path: root/lib/ovs-actions.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<actions>
  <h1>Introduction</h1>

  <p>
    This document aims to comprehensively document all of the OpenFlow actions
    and instructions, both standard and non-standard, supported by Open
    vSwitch, regardless of origin.  The document includes information of
    interest to Open vSwitch users, such as the semantics of each supported
    action and the syntax used by Open vSwitch tools, and to developers seeking
    to build controllers and switches compatible with Open vSwitch, such as the
    wire format for each supported message.
  </p>

  <h2>Actions</h2>

  <p>
    In this document, we define an <dfn>action</dfn> as an OpenFlow action,
    which is a kind of command that specifies what to do with a packet.
    Actions are used in OpenFlow flows to describe what to do when the flow
    matches a packet, and in a few other places in OpenFlow.  Each version of
    the OpenFlow specification defines standard actions, and beyond that many
    OpenFlow switches, including Open vSwitch, implement extensions to the
    standard.
  </p>

  <p>
    OpenFlow groups actions in two ways: as an <dfn>action list</dfn> or an
    <dfn>action set</dfn>, described below.
  </p>

  <h3>Action Lists</h3>

  <p>
    An <dfn>action list</dfn>, a concept present in every version of OpenFlow,
    is simply an ordered sequence of actions.  The OpenFlow specifications
    require a switch to execute actions within an action list in the order
    specified, and to refuse to execute an action list entirely if it cannot
    implement the actions in that order [OpenFlow 1.0, section 3.3], with one
    exception: when an action list outputs multiple packets, the switch may
    output the packets in an order different from that specified.  Usually,
    this exception is not important, especially in the common case when the
    packets are output to different ports.
  </p>

  <h3>Action Sets</h3>

  <p>
    OpenFlow 1.1 introduced the concept of an <dfn>action set</dfn>.  An action
    set is also a sequence of actions, but the switch reorders the actions and
    drops duplicates according to rules specified in the OpenFlow
    specifications.  Because of these semantics, some standard OpenFlow actions
    cannot usefully be included in an action set.  For some, but not all, Open
    vSwitch extension actions, Open vSwitch defines its own action set
    semantics and ordering.
  </p>

  <p>
    The OpenFlow pipeline has an action set associated with it as a packet is
    processed.  After pipeline processing is otherwise complete, the switch
    executes the actions in the action set.
  </p>

  <p>
    Open vSwitch applies actions in an action set in the following order:
    Except as noted otherwise below, the action set only executes at most a
    single action of each type, and when more than one action of a given type
    is present, the one added to the set later replaces the earlier action:
  </p>

  <ol>
    <li><code>strip_vlan</code></li>
    <li><code>pop_mpls</code></li>
    <li><code>decap</code></li>
    <li><code>encap</code></li>
    <li><code>push_mpls</code></li>
    <li><code>push_vlan</code></li>
    <li><code>dec_ttl</code></li>
    <li><code>dec_mpls_ttl</code></li>
    <li><code>dec_nsh_ttl</code></li>
    <li>
      <p>
        All of the following actions are executed in the order added to the
        action set, with cumulative effect.  That is, when multiple actions
        modify the same part of a field, the later modification takes effect,
        and when they modify different parts of a field (or different fields),
        then both modifications are applied:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li><code>load</code></li>
        <li><code>move</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_dl_dst</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_dl_src</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_nw_dst</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_nw_src</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_nw_tos</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_nw_ecn</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_nw_ttl</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_tp_dst</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_tp_src</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_vlan_pcp</code></li>
        <li><code>mod_vlan_vid</code></li>
        <li><code>set_field</code></li>
        <li><code>set_tunnel</code></li>
        <li><code>set_tunnel64</code></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><code>set_queue</code></li>
    <li>
      <code>group</code>, <code>output</code>, <code>resubmit</code>,
      <code>ct_clear</code>, or <code>ct</code>.  If more than one of these
      actions is present, then the one listed earliest above is executed and
      the others are ignored, regardless of the order in which they were added
      to the action set.  (If none of these actions is present, the action set
      has no real effect, because the modified packet is not sent anywhere and
      thus the modifications are not visible.)
    </li>
  </ol>

  <p>
    An action set may only contain the actions listed above.
  </p>

  <h2>Error Handling</h2>

  <p>
    Packet processing can encounter a variety of errors:
  </p>

  <dl>
    <dt>Bridge not found</dt>
    <dd>
      <p>
        Open vSwitch supports an extension to the standard OpenFlow
        <code>controller</code> action called a ``continuation,'' which allows
        the controller to interrupt and later resume the processing of a packet
        through the switch pipeline.  This error occurs when such a packet's
        processing cannot be resumed, e.g. because the bridge processing it has
        been destroyed.  Open vSwitch reports this error to the controller as
        Open vSwitch extension error <code>NXR_STALE</code>.
      </p>

      <p>
        This error prevents packet processing entirely.
      </p>
    </dd>

    <dt>Recursion too deep</dt>
    <dd>
      <p>
        While processing a given packet, Open vSwitch limits the flow table
        recursion depth to 64, to ensure that packet processing uses a finite
        amount of time and space.  Actions that count against the recursion
        limit include <code>resubmit</code> from a given OpenFlow table to the
        same or an earlier table, <code>group</code>, and <code>output</code>
        to patch ports.
      </p>

      <p>
        A <code>resubmit</code> from one table to a later one (or,
        equivalently. a <code>goto_table</code> instruction) does not count
        against the depth limit because resubmits to strictly monotonically
        increasing tables will eventually terminate.  OpenFlow tables are most
        commonly traversed in numerically increasing order, so this limit has
        little effect on conventionally designed OpenFlow pipelines.
      </p>

      <p>
        This error terminates packet processing.  Any previous side effects
        (e.g. output actions) are retained.
      </p>

      <p>
        Usually this error indicates a loop or other bug in the OpenFlow flow
        tables.  To assist debugging, when this error occurs, Open vSwitch 2.10
        and later logs a trace of the packet execution, as if by
        <code>ovs-appctl ofproto/trace</code>, rate-limited to one per minute
        to reduce the log volume.
      </p>
    </dd>

    <dt>Too many resubmits</dt>
    <dd>
      <p>
        Open vSwitch limits the total number of <code>resubmit</code> actions
        that a given packet can execute to 4,096.  For this purpose,
        <code>goto_table</code> instructions and output to the
        <code>table</code> port are treated like <code>resubmit</code>.  This
        limits the amount of time to process a single packet.
      </p>

      <p>
        Unlike the limit on recursion depth, the limit on resubmits counts all
        resubmits, regardless of direction.
      </p>

      <p>
        This error has the same effect, including logging, as exceeding the
        recursion depth limit.
      </p>
    </dd>

    <dt>Stack too deep</dt>
    <dd>
      <p>
        Open vSwitch limits the amount of data that the <code>push</code>
        action can put onto the stack at one time to 64 kB of data.
      </p>

      <p>
        This error terminates packet processing.  Any previous side effects
        (e.g. output actions) are retained.
      </p>
    </dd>

    <dt>No recirculation context</dt>
    <dt>Recirculation conflict</dt>
    <dd>
      These errors indicate internal errors inside Open vSwitch and should
      generally not occur.  If you notice recurring log messages about these
      errors, please report a bug.
    </dd>

    <dt>Too many MPLS labels</dt>
    <dd>
      <p>
        Open vSwitch can process packets with any number of MPLS labels, but
        its ability to push and pop MPLS labels is limited, currently to 3
        labels.  Attempting to push more than the supported number of labels
        onto a packet, or to pop any number of labels from a packet with more
        than the supported number, raises this error.
      </p>

      <p>
        This error terminates packet processing, retaining any previous side
        effects (e.g. output actions).  When this error arises within the
        execution of a group bucket, it only terminates that bucket's
        execution, not packet processing overall.
      </p>
    </dd>

    <dt>Invalid tunnel metadata</dt>
    <dd>
      <p>
        Open vSwitch raises this error when it processes a Geneve packet that
        has TLV options with an invalid form, e.g. where the length in a TLV
        would extend past the end of the options.
      </p>

      <p>
        This error prevents packet processing entirely.
      </p>
    </dd>

    <dt>Unsupported packet type</dt>
    <dd>
      <p>
        When a <code>encap</code> action encapsulates a packet, Open vSwitch
        raises this error if it does not support the combination of the new
        encapsulation with the current packet.  <code>encap(ethernet)</code>
        raises this error if the current packet is not an L3 packet, and
        <code>encap(nsh)</code> raises this error if the current packet is not
        Ethernet, IPv4, IPv6, or NSH.
      </p>

      <p>
        When a <code>decap</code> action decapsulates a packet, Open vSwitch
        raises this error if it does not support the type of inner packet.
        <code>decap</code> of an Ethernet header raises this error if a VLAN
        header is present, <code>decap</code> of a NSH packet raises this error
        if the NSH inner packet is not Ethernet, IPv4, IPv6, or NSH, and
        <code>decap</code> of other types of packets is unsupported and also
        raises this error.
      </p>

      <p>
        This error terminates packet processing, retaining any previous side
        effects (e.g. output actions).  When this error arises within the
        execution of a group bucket, it only terminates that bucket's
        execution, not packet processing overall.
      </p>
    </dd>
  </dl>

  <h2>Inconsistencies</h2>

  <p>
    OpenFlow 1.0 allows any action to be part of any flow, regardless of the
    flow's match.  Some combinations do not make sense, e.g. an
    <code>set_nw_tos</code> action in a flow that matches only ARP packets or
    <code>strip_vlan</code> in a flow that matches packets without VLAN tags.
    Other combinations have varying results depending on the kind of packet
    that the flow processes, e.g. a <code>set_nw_src</code> action in a flow
    that does not match on Ethertype will be treated as a no-op when it
    processes a non-IPv4 packet.  Nevertheless OVS allows all of the above in
    conformance with OpenFlow 1.0, that is, the following will succeed:
  </p>

  <pre>
$ ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow10 add-flow br0 arp,actions=mod_nw_tos:12
$ ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow10 add-flow br0 dl_vlan=0xffff,actions=strip_vlan
$ ovs-ofctl -O OpenFlow10 add-flow br0 actions=mod_nw_src:1.2.3.4
  </pre>

  <p>
    Open vSwitch calls these kinds of combinations <dfn>inconsistencies</dfn>
    between match and actions.  OpenFlow 1.1 and later forbid inconsistencies,
    and disallow the examples described above by preventing such flows from
    being added.  All of the above, for example, will fail with an error
    message if one replaces <code>OpenFlow10</code> by <code>OpenFlow11</code>.
  </p>

  <p>
    OpenFlow 1.1 and later cannot detect and disallow all inconsistencies.  For
    example, the <code>write_actions</code> instruction arbitrarily delays
    execution of the actions inside it, which can even be canceled with
    <code>clear_actions</code>, so that there is no way to ensure that its
    actions are consistent with the packet at the time they execute.  Thus,
    actions with <code>write_actions</code> and some other contexts are exempt
    from consistency requirements.
  </p>

  <p>
    When OVS executes an action inconsistent with the packet, it treats it as a
    no-op.
  </p>

  <h2>Inter-Version Compatibility</h2>

  <p>
    Open vSwitch supports multiple OpenFlow versions simultaneously on a single
    switch.  When actions are added with one OpenFlow version and then
    retrieved with another, Open vSwitch does its best to translate between
    them.
  </p>

  <p>
    Inter-version compatibility issues can still arise when different
    connections use different OpenFlow versions.  Backward compatibility is the
    most obvious case.  Suppose, for example, that an OpenFlow 1.1 session adds
    a flow with a <code>push_vlan</code> action, for which there is no
    equivalent in OpenFlow 1.0.  If an OpenFlow 1.0 session retrieves this
    flow, Open vSwitch must somehow represent the action.
  </p>

  <p>
    Forward compatibility can also be an issue, because later OpenFlow versions
    sometimes remove functionality.  The best example is the
    <code>enqueue</code> action from OpenFlow 1.0, which OpenFlow 1.1 removed.
  </p>

  <p>
    In practice, Open vSwitch uses a variety of strategies for inter-version
    compatibility:
  </p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      Most standard OpenFlow actions, such as <code>output</code> actions,
      translate without compatibility issues.
    </li>

    <li>
      Open vSwitch supports its extension actions in every OpenFlow version, so
      they do not pose inter-version compatibility problems.
    </li>

    <li>
      Open vSwitch sometimes adds extension actions to ensure backward or
      forward compatibility.  For example, for backward compatibility with the
      <code>group</code> action added in OpenFlow 1.1, Open vSwitch includes
      an OpenFlow 1.0 extension <code>group</code> action.
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>
    Perfect inter-version compatibility is not possible, so best results
    require OpenFlow connections to use a consistent version.  One may enforce
    use of a particular version by setting the <code>protocols</code> column
    for a bridge, e.g. to force <code>br0</code> to use only OpenFlow 1.3:
  </p>

  <pre>
    ovs-vsctl set bridge br0 protocols=OpenFlow13
  </pre>

  <h2>Field Specifications</h2>

  <p>
    Many Open vSwitch actions refer to fields.  In such cases, fields may
    usually be referred to by their common names, such as <code>eth_dst</code>
    for the Ethernet destination field, or by their full OXM or NXM names, such
    as <code>NXM_OF_ETH_DST</code> or <code>OXM_OF_ETH_DST</code>.  Before Open
    vSwitch 2.7, only OXM or NXM field names were accepted.
  </p>

  <p>
    Many actions that act on fields can also act on <dfn>subfields</dfn>, that
    is, parts of fields, written as
    <code><var>field</var>[<var>start</var>..<var>end</var>]</code>, where
    <var>start</var> is the first bit and <var>end</var> is the last bit to use
    in <var>field</var>, e.g. <code>vlan_tci[13..15]</code> for the VLAN PCP.
    A single-bit subfield may also be written as
    <code><var>field</var>[<var>offset</var>]</code>,
    e.g. <code>vlan_tci[13]</code> for the least-significant bit of the VLAN
    PCP.  Empty brackets may be used to explicitly designate an entire field,
    e.g. <code>vlan_tci[]</code> for the entire 16-bit VLAN TCI header.  Before
    Open vSwitch 2.7, brackets were required in field specifications.
  </p>

  <p>
    See <code>ovs-fields</code>(7) for a list of fields and their names.
  </p>

  <h2>Port Specifications</h2>

  <p>
    Many Open vSwitch actions refer to OpenFlow ports.  In such cases, the port
    may be specified as a numeric port number in the range 0 to 65,535,
    although Open vSwitch only assigns port numbers in the range 1 through
    62,279 to ports.  OpenFlow 1.1 and later use 32-bit port numbers, but Open
    vSwitch never assigns a port number that requires more than 16 bits.
  </p>

  <p>
    In most contexts, the name of a port may also be used.  (The most obvious
    context where a port name may not be used is in an <code>ovs-ofctl</code>
    command along with the <code>--no-names</code> option.)  When a port's name
    contains punctuation or could be ambiguous with other actions, the name may
    be enclosed in double quotes, with JSON-like string escapes supported (see
    [RFC 8259]).
  </p>

  <p>
    Open vSwitch also supports the following standard OpenFlow port names (even
    in contexts where port names are not otherwise supported).  The
    corresponding OpenFlow 1.0 and 1.1+ port numbers are listed alongside them
    but should not be used in flow syntax:
  </p>

  <ul>
    <li><code>in_port</code> (65528 or 0xfff8; 0xfffffff8)</li>
    <li><code>table</code> (65529 or 0xfff9; 0xfffffff9)</li>
    <li><code>normal</code> (65530 or 0xfffa; 0xfffffffa)</li>
    <li><code>flood</code> (65531 or 0xfffb; 0xfffffffb)</li>
    <li><code>all</code> (65532 or 0xfffc; 0xfffffffc)</li>
    <li><code>controller</code> (65533 or 0xfffd; 0xfffffffd)</li>
    <li><code>local</code> (65534 or 0xfffe; 0xfffffffe)</li>
    <li><code>any</code> or <code>none</code> (65535 or 0xffff; 0xffffffff)</li>
    <li><code>unset</code> (not in OpenFlow 1.0; 0xfffffff7)</li>
  </ul>

  <!-- What about OVS version compatibility as opposed to OF version -->

  <group title="Output Actions">
    <p>
      These actions send a packet to a physical port or a controller.  A packet
      that never encounters an output action on its trip through the Open
      vSwitch pipeline is effectively dropped.  Because actions are executed in
      order, a packet modification action that is not eventually followed by an
      output action will not have an externally visible effect.
    </p>

    <action name="OUTPUT, OUTPUT_REG, OUTPUT_TRUNC">
      <h2>The <code>output</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><var>port</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>output:</code><var>port</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>output:<var>field</var></code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>output(port=<var>port</var>, max_len=<var>nbytes</var>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Outputs the packet to an OpenFlow port most commonly specified as
        <var>port</var>.  Alternatively, the output port may be read from
        <var>field</var>, a field or subfield in the syntax described under
        ``Field Specifications'' above.  Either way, if the port is the
        packet's input port, the packet is not output.
      </p>

      <p>
        The port may be one of the following standard OpenFlow ports:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>local</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Outputs the packet on the ``local port'' that corresponds to the
          network device that has the same name as the bridge, unless the
          packet was received on the local port.  OpenFlow switch
          implementations are not required to have a local port, but Open
          vSwitch bridges always do.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>in_port</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Outputs the packet on the port on which it was received.  This is the
          only standard way to output the packet to the input port (but see
          ``Output to the Input port'', below).
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        The port may also be one of the following additional OpenFlow ports,
        unless <code>max_len</code> is specified:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>normal</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Subjects the packet to the device's normal L2/L3 processing.  This
          action is not implemented by all OpenFlow switches, and each switch
          implements it differently.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>flood</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Outputs the packet on all switch physical ports, except the port on
          which it was received and any ports on which flooding is disabled.
          Flooding can be disabled automatically on a port by Open vSwitch when
          IEEE 802.1D spanning tree (STP) or rapid spanning tree (RSTP) is
          enabled, or by a controller using an OpenFlow
          <code>OFPT_MOD_PORT</code> request to set the port's
          <code>OFPPC_NO_FLOOD</code> flag (<code>ovs-ofctl mod-port</code>
          provides a command-line interface to set this flag).
        </dd>

        <dt><code>all</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Outputs the packet on all switch physical ports except the port on
          which it was received.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>controller</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Sends the packet and its metadata to an OpenFlow controller or
          controllers encapsulated in an OpenFlow ``packet-in'' message.  The
          separate <code>controller</code> action, described below, provides
          more options for output to a controller.
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        Open vSwitch rejects output to other standard OpenFlow ports, including
        <code>none</code>, <code>unset</code>, and port numbers reserved for
        future use as standard ports, with the error
        <code>OFPBAC_BAD_OUT_PORT</code>.
      </p>

      <p>
        With <var>max_len</var>, the packet is truncated to at most
        <var>nbytes</var> bytes before being output.  In this case, the output
        port may not be a patch port.  Truncation is just for the single output
        action, so that later actions in the OpenFlow pipeline work with the
        complete packet.  The truncation feature is meant for use in monitoring
        applications, e.g. for mirroring packets to a collector.
      </p>

      <p>
        When an <code>output</code> action specifies the number of a port that
        does not currently exist (and is not in the range for standard ports),
        the OpenFlow specification allows but does not require OVS to reject
        the action.  All versions of Open vSwitch treat such an action as a
        no-op.  If a port with the number is created later, then the action
        will be honored at that point.  (OpenFlow requires OVS to reject output
        to a port number that will never be valid, with
        <code>OFPBAC_BAD_OUT_PORT</code>, but this situation does not arise
        when OVS is a software switch, since the user can add or renumber ports
        at any time.)
      </p>

      <p>
        A controller can suppress output to a port by setting its
        <code>OFPPC_NO_FORWARD</code> flag using an OpenFlow
        <code>OFPT_MOD_PORT</code> request (<code>ovs-ofctl mod-port</code>
        provides a command-line interface to set this flag).  When output is
        disabled, <code>output</code> actions (and other actions that output to
        the port) are allowed but have no effect.
      </p>

      <p>
        Open vSwitch allows output to a port that does not exist, although
        OpenFlow allows switches to reject such actions.
      </p>

      <!-- XXX output to normal details -->
      <!-- XXX output to patch ports details -->

      <h3>Output to the Input Port</h3>

      <p>
        OpenFlow requires a switch to ignore attempts to send a packet out its
        ingress port in the most straightforward way.  For example,
        <code>output:234</code> has no effect if the packet has ingress port
        234.  The rationale is that dropping these packets makes it harder to
        loop the network.  Sometimes this behavior can even be convenient,
        e.g. it is often the desired behavior in a flow that forwards a packet
        to several ports (``floods'' the packet).
      </p>

      <p>
        Sometimes one really needs to send a packet out its ingress port
        (``hairpin''). In this case, use <code>in_port</code> to explicitly
        output the packet to its input port, e.g.:
      </p>

      <pre>
        $ ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 in_port=2,actions=in_port
      </pre>
      
      <p>
        This also works in some circumstances where the flow doesn't match on
        the input port.  For example, if you know that your switch has five
        ports numbered 2 through 6, then the following will send every received
        packet out every port, even its ingress port:
      </p>
      
      <pre>
        $ ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 actions=2,3,4,5,6,in_port
      </pre>

      <p>
        or, equivalently:
      </p>

      <pre>
        $ ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 actions=all,in_port
      </pre>

      <p>
        Sometimes, in complicated flow tables with multiple levels of
        <code>resubmit</code> actions, a flow needs to output to a particular
        port that may or may not be the ingress port.  It's difficult to take
        advantage of output to <code>in_port</code> in this situation.  To
        help, Open vSwitch provides, as an OpenFlow extension, the ability to
        modify the <code>in_port</code> field.  Whatever value is currently in
        the <code>in_port</code> field is both the port to which output will be
        dropped and the destination for <code>in_port</code>.  This means that
        the following adds flows that reliably output to port 2 or to ports 2
        through 6, respectively:
      </p>

      <pre>
        $ ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 "in_port=2,actions=load:0-&gt;in_port,2"
        $ ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 "actions=load:0-&gt;in_port,2,3,4,5,6"
      </pre>

      <p>
        If <code>in_port</code> is important for matching or other reasons, one
        may save and restore it on the stack:
      </p>

      <pre>
        $ ovs-ofctl add-flow br0 actions="push:in_port,\
        load:0-&gt;in_port,\
        2,3,4,5,6,\
        pop:in_port"
      </pre>

      <conformance>
        All versions of OpenFlow and Open vSwitch support <code>output</code>
        to a literal <var>port</var>.  Output to a register is an OpenFlow
        extension introduced in Open vSwitch 1.3.  Output with truncation is an
        OpenFlow extension introduced in Open vSwitch 2.6.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="CONTROLLER">
      <h2>The <code>controller</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>controller</code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>controller:</code><var>max_len</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>controller(</code><var>key</var>[<code>=</code><var>value</var>]<code>,</code> ...<code>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Sends the packet and its metadata to an OpenFlow controller or
        controllers encapsulated in an OpenFlow ``packet-in'' message.  The
        supported options are:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>max_len=</code><var>max_len</var></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Limit to <var>max_len</var> the number of bytes of the packet to
            send in the ``packet-in.''  A <var>max_len</var> of 0 prevents any
            of the packet from being sent (thus, only metadata is included).
            By default, the entire packet is sent, equivalent to a
            <var>max_len</var> of 65535.
          </p>
        </dd>

        <dt><code>reason=</code><var>reason</var></dt>
        <dd>
          Specify <var>reason</var> as the reason for sending the message in
          the ``packet-in.''  The supported reasons are <code>no_match</code>,
          <code>action</code>, <code>invalid_ttl</code>,
          <code>action_set</code>, <code>group</code>, and
          <code>packet_out</code>.  The default reason is <code>action</code>.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>id=</code><var>controller_id</var></dt>
        <dd>
          Specify <var>controller_id</var>, a 16-bit integer, as the connection
          ID of the OpenFlow controller or controllers to which the
          ``packet-in'' message should be sent.  The default is zero.  Zero is
          also the default connection ID for each controller connection, and a
          given controller connection will only have a nonzero connection ID if
          its controller uses the <code>NXT_SET_CONTROLLER_ID</code> Open
          vSwitch extension to OpenFlow.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>userdata=</code><var>hh</var>...</dt>
        <dd>
          Supplies the bytes represented as hex digits <var>hh</var> as
          additional data to the controller in the ``packet-in'' message.
          Pairs of hex digits may be separated by periods for readability.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>pause</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Causes the switch to freeze the packet's trip through Open vSwitch
          flow tables and serializes that state into the packet-in message as a
          ``continuation,'' an additional property in the
          <code>NXT_PACKET_IN2</code> message.  The controller can later send
          the continuation back to the switch in an <code>NXT_RESUME</code>
          message, which will restart the packet's traversal from the point
          where it was interrupted.  This permits an OpenFlow controller to
          interpose on a packet midway through processing in Open vSwitch.
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <conformance>
        All versions of OpenFlow and Open vSwitch support
        <code>controller</code> action and its <code>max_len</code> option.
        The <code>userdata</code> and <code>pause</code> options require the
        Open vSwitch <code>NXAST_CONTROLLER2</code> extension action added in
        Open vSwitch 2.6.  In the absence of these options, the
        <var>reason</var> (other than <code>reason=action</code>) and
        <var>controller_id</var> (option than <code>controller_id=0</code>)
        options require the Open vSwitch <code>NXAST_CONTROLLER</code>
        extension action added in Open vSwitch 1.6.
      </conformance>        
    </action>

    <action name="ENQUEUE">
      <h2>The <code>enqueue</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>enqueue(</code><var>port</var><code>,</code><var>queue</var><code>)</code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>enqueue:</code><var>port</var><code>:</code><var>queue</var></syntax>

      <p>
        Enqueues the packet on the specified <var>queue</var> within port
        <var>port</var>.
      </p>

      <p>
        <var>port</var> must be an OpenFlow port number or name as described
        under ``Port Specifications'' above.  <var>port</var> may be
        <code>in_port</code> or <code>local</code> but the other standard
        OpenFlow ports are not allowed.
      </p>

      <p>
        <var>queue</var> must be a a number between 0 and 4294967294
        (0xfffffffe), inclusive.  The number of actually supported queues
        depends on the switch.  Some OpenFlow implementations do not support
        queuing at all.  In Open vSwitch, the supported queues vary depending
        on the operating system, datapath, and hardware in use.  Use the
        <code>QoS</code> and <code>Queue</code> tables in the Open vSwitch
        database to configure queuing on individual OpenFlow ports (see
        <code>ovs-vswitchd.conf.db</code>(5) for more information).
      </p>

      <conformance>
        <p>
          Only OpenFlow 1.0 supports <code>enqueue</code>.  OpenFlow 1.1 added
          the <code>set_queue</code> action to use in its place along with
          <code>output</code>.
        </p>

        <p>
          Open vSwitch translates <code>enqueue</code> to a sequence of three
          actions in OpenFlow 1.1 or later: <code>set_queue:<var>queue</var>,
          output:<var>port</var>, pop_queue</code>.  This is equivalent in
          behavior as long as the flow table does not otherwise use
          <code>set_queue</code>, but it relies on the <code>pop_queue</code>
          Open vSwitch extension action.
        </p>
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="BUNDLE,BUNDLE_LOAD">
      <h2>The <code>bundle</code> and <code>bundle_load</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>bundle(</code><var>fields</var><code>, </code><var>basis</var><code>, </code><var>algorithm</var><code>, ofport, slaves:</code><var>port</var>...<code>)</code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>bundle_load(</code><var>fields</var><code>, </code><var>basis</var><code>, </code><var>algorithm</var><code>, ofport, </code><var>dst</var><code>, slaves:</code><var>port</var>...<code>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        These actions choose a port (``slave'') from a comma-separated OpenFlow
        <var>port</var> list.  After selecting the port, <code>bundle</code>
        outputs to it, whereas <code>bundle_load</code> writes its port number
        to <var>dst</var>, which must be a 16-bit or wider field or subfield in
        the syntax described under ``Field Specifications'' above.
      </p>

      <p>
        These actions hash a set of <var>fields</var> using <var>basis</var> as
        a universal hash parameter, then apply the bundle link selection
        <var>algorithm</var> to choose a <var>port</var>.
      </p>

      <p>
        <var>fields</var> must be one of the following.  For the options with
        ``symmetric'' in the name, reversing source and destination addresses
        yields the same hash:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>eth_src</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Ethernet source address.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>nw_src</code></dt>
        <dd>
          IPv4 or IPv6 source address.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>nw_dst</code></dt>
        <dd>
          IPv4 or IPv6 destination address.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>symmetric_l4</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Ethernet source and destination, Ethernet type, VLAN ID or IDs (if
          any), IPv4 or IPv6 source and destination, IP protocol, TCP or SCTP
          (but not UDP) source and destination.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>symmetric_l3l4</code></dt>
        <dd>
          IPv4 or IPv6 source and destination, IP protocol, TCP or SCTP (but
          not UDP) source and destination.
        </dd>
        
        <dt><code>symmetric_l3l4+udp</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Like <code>symmetric_l3l4</code> but include UDP ports.
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        <var>algorithm</var> must be one of the following:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>active_backup</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Chooses the first live port listed in <var>slaves</var>.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>hrw</code> (Highest Random Weight)</dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Computes the following, considering only the live ports in
            <var>slaves</var>:
          </p>

          <pre>
for <var>i</var> in [1,<var>n_slaves</var>]:
    <var>weights</var>[<var>i</var>] = hash(<var>flow</var>, <var>i</var>)
<var>slave</var> = { <var>i</var> such that <var>weights</var>[<var>i</var>] &gt;= <var>weights</var>[<var>j</var>] for all <var>j</var> != <var>i</var> }
          </pre>

          <p>
            This algorithm is specified by RFC 2992.
          </p>
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        The algorithms take port liveness into account when selecting slaves.
        The definition of whether a port is live is subject to change.  It
        currently takes into account carrier status and link monitoring
        protocols such as BFD and CFM.  If none of the slaves is live,
        <code>bundle</code> does not output the packet and
        <code>bundle_load</code> stores <code>OFPP_NONE</code> (65535) in the
        output field.
      </p>

      <p>
        Example: <code>bundle(eth_src,0,hrw,ofport,slaves:4,8)</code> uses an
        Ethernet source hash with basis 0, to select between OpenFlow ports 4
        and 8 using the Highest Random Weight algorithm.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        Open vSwitch 1.2 introduced the <code>bundle</code> and
        <code>bundle_load</code> OpenFlow extension actions.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="GROUP">
      <h2>The <code>group</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>group:</code><var>group</var></syntax>
      <p>
        Outputs the packet to the OpenFlow group <var>group</var>, which must
        be a number in the range 0 to 4294967040 (0xffffff00).  The group must
        exist or Open vSwitch will refuse to add the flow.  When a group is
        deleted, Open vSwitch also deletes all of the flows that output to it.
      </p>

      <p>
        Groups contain action sets, whose semantics are described above in the
        section ``Action Sets''.  The semantics of action sets can be
        surprising to users who expect action list semantics, since action sets
        reorder and sometimes ignore actions.
      </p>

      <p>
        A <code>group</code> action usually executes the action set or sets in
        one or more group buckets.  Open vSwitch saves the packet and metadata
        before it executes each bucket, and then restores it afterward.  Thus,
        when a group executes more than one bucket, this means that each bucket
        executes on the same packet and metadata.  Moreover, regardless of the
        number of buckets executed, the packet and metadata are the same before
        and after executing the group.
      </p>

      <p>
        Sometimes saving and restoring the packet and metadata can be
        undesirable.  In these situations, workarounds are possible.  For
        example, consider a pipeline design in which a <code>select</code>
        group bucket is to communicate to a later stage of processing a value
        based on which bucket was selected.  An obvious design would be for the
        bucket to communicate the value via <code>set_field</code> on a
        register.  This does not work because registers are part of the
        metadata that <code>group</code> saves and restores.  A design that
        would work would be for the bucket to recursively invoke the rest of
        the pipeline with <code>resubmit</code> rather than to attempt to
        return it.  Another possibility is for the bucket to use
        <code>push</code> to put the value on the stack for the caller to
        <code>pop</code> off, since <code>group</code> preserves only packet
        data and metadata, not the stack.
      </p>

      <p>
        An <code>exit</code> action within a group bucket terminates only
        execution of that bucket, not other buckets or the overall pipeline.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.1 introduced <code>group</code>.  Open vSwitch 2.6 and later
        also supports <code>group</code> as an extension to OpenFlow 1.0.
      </conformance>
    </action>

  </group>

  <group title="Encapsulation and Decapsulation Actions">
    <action name="STRIP_VLAN">
      <h2>The <code>strip_vlan</code> and <code>pop</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>strip_vlan</code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>pop_vlan</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Removes the outermost VLAN tag, if any, from the packet.
      </p>

      <p>
        The two names for this action are synonyms with no semantic difference.
        The OpenFlow 1.0 specification uses the name <code>strip_vlan</code>
        and later versions use <code>pop_vlan</code>, but OVS accepts either
        name regardless of version.
      </p>

      <p>
        In OpenFlow 1.1 and later, consistency rules allow
        <code>strip_vlan</code> only in a flow that matches only packets with a
        VLAN tag (or following an action that pushes a VLAN tag, such as
        <code>push_vlan</code>).  See ``Inconsistencies'', above, for more
        information.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        All versions of OpenFlow and Open vSwitch support this action.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="PUSH_VLAN">
      <h2>The <code>push_vlan</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>push_vlan:</code><var>ethertype</var></syntax>

      <p>
        Pushes a new outermost VLAN onto the packet.  Uses TPID
        <var>ethertype</var>, which must be <code>0x8100</code> for an 802.1Q
        C-tag or <code>0x88a8</code> for a 802.1ad S-tag.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.1 and later supports this action.  Open vSwitch 2.8 added
        support for multiple VLAN tags (with a limit of 2) and 802.1ad S-tags.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="PUSH_MPLS">
      <h2>The <code>push_mpls</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>push_mpls:<var>ethertype</var></code></syntax>

      <p>
        Pushes a new outermost MPLS label stack entry (LSE) onto the packet and
        changes the packet's Ethertype to <var>ethertype</var>, which must be
        either <code>B0x8847</code> or <code>0x8848</code>.
      </p>
      
      <p>
        If the packet did not already contain any MPLS labels, initializes the
        new LSE as:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt>Label</dt>
        <dd>
          2, if the packet contains IPv6, 0 otherwise.
        </dd>
        <dt>TC</dt>
        <dd>
          The low 3 bits of the packet's DSCP value, or 0 if the packet is not
          IP.
        </dd>
        <dt>TTL</dt>
        <dd>
          Copied from the IP TTL, or 64 if the packet is not IP.
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        If the packet did already contain an MPLS label, initializes the new
        outermost label as a copy of the existing outermost label.
      </p>

      <p>
        OVS currently supports at most 3 MPLS labels.
      </p>

      <p>
        This action applies only to Ethernet packets.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        Open vSwitch 1.11 introduced support for MPLS.  OpenFlow 1.1 and later
        support <code>push_mpls</code>.  Open vSwitch implements
        <code>push_mpls</code> as an extension to OpenFlow 1.0.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="POP_MPLS">
      <h2>The <code>pop_mpls</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>pop_mpls:<var>ethertype</var></code></syntax>

      <p>
        Strips the outermost MPLS label stack entry and changes the packet's
        Ethertype to <var>ethertype</var>.  
      </p>
      
      <p>
        This action applies only to Ethernet packets with at least one MPLS
        label.  If there is more than one MPLS label, then <var>ethertype</var>
        should be an MPLS Ethertype (<code>B0x8847</code> or
        <code>0x8848</code>).
      </p>

      <conformance>
        Open vSwitch 1.11 introduced support for MPLS.  OpenFlow 1.1 and later
        support <code>pop_mpls</code>.  Open vSwitch implements
        <code>pop_mpls</code> as an extension to OpenFlow 1.0.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="ENCAP">
      <h2>The <code>encap</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>encap(nsh(</code>[<code>md_type=<var>md_type</var></code>]<code>, </code>[<code>tlv(<var>class</var>,<var>type</var>,<var>value</var>)</code>]...<code>))</code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>encap(ethernet)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        The <code>encap</code> action encapsulates a packet with a specified
        header.  It has variants for different kinds of encapsulation.
      </p>

      <p>
        The <code>encap(nsh(</code>...<code>))</code> variant encapsulates an
        Ethernet frame with NSH.  The <var>md_type</var> may be <code>1</code>
        or <code>2</code> for metadata type 1 or 2, defaulting to 1.  For
        metadata type 2, TLVs may be specified with <var>class</var> as a
        16-bit hexadecimal integer beginning with <code>0x</code>,
        <var>type</var> as an 8-bit decimal integer, and <var>value</var> a
        sequence of pairs of hex digits beginning with <code>0x</code>.  For
        example:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>encap(nsh(md_type=1))</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Encapsulates the packet with an NSH header with metadata type 1.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>encap(nsh(md_type=2,tlv(0x1000,10,0x12345678)))</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Encapsulates the packet with an NSH header, NSH metadata type 2, and
          an NSH TLV with class 0x1000, type 10, and the 4-byte value
          0x12345678.
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        The <code>encap(ethernet)</code> variant encapsulate a bare L3 packet
        in an Ethernet frame.  The Ethernet type is initialized to the L3
        packet's type, e.g. 0x0800 if the L3 packet is IPv4.  The Ethernet
        source and destination are initially zeroed.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        This action is an Open vSwitch extension to OpenFlow 1.3 and later,
        introduced in Open vSwitch 2.8.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="DECAP">
      <h2>The <code>decap</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>decap</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Removes an outermost encapsulation from the packet:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          If the packet is an Ethernet packet, removes the Ethernet header,
          which changes the packet into a bare L3 packet.  If the packet has
          VLAN tags, raises an unsupported packet type error (see ``Error
          Handling'', above).
        </li>

        <li>
          Otherwise, if the packet is an NSH packet, removes the NSH header,
          revealing the inner packet.  Open vSwitch supports Ethernet, IPv4,
          IPv6, and NSH inner packet types.  Other types raise unsupported
          packet type errors.
        </li>

        <li>
          Otherwise, raises an unsupported packet type error.
        </li>
      </ul>

      <conformance>
        This action is an Open vSwitch extension to OpenFlow 1.3 and later,
        introduced in Open vSwitch 2.8.
      </conformance>
    </action>
  </group>

  <group title="Field Modification Actions">
    <p>
      These actions modify packet data and metadata fields.
    </p>

    <action name="SET_FIELD">
      <h2>The <code>set_field</code> and <code>load</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>set_field:</code><var>value</var>[<code>/</code><var>mask</var>]<code>-&gt;</code><var>dst</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>load:</code><var>value</var><code>-&gt;</code><var>dst</var><code></code></syntax>

      <p>
        These actions loads a literal value into a field or part of a field.
        The <code>set_field</code> action takes <var>value</var> in the
        customary syntax for field <var>dst</var>,
        e.g. <code>00:11:22:33:44:55</code> for an Ethernet address, and
        <var>dst</var> as the field's name.  The optional <var>mask</var>
        allows part of a field to be set.
      </p>

      <p>
        The <code>load</code> action takes <var>value</var> as an integer value
        (in decimal or prefixed by <code>0x</code> for hexadecimal) and
        <var>dst</var> as a field or subfield in the syntax described under
        ``Field Specifications'' above.
      </p>

      <p>
        The following all set the Ethernet source address to 00:11:22:33:44:55:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li><code>set_field:00:11:22:33:44:55-&gt;eth_src</code></li>
        <li><code>load:0x001122334455-&gt;eth_src</code></li>
        <li><code>load:0x001122334455-&gt;OXM_OF_ETH_SRC[]</code></li>
      </ul>

      <p>
        The following all set the multicast bit in the Ethernet destination
        address:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li><code>set_field:01:00:00:00:00:00/01:00:00:00:00:00-&gt;eth_dst</code></li>
        <li><code>load:1-&gt;eth_dst[40]</code></li>
      </ul>

      <p>
        Open vSwitch prohibits a <code>set_field</code> or <code>load</code>
        action whose <var>dst</var> is not guaranteed to be part of the packet;
        for example, <code>set_field</code> of <code>nw_dst</code> is only
        allowed in a flow that matches on Ethernet type 0x800.  In some cases,
        such as in an action set, Open vSwitch can't statically check that
        <var>dst</var> is part of the packet, and in that case if it is not
        then Open vSwitch treats the action as a no-op.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        Open vSwitch 1.1 introduced <code>NXAST_REG_LOAD</code> as a extension
        to OpenFlow 1.0 and used <code>load</code> to express it.  Later,
        OpenFlow 1.2 introduced a standard <code>OFPAT_SET_FIELD</code> action
        that was restricted to loading entire fields, so Open vSwitch added the
        form <code>set_field</code> with this restriction.  OpenFlow 1.5
        extended <code>OFPAT_SET_FIELD</code> to the point that it became a
        superset of <code>NXAST_REG_LOAD</code>.  Open vSwitch translates
        either syntax as necessary for the OpenFlow version in use: in OpenFlow
        1.0 and 1.1, <code>NXAST_REG_LOAD</code>; in OpenFlow 1.2, 1.3, and
        1.4, <code>NXAST_REG_LOAD</code> for <code>load</code> or for loading a
        subfield, <code>OFPAT_SET_FIELD</code> otherwise; and OpenFlow 1.5 and
        later, <code>OFPAT_SET_FIELD</code>.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="REG_MOVE">
      <h2>The <code>move</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>move:<var>src</var>-&gt;<var>dst</var></code></syntax>

      <p>
        Copies the named bits from field or subfield <var>src</var> to field or
        subfield <var>dst</var>.  <var>src</var> and <var>dst</var> should
        fields or subfields in the syntax described under ``Field
        Specifications'' above.  The two fields or subfields must have the same
        width.
      </p>
      
      <p>
        Examples:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <code>move:reg0[0..5]-&gt;reg1[26..31]</code> copies the six bits
          numbered 0 through 5 in register 0 into bits 26 through 31 of
          register 1.
        </li>
        <li>
          <code>move:reg0[0..15]-&gt;vlan_tci</code> copies the least
          significant 16 bits of register 0 into the VLAN TCI field.
        </li>
      </ul>

      <conformance>
        In OpenFlow 1.0 through 1.4, <code>move</code> ordinarily uses an Open
        vSwitch extension to OpenFlow.  In OpenFlow 1.5, <code>move</code> uses
        the OpenFlow 1.5 standard <code>OFPAT_COPY_FIELD</code> action.  The
        ONF has also made <code>OFPAT_COPY_FIELD</code> available as an
        extension to OpenFlow 1.3.  Open vSwitch 2.4 and later understands this
        extension and uses it if a controller uses it, but for backward
        compatibility with older versions of Open vSwitch,
        <code>ovs-ofctl</code> does not use it.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="SET_ETH_SRC, SET_ETH_DST">
      <h2>The <code>mod_dl_src</code> and <code>mod_dl_dst</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>mod_dl_src:</code><var>mac</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>mod_dl_dst:</code><var>mac</var></syntax>

      <p>
        Sets the Ethernet source or destination address, respectively, to
        <var>mac</var>, which should be expressed in the form
        <code><var>xx</var>:<var>xx</var>:<var>xx</var>:<var>xx</var>:<var>xx</var>:<var>xx</var></code>.
      </p>

      <p>
        For L3-only packets, that is, those that lack an Ethernet header, this
        action has no effect.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.0 and 1.1 have specialized actions for these purposes.
        OpenFlow 1.2 and later do not, so Open vSwitch translates them to
        appropriate <code>OFPAT_SET_FIELD</code> actions for those versions,
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="SET_IP_SRC, SET_IP_DST">
      <h2>The <code>mod_nw_src</code> and <code>mod_nw_dst</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>mod_nw_src:</code><var>ip</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>mod_nw_dst:</code><var>ip</var></syntax>

      <p>
        Sets the IPv4 source or destination address, respectively, to
        <var>ip</var>, which should be expressed in the form
        <code><var>w</var>.<var>x</var>.<var>y</var>.<var>z</var></code>.
      </p>

      <p>
        In OpenFlow 1.1 and later, consistency rules allow these actions only
        in a flow that matches only packets that contain an IPv4 header (or
        following an action that adds an IPv4 header,
        e.g. <code>pop_mpls:0x0800</code>).  See ``Inconsistencies'', above,
        for more information.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.0 and 1.1 have specialized actions for these purposes.
        OpenFlow 1.2 and later do not, so Open vSwitch translates them to
        appropriate <code>OFPAT_SET_FIELD</code> actions for those versions,
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="SET_IP_DSCP, SET_IP_ECN">
      <h2>The <code>mod_nw_tos</code> and <code>mod_nw_ecn</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>mod_nw_tos:</code><var>tos</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>mod_nw_ecn:</code><var>ecn</var></syntax>

      <p>
        The <code>mod_nw_tos</code> action sets the DSCP bits in the IPv4
        ToS/DSCP or IPv6 traffic class field to <var>tos</var>, which must be a
        multiple of 4 between 0 and 255.  This action does not modify the two
        least significant bits of the ToS field (the ECN bits).
      </p>

      <p>
        The <code>mod_nw_ecn</code> action sets the ECN bits in the IPv4 ToS or
        IPv6 traffic class field to <code>ecn</code>, which must be a value
        between 0 and 3, inclusive.  This action does not modify the six most
        significant bits of the field (the DSCP bits).
      </p>

      <p>
        In OpenFlow 1.1 and later, consistency rules allow these actions only
        in a flow that matches only packets that contain an IPv4 or IPv6 header
        (or following an action that adds such a header).  See
        ``Inconsistencies'', above, for more information.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.0 has a <code>mod_nw_tos</code> action but not
        <code>mod_nw_ecn</code>.  Open vSwitch implements the latter in
        OpenFlow 1.0 as an extension using <code>NXAST_REG_LOAD</code>.
        OpenFlow 1.1 has specialized actions for these purposes.  OpenFlow 1.2
        and later do not, so Open vSwitch translates them to appropriate
        <code>OFPAT_SET_FIELD</code> actions for those versions,
      </conformance>
    </action>
    
    <action name="SET_L4_SRC_PORT, SET_L4_DST_PORT">
      <h2>The <code>mod_tp_src</code> and <code>mod_tp_dst</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>mod_tp_src:</code><var>port</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>mod_tp_dst:</code><var>port</var></syntax>

      <p>
        Sets the TCP or UDP or SCTP source or destination port, respectively,
        to <var>port</var>.  Both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported.
      </p>

      <p>
        In OpenFlow 1.1 and later, consistency rules allow these actions only
        in a flow that matches only packets that contain a TCP or UDP or SCTP
        header.  See ``Inconsistencies'', above, for more information.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.0 and 1.1 have specialized actions for these purposes.
        OpenFlow 1.2 and later do not, so Open vSwitch translates them to
        appropriate <code>OFPAT_SET_FIELD</code> actions for those versions,
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="DEC_TTL">
      <h2>The <code>dec_ttl</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>dec_ttl</code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>dec_ttl(<var>id1</var>, </code>[<code><var>id2</var></code>]...<code>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Decrement TTL of IPv4 packet or hop limit of IPv6 packet.  If the TTL
        or hop limit is initially 0 or 1, no decrement occurs, as packets
        reaching TTL zero must be rejected.  Instead, Open vSwitch sends a
        ``packet-in'' message with reason code <code>OFPR_INVALID_TTL</code> to
        each connected controller that has enabled receiving such messages, and
        stops processing the current set of actions.  (However, if the current
        set of actions was reached through <code>resubmit</code>, the remaining
        actions in outer levels resume processing.)
      </p>

      <p>
        As an Open vSwitch extension to OpenFlow, this action supports the
        ability to specify a list of controller IDs.  Open vSwitch will only
        send the message to controllers with the given ID or IDs.  Specifying
        no list is equivalent to specifying a single controller ID of zero.
      </p>

      <p>
        Sets the TCP or UDP or SCTP source or destination port, respectively,
        to <var>port</var>.  Both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported.
      </p>

      <p>
        In OpenFlow 1.1 and later, consistency rules allow these actions only
        in a flow that matches only packets that contain an IPv4 or IPv6
        header.  See ``Inconsistencies'', above, for more information.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        All versions of OpenFlow and Open vSwitch support this action.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="SET_MPLS_LABEL, SET_MPLS_TC, SET_MPLS_TTL">
      <h2>The <code>set_mpls_label</code>, <code>set_mpls_tc</code>, and <code>set_mpls_ttl</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>set_mpls_label:</code><var>label</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>set_mpls_tc:</code><var>tc</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>set_mpls_ttl:</code><var>ttl</var></syntax>

      <p>
        The <code>set_mpls_label</code> action sets the label of the packet's
        outer MPLS label stack entry.  <var>label</var> should be a 20-bit
        value that is decimal by default; use a <code>0x</code> prefix to
        specify the value in hexadecimal.
      </p>

      <p>
        The <code>set_mpls_tc</code> action sets the traffic class of the
        packet's outer MPLS label stack entry.  <var>tc</var> should be in the
        range 0 to 7, inclusive.
      </p>

      <p>
        The <code>set_mpls_ttl</code> action sets the TTL of the packet's outer
        MPLS label stack entry.  <var>ttl</var> should be in the range 0 to 255
        inclusive.
      </p>
        
      <p>
        In OpenFlow 1.1 and later, consistency rules allow these actions only
        in a flow that matches only packets that contain an MPLS label (or
        following an action that adds an MPLS label,
        e.g. <code>push_mpls:0x8847</code>).  See ``Inconsistencies'', above,
        for more information.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.0 does not support MPLS, but Open vSwitch implements these
        actions as extensions.  OpenFlow 1.1 has specialized actions for these
        purposes.  OpenFlow 1.2 and later do not, so Open vSwitch translates
        them to appropriate <code>OFPAT_SET_FIELD</code> actions for those
        versions,
      </conformance>
    </action>
    
    <action name="DEC_MPLS_TTL, DEC_NSH_TTL">
      <h2>The <code>dec_mpls_ttl</code> and <code>dec_nsh_ttl</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>dec_mpls_ttl</code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>dec_nsh_ttl</code></syntax>

      <p>
        These actions decrement the TTL of the packet's outer MPLS label stack
        entry or its NSH header, respectively.  If the TTL is initially 0 or 1,
        no decrement occurs.  Instead, Open vSwitch sends a ``packet-in''
        message with reason code <code>BOFPR_INVALID_TTL</code> to OpenFlow
        controllers with ID 0, if it has enabled receiving them.  Processing
        the current set of actions then stops.  (However, if the current set of
        actions was reached through <code>resubmit</code>, remaining actions in
        outer levels resume processing.)
      </p>

      <p>
        In OpenFlow 1.1 and later, consistency rules allow this actions only in
        a flow that matches only packets that contain an MPLS label or an NSH
        header, respectively.  See ``Inconsistencies'', above, for more
        information.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        <p>
          Open vSwitch 1.11 introduced support for MPLS.  OpenFlow 1.1 and
          later support <code>dec_mpls_ttl</code>.  Open vSwitch implements
          <code>dec_mpls_ttl</code> as an extension to OpenFlow 1.0.
        </p>

        <p>
          Open vSwitch 2.8 introduced support for NSH, although the NSH draft
          changed after release so that only Open vSwitch 2.9 and later conform
          to the final protocol specification.  The <code>dec_nsh_ttl</code>
          action and NSH support in general is an Open vSwitch extension not
          supported by any version of OpenFlow.
        </p>        
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="CHECK_PKT_LARGER">
      <h2>The <code>check_pkt_larger</code> action</h2>
      <syntax>
        <code>check_pkt_larger(<var>pkt_len</var>)-&gt;<var>dst</var></code>
      </syntax>

      <p>
        Checks if the packet is larger than the specified length in
        <var>pkt_len</var>.  If so, stores 1 in <var>dst</var>, which should be
        a 1-bit field; if not, stores 0.
      </p>

      <p>
        The packet length to check againt the argument <var>pkt_len</var>
        includes the L2 header and L2 payload of the packet, but not the VLAN
        tag (if present).
      </p>

      <p>
        Examples:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <code>check_pkt_larger(1500)-&gt;reg0[0]</code>
        </li>

        <li>
          <code>check_pkt_larger(8000)-&gt;reg9[10]</code>
        </li>
      </ul>

      <p>
        This action was added in Open vSwitch 2.11.90.
      </p>
    </action>
  </group>

  <group title="Metadata Actions">
    <action name="SET_TUNNEL">
      <h2>The <code>set_tunnel</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>set_tunnel:</code><var>id</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>set_tunnel64:</code><var>id</var></syntax>

      <p>
        Many kinds of tunnels support a tunnel ID, e.g. VXLAN and Geneve have a
        24-bit VNI, and GRE has an optional 32-bit key.  This action sets the
        value used for tunnel ID in such tunneled packets, although whether it
        is used for a particular tunnel depends on the tunnel's configuration.
        See the tunnel ID documentation in <code>ovs-fields</code>(7) for more
        information.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        <p>
          These actions are OpenFlow extensions.  <code>set_tunnel</code> was
          introduced in Open vSwitch 1.0.  <code>set_tunnel64</code>, which is
          needed if <var>id</var> is wider than 32 bits, was added in Open
          vSwitch 1.1.  Both actions always set the entire tunnel ID field.
        </p>
        
        <p>
          Open vSwitch supports these actions in all versions of OpenFlow, but
          in OpenFlow 1.2 and later it translates them to an appropriate
          standardized <code>OFPAT_SET_FIELD</code> action.
        </p>
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="SET_QUEUE, POP_QUEUE">
      <h2>The <code>set_queue</code> and <code>pop_queue</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>set_queue:</code><var>queue</var></syntax>
      <syntax><code>pop_queue</code></syntax>

      <p>
        The <code>set_queue</code> action sets the queue ID to be used for
        subsequent output actions to <var>queue</var>, which must be a 32-bit
        integer.  The range of meaningful values of <var>queue</var>, and their
        meanings, varies greatly from one OpenFlow implementation to another.
        Even within a single implementation, there is no guarantee that all
        OpenFlow ports have the same queues configured or that all OpenFlow
        ports in an implementation can be configured the same way queue-wise.
        For more information, see the documentation for the output queue field
        in <code>ovs-fields</code>(7).
      </p>

      <p>
        The <code>pop_queue</code> restores the output queue to the default
        that was set when the packet entered the switch (generally 0).
      </p>

      <p>
        Four billion queues ought to be enough for anyone: <url
        href="https://mailman.stanford.edu/pipermail/openflow-spec/2009-August/000394.html"/>
      </p>

      <conformance>
        <p>
          OpenFlow 1.1 introduced the <code>set_queue</code> action.  Open
          vSwitch also supports it as an extension in OpenFlow 1.0.
        </p>

        <p>
          The <code>pop_queue</code> action is an Open vSwitch extension.
        </p>
      </conformance>
    </action>
  </group>

  <group title="Firewalling Actions">
    <p>
      Open vSwitch is often used to implement a firewall.  The preferred way to
      implement a firewall is ``connection tracking,'' that is, to keep track
      of the connection state of individual TCP sessions.  The <code>ct</code>
      action described in this section, added in Open vSwitch 2.5, implements
      connection tracking.  For new deployments, it is the recommended way to
      implement firewalling with Open vSwitch.
    </p>

    <p>
      Before <code>ct</code> was added, Open vSwitch did not have built-in
      support for connection tracking.  Instead, Open vSwitch supported the
      <code>learn</code> action, which allows a received packet to add a flow
      to an OpenFlow flow table.  This could be used to implement a primitive
      form of connection tracking: packets passing through the firewall in one
      direction could create flows that allowed response packets back through
      the firewall in the other direction.  The additional
      <code>fin_timeout</code> action allowed the learned flows to expire
      quickly after TCP session termination.
    </p>

    <action name="CT">
      <h2>The <code>ct</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>ct(<var>argument</var></code>]...<code>)</code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>ct(commit</code>[<code>, <var>argument</var></code>]...<code>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        The action has two modes of operation, distinguished by whether
        <code>commit</code> is present.  The following arguments may be present
        in either mode:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>zone=<var>value</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          A zone is a 16-bit id that isolates connections into separate
          domains, allowing overlapping network addresses in different zones.
          If a zone is not provided, then the default is 0. The
          <var>value</var> may be specified either as a 16-bit integer literal
          or a field or subfield in the syntax described under ``Field
          Specifications'' above.
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        Without <code>commit</code>, this action sends the packet through the
        connection tracker.  The connection tracker keeps track of the state of
        TCP connections for packets passed through it.  For each packet through
        a connection, it checks that it satisfies TCP invariants and signals
        the connection state to later actions using the <code>ct_state</code>
        metadata field, which is documented in <code>ovs-fields</code>(7).
      </p>

      <p>
        In this form, <code>ct</code> forks the OpenFlow pipeline:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          In one fork, <code>ct</code> passes the packet to the connection
          tracker.  Afterward, it reinjects the packet into the OpenFlow
          pipeline with the connection tracking fields initialized.  The
          <code>ct_state</code> field is initialized with connection state and
          <code>ct_zone</code> to the connection tracking zone specified on the
          <code>zone</code> argument.  If the connection is one that is already
          tracked, <code>ct_mark</code> and <code>ct_label</code> to its
          existing mark and label, respectively; otherwise they are zeroed.  In
          addition, <code>ct_nw_proto</code>, <code>ct_nw_src</code>,
          <code>ct_nw_dst</code>, <code>ct_ipv6_src</code>,
          <code>ct_ipv6_dst</code>, <code>ct_tp_src</code>, and
          <code>ct_tp_dst</code> are initialized appropriately for the original
          direction connection.  See the <code>resubmit</code> action for a way
          to search the flow table with the connection tracking original
          direction fields swapped with the packet 5-tuple fields.  See
          <code>ovs-fields</code>(7) for details on the connection tracking
          fields.
        </li>

        <li>
          In the other fork, the original instance of the packet continues
          independent processing following the <code>ct</code> action.  The
          <code>ct_state</code> field and other connection tracking metadata
          are cleared.
        </li>
      </ul>

      <p>
        Without <code>commit</code>, the <code>ct</code> action accepts the
        following arguments:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>table=<var>table</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          Sets the OpenFlow table where the packet is reinjected.  The
          <var>table</var> must be a number between 0 and 254 inclusive, or a
          table's name.  If <var>table</var> is not specified, then the packet
          is not reinjected.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>nat</code></dt>
        <dt><code>nat(<var>type</var>=<var>addrs</var></code>[<code>:<var>ports</var></code>][<code>,<var>flag</var></code>]...<code>)</code></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Specify address and port translation for the connection being
            tracked.  The <var>type</var> must be <code>src</code>, for source
            address/port translation (SNAT), or <code>dst</code>, for destination
            address/port translation (DNAT).  Setting up address translation for
            a new connection takes effect only if the connection is later
            committed with <code>ct(commit</code>...<code>)</code>.
          </p>

          <p>
            The <code>src</code> and <code>dst</code> options take the following
            arguments:
          </p>

          <dl>
            <dt><var>addrs</var></dt>
            <dd>
              The IP address <var>addr</var> or range
              <code><var>addr1</var>-<var>addr2</var></code> from which the
              translated address should be selected.  If only one address is
              given, then that address will always be selected, otherwise the
              address selection can be informed by the optional persistent flag
              as described below.  Either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses can be provided,
              but both addresses must be of the same type, and the datapath
              behavior is undefined in case of providing IPv4 address range for
              an IPv6 packet, or IPv6 address range for an IPv4 packet.  IPv6
              addresses must be bracketed with <code>[</code> and <code>]</code>
              if a port range is also given.
            </dd>

            <dt><var>ports</var></dt>
            <dd>
              The L4 <var>port</var> or range
              <code><var>port1</var>-<var>port2</var></code> from which the
              translated port should be selected. When a port range is
              specified, fallback to ephemeral ports does not happen, else,
              it will.  The port number selection can be informed by the
              optional <code>random</code> and <code>hash</code> flags
              described below.  The userspace datapath only supports the
              <code>hash</code> behavior.
            </dd>
          </dl>

          <p>
            The optional flags are:
          </p>

          <dl>
            <dt><code>random</code></dt>
            <dd>
              The selection of the port from the given range should be done using
              a fresh random number.  This flag is mutually exclusive with
              <code>hash</code>.
            </dd>

            <dt><code>hash</code></dt>
            <dd>
              The selection of the port from the given range should be done using
              a datapath specific hash of the packet's IP addresses and the
              other, non-mapped port number.  This flag is mutually exclusive
              with <code>random</code>.
            </dd>

            <dt><code>persistent</code></dt>
            <dd>
              The selection of the IP address from the given range should be done
              so that the same mapping can be provided after the system restarts.
            </dd>
          </dl>

          <p>
            If <code>alg</code> is specified for the committing <code>ct</code>
            action that also includes <code>nat</code> with a <code>src</code> or
            <code>dst</code> attribute, then the datapath tries to set up the
            helper to be NAT-aware.  This functionality is datapath specific and
            may not be supported by all datapaths.
          </p>

          <p>
            A ``bare'' <code>nat</code> argument with no options will only
            translate the packet being processed in the way the connection has been
            set up with an earlier, committed <code>ct</code> action.  A
            <code>nat</code> action with <code>src</code> or <code>dst</code>, when
            applied to a packet belonging to an established (rather than new)
            connection, will behave the same as a bare <code>nat</code>.
          </p>

          <p>
            Open vSwitch 2.6 introduced <code>nat</code>.  Linux 4.6 was the
            earliest upstream kernel that implemented <code>ct</code> support for
            <code>nat</code>.
          </p>
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        With <code>commit</code>, the connection tracker commits the connection
        to the connection tracking module.  The <code>commit</code> flag should
        only be used from the pipeline within the first fork of <code>ct</code>
        without <code>commit</code>.  Information about the connection is
        stored beyond the lifetime of the packet in the pipeline.  Some
        <code>ct_state</code> flags are only available for committed
        connections.
      </p>

      <p>
        The following options are available only with <code>commit</code>:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>force</code></dt>
        <dd>
          A committed connection always has the directionality of the packet
          that caused the connection to be committed in the first place.  This
          is the ``original direction'' of the connection, and the opposite
          direction is the ``reply direction''.  If a connection is already
          committed, but it is in the wrong direction, <code>force</code>
          effectively terminates the existing connection and starts a new one
          in the current direction.  This flag has no effect if the original
          direction of the connection is already the same as that of the
          current packet.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>exec(<var>action</var></code>...<code>)</code></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Perform each <var>action</var> within the context of connection
            tracking.  Only actions which modify the <code>ct_mark</code> or
            <code>ct_label</code> fields are accepted within <code>exec</code>
            action, and these fields may only be modified with this option. For
            example:
          </p>

          <dl>
            <dt><code>set_field:<var>value</var>[/<var>mask</var>]->ct_mark</code></dt>
            <dd>
              Store a 32-bit metadata value with the connection.  Subsequent
              lookups for packets in this connection will populate
              <code>ct_mark</code> when the packet is sent to the connection
              tracker with the table specified.
            </dd>

            <dt><code>set_field:<var>value</var>[/<var>mask</var>]->ct_label</code></dt>
            <dd>
              Store a 128-bit metadata value with the connection.  Subsequent
              lookups for packets in this connection will populate
              <code>ct_label</code> when the packet is sent to the connection
              tracker with the table specified.
            </dd>
          </dl>
        </dd>

        <dt><code>alg=<var>alg</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Specify application layer gateway <var>alg</var> to track specific
            connection types.  If subsequent related connections are sent
            through the <code>ct</code> action, then the <code>rel</code> flag
            in the <code>ct_state</code> field will be set.  Supported types
            include:
          </p>

          <dl>
            <dt><code>ftp</code></dt>
            <dd>
              Look for negotiation of FTP data connections.  Specify this
              option for FTP control connections to detect related data
              connections and populate the <code>rel</code> flag for the data
              connections.
            </dd>

            <dt><code>tftp</code></dt>
            <dd>
              <p>
                Look for negotiation of TFTP data connections.  Specify this
                option for TFTP control connections to detect related data
                connections and populate the <code>rel</code> flag for the data
                connections.
              </p>
            </dd>
          </dl>

          <p>
            Related connections inherit <code>ct_mark</code> from that stored
            with the original connection (i.e. the connection created by
            <code>ct(alg=</code>...<code>)</code>).
          </p>
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        With the Linux datapath, global sysctl options affect <code>ct</code>
        behavior.  In particular, if
        <code>net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_helper</code> is enabled, which it is
        by default until Linux 4.7, then application layer gateway helpers may
        be executed even if <code>alg</code> is not specified.  For security
        reasons, the netfilter team recommends users disable this option.  For
        further details, please see <url
        href="http://www.netfilter.org/news.html#2012-04-03"/>.
      </p>

      <p>
        The <code>ct</code> action may be used as a primitive to construct
        stateful firewalls by selectively committing some traffic, then
        matching <code>ct_state</code> to allow established connections while
        denying new connections.  The following flows provide an example of how
        to implement a simple firewall that allows new connections from port 1
        to port 2, and only allows established connections to send traffic from
        port 2 to port 1:
      </p>

      <pre>
table=0,priority=1,action=drop
table=0,priority=10,arp,action=normal
table=0,priority=100,ip,ct_state=-trk,action=ct(table=1)
table=1,in_port=1,ip,ct_state=+trk+new,action=ct(commit),2
table=1,in_port=1,ip,ct_state=+trk+est,action=2
table=1,in_port=2,ip,ct_state=+trk+new,action=drop
table=1,in_port=2,ip,ct_state=+trk+est,action=1
      </pre>

      <p>
        If <code>ct</code> is executed on IPv4 (or IPv6) fragments, then the
        message is implicitly reassembled before sending to the connection
        tracker and refragmented upon output, to the original maximum received
        fragment size.  Reassembly occurs within the context of the zone,
        meaning that IP fragments in different zones are not assembled
        together.  Pipeline processing for the initial fragments is halted.
        When the final fragment is received, the message is assembled and
        pipeline processing continues for that flow.  Packet ordering is not
        guaranteed by IP protocols, so it is not possible to determine which IP
        fragment will cause message reassembly (and therefore continue pipeline
        processing). As such, it is strongly recommended that multiple flows
        should not execute <code>ct</code> to reassemble fragments from the
        same IP message.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        The <code>ct</code> action was introduced in Open vSwitch 2.5.  Some of
        its features were introduced later, noted individually above.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="CT_CLEAR">
      <h2>The <code>ct_clear</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>ct_clear</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Clears connection tracking state from the flow, zeroing
        <code>ct_state</code>, <code>ct_zone</code>, <code>ct_mark</code>, and
        <code>ct_label</code>.
      </p>

      <p>
        This action was introduced in Open vSwitch 2.6.90.
      </p>
    </action>

    <action name="LEARN">
      <h2>The <code>learn</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>learn(<var>argument</var></code>...<code>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        The <code>learn</code> action adds or modifies a flow in an OpenFlow
        table, similar to <code>ovs-ofctl --strict mod-flows</code>.  The
        arguments specify the match fields, actions, and other properties of
        the flow to be added or modified.
      </p>

      <p>
        Match fields for the new flow are specified as follows.  At least one
        match field should ordinarily be specified:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code><var>field</var>=<var>value</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Specifies that <var>field</var>, in the new flow, must match the
            literal <var>value</var>, e.g. <code>dl_type=0x800</code>.
            Shorthand match syntax, such as <code>ip</code> in place of
            <code>dl_type=0x800</code>, is not supported.
          </p>
        </dd>

        <dt><code><var>field</var>=<var>src</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Specifies that <var>field</var> in the new flow must match
            <var>src</var> taken from the packet currently being processed.
            For example, <code>udp_dst=udp_src</code>, applied to a UDP packet
            with source port 53, creates a flow which matches
            <code>udp_dst=53</code>.  <var>field</var> and <var>src</var> must
            have the same width.
          </p>
        </dd>

        <dt><code><var>field</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          Shorthand for the previous form when <var>field</var> and
          <var>src</var> are the same.  For example, <code>udp_dst</code>,
          applied to a UDP packet with destination port 53, creates a flow
          which matches <code>udp_dst=53</code>.
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        The <var>field</var> and <var>src</var> arguments above should be
        fields or subfields in the syntax described under ``Field
        Specifications'' above.
      </p>

      <p>
        Match field specifications must honor prerequisites for both the flow
        with the <code>learn</code> and the new flow that it creates.  Consider
        the following complete flow, in the syntax accepted by
        <code>ovs-ofctl</code>.  If the flow's match on <code>udp</code> were
        omitted, then the flow would not satisfy the prerequisites for the
        <code>learn</code> action's use of <code>udp_src</code>.  If
        <code>dl_type=0x800</code> or <code>nw_proto</code> were omitted from
        <code>learn</code>, then the new flow would not satisfy the
        prerequisite for its match on <code>udp_dst</code>.  For more
        information on prerequisites, please refer to
        <code>ovs-fields</code>(7):
      </p>

      <pre>
        udp, actions=learn(dl_type=0x800, nw_proto=17, udp_dst=udp_src)
      </pre>

      <p>
        Actions for the new flow are specified as follows.  At least one action
        should ordinarily be specified:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>load:<var>value</var>-&gt;<var>dst</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          Adds a <code>load</code> action to the new flow that loads the
          literal <var>value</var> into <var>dst</var>.  The syntax is the same
          as the <code>load</code> action explained in the ``Header
          Modification'' section.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>load:<var>src</var>-&gt;<var>dst</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          Adds a <code>load</code> action to the new flow that loads
          <var>src</var>, a field or subfield from the packet being processed,
          into <var>dst</var>.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>output:<var>field</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          Adds an <code>output</code> action to the new flow's actions that
          outputs to the OpenFlow port taken from <var>field</var>, which must
          be a field as described above.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>fin_idle_timeout=<var>seconds</var></code></dt>
        <dt><code>fin_hard_timeout=<var>seconds</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          Adds a <code>fin_timeout</code> action with the specified arguments
          to the new flow.  This feature was added in Open vSwitch 1.5.90.
        </dd>
      </dl>

      The following additional arguments are optional:

      <dl>
        <dt><code>idle_timeout=<var>seconds</var></code></dt>
        <dt><code>hard_timeout=<var>seconds</var></code></dt>
        <dt><code>priority=<var>value</var></code></dt>
        <dt><code>cookie=<var>value</var></code></dt>
        <dt><code>send_flow_rem</code></dt>
        <dd>
          These arguments have the same meaning as in the usual flow syntax
          documented in <code>ovs-ofctl</code>(8).
        </dd>

        <dt><code>table=<var>table</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          The table in which the new flow should be inserted.  Specify a
          decimal number between 0 and 254 inclusive or the name of a table.
          The default, if table is unspecified, is table 1 (not 0).
        </dd>

        <dt><code>delete_learned</code></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            When this flag is specified, deleting the flow that contains the
            <code>learn</code> action will also delete the flows created by
            <code>learn</code>.  Specifically, when the last <code>learn</code>
            action with this flag and particular <code>table</code> and
            <code>cookie</code> values is removed, the switch deletes all of
            the flows in the specified table with the specified cookie.
          </p>

          <p>
            This flag was added in Open vSwitch 2.4.
          </p>
        </dd>

        <dt><code>limit=<var>number</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            If the number of flows in the new flow's table with the same cookie
            exceeds <code>number</code>, the action will not add a new flow.
            By default, or with <code>limit=0</code>, there is no limit.
          </p>

          <p>
            This flag was added in Open vSwitch 2.8.
          </p>
        </dd>

        <dt><code>result_dst=<var>field</var>[<var>bit</var>]</code></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            If learn fails (because the number of flows exceeds
            <code>limit</code>), the action sets
            <code><var>field</var>[<var>bit</var>]</code> to 0, otherwise it
            will be set to 1.  <code>field[bit]</code> must be a single bit.
          </p>

          <p>
            This flag was added in Open vSwitch 2.8.
          </p>
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        By itself, the <code>learn</code> action can only put two kinds of
        actions into the flows that it creates: <code>load</code> and
        <code>output</code> actions.  If <code>learn</code> is used in
        isolation, these are severe limits.
      </p>

      <p>
        However, <code>learn</code> is not meant to be used in isolation.  It
        is a primitive meant to be used together with other Open vSwitch
        features to accomplish a task.  Its existing features are enough to
        accomplish most tasks.
      </p>

      <p>
        Here is an outline of a typical pipeline structure that allows for
        versatile behavior using <code>learn</code>:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          Flows in table <var>A</var> contain a <code>learn</code> action, that
          populates flows in table <var>L</var>, that use a <code>load</code>
          action to populate register <var>R</var> with information about what
          was learned.
        </li>

        <li>
          Flows in table <var>B</var> contain two sequential resubmit actions:
          one to table <var>L</var> and another one to table <var>B</var>+1.
        </li>

        <li>
          Flows in table <var>B</var>+1 match on register <var>R</var> and act
          differently depending on what the flows in table <var>L</var> loaded
          into it.
        </li>
      </ul>

      <p>
        This approach can be used to implement many <code>learn</code>-based
        features.  For example:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          Resubmit to a table selected based on learned information, e.g. see
          <url href="https://mail.openvswitch.org/pipermail/ovs-discuss/2016-June/021694.html"/>.
        </li>

        <li>
          MAC learning in the middle of a pipeline, as described in the ``Open
          vSwitch Advanced Features Tutorial'' in the OVS documentation.
        </li>

        <li>
          TCP state based firewalling, by learning outgoing connections based
          on SYN packets and matching them up with incoming packets.  (This is
          usually better implemented using the <code>ct</code> action.)
        </li>

        <li>
          At least some of the features described in T. A. Hoff, ``Extending
          Open vSwitch to Facilitate Creation of Stateful SDN Applications''.
        </li>
      </ul>

      <conformance>
        The <code>learn</code> action is an Open vSwitch extension to OpenFlow
        added in Open vSwitch 1.3.  Some features of <code>learn</code> were
        added in later versions, as noted individually above.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="FIN_TIMEOUT">
      <h2>The <code>fin_timeout</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>fin_timeout(<var>key</var>=<var>value</var></code>...<code>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        This action changes the idle timeout or hard timeout, or both, of the
        OpenFlow flow that contains it, when the flow matches a TCP packet with
        the FIN or RST flag.  When such a packet is observed, the action
        reduces the rule's timeouts to those specified on the action.  If the
        rule's existing timeout is already shorter than the one that the action
        specifies, then that timeout is unaffected.
      </p>

      <p>
        The timeouts are specified as key-value pairs:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>idle_timeout=</code><var>seconds</var></dt>
        <dd>
          Causes the flow to expire after the given number of seconds of
          inactivity.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>hard_timeout=</code><var>seconds</var></dt>
        <dd>
          Causes the flow to expire after the given number of
          <var>seconds</var>, regardless of activity.  (<var>seconds</var>
          specifies time since the flow's creation, not since the receipt of
          the FIN or RST.)
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        This action is normally added to a learned flow by the
        <code>learn</code> action.  It is unlikely to be useful otherwise.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        This Open vSwitch extension action was added in Open vSwitch 1.5.90.
      </conformance>
    </action>
  </group>

  <group title="Programming and Control Flow Actions">
    <action name="RESUBMIT">
      <h2>The <code>resubmit</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>resubmit:<var>port</var></code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>resubmit(</code>[<code><var>port</var></code>]<code>,</code>[<code><var>table</var></code>][<code>,ct</code>]<code>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Searches an OpenFlow flow table for a matching flow and executes the
        actions found, if any, before continuing to the following action in the
        current flow entry.  Arguments can customize the search:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          If <var>port</var> is given as an OpenFlow port number or name, then
          it specifies a value to use for the input port metadata field as part
          of the search, in place of the input port currently in the flow.
          Specifying <code>in_port</code> as <var>port</var> is equivalent to
          omitting it.
        </li>

        <li>
          If <var>table</var> is given as an integer between 0 and 254 or a
          table name, it specifies the OpenFlow table to search.  If it is not
          specified, the table from the current flow is used.
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>
            If <code>ct</code> is specified, then the search is done with
            packet 5-tuple fields swapped with the corresponding conntrack
            original direction tuple fields.  See the documentation for
            <code>ct</code> above, for more information about connection
            tracking, or <code>ovs-fields</code>(7) for details about the
            connection tracking fields.
          </p>

          <p>
            This flag requires a valid connection tracking state as a match
            prerequisite in the flow where this action is placed.  Examples of
            valid connection tracking state matches include
            <code>ct_state=+new</code>, <code>ct_state=+est</code>,
            <code>ct_state=+rel</code>, and <code>ct_state=+trk-inv</code>.
          </p>
        </li>
      </ul>

      <p>
        The changes, if any, to the input port and connection tracking fields
        are just for searching the flow table.  The changes are not visible to
        actions or to later flow table lookups.
      </p>

      <p>
        The most common use of <code>resubmit</code> is to visit another flow
        table without <var>port</var> or <code>ct</code>, like this:
        <code>resubmit(,<var>table</var>)</code>.
      </p>

      <p>
        Recursive <code>resubmit</code> actions are permitted.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        <p>
          The <code>resubmit</code> action is an Open vSwitch extension.
          However, the <code>goto_table</code> instruction in OpenFlow 1.1 and
          later can be viewed as a kind of restricted <code>resubmit</code>.
        </p>

        <p>
          Open vSwitch 1.2.90 added <var>table</var>.  Open vSwitch 2.7 added
          <code>ct</code>.
        </p>

        <p>
          Open vSwitch imposes a limit on <code>resubmit</code> recursion that
          varies among version:
        </p>

        <ul>
          <li>
            Open vSwitch 1.0.1 and earlier did not support recursion.
          </li>

          <li>
            Open vSwitch 1.0.2 and 1.0.3 limited recursion to 8 levels.
          </li>

          <li>
            Open vSwitch 1.1 and 1.2 limited recursion to 16 levels.
          </li>

          <li>
            Open vSwitch 1.2 through 1.8 limited recursion to 32 levels.
          </li>

          <li>
            Open vSwitch 1.9 through 2.0 limited recursion to 64 levels.
          </li>

          <li>
            Open vSwitch 2.1 through 2.5 limited recursion to 64 levels and
            impose a total limit of 4,096 resubmits per flow translation
            (earlier versions did not impose any total limit).
          </li>

          <li>
            Open vSwitch 2.6 and later imposes the same limits as 2.5, with one
            exception: resubmit from table <var>x</var> to any table
            <var>y</var> &gt; <var>x</var> does not count against the recursion
            depth limit.
          </li>
        </ul>
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="CLONE">
      <h2>The <code>clone</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>clone(<var>action</var>...)</code></syntax>

      <p>
         Executes each nested <var>action</var>, saving much of the packet and
         pipeline state beforehand and then restoring it afterward.  The state
         that is saved and restored includes all flow data and metadata
         (including, for example, <code>in_port</code> and
         <code>ct_state</code>), the stack accessed by <code>push</code> and
         <code>pop</code> actions, and the OpenFlow action set.
      </p>

      <p>
        This action was added in Open vSwitch 2.6.90.
      </p>
    </action>

    <action name="STACK_PUSH, STACK_POP">
      <h2>The <code>push</code> and <code>pop</code> actions</h2>
      <syntax><code>push:<var>src</var></code></syntax>
      <syntax><code>pop:<var>dst</var></code></syntax>
      <p>
        The <code>push</code> action pushes <var>src</var> on a general-purpose
        stack.  The <code>pop</code> action pops an entry off the stack into
        <var>dst</var>.  <var>src</var> and <var>dst</var> should be fields or
        subfields in the syntax described under ``Field Specifications'' above.
      </p>

      <p>
        Controllers can use the stack for saving and restoring data or metadata
        around <code>resubmit</code> actions, for swapping or rearranging data
        and metadata, or for other purposes.  Any data or metadata field, or
        part of one, may be pushed, and any modifiable field or subfield may be
        popped.
      </p>

      <p>
        The number of bits pushed in a stack entry do not have to match the
        number of bits later popped from that entry.  If more bits are popped
        from an entry than were pushed, then the entry is conceptually
        left-padded with 0-bits as needed.  If fewer bits are popped than
        pushed, then bits are conceptually trimmed from the left side of the
        entry.
      </p>

      <p>
        The stack's size is limited.  The limit is intended to be high enough
        that ``normal'' use will not pose problems.  Stack overflow or
        underflow is an error that stops action execution (see ``Stack too
        deep'' under ``Error Handling'', above).
      </p>

      <p>
        Examples:
      </p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <code>push:reg2[0..5]</code> or <code>push:NXM_NX_REG2[0..5]</code>
          pushes on the stack the 6 bits in register 2 bits 0 through 5.
        </li>

        <li>
          <code>pop:reg2[0..5]</code> or <code>pop:NXM_NX_REG2[0..5]</code>
          pops the value from top of the stack and copy bits 0 through 5 of
          that value into bits 0 through 5 of register 2.
        </li>
      </ul>

      <conformance>
        Open vSwitch 1.2 introduced <code>push</code> and <code>pop</code> as
        OpenFlow extension actions.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="EXIT">
      <h2>The <code>exit</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>exit</code></syntax>

      <p>
        This action causes Open vSwitch to immediately halt execution of
        further actions.  Actions which have already been executed are
        unaffected.  Any further actions, including those which may be in other
        tables, or different levels of the <code>resubmit</code> call stack,
        are ignored.  However, an <code>exit</code> action within a group
        bucket terminates only execution of that bucket, not other buckets or
        the overall pipeline.  Actions in the action set are still executed
        (specify <code>clear_actions</code> before <code>exit</code> to discard
        them).
      </p>
    </action>

    <action name="MULTIPATH">
      <h2>The <code>multipath</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>multipath(<var>fields</var>, <var>basis</var>, <var>algorithm</var>, <var>n_links</var>, <var>arg</var>, <var>dst</var>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Hashes <var>fields</var> using <var>basis</var> as a universal hash
        parameter, then the applies multipath link selection
        <var>algorithm</var> (with parameter <var>arg</var>) to choose one of
        <var>n_links</var> output links numbered 0 through <var>n_links</var>
        minus 1, and stores the link into <var>dst</var>, which must be a field
        or subfield in the syntax described under ``Field Specifications''
        above.
      </p>

      <p>
        The <code>bundle</code> or <code>bundle_load</code> actions are usually
        easier to use than <code>multipath</code>.
      </p>

      <p>
        <var>fields</var> must be one of the following:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>eth_src</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Hashes Ethernet source address only.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>symmetric_l4</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Hashes Ethernet source, destination, and type, VLAN ID, IPv4/IPv6
          source, destination, and protocol, and TCP or SCTP (but not UDP)
          ports.  The hash is computed so that pairs of corresponding flows in
          each direction hash to the same value, in environments where L2 paths
          are the same in each direction.  UDP ports are not included in the
          hash to support protocols such as VXLAN that use asymmetric ports
          in each direction.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>symmetric_l3l4</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Hashes IPv4/IPv6 source, destination, and protocol, and TCP or SCTP
          (but not UDP) ports.  Like <code>symmetric_l4</code>, this is a
          symmetric hash, but by excluding L2 headers it is more effective in
          environments with asymmetric L2 paths (e.g. paths involving VRRP IP
          addresses on a router).  Not an effective hash function for protocols
          other than IPv4 and IPv6, which hash to a constant zero.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>symmetric_l3l4+udp</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Like <code>symmetric_l3l4+udp</code>, but UDP ports are included in
          the hash.  This is a more effective hash when asymmetric UDP
          protocols such as VXLAN are not a consideration.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>symmetric_l3</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Hashes network source address and network destination address.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>nw_src</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Hashes network source address only.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>nw_dst</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Hashes network destination address only.
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        The <var>algorithm</var> used to compute the final result
        <var>link</var> must be one of the following:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>modulo_n</code></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Computes <var>link</var> = hash(<var>flow</var>) % <var>n_links</var>.
          </p>

          <p>
            This algorithm redistributes all traffic when <var>n_links</var>
            changes.  It has <i>O(1)</i> performance.
          </p>

          <p>
            Use 65535 for <var>max_link</var> to get a raw hash value.
          </p>

          <p>
            This algorithm is specified by RFC 2992.
          </p>
        </dd>

        <dt><code>hash_threshold</code></dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Computes <var>link</var> = hash(<var>flow</var>) / (<code>MAX_HASH</code> / <var>n_links</var>).
          </p>

          <p>
            Redistributes between one-quarter and one-half of traffic when
            n_links changes.  It has <i>O(1)</i> performance.
          </p>

          <p>
            This algorithm is specified by RFC 2992.
          </p>
        </dd>

        <dt><code>hrw</code> (Highest Random Weight)</dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Computes the following:
          </p>

          <pre>
for <var>i</var> in [0,<var>n_links</var>]:
    <var>weights</var>[<var>i</var>] = hash(<var>flow</var>, <var>i</var>)
<var>link</var> = { <var>i</var> such that <var>weights</var>[<var>i</var>] &gt;= <var>weights</var>[<var>j</var>] for all <var>j</var> != <var>i</var> }
          </pre>

          <p>
            Redistributes 1/<var>n_links</var> of traffic when
            <var>n_links</var> changes.  It has <i>O(<var>n_links</var>)</i>
            performance.  If <var>n_links</var> is greater than a threshold
            (currently 64, but subject to change), Open vSwitch will substitute
            another algorithm automatically.
          </p>

          <p>
            This algorithm is specified by RFC 2992.
          </p>
        </dd>

        <dt><code>iter_hash</code> (Iterative Hash)</dt>
        <dd>
          <p>
            Computes the following:
          </p>

          <pre>
<var>i</var> = 0
repeat:
    <var>i</var> = <var>i</var> + 1
    <var>link</var> = hash(<var>flow</var>, <var>i</var>) % <var>arg</var>
while <var>link</var> &gt; <var>max_link</var>
          </pre>

          <p>
            Redistributes 1/<var>n_links</var> of traffic when
            <var>n_links</var> changes.  O(1) performance when
            <var>arg</var>/<var>max_link</var> is bounded by a constant.
          </p>

          <p>
             Redistributes all traffic when <var>arg</var> changes.
          </p>

          <p>
            <var>arg</var> must be greater than <var>max_link</var> and for
            best performance should be no more than approximately
            <var>max_link</var> * 2.  If <var>arg</var> is outside the
            acceptable range, Open vSwitch will automatically substitute the
            least power of 2 greater than <var>max_link</var>.
          </p>

          <p>
            This algorithm is specific to Open vSwitch.
          </p>
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        Only the <code>iter_hash</code> algorithm uses <var>arg</var>.
      </p>

      <p>
        It is an error if <var>max_link</var> is greater than or equal to
        2**<var>n_bits</var>.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        This is an OpenFlow extension added in Open vSwitch 1.1.
      </conformance>
    </action>
  </group>

  <group title="Other Actions">
    <action name="CONJUNCTION">
      <h2>The <code>conjunction</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>conjunction(<var>id</var>, <var>k</var>/<var>n</var>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        This action allows for sophisticated ``conjunctive match'' flows.
        Refer to ``Conjunctive Match Fields'' in <code>ovs-fields</code>(7) for
        details.
      </p>

      <p>
        A flow that has one or more <code>conjunction</code> actions may not
        have any other actions except for <code>note</code> actions.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        Open vSwitch 2.4 introduced the <code>conjunction</code> action and
        <code>conj_id</code> field.  They are Open vSwitch extensions to
        OpenFlow.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="NOTE">
      <h2>The <code>note</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>note:</code>[<var>hh</var>]...</syntax>

      <p>
        This action does nothing at all.  OpenFlow controllers may use it to
        annotate flows with more data than can fit in a flow cookie.
      </p>

      <p>
        The action may include any number of bytes represented as hex digits
        <var>hh</var>.  Periods may separate pairs of hex digits, for
        readability.  The <code>note</code> action's format doesn't include an
        exact length for its payload, so the provided bytes will be padded on
        the right by enough bytes with value 0 to make the total number 6 more
        than a multiple of 8.
      </p>

      <p>
        
      </p>

      <conformance>
        This action is an extension to OpenFlow introduced in Open vSwitch 1.1.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="SAMPLE">
      <h2>The <code>sample</code> action</h2>
      <syntax><code>sample(<var>argument</var>...)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Samples packets and sends one sample for every sampled packet.
      </p>

      <p>
        The following <var>argument</var> forms are accepted:
      </p>

      <dl>
        <dt><code>probability=<var>packets</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          The number of sampled packets out of 65535.  Must be greater or equal
          to 1.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>collector_set_id=<var>id</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          The unsigned 32-bit integer identifier of the set of sample
          collectors to send sampled packets to.  Defaults to 0.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>obs_domain_id=<var>id</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          When sending samples to IPFIX collectors, the unsigned 32-bit integer
          Observation Domain ID sent in every IPFIX flow record.  Defaults to
          0.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>obs_point_id=<var>id</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          When sending samples to IPFIX collectors, the unsigned 32-bit integer
          Observation Point ID sent in every IPFIX flow record.  Defaults to 0.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>sampling_port=<var>port</var></code></dt>
        <dd>
          Sample packets on <var>port</var>, which should be the ingress or
          egress port.  This option, which was added in Open vSwitch 2.5.90,
          allows the IPFIX implementation to export egress tunnel information.
        </dd>

        <dt><code>ingress</code></dt>
        <dt><code>egress</code></dt>
        <dd>
          Specifies explicitly that the packet is being sampled on ingress to
          or egress from the switch.  IPFIX reports sent by Open vSwitch before
          version 2.5.90 did not include a direction.  From 2.5.90 until
          2.6.90, IPFIX reports inferred a direction from
          <var>sampling_port</var>: if it was the packet's output port, then
          the direction was reported as egress, otherwise as ingress.  Open
          vSwitch 2.6.90 introduced these options, which allow the inferred
          direction to be overridden.  This is particularly useful when the
          ingress (or egress) port is not a tunnel.
        </dd>
      </dl>

      <p>
        Refer to <code>ovs-vswitchd.conf.db</code>(5) for more details on
        configuring sample collector sets.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        This action is an OpenFlow extension added in Open vSwitch 2.4.
      </conformance>
    </action>
  </group>

  <group title="Instructions">
    <p>
      Every version of OpenFlow includes actions.  OpenFlow 1.1 introduced the
      higher-level, related concept of <dfn>instructions</dfn>.  In OpenFlow
      1.1 and later, actions within a flow are always encapsulated within an
      instruction.  Each flow has at most one instruction of each kind, which
      are executed in the following fixed order defined in the OpenFlow
      specification:
    </p>

    <ol>
      <li><code>Meter</code></li>
      <li><code>Apply-Actions</code></li>
      <li><code>Clear-Actions</code></li>
      <li><code>Write-Actions</code></li>
      <li><code>Write-Metadata</code></li>
      <li><code>Stat-Trigger</code> (not supported by Open vSwitch)</li>
      <li><code>Goto-Table</code></li>
    </ol>

    <p>
      The most important instruction is <code>Apply-Actions</code>.  This
      instruction encapsulates any number of actions, which the instruction
      executes.  Open vSwitch does not explicitly represent
      <code>Apply-Actions</code>.  Instead, any action by itself is implicitly
      part of an <code>Apply-Actions</code> instructions.
    </p>

    <p>
      Open vSwitch syntax requires other instructions, if present, to be in the
      order listed above.  Otherwise it will flag an error.
    </p>

    <action name="METER">
      <h2>The <code>meter</code> action and instruction</h2>
      <syntax><code>meter:<var>meter_id</var></code></syntax>

      <p>
        Apply meter <var>meter_id</var>.  If a meter band rate is exceeded, the
        packet may be dropped, or modified, depending on the meter band type.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        <p>
          OpenFlow 1.3 introduced the <code>meter</code> instruction.  OpenFlow
          1.5 changes <code>meter</code> from an instruction to an action.
        </p>

        <p>
          OpenFlow 1.5 allows implementations to restrict <code>meter</code> to
          be the first action in an action list and to exclude
          <code>meter</code> from action sets, for better compatibility with
          OpenFlow 1.3 and 1.4.  Open vSwitch restricts the <code>meter</code>
          action both ways.
        </p>

        <p>
          Open vSwitch 2.0 introduced OpenFlow protocol support for meters, but
          it did not include a datapath implementation.  Open vSwitch 2.7 added
          meter support to the userspace datapath.  Open vSwitch 2.10 added
          meter support to the kernel datapath.  Open vSwitch 2.12 added
          support for meter as an action in OpenFlow 1.5.
        </p>
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="CLEAR_ACTIONS">
      <h2>The <code>clear_actions</code> instruction</h2>
      <syntax><code>clear_actions</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Clears the action set.  See ``Action Sets'', above, for more
        information.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.1 introduced <code>clear_actions</code>.  Open vSwitch 2.1
        added support for <code>clear_actions</code>.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="WRITE_ACTIONS">
      <h2>The <code>write_actions</code> instruction</h2>
      <syntax><code>write_actions(<var>action</var></code>...<code>)</code></syntax>

      <p>
        Adds each <var>action</var> to the action set.  The action set is
        carried between flow tables and then executed at the end of the
        pipeline.  Only certain actions may be written to the action set.  See
        ``Action Sets'', above, for more information.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.1 introduced <code>write_actions</code>.  Open vSwitch 2.1
        added support for <code>write_actions</code>.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="WRITE_METADATA">
      <h2>The <code>write_metadata</code> instruction</h2>
      <syntax><code>write_metadata:<var>value</var></code>[<code>/<var>mask</var></code>]</syntax>

      <p>
        Updates the flow's <code>metadata</code> field.  If <var>mask</var> is
        omitted, <code>metadata</code> is set exactly to <var>value</var>; if
        <var>mask</var> is specified, then a 1-bit in <var>mask</var> indicates
        that the corresponding bit in <code>metadata</code> will be replaced
        with the corresponding bit from <var>value</var>.  Both
        <var>value</var> and <var>mask</var> are 64-bit values that are decimal
        by default; use a <code>0x</code> prefix to specify them in
        hexadecimal.
      </p>

      <p>
        The <code>metadata</code> field can also be matched in the flow table
        and updated with actions such as <code>set_field</code> and
        <code>move</code>.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.1 introduced <code>write_metadata</code>.  Open vSwitch 2.1
        added support for <code>write_metadata</code>.
      </conformance>
    </action>

    <action name="GOTO_TABLE">
      <h2>The <code>goto_table</code> instruction</h2>
      <syntax><code>goto_table:<var>table</var></code></syntax>

      <p>
        Jumps to <var>table</var> as the next table in the process pipeline.
        The table may be a number between 0 and 254 or a table name.
      </p>

      <p>
        It is an error if <var>table</var> is less than or equal to the table
        of the flow that contains it; that is, <code>goto_table</code> must
        move forward in the OpenFlow pipeline.  Since <code>goto_table</code>
        must be the last instruction in a flow, it never leads to recursion.
        The <code>resubmit</code> extension action is more flexible.
      </p>

      <conformance>
        OpenFlow 1.1 introduced <code>goto_table</code>.  Open vSwitch 2.1
        added support for <code>goto_table</code>.
      </conformance>
    </action>
  </group>
</actions>