw (at the command-line \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (sys.argv[1:]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Thanks to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (you can launch your module by simply) Tj T* 0 Tw (adding the lines:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .50436 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Everything works fine if ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a simple callable performing some action; however, in many cases, one) Tj T* 0 Tw .087633 Tw (has a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf ("function" which is a actually a factory returning a command container object. For instance, in) Tj T* 0 Tw .573318 Tw (my second shelve example the main function is the class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ShelveInterface) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and the two lines needed) Tj T* 0 Tw (to run the module are a bit ugly:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (   plac.Interpreter\(plac.call\(ShelveInterface\)\).interact\(\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .873988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover, now the program runs, but only in interactive mode, i.e. it is not possible to run it as a script. ) Tj T* 0 Tw .097882 Tw (Instead, it would be nice to be able to specify the command to execute on the command-line and have the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 4.08229 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (interpreter start, execute the command and finish properly \(I mean by calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw .100574 Tw /F3 10 Tf (__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) without needing user input. Then the script could be called from a batch shell script working in) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.26816 Tw (the background. In order to provide such functionality ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a classmethod) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.173318 Tw (named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which takes the factory, instantiates it with the arguments read from the command line,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.517045 Tw (wraps the resulting container object as an interpreter and runs it with the rest arguments found in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is the code to turn the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (into a script) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# ishelve3.py) Tj T* (from ishelve2 import ShelveInterface as main) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.Interpreter.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and here are a few examples of usage:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 182 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve3.py -h) Tj T* (usage: ishelve3.py [-h] [-i] [-configfile CONFIGFILE] [args [args ...]]) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  args) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help            show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -i, --interact        start interactive interpreter) Tj T* (  -configfile CONFIGFILE) Tj T* (                        path name of the shelve) Tj T*  T* ($ python ishelve3.py set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve3.py show a) Tj T* (a = 1) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .079989 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-i ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag in the command line, then the script will enter in interactive mode and ask the user) Tj T* 0 Tw (for the commands to execute:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve3.py -i) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T*  T* (i) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .221417 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In a sense, I have closed the circle: at the beginning of this document I discussed how to turn a script into) Tj T* 0 Tw .784147 Tw (an interactive application \(the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (shelve_interpreter.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (example\), whereas here I have show how to) Tj T* 0 Tw (turn an interactive application into a script.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The complete signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the following:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (call\(factory, arglist=sys.argv[1:],) Tj T* (     commentchar='#', split=shlex.split,) Tj T* (     stdin=sys.stdin, prompt='i) Tj (>) Tj ( ', verbose=False\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.756651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The factory must have a fixed number of positional arguments \(no default arguments, no varargs, no ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.87881 Tw (kwargs\), otherwise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TypeError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is raised: the reason is that we want to be able to distinguish the ) Tj T* 0 Tw .829984 Tw (command-line arguments needed to instantiate the factory from the rest arguments that must be sent to) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.609984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (the corresponding interpreter object. It is also possible to specify a list of arguments different from) Tj T* 0 Tw .513318 Tw /F3 10 Tf (sys.argv[1:] ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(useful in tests\), the character to be recognized as a comment, the splitting function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (input source and the prompt to use while in interactive mode, and a verbose flag.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Readline support) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.022485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.6 ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (offers full readline support. That means that if your Python was compiled) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.120697 Tw (with readline support you get autocompletion and persistent command history for free. By default all) Tj T* 0 Tw .144104 Tw (commands are autocomplete in a case sensitive way. If you want to add new words to the autocompletion) Tj T* 0 Tw .116488 Tw (set, or you want to change the location of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file, or to change the case sensitivity, the way to) Tj T* 0 Tw .18436 Tw (go is to pass a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.ReadlineInput ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object to the interpreter. Here is an example, assuming you want) Tj T* 0 Tw (to build a database interface understanding SQL commands:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 326 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (import os, plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T*  T* (SQLKEYWORDS = set\(['select', 'from', 'inner', 'join', 'outer', 'left', 'right']) Tj T* (                  \) # and many others) Tj T* (DBTABLES = set\(['table1', 'table2']\) # you can read them from the db schema) Tj T*  T* (COMPLETIONS = SQLKEYWORDS | DBTABLES) Tj T*  T* (class SqlInterface\(object\):) Tj T* (    commands = ['SELECT']) Tj T* (    def __init__\(self, dsn\):) Tj T* (        self.soup = SqlSoup\(dsn\)) Tj T* (    def SELECT\(self, argstring\):) Tj T* (        sql = 'SELECT ' + argstring) Tj T* (        for row in self.soup.bind.execute\(sql\):) Tj T* (            yield str\(row\) # the formatting can be much improved) Tj T*  T* (rl_input = plac.ReadlineInput\() Tj T* (    COMPLETIONS, histfile=os.path.expanduser\('~/.sql_interface.history'\), ) Tj T* (    case_sensitive=False\)) Tj T*  T* (def split_on_first_space\(line, commentchar\):) Tj T* (    return line.strip\(\).split\(' ', 1\) # ignoring comments) Tj T* (    ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    plac.Interpreter.call\(SqlInterface, split=split_on_first_space,) Tj T* (                          stdin=rl_input, prompt='sql) Tj (>) Tj ( '\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python sql_interface.py ) Tj (<) Tj (some dsn) Tj (>) Tj  T* (sql) Tj (>) Tj ( SELECT a.* FROM TABLE1 AS a INNER JOIN TABLE2 AS b ON a.id = b.id) Tj T* (...) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.951318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that entering just ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (sel ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and pressing TAB the readline library completes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SELECT) Tj T* 0 Tw .797356 Tw /F1 10 Tf (keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (FROM) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (INNER) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (JOIN ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and even for the names of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .256235 Tw (tables. An obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting the database: actually) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.616654 Tw (you can even read the names of the views and of the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.047251 Tw (entered commands and recorded and saved in the file ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/.sql_interface.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when exiting) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the command-line interface.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.010574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the readline library is not available, my suggestion is to use the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (rlwrap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool which provides similar ) Tj T* 0 Tw .22561 Tw (features, at least on Unix-like platforms. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (should also work fine on Windows with the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (pyreadline ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (library) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .389989 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested: I tried it only once and it worked, but your mileage) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206457 Tw (may vary\). For people worried about licenses, I will notice that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses the readline library only if) Tj T* 0 Tw .591894 Tw (available, it does not include it and it does not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (licence) Tj T* 0 Tw (does not need to be the GPL \(actually it is a BSD do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence\).) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 675.0236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .187882 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The interactive mode of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library. It) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.730651 Tw (is actually better than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: for instance, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is more powerful, since it provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (information about the arguments accepted by the given command:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 278 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help set) Tj T* (usage:  set name value) Tj T*  T* (set name value) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  name) Tj T* (  value) Tj T*  T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help delete) Tj T* (usage:  delete [name]) Tj T*  T* (delete given parameter \(or everything\)) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  name) Tj T*  T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help show) Tj T* (usage:  show [names [names ...]]) Tj T*  T* (show given parameters) Tj T*  T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* (  names) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 309.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.959985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you can imagine, the help message is provided by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (subparser \(there is a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.954524 Tw (subparser for each command\). ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (commands accept options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .719318 Tw (arguments with defaults, arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the features) Tj T* 0 Tw (provided of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which should be reimplemented from scratch using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.78248 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover at the moment ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations. However, this feature may) Tj T* 0 Tw (disappear in future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (did not support readline.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that if an abbreviation is ambiguous, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (warns you:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( sh) Tj T* (NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show']) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 186.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 120.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.531318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The distribution of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (includes a runner script named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_runner.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which will be installed in a) Tj T* 0 Tw .44748 Tw (suitable directory in your system by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (distutils ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(say in ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\\usr\\local\\bin\\plac_runner.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in a Unix-like) Tj T* 0 Tw .680651 Tw (operative system\). The runner provides many facilities to run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (scripts and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files, as well) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47311 Tw (as Python modules containg a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object, which can be a function, a command container object or) Tj T* 0 Tw (even a command container class.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.994269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, suppose you want to execute a script containing commands defined in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve2) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (module like the following one:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -c ~/conf.shelve) Tj T* (set a 1) Tj T* (del a) Tj T* (del a # intentional error) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .575868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first line of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script contains the name of the python module containing the plac interpreter) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.327209 Tw (and the arguments which must be passed to its main function in order to be able to instantiate an) Tj T* 0 Tw .202485 Tw (interpreter object. In this case I appended ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (:ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the name of the module to specify the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.030574 Tw (object that must be imported: if not specified, by default the object named 'main' is imported. The other) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines contains commands. You can run the script as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac_runner.py --batch ishelve2.plac) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (  ...) Tj T* (_bsddb.DBNotFoundError: \(-30988, 'DB_NOTFOUND: No matching key/data pair found'\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.79186 Tw (The last command intentionally contained an error, to show that the plac runner does not eat the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traceback.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .437633 Tw (The runner can also be used to run Python modules in interactive mode and non-interactive mode. If you) Tj T* 0 Tw (put this alias in your bashrc) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (alias plac="plac_runner.py") Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 466.6505 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 436.6505 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.955318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(or you define a suitable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.bat ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in Windows\) you can run the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve2.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in) Tj T* 0 Tw (interactive mode as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ plac -i ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T*  T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b 2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show b) Tj T* (b = 2) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 239.4505 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now you can cut and paste the interactive session an turns into into a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file like the following:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -configfile=~/test.shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a 1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b 2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a) Tj T* (a = 1) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.145697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the first line specifies a test database ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/test.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to avoid clobbering your default) Tj T* 0 Tw (shelve. If you mispell the arguments in the first line plac will give you an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (error message \(just try\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can run placets following the shebang convention directly with the plac runner:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac --test ishelve2.placet) Tj T* (run 1 plac test\(s\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .32104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you want to see the output of the tests, pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-v/--verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag. Notice that he runner ignore the) Tj T* 0 Tw .24856 Tw (extension, so you can actually use any extension your like, but ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (it relies on the first line of the file to invoke) Tj T* 0 Tw (the corresponding plac tool with the given arguments) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 603.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .537209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner does not provide any test discovery facility, but you can use standard Unix tools to help.) Tj T* 0 Tw (For instance, you can run all the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files into a directory and its subdirectories as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ find . -name \\*.placet | xargs plac_runner.py -t) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 538.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .760988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner expects the main function of your script to return a plac tool, i.e. a function or an object) Tj T* 0 Tw (with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute. It this is not the case the runner gracefully exits.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 520.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (It also works in non-interactive mode, if you call it as) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 514.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 502.6236 cm
0 0 0 rg
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac module.py args ...) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 502.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 484.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 415.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac ishelve.py a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* ($ plac ishelve.py .show) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 383.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .01561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that in non-interactive mode the runner just invokes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object of the Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (module.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 353.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .907209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not force you to use classes to define command containers. Even a simple function can be a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.796651 Tw (valid command container, it is enough to add to it a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute and possibly ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (and/or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attributes.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .327485 Tw (In particular, a Python module is a perfect container of commands. As an example, consider the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (module implementing a fake Version Control System:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 158 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ("A Fake Version Control System") Tj T*  T* (import plac) Tj T*  T* (commands = 'checkout', 'commit', 'status') Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\(url='url of the source code'\)) Tj T* (def checkout\(url\):) Tj T* (    "A fake checkout command") Tj T* (    return \('checkout ', url\)) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\(message=\('commit message', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* (def commit\(message\):) Tj T* (    "A fake commit command") Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (31) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 182 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (    return \('commit ', message\)) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\(quiet=\('summary information', 'flag', 'q'\)\)) Tj T* (def status\(quiet\):) Tj T* (    "A fake status command") Tj T* (    return \('status ', quiet\)) Tj T*  T* (def __missing__\(name\):) Tj T* (    return 'Command %r does not exist' % name) Tj T*  T* (def __exit__\(etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* (    "Will be called automatically at the end of the call/cmdloop") Tj T* (    if etype in \(None, GeneratorExit\): # success) Tj T* (        print\('ok'\)) Tj T*  T* (main = __import__\(__name__\) # the module imports itself!) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 515.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .431318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that I have defined both an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook and a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook, invoked for non-existing) Tj T* 0 Tw .592651 Tw (commands. The real trick here is the line ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main = __import__\(__name__\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which define ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be) Tj T* 0 Tw (an alias for the current module.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 485.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.259986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (vcs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module does not contain an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block, but you can still run it) Tj T* 0 Tw (through the plac runner \(try ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac vcs.py -h) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: plac_runner.py vcs.py [-h] {status,commit,checkout} ...) Tj T*  T* (A Fake Version Control System) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help            show this help message and exit) Tj T*  T* (subcommands:) Tj T* (  {status,commit,checkout}) Tj T* (    checkout            A fake checkout command) Tj T* (    commit              A fake commit command) Tj T* (    status              A fake status command) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can get help for the subcommands by postponing ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the name of the command:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py status -h) Tj T* (usage: vcs.py status [-h] [-q]) Tj T*  T* (A fake status command) Tj T*  T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* (  -h, --help   show this help message and exit) Tj T* (  -q, --quiet  summary information) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.064985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice how the docstring of the command is automatically shown in usage message, as well as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (documentation for the sub flag ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-q) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 133.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of a non-interactive session:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py check url) Tj T* (checkout) Tj T* (url) Tj T* ($ plac vcs.py st -q) Tj T* (status) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ($ plac vcs.py co) Tj T* (commit) Tj T* (None) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and here is an interactive session:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 170 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ plac -i vcs.py) Tj T* (usage: plac_runner.py vcs.py [-h] {status,commit,checkout} ...) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( check url) Tj T* (checkout) Tj T* (url) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( st -q) Tj T* (status) Tj T* (True) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( co) Tj T* (commit) Tj T* (None) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( sto) Tj T* (Command 'sto' does not exist) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( [CTRL-D]) Tj T* (ok) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 390.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.986905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the invocation of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook for non-existing commands. Notice also that the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook gets called only in interactive mode.) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.614104 Tw (If the commands are completely independent, a module is a good fit for a method container. In other) Tj T* 0 Tw (situations, it is best to use a custom class.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Writing your own plac runner) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 276.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .167209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The runner included in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (distribution is intentionally kept small \(around 50 lines of code\) so that you) Tj T* 0 Tw .081294 Tw (can study it and write your own runner if want to. If you need to go to such level of detail, you should know) Tj T* 0 Tw .42061 Tw (that the most important method of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class is the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.send ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method, which takes strings in) Tj T* 0 Tw (input and returns a four-tuple with attributes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.str) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.etype) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.exc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.tb) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.str ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the output of the command, if successful \(a string\);) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.etype ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the class of the exception, if the command fail;) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 234.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 222.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.exc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the exception instance;) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 204.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6 -3 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET
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1 0 0 1 23 -3 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.tb ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the traceback.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 204.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 162.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .937485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__str__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (representation of the output object is redefined to return the output string if the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.686651 Tw (command was successful or the error message if the command failed \(actually it returns the error) Tj T* 0 Tw (message preceded by the name of the exception class\).) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 144.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, if you send a mispelled option to the interpreter a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will be trapped:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 99.42362 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from ishelve import ishelve) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( with plac.Interpreter\(ishelve\) as i:) Tj T* (...     print\(i.send\('.cler'\)\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.90561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is important to invoke the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.send ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method inside the context manager, otherwise you will get a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (RuntimeError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .29311 Tw (For instance, suppose you want to implement a graphical runner for a plac-based interpreter with two text) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.548221 Tw (widgets: one to enter the commands and one to display the results. Suppose you want to display the) Tj T* 0 Tw (errors with tracebacks in red. You will need to code something like that \(pseudocode follows\):) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 392.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 206 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (input_widget = WidgetReadingInput\(\)) Tj T* (output_widget = WidgetDisplayingOutput\(\)) Tj T*  T* (def send\(interpreter, line\):) Tj T* (    out = interpreter.send\(line\)) Tj T* (    if out.tb: # there was an error) Tj T* (        output_widget.display\(out.tb, color='red'\)) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        output_widget.display\(out.str\)) Tj T*  T* (main = plac.import_main\(tool_path\) # get the main object) Tj T*  T* (with plac.Interpreter\(main\) as i:) Tj T* (   def callback\(event\):) Tj T* (      if event.user_pressed_ENTER\(\):) Tj T* (           send\(i, input_widget.last_line\)) Tj T* (   input_widget.addcallback\(callback\)) Tj T* (   gui_mainloop.start\(\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .102765 Tw (You can adapt the pseudocode to your GUI toolkit of choice and you can also change the file associations) Tj T* 0 Tw (in such a way that clicking on a plac tool file the graphical user interface starts.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .259988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (An example of GUI program built on top of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is given later on, in the paragraph ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Managing the output of) Tj T* 0 Tw (concurrent commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(using Tkinter for simplicity and portability\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 2.090651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is a final ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (caveat) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: since the plac interpreter loop is implemented via extended generators, plac) Tj T* 0 Tw .988651 Tw (interpreters are single threaded: you will get an error if you ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.send ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (commands from separated threads.) Tj T* 0 Tw .947882 Tw (You can circumvent the problem by using a queue. If EXIT is a sentinel value to signal exiting from the) Tj T* 0 Tw (interpreter look, you can write code like this:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (with interpreter:) Tj T* (    for input_value in iter\(input_queue.get, EXIT\):) Tj T* (        output_queue.put\(interpreter.send\(input_value\)\)) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 187.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .106098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The same trick also work for processes; you could run the interpreter loop in a separate process and send) Tj T* 0 Tw (commands to it via the Queue class provided by the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (multiprocessing ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 157.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Long running commands) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 115.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.434431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As we saw, by default a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreter blocks until the command terminates. This is an issue, in the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.201318 Tw (sense that it makes the interactive experience quite painful for long running commands. An example is) Tj T* 0 Tw (better than a thousand words, so consider the following fake importer:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 230 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import time) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T*  T* (class FakeImporter\(object\):) Tj T* (    "A fake importer with an import_file command") Tj T* (    commands = ['import_file']) Tj T* (    def __init__\(self, dsn\):) Tj T* (        self.dsn = dsn) Tj T* (    def import_file\(self, fname\):) Tj T* (        "Import a file into the database") Tj T* (        try:) Tj T* (            for n in range\(10000\):) Tj T* (                time.sleep\(.01\)) Tj T* (                if n % 100 == 99:) Tj T* (                    yield 'Imported %d lines' % \(n+1\)) Tj T* (        finally:) Tj T* (            print\('closing the file'\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    plac.Interpreter.call\(FakeImporter\)) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 479.8236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.466457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (import_file ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command, you will have to wait for 200 seconds before entering a new) Tj T* 0 Tw (command:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python importer1.py dsn -i) Tj T* (A fake importer with an import_file command) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( import_file file1) Tj T* (... ) Tj (<) Tj (wait 3+ minutes) Tj (>) Tj  T* (Imported 100 lines) Tj T* (Imported 200 lines) Tj T* (Imported 300 lines) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (Imported 10000 lines) Tj T* (closing the file) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 294.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .96832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Being unable to enter any other command is quite annoying: in such situation one would like to run the) Tj T* 0 Tw .941318 Tw (long running commands in the background, to keep the interface responsive. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides two ways to) Tj T* 0 Tw (reach this goal: threads and processes.) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 264.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Threaded commands) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 234.6236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .317988 Tw (The most familiar way to execute a task in the background \(even if not necessarily the best way\) is to run) Tj T* 0 Tw (it into a separated thread. In our example it is sufficient to replace the line) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 228.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.6236 cm
0 0 0 rg
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (commands = ['import_file']) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 198.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 192.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 180.6236 cm
0 0 0 rg
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (thcommands = ['import_file']) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 180.6236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 150.6236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.38311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to tell to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreter that the command ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (import_file ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (should be run into a separated thread.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Here is an example session:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 105.4236 cm
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( import_file file1) Tj T* (<) Tj (ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
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<< /Length 4636 >>
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .595777 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The import task started in a separated thread. You can see the progress of the task by using the special) Tj T* 0 Tw (command ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.output) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .output 1) Tj T* (<) Tj (ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING) Tj (>) Tj  T* (Imported 100 lines) Tj T* (Imported 200 lines) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 651.8236 cm
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (If you look after a while, you will get more lines of output:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .output 1) Tj T* (<) Tj (ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING) Tj (>) Tj  T* (Imported 100 lines) Tj T* (Imported 200 lines) Tj T* (Imported 300 lines) Tj T* (Imported 400 lines) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm 1.100542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You should notice that since at the Python level it is impossible to kill a thread, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.kill ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (commands) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.793984 Tw (works by setting the status of the task to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TOBEKILLED) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Internally the generator corresponding to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .632927 Tw (command is executed in the thread and the status is checked at each iteration: when the status become) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.578443 Tw /F3 10 Tf (TOBEKILLED ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (GeneratorExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (exception is raised and the thread terminates \(softly, so that the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.328651 Tw /F3 10 Tf (finally ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (clause is honored\). In our example the generator is yielding back control once every 100) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.152619 Tw (iterations, i.e. every two seconds \(not much\). In order to get a responsive interface it is a good idea to) Tj T* 0 Tw (yield more often, for instance every 10 iterations \(i.e. 5 times per second\), as in the following code:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 1.895542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acts as a command-line task launcher and can be used as the base to build a GUI-based task) Tj T* 0 Tw .38561 Tw (launcher and task monitor. To this aim the interpreter class provides a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.submit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method which returns a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.792339 Tw (task object and a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.tasks ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method returning the list of all the tasks submitted to the interpreter. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .373516 Tw /F3 10 Tf (submit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method does not start the task and thus it is nonblocking. Each task has an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.outlist ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute) Tj T* 0 Tw .106098 Tw (which is a list storing the value yielded by the generator underlying the task \(the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (values are skipped) Tj T* 0 Tw .633318 Tw (though\): the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.outlist ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (grows as the task runs and more values are yielded. Accessing the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.outlist) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.051654 Tw /F1 10 Tf (is nonblocking and can be done freely. Finally there is a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.result ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (property which waits for the task to) Tj T* 0 Tw .830574 Tw (finish and returns the last yielded value or raises an exception. The code below provides an example of) Tj T* 0 Tw (how you could implement a GUI over the importer example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm .493555 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.8 ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides builtin support for monitoring the output of concurrent commands,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.277318 Tw (at least for platforms where multiprocessing is fully supported. You can define your own monitor class,) Tj T* 0 Tw .839979 Tw (simply by inheriting from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Monitor ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and by overriding the methods ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (add_listener\(self, no\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.953953 Tw /F3 10 Tf (del_listener\(self, taskno\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (notify_listener\(self, taskno, msg\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (schedule\(self,) Tj T* 0 Tw .367674 Tw (seconds, func, arg\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (run\(self\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Then, you can a monitor object to any ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.149983 Tw /F1 10 Tf (object by simply calling the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (add_monitor ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method. For convenience, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (comes with a very simple) Tj T* 0 Tw .82683 Tw /F3 10 Tf (TkMonitor ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (based on Tkinter \(I chose Tkinter because it is easy to use and it is in the standard library,) Tj T* 0 Tw .08332 Tw (but you can use any GUI\): you can just look at how the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TkMonitor ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is implemented in ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_tk.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw (adapt it. Here is an example of usage of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TkMonitor) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.657633 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Try to give the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (hello ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command from the interactive interpreter: each time a new text widget will be) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.321235 Tw (added displaying the output of the command. Notice that if ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Tkinter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not installed correctly on your) Tj T* 0 Tw (system the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TkMonitor ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class will not be available.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 1.174751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is certainly not intended as a tool for parallel computing, but still you can use it to launch a set of) Tj T* 0 Tw .497984 Tw (commands and to collect the results, similarly to the MapReduce pattern popularized by Google. In order) Tj T* 0 Tw .669431 Tw (to give an example, I will consider the "Hello World" of parallel computing, i.e. the computation of pi with) Tj T* 0 Tw .537633 Tw (independent processes. There is a huge number of algorithms to compute pi; here I will describe a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw .101567 Tw (one chosen for simplicity, not per efficienty. The trick is to consider the first quadrant of a circle with radius) Tj T* 0 Tw .602488 Tw (1 and to extract a number of points ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\(x, y\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (x ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (y ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (random variables in the interval ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ([0,1]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .928876 Tw (probability of extracting a number inside the quadrant \(i.e. with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (x^2 + y^2 < 1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is proportional to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .433145 Tw (area of the quadrant \(i.e. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (pi/4) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). The value of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (pi ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (therefore can be extracted by multiplying by 4 the ratio) Tj T* 0 Tw (between the number of points in the quadrant versus the total number of points ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (N) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (N ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (large:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .046654 Tw (The algorithm is trivially parallelizable: if you have n CPUs, you can compute pi n times with N/n iterations,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.122488 Tw (sum the results and divide the total by n. I have a Macbook with two cores, therefore I would expect a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.347984 Tw (speedup factor of 2 with respect to a sequential computation. Moreover, I would expect a threaded) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.827984 Tw (computation to be even slower than a sequential computation, due to the GIL and the scheduling) Tj T* 0 Tw (overhead.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 554 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (from __future__ import with_statement) Tj T* (from random import random) Tj T* (import multiprocessing) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T*  T* (class PiCalculator\(object\):) Tj T* (    """Compute pi in parallel with threads or processes""") Tj T* (    ) Tj T* (    @plac.annotations\() Tj T* (        npoints=\('number of integration points', 'positional', None, int\),) Tj T* (        mode=\('sequential|parallel|threaded', 'option', 'm', str, 'SPT'\)\)) Tj T* (    def __init__\(self, npoints, mode='S'\):) Tj T* (        self.npoints = npoints) Tj T* (        if mode == 'P':) Tj T* (            self.mpcommands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* (        elif mode == 'T':) Tj T* (            self.thcommands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* (        elif mode == 'S':) Tj T* (            self.commands = ['calc_pi']) Tj T* (        self.n_cpu = multiprocessing.cpu_count\(\)) Tj T* (    ) Tj T* (    def submit_tasks\(self\):) Tj T* (        self.i = plac.Interpreter\(self\).__enter__\(\)            ) Tj T* (        return [self.i.submit\('calc_pi %d' % \(self.npoints / self.n_cpu\)\)) Tj T* (                for _ in range\(self.n_cpu\)]) Tj T*  T* (    def close\(self\):) Tj T* (        self.i.close\(\)) Tj T*  T* (    @plac.annotations\() Tj T* (        npoints=\('npoints', 'positional', None, int\)\)) Tj T* (    def calc_pi\(self, npoints\):) Tj T* (        counts = 0) Tj T* (        for j in xrange\(npoints\):) Tj T* (            n, r = divmod\(j, 1000000\)) Tj T* (            if r == 0:) Tj T* (                yield '%dM iterations' % n) Tj T* (            x, y = random\(\), random\(\)) Tj T* (            if x*x + y*y ) Tj (<) Tj ( 1:) Tj T* (                counts += 1) Tj T* (        yield \(4.0 * counts\)/npoints) Tj T*  T* (    def run\(self\):) Tj T* (        tasks = self.i.tasks\(\)) Tj T* (        for t in tasks:) Tj T* (            t.run\(\)) Tj T* (        try:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm .381797 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (submit_tasks ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method, which instantiates and initializes a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object and) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.38152 Tw (submits a number of commands corresponding to the number of available CPUs. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (calc_pi) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.796651 Tw /F1 10 Tf (command yield a log message every million of interactions, just to monitor the progress of the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.751318 Tw (computation. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (run ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method starts all the submitted commands in parallel and sums the results. It) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.17104 Tw (returns the average value of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (pi ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the slowest CPU has finished its job \(if the CPUs are equal and) Tj T* 0 Tw (equally busy they should finish more or less at the same time\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python picalculator.py -mP 10000000 # two processes) Tj T* (3.141904 in 5.744545 seconds) Tj T* ($ python picalculator.py -mT 10000000 # two threads) Tj T* (3.141272 in 13.875645 seconds) Tj T* ($ python picalculator.py -mS 10000000 # sequential) Tj T* (3.141586 in 11.353841 seconds) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .167765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since the pattern submit a bunch of tasks, starts them and collect the results is so common, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.487251 Tw (an utility function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (runp\(genseq, mode='p', monitors=\(\), start=True\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to start a bunch a) Tj T* 0 Tw .598876 Tw (generators and return a list of task objects. By default ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (runp ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (use processes, but you can use threads by) Tj T* 0 Tw .225542 Tw (passing ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (mode='t') Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If you do not wont to start the tasks, you can say so \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (start=False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). With ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (runp ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parallel pi calculation becomes a one-liner:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.05186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The file ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (test_runp ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (doc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directory of the plac distribution shows another couple of examples of) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage, including how to show the results of the running computation on a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TkMonitor) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac server) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 1.258443 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command-line oriented interface can be easily converted into a socket-based interface. Starting from) Tj T* 0 Tw .930574 Tw (release 0.7 plac features a builtin server which is able to accept commands from multiple clients and to) Tj T* 0 Tw .994692 Tw (execute them. The server works by instantiating a separate interpreter for each client, so that if a client) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.08784 Tw (interpreter dies for any reason the other interpreters keep working. To avoid external dependencies the) Tj T* 0 Tw .872209 Tw (server is based on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (asynchat ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library, but it would not be difficult to replace) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.386412 Tw (the server with a different one \(for instance, a Twisted server\). Since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (asynchat) Tj /F1 10 Tf (-based servers are) Tj T* 0 Tw .755984 Tw (asynchronous, any blocking command in the interpreter should be run in a separated process or thread.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.157633 Tw (The default port for the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (server is 2199, and the command to signal end-of-connection is EOF. For) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance, here is how you could manage remote import on a database \(say a SQLite db\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import plac) Tj T* (from importer2 import FakeImporter) Tj T*  T* (def main\(port=2199\):) Tj T* (    main = FakeImporter\('dsn'\)) Tj T* (    plac.Interpreter\(main\).start_server\(port\)) Tj T* (    ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (   plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can connect to the server with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (telnet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on port 2199, as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ telnet localhost 2199) Tj T* (Trying ::1...) Tj T* (Trying 127.0.0.1...) Tj T* (Connected to localhost.) Tj T* (Escape character is '^]'.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( import_file f1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .list) Tj T* (<) Tj (ThreadedTask 1 [import_file f1] RUNNING) Tj (>) Tj  T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .out) Tj T* (Imported 100 lines) Tj T* (Imported 200 lines) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( EOF) Tj T* (Connection closed by foreign host.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Summary) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.203318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Once ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (claimed to be the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world. Having read this) Tj T* 0 Tw .673322 Tw (document you may think that it is not so easy after all. But it is a false impression. Actually the rules are) Tj T* 0 Tw (quite simple:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 5.126647 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (for testing call the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method in the appropriate context or use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (feature;) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.356457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (if you need to go at a lower level, you may need to call the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.send ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method which) Tj T* 0 Tw (returns a \(finished\) ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Task ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.469269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (long running command can be executed in the background as threads or processes: just declare) Tj T* 0 Tw (them in the lists ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (thcommands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (mpcommands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (respectively.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.171647 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.start_server ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method starts an asynchronous server on the given port number \(default) Tj T* 0 Tw (2199\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover, remember that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_runner.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is your friend.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .578651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Annotation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class to convert the tuples in the function signature into annotation) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects, i.e. objects with six attributes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# annotations.py) Tj T* (class Positional\(object\):) Tj T* (    def __init__\(self, help='', type=None, choices=None, metavar=None\):) Tj T* (        self.help = help) Tj T* (        self.kind = 'positional') Tj T* (        self.abbrev = None) Tj T* (        self.type = type) Tj T* (        self.choices = choices) Tj T* (        self.metavar = metavar) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example11.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from annotations import Positional) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    i=Positional\("This is an int", int\),) Tj T* (    n=Positional\("This is a float", float\),) Tj T* (    rest=Positional\("Other arguments"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(i, n, *rest\):) Tj T* (    print\(i, n, rest\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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