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<H1 class="no-header">curs_addch 3x</H1>
<PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>echochar</STRONG>, <STRONG>wechochar</STRONG> - add a character
(with attributes) to a <STRONG>curses</STRONG> window, then advance the cursor
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>addch(const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>ch);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>waddch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*win,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>ch);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvaddch(int</STRONG> <STRONG>y,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>x,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>ch);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>mvwaddch(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*win,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>y,</STRONG> <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>x,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>ch);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>echochar(const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>ch);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>wechochar(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*win,</STRONG> <STRONG>const</STRONG> <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>ch);</STRONG>
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Adding-characters">Adding characters</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG> and <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG> routines put the character <EM>ch</EM>
into the given window at its current window position, which is then
advanced. They are analogous to <STRONG>putchar(3)</STRONG> in <STRONG>stdio(3)</STRONG>. If the
advance is at the right margin:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> The cursor automatically wraps to the beginning of the next line.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> At the bottom of the current scrolling region, and if <STRONG>scrollok</STRONG> is
enabled, the scrolling region is scrolled up one line.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> If <STRONG>scrollok</STRONG> is not enabled, writing a character at the lower right
margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is not
possible to wrap to a new line
If <EM>ch</EM> is a tab, newline, carriage return or backspace, the cursor is
moved appropriately within the window:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Backspace moves the cursor one character left; at the left edge of
a window it does nothing.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Carriage return moves the cursor to the window left margin on the
current line.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Newline does a <STRONG>clrtoeol</STRONG>, then moves the cursor to the window left
margin on the next line, scrolling the window if on the last line.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Tabs are considered to be at every eighth column. The tab interval
may be altered by setting the <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG> variable.
If <EM>ch</EM> is any other control character, it is drawn in <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation.
Calling <STRONG>winch</STRONG> after adding a control character does not return the
character itself, but instead returns the ^-representation of the con-
trol character.
Video attributes can be combined with a character argument passed to
<STRONG>addch</STRONG> or related functions by logical-ORing them into the character.
(Thus, text, including attributes, can be copied from one place to
another using <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">inch(3x)</A></STRONG> and <STRONG>addch</STRONG>.) See the <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG> page for val-
ues of predefined video attribute constants that can be usefully OR'ed
into characters.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Echoing-characters">Echoing characters</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>echochar</STRONG> and <STRONG>wechochar</STRONG> routines are equivalent to a call to <STRONG>addch</STRONG>
followed by a call to <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, or a call to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> followed by a
call to <STRONG>wrefresh</STRONG>. The knowledge that only a single character is being
output is used and, for non-control characters, a considerable perfor-
mance gain may be seen by using these routines instead of their equiva-
lents.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></H3><PRE>
The following variables may be used to add line drawing characters to
the screen with routines of the <STRONG>addch</STRONG> family. The default character
listed below is used if the <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> capability does not define a terminal-
specific replacement for it, or if the terminal and locale configura-
tion requires Unicode but the library is unable to use Unicode.
The names are taken from VT100 nomenclature.
<STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>ACS</STRONG> <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> <STRONG>Glyph</STRONG>
<STRONG>Name</STRONG> <STRONG>Default</STRONG> <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>Name</STRONG>
---------------------------------------------------------
ACS_BLOCK # 0 solid square block
ACS_BOARD # h board of squares
ACS_BTEE + v bottom tee
ACS_BULLET o ~ bullet
ACS_CKBOARD : a checker board (stipple)
ACS_DARROW v . arrow pointing down
ACS_DEGREE ' f degree symbol
ACS_DIAMOND + ` diamond
ACS_GEQUAL > > greater-than-or-equal-to
ACS_HLINE - q horizontal line
ACS_LANTERN # i lantern symbol
ACS_LARROW < , arrow pointing left
ACS_LEQUAL < y less-than-or-equal-to
ACS_LLCORNER + m lower left-hand corner
ACS_LRCORNER + j lower right-hand corner
ACS_LTEE + t left tee
ACS_NEQUAL ! | not-equal
ACS_PI * { greek pi
ACS_PLMINUS # g plus/minus
ACS_PLUS + n plus
ACS_RARROW > + arrow pointing right
ACS_RTEE + u right tee
ACS_S1 - o scan line 1
ACS_S3 - p scan line 3
ACS_S7 - r scan line 7
ACS_S9 _ s scan line 9
ACS_STERLING f } pound-sterling symbol
ACS_TTEE + w top tee
ACS_UARROW ^ - arrow pointing up
ACS_ULCORNER + l upper left-hand corner
ACS_URCORNER + k upper right-hand corner
ACS_VLINE | x vertical line
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
All routines return the integer <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> on success (the
SVr4 manuals specify only "an integer value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon suc-
cessful completion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine
descriptions.
Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform a cursor movement using
<STRONG>wmove</STRONG>, and return an error if the position is outside the window, or if
the window pointer is null.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></H2><PRE>
Note that <STRONG>addch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvaddch</STRONG>, <STRONG>mvwaddch</STRONG>, and <STRONG>echochar</STRONG> may be macros.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>
All these functions are described in the XSI Curses standard, Issue 4.
The defaults specified for forms-drawing characters apply in the POSIX
locale.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-ACS-Symbols">ACS Symbols</a></H3><PRE>
X/Open Curses states that the <EM>ACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> definitions are <STRONG>char</STRONG> constants. For
the wide-character implementation (see <STRONG>curs_add_wch</STRONG>), there are analo-
gous <EM>WACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> definitions which are <STRONG>cchar_t</STRONG> constants. Some implementa-
tions are problematic:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Some implementations define the ACS symbols to a constant (such as
Solaris), while others define those to entries in an array.
This implementation uses an array <STRONG>acs_map</STRONG>, as done in SVr4 curses.
NetBSD also uses an array, actually named <STRONG>_acs_char</STRONG>, with a <STRONG>#define</STRONG>
for compatibility.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> HPUX curses equates some of the <EM>ACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> symbols to the analogous <EM>WACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG>
symbols as if the <EM>ACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> symbols were wide characters. The misde-
fined symbols are the arrows and other symbols which are not used
for line-drawing.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> X/Open Curses (issues 2 through 7) has a typographical error for
the ACS_LANTERN symbol, equating its "VT100+ Character" to <STRONG>I</STRONG> (capi-
tal I), while the header files for SVr4 curses and the various
implementations use <STRONG>i</STRONG> (lowercase).
None of the terminal descriptions on Unix platforms use uppercase-
I, except for Solaris (i.e., <EM>screen</EM>'s terminal description, appar-
ently based on the X/Open documentation around 1995). On the other
hand, the terminal description <EM>gs6300</EM> (AT&T PC6300 with EMOTS Ter-
minal Emulator) uses lowercase-i.
Some ACS symbols (ACS_S3, ACS_S7, ACS_LEQUAL, ACS_GEQUAL, ACS_PI,
ACS_NEQUAL, ACS_STERLING) were not documented in any publicly released
System V. However, many publicly available terminfos include <STRONG>acsc</STRONG>
strings in which their key characters (pryz{|}) are embedded, and a
second-hand list of their character descriptions has come to light.
The ACS-prefixed names for them were invented for <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>.
The <EM>displayed</EM> values for the <EM>ACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> and <EM>WACS</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG> constants depend on
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the library configuration, i.e., <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> versus <STRONG>ncursesw</STRONG>, where the
latter is capable of displaying Unicode while the former is not,
and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> whether the <EM>locale</EM> uses UTF-8 encoding.
In certain cases, the terminal is unable to display line-drawing char-
acters except by using UTF-8 (see the discussion of <STRONG>NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS</STRONG>
in <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">ncurses(3x)</A></STRONG>).
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-Character-Set">Character Set</a></H3><PRE>
X/Open Curses assumes that the parameter passed to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG> contains a
single character. As discussed in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>, that character may
have been more than eight bits in an SVr3 or SVr4 implementation, but
in the X/Open Curses model, the details are not given. The important
distinction between SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses is that the non-char-
acter information (attributes and color) was separated from the charac-
ter information which is packed in a <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> to pass to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>.
In this implementation, <STRONG>chtype</STRONG> holds an eight-bit character. But
ncurses allows multibyte characters to be passed in a succession of
calls to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>. The other implementations do not do this; a call to
<STRONG>waddch</STRONG> passes exactly one character which may be rendered as one or
more cells on the screen depending on whether it is printable.
Depending on the locale settings, ncurses will inspect the byte passed
in each call to <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, and check if the latest call will continue a
multibyte sequence. When a character is <EM>complete</EM>, ncurses displays the
character and moves to the next position in the screen.
If the calling application interrupts the succession of bytes in a
multibyte character by moving the current location (e.g., using <STRONG>wmove</STRONG>),
ncurses discards the partially built character, starting over again.
For portability to other implementations, do not rely upon this behav-
ior:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> check if a character can be represented as a single byte in the
current locale before attempting call <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>, and
<STRONG>o</STRONG> call <STRONG>wadd_wch</STRONG> for characters which cannot be handled by <STRONG>waddch</STRONG>.
</PRE><H3><a name="h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></H3><PRE>
The <STRONG>TABSIZE</STRONG> variable is implemented in SVr4 and other versions of
curses, but is not part of X/Open curses (see <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG> for
more details).
If <EM>ch</EM> is a carriage return, the cursor is moved to the beginning of the
current row of the window. This is true of other implementations, but
is not documented.
</PRE><H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_attr.3x.html">curs_attr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_clear.3x.html">curs_clear(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_inch.3x.html">curs_inch(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>curs_out-</STRONG>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_outopts.3x.html">opts(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_refresh.3x.html">curs_refresh(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>putc(3)</STRONG>.
Comparable functions in the wide-character (ncursesw) library are
described in <STRONG><A HREF="curs_add_wch.3x.html">curs_add_wch(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_addch.3x.html">curs_addch(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-Adding-characters">Adding characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Echoing-characters">Echoing characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Line-Graphics">Line Graphics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-NOTES">NOTES</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-ACS-Symbols">ACS Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-Character-Set">Character Set</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-TABSIZE">TABSIZE</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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