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diff --git a/samples/REC-xml-19980210.xml b/samples/REC-xml-19980210.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c108ff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/samples/REC-xml-19980210.xml @@ -0,0 +1,4197 @@ +<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ISO-8859-1' standalone='no'?> +<!DOCTYPE spec SYSTEM "spec.dtd" [ + +<!-- LAST TOUCHED BY: Tim Bray, 8 February 1997 --> + +<!-- The words 'FINAL EDIT' in comments mark places where changes +need to be made after approval of the document by the ERB, before +publication. --> + +<!ENTITY XML.version "1.0"> +<!ENTITY doc.date "10 February 1998"> +<!ENTITY iso6.doc.date "19980210"> +<!ENTITY w3c.doc.date "02-Feb-1998"> +<!ENTITY draft.day '10'> +<!ENTITY draft.month 'February'> +<!ENTITY draft.year '1998'> + +<!ENTITY WebSGML + 'WebSGML Adaptations Annex to ISO 8879'> + +<!ENTITY lt "<"> +<!ENTITY gt ">"> +<!ENTITY xmlpio "'<?xml'"> +<!ENTITY pic "'?>'"> +<!ENTITY br "\n"> +<!ENTITY cellback '#c0d9c0'> +<!ENTITY mdash "--"> <!-- —, but nsgmls doesn't grok hex --> +<!ENTITY com "--"> +<!ENTITY como "--"> +<!ENTITY comc "--"> +<!ENTITY hcro "&#x"> +<!-- <!ENTITY nbsp " "> --> +<!ENTITY nbsp " "> +<!ENTITY magicents "<code>amp</code>, +<code>lt</code>, +<code>gt</code>, +<code>apos</code>, +<code>quot</code>"> + +<!-- audience and distribution status: for use at publication time --> +<!ENTITY doc.audience "public review and discussion"> +<!ENTITY doc.distribution "may be distributed freely, as long as +all text and legal notices remain intact"> + +]> + +<!-- for Panorama *--> +<?VERBATIM "eg" ?> + +<spec> +<header> +<title>Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0</title> +<version></version> +<w3c-designation>REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;</w3c-designation> +<w3c-doctype>W3C Recommendation</w3c-doctype> +<pubdate><day>&draft.day;</day><month>&draft.month;</month><year>&draft.year;</year></pubdate> + +<publoc> +<loc href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;"> +http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;</loc> +<loc href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;.xml"> +http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;.xml</loc> +<loc href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;.html"> +http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;.html</loc> +<loc href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;.pdf"> +http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;.pdf</loc> +<loc href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;.ps"> +http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-&iso6.doc.date;.ps</loc> +</publoc> +<latestloc> +<loc href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml"> +http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml</loc> +</latestloc> +<prevlocs> +<loc href="http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-xml-971208"> +http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-xml-971208</loc> +<!-- +<loc href='http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-961114'> +http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-961114</loc> +<loc href='http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-lang-970331'> +http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-lang-970331</loc> +<loc href='http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-lang-970630'> +http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-lang-970630</loc> +<loc href='http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-970807'> +http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-970807</loc> +<loc href='http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-971117'> +http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-971117</loc>--> +</prevlocs> +<authlist> +<author><name>Tim Bray</name> +<affiliation>Textuality and Netscape</affiliation> +<email +href="mailto:tbray@textuality.com">tbray@textuality.com</email></author> +<author><name>Jean Paoli</name> +<affiliation>Microsoft</affiliation> +<email href="mailto:jeanpa@microsoft.com">jeanpa@microsoft.com</email></author> +<author><name>C. M. Sperberg-McQueen</name> +<affiliation>University of Illinois at Chicago</affiliation> +<email href="mailto:cmsmcq@uic.edu">cmsmcq@uic.edu</email></author> +</authlist> +<abstract> +<p>The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a subset of +SGML that is completely described in this document. Its goal is to +enable generic SGML to be served, received, and processed on the Web +in the way that is now possible with HTML. XML has been designed for +ease of implementation and for interoperability with both SGML and +HTML.</p> +</abstract> +<status> +<p>This document has been reviewed by W3C Members and +other interested parties and has been endorsed by the +Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable +document and may be used as reference material or cited +as a normative reference from another document. W3C's +role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention +to the specification and to promote its widespread +deployment. This enhances the functionality and +interoperability of the Web.</p> +<p> +This document specifies a syntax created by subsetting an existing, +widely used international text processing standard (Standard +Generalized Markup Language, ISO 8879:1986(E) as amended and +corrected) for use on the World Wide Web. It is a product of the W3C +XML Activity, details of which can be found at <loc +href='http://www.w3.org/XML'>http://www.w3.org/XML</loc>. A list of +current W3C Recommendations and other technical documents can be found +at <loc href='http://www.w3.org/TR'>http://www.w3.org/TR</loc>. +</p> +<p>This specification uses the term URI, which is defined by <bibref +ref="Berners-Lee"/>, a work in progress expected to update <bibref +ref="RFC1738"/> and <bibref ref="RFC1808"/>. +</p> +<p>The list of known errors in this specification is +available at +<loc href='http://www.w3.org/XML/xml-19980210-errata'>http://www.w3.org/XML/xml-19980210-errata</loc>.</p> +<p>Please report errors in this document to +<loc href='mailto:xml-editor@w3.org'>xml-editor@w3.org</loc>. +</p> +</status> + + +<pubstmt> +<p>Chicago, Vancouver, Mountain View, et al.: +World-Wide Web Consortium, XML Working Group, 1996, 1997.</p> +</pubstmt> +<sourcedesc> +<p>Created in electronic form.</p> +</sourcedesc> +<langusage> +<language id='EN'>English</language> +<language id='ebnf'>Extended Backus-Naur Form (formal grammar)</language> +</langusage> +<revisiondesc> +<slist> +<sitem>1997-12-03 : CMSMcQ : yet further changes</sitem> +<sitem>1997-12-02 : TB : further changes (see TB to XML WG, +2 December 1997)</sitem> +<sitem>1997-12-02 : CMSMcQ : deal with as many corrections and +comments from the proofreaders as possible: +entify hard-coded document date in pubdate element, +change expansion of entity WebSGML, +update status description as per Dan Connolly (am not sure +about refernece to Berners-Lee et al.), +add 'The' to abstract as per WG decision, +move Relationship to Existing Standards to back matter and +combine with References, +re-order back matter so normative appendices come first, +re-tag back matter so informative appendices are tagged informdiv1, +remove XXX XXX from list of 'normative' specs in prose, +move some references from Other References to Normative References, +add RFC 1738, 1808, and 2141 to Other References (they are not +normative since we do not require the processor to enforce any +rules based on them), +add reference to 'Fielding draft' (Berners-Lee et al.), +move notation section to end of body, +drop URIchar non-terminal and use SkipLit instead, +lose stray reference to defunct nonterminal 'markupdecls', +move reference to Aho et al. into appendix (Tim's right), +add prose note saying that hash marks and fragment identifiers are +NOT part of the URI formally speaking, and are NOT legal in +system identifiers (processor 'may' signal an error). +Work through: +Tim Bray reacting to James Clark, +Tim Bray on his own, +Eve Maler, + +NOT DONE YET: +change binary / text to unparsed / parsed. +handle James's suggestion about < in attriubte values +uppercase hex characters, +namechar list, +</sitem> +<sitem>1997-12-01 : JB : add some column-width parameters</sitem> +<sitem>1997-12-01 : CMSMcQ : begin round of changes to incorporate +recent WG decisions and other corrections: +binding sources of character encoding info (27 Aug / 3 Sept), +correct wording of Faust quotation (restore dropped line), +drop SDD from EncodingDecl, +change text at version number 1.0, +drop misleading (wrong!) sentence about ignorables and extenders, +modify definition of PCData to make bar on msc grammatical, +change grammar's handling of internal subset (drop non-terminal markupdecls), +change definition of includeSect to allow conditional sections, +add integral-declaration constraint on internal subset, +drop misleading / dangerous sentence about relationship of +entities with system storage objects, +change table body tag to htbody as per EM change to DTD, +add rule about space normalization in public identifiers, +add description of how to generate our name-space rules from +Unicode character database (needs further work!). +</sitem> +<sitem>1997-10-08 : TB : Removed %-constructs again, new rules +for PE appearance.</sitem> +<sitem>1997-10-01 : TB : Case-sensitive markup; cleaned up +element-type defs, lotsa little edits for style</sitem> +<sitem>1997-09-25 : TB : Change to elm's new DTD, with +substantial detail cleanup as a side-effect</sitem> +<sitem>1997-07-24 : CMSMcQ : correct error (lost *) in definition +of ignoreSectContents (thanks to Makoto Murata)</sitem> +<sitem>Allow all empty elements to have end-tags, consistent with +SGML TC (as per JJC).</sitem> +<sitem>1997-07-23 : CMSMcQ : pre-emptive strike on pending corrections: +introduce the term 'empty-element tag', note that all empty elements +may use it, and elements declared EMPTY must use it. +Add WFC requiring encoding decl to come first in an entity. +Redefine notations to point to PIs as well as binary entities. +Change autodetection table by removing bytes 3 and 4 from +examples with Byte Order Mark. +Add content model as a term and clarify that it applies to both +mixed and element content. +</sitem> +<sitem>1997-06-30 : CMSMcQ : change date, some cosmetic changes, +changes to productions for choice, seq, Mixed, NotationType, +Enumeration. Follow James Clark's suggestion and prohibit +conditional sections in internal subset. TO DO: simplify +production for ignored sections as a result, since we don't +need to worry about parsers which don't expand PErefs finding +a conditional section.</sitem> +<sitem>1997-06-29 : TB : various edits</sitem> +<sitem>1997-06-29 : CMSMcQ : further changes: +Suppress old FINAL EDIT comments and some dead material. +Revise occurrences of % in grammar to exploit Henry Thompson's pun, +especially markupdecl and attdef. +Remove RMD requirement relating to element content (?). +</sitem> +<sitem>1997-06-28 : CMSMcQ : Various changes for 1 July draft: +Add text for draconian error handling (introduce +the term Fatal Error). +RE deleta est (changing wording from +original announcement to restrict the requirement to validating +parsers). +Tag definition of validating processor and link to it. +Add colon as name character. +Change def of %operator. +Change standard definitions of lt, gt, amp. +Strip leading zeros from #x00nn forms.</sitem> +<sitem>1997-04-02 : CMSMcQ : final corrections of editorial errors +found in last night's proofreading. Reverse course once more on +well-formed: Webster's Second hyphenates it, and that's enough +for me.</sitem> +<sitem>1997-04-01 : CMSMcQ : corrections from JJC, EM, HT, and self</sitem> +<sitem>1997-03-31 : Tim Bray : many changes</sitem> +<sitem>1997-03-29 : CMSMcQ : some Henry Thompson (on entity handling), +some Charles Goldfarb, some ERB decisions (PE handling in miscellaneous +declarations. Changed Ident element to accept def attribute. +Allow normalization of Unicode characters. move def of systemliteral +into section on literals.</sitem> +<sitem>1997-03-28 : CMSMcQ : make as many corrections as possible, from +Terry Allen, Norbert Mikula, James Clark, Jon Bosak, Henry Thompson, +Paul Grosso, and self. Among other things: give in on "well formed" +(Terry is right), tentatively rename QuotedCData as AttValue +and Literal as EntityValue to be more informative, since attribute +values are the <emph>only</emph> place QuotedCData was used, and +vice versa for entity text and Literal. (I'd call it Entity Text, +but 8879 uses that name for both internal and external entities.)</sitem> +<sitem>1997-03-26 : CMSMcQ : resynch the two forks of this draft, reapply +my changes dated 03-20 and 03-21. Normalize old 'may not' to 'must not' +except in the one case where it meant 'may or may not'.</sitem> +<sitem>1997-03-21 : TB : massive changes on plane flight from Chicago +to Vancouver</sitem> +<sitem>1997-03-21 : CMSMcQ : correct as many reported errors as possible. +</sitem> +<sitem>1997-03-20 : CMSMcQ : correct typos listed in CMSMcQ hand copy of spec.</sitem> +<sitem>1997-03-20 : CMSMcQ : cosmetic changes preparatory to revision for +WWW conference April 1997: restore some of the internal entity +references (e.g. to docdate, etc.), change character xA0 to &nbsp; +and define nbsp as &#160;, and refill a lot of paragraphs for +legibility.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-11-12 : CMSMcQ : revise using Tim's edits: +Add list type of NUMBERED and change most lists either to +BULLETS or to NUMBERED. +Suppress QuotedNames, Names (not used). +Correct trivial-grammar doc type decl. +Rename 'marked section' as 'CDATA section' passim. +Also edits from James Clark: +Define the set of characters from which [^abc] subtracts. +Charref should use just [0-9] not Digit. +Location info needs cleaner treatment: remove? (ERB +question). +One example of a PI has wrong pic. +Clarify discussion of encoding names. +Encoding failure should lead to unspecified results; don't +prescribe error recovery. +Don't require exposure of entity boundaries. +Ignore white space in element content. +Reserve entity names of the form u-NNNN. +Clarify relative URLs. +And some of my own: +Correct productions for content model: model cannot +consist of a name, so "elements ::= cp" is no good. +</sitem> +<sitem>1996-11-11 : CMSMcQ : revise for style. +Add new rhs to entity declaration, for parameter entities.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-11-10 : CMSMcQ : revise for style. +Fix / complete section on names, characters. +Add sections on parameter entities, conditional sections. +Still to do: Add compatibility note on deterministic content models. +Finish stylistic revision.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-31 : TB : Add Entity Handling section</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-30 : TB : Clean up term & termdef. Slip in +ERB decision re EMPTY.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-28 : TB : Change DTD. Implement some of Michael's +suggestions. Change comments back to //. Introduce language for +XML namespace reservation. Add section on white-space handling. +Lots more cleanup.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-24 : CMSMcQ : quick tweaks, implement some ERB +decisions. Characters are not integers. Comments are /* */ not //. +Add bibliographic refs to 10646, HyTime, Unicode. +Rename old Cdata as MsData since it's <emph>only</emph> seen +in marked sections. Call them attribute-value pairs not +name-value pairs, except once. Internal subset is optional, needs +'?'. Implied attributes should be signaled to the app, not +have values supplied by processor.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-16 : TB : track down & excise all DSD references; +introduce some EBNF for entity declarations.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-?? : TB : consistency check, fix up scraps so +they all parse, get formatter working, correct a few productions.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-10/11 : CMSMcQ : various maintenance, stylistic, and +organizational changes: +Replace a few literals with xmlpio and +pic entities, to make them consistent and ensure we can change pic +reliably when the ERB votes. +Drop paragraph on recognizers from notation section. +Add match, exact match to terminology. +Move old 2.2 XML Processors and Apps into intro. +Mention comments, PIs, and marked sections in discussion of +delimiter escaping. +Streamline discussion of doctype decl syntax. +Drop old section of 'PI syntax' for doctype decl, and add +section on partial-DTD summary PIs to end of Logical Structures +section. +Revise DSD syntax section to use Tim's subset-in-a-PI +mechanism.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-10 : TB : eliminate name recognizers (and more?)</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-09 : CMSMcQ : revise for style, consistency through 2.3 +(Characters)</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-09 : CMSMcQ : re-unite everything for convenience, +at least temporarily, and revise quickly</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-08 : TB : first major homogenization pass</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-08 : TB : turn "current" attribute on div type into +CDATA</sitem> +<sitem>1996-10-02 : TB : remould into skeleton + entities</sitem> +<sitem>1996-09-30 : CMSMcQ : add a few more sections prior to exchange + with Tim.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-09-20 : CMSMcQ : finish transcribing notes.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-09-19 : CMSMcQ : begin transcribing notes for draft.</sitem> +<sitem>1996-09-13 : CMSMcQ : made outline from notes of 09-06, +do some housekeeping</sitem> +</slist> +</revisiondesc> +</header> +<body> +<div1 id='sec-intro'> +<head>Introduction</head> +<p>Extensible Markup Language, abbreviated XML, describes a class of +data objects called <termref def="dt-xml-doc">XML documents</termref> and +partially describes the behavior of +computer programs which process them. XML is an application profile or +restricted form of SGML, the Standard Generalized Markup +Language <bibref ref='ISO8879'/>. +By construction, XML documents +are conforming SGML documents. +</p> +<p>XML documents are made up of storage units called <termref +def="dt-entity">entities</termref>, which contain either parsed +or unparsed data. +Parsed data is made up of <termref def="dt-character">characters</termref>, +some +of which form <termref def="dt-chardata">character data</termref>, +and some of which form <termref def="dt-markup">markup</termref>. +Markup encodes a description of the document's storage layout and +logical structure. XML provides a mechanism to impose constraints on +the storage layout and logical structure.</p> +<p><termdef id="dt-xml-proc" term="XML Processor">A software module +called an <term>XML processor</term> is used to read XML documents +and provide access to their content and structure.</termdef> <termdef +id="dt-app" term="Application">It is assumed that an XML processor is +doing its work on behalf of another module, called the +<term>application</term>.</termdef> This specification describes the +required behavior of an XML processor in terms of how it must read XML +data and the information it must provide to the application.</p> + +<div2 id='sec-origin-goals'> +<head>Origin and Goals</head> +<p>XML was developed by an XML Working Group (originally known as the +SGML Editorial Review Board) formed under the auspices of the World +Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1996. +It was chaired by Jon Bosak of Sun +Microsystems with the active participation of an XML Special +Interest Group (previously known as the SGML Working Group) also +organized by the W3C. The membership of the XML Working Group is given +in an appendix. Dan Connolly served as the WG's contact with the W3C. +</p> +<p>The design goals for XML are:<olist> +<item><p>XML shall be straightforwardly usable over the +Internet.</p></item> +<item><p>XML shall support a wide variety of applications.</p></item> +<item><p>XML shall be compatible with SGML.</p></item> +<item><p>It shall be easy to write programs which process XML +documents.</p></item> +<item><p>The number of optional features in XML is to be kept to the +absolute minimum, ideally zero.</p></item> +<item><p>XML documents should be human-legible and reasonably +clear.</p></item> +<item><p>The XML design should be prepared quickly.</p></item> +<item><p>The design of XML shall be formal and concise.</p></item> +<item><p>XML documents shall be easy to create.</p></item> +<item><p>Terseness in XML markup is of minimal importance.</p></item></olist> +</p> +<p>This specification, +together with associated standards +(Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 for characters, +Internet RFC 1766 for language identification tags, +ISO 639 for language name codes, and +ISO 3166 for country name codes), +provides all the information necessary to understand +XML Version &XML.version; +and construct computer programs to process it.</p> +<p>This version of the XML specification +<!-- is for &doc.audience;.--> +&doc.distribution;.</p> + +</div2> + + + + +<div2 id='sec-terminology'> +<head>Terminology</head> + +<p>The terminology used to describe XML documents is defined in the body of +this specification. +The terms defined in the following list are used in building those +definitions and in describing the actions of an XML processor: +<glist> +<gitem> +<label>may</label> +<def><p><termdef id="dt-may" term="May">Conforming documents and XML +processors are permitted to but need not behave as +described.</termdef></p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label>must</label> +<def><p>Conforming documents and XML processors +are required to behave as described; otherwise they are in error. +<!-- do NOT change this! this is what defines a violation of +a 'must' clause as 'an error'. -MSM --> +</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label>error</label> +<def><p><termdef id='dt-error' term='Error' +>A violation of the rules of this +specification; results are +undefined. Conforming software may detect and report an error and may +recover from it.</termdef></p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label>fatal error</label> +<def><p><termdef id="dt-fatal" term="Fatal Error">An error +which a conforming <termref def="dt-xml-proc">XML processor</termref> +must detect and report to the application. +After encountering a fatal error, the +processor may continue +processing the data to search for further errors and may report such +errors to the application. In order to support correction of errors, +the processor may make unprocessed data from the document (with +intermingled character data and markup) available to the application. +Once a fatal error is detected, however, the processor must not +continue normal processing (i.e., it must not +continue to pass character data and information about the document's +logical structure to the application in the normal way). +</termdef></p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label>at user option</label> +<def><p>Conforming software may or must (depending on the modal verb in the +sentence) behave as described; if it does, it must +provide users a means to enable or disable the behavior +described.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label>validity constraint</label> +<def><p>A rule which applies to all +<termref def="dt-valid">valid</termref> XML documents. +Violations of validity constraints are errors; they must, at user option, +be reported by +<termref def="dt-validating">validating XML processors</termref>.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label>well-formedness constraint</label> +<def><p>A rule which applies to all <termref +def="dt-wellformed">well-formed</termref> XML documents. +Violations of well-formedness constraints are +<termref def="dt-fatal">fatal errors</termref>.</p></def> +</gitem> + +<gitem> +<label>match</label> +<def><p><termdef id="dt-match" term="match">(Of strings or names:) +Two strings or names being compared must be identical. +Characters with multiple possible representations in ISO/IEC 10646 (e.g. +characters with +both precomposed and base+diacritic forms) match only if they have the +same representation in both strings. +At user option, processors may normalize such characters to +some canonical form. +No case folding is performed. +(Of strings and rules in the grammar:) +A string matches a grammatical production if it belongs to the +language generated by that production. +(Of content and content models:) +An element matches its declaration when it conforms +in the fashion described in the constraint +<specref ref='elementvalid'/>. +</termdef> +</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label>for compatibility</label> +<def><p><termdef id="dt-compat" term="For Compatibility">A feature of +XML included solely to ensure that XML remains compatible with SGML. +</termdef></p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label>for interoperability</label> +<def><p><termdef id="dt-interop" term="For interoperability">A +non-binding recommendation included to increase the chances that XML +documents can be processed by the existing installed base of SGML +processors which predate the +&WebSGML;.</termdef></p></def> +</gitem> +</glist> +</p> +</div2> + + +</div1> +<!-- &Docs; --> + +<div1 id='sec-documents'> +<head>Documents</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-xml-doc" term="XML Document"> +A data object is an +<term>XML document</term> if it is +<termref def="dt-wellformed">well-formed</termref>, as +defined in this specification. +A well-formed XML document may in addition be +<termref def="dt-valid">valid</termref> if it meets certain further +constraints.</termdef></p> + +<p>Each XML document has both a logical and a physical structure. +Physically, the document is composed of units called <termref +def="dt-entity">entities</termref>. An entity may <termref +def="dt-entref">refer</termref> to other entities to cause their +inclusion in the document. A document begins in a "root" or <termref +def="dt-docent">document entity</termref>. +Logically, the document is composed of declarations, elements, +comments, +character references, and +processing +instructions, all of which are indicated in the document by explicit +markup. +The logical and physical structures must nest properly, as described +in <specref ref='wf-entities'/>. +</p> + +<div2 id='sec-well-formed'> +<head>Well-Formed XML Documents</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-wellformed" term="Well-Formed"> +A textual object is +a well-formed XML document if:</termdef> +<olist> +<item><p>Taken as a whole, it +matches the production labeled <nt def='NT-document'>document</nt>.</p></item> +<item><p>It +meets all the well-formedness constraints given in this specification.</p> +</item> +<item><p>Each of the <termref def='dt-parsedent'>parsed entities</termref> +which is referenced directly or indirectly within the document is +<titleref href='wf-entities'>well-formed</titleref>.</p></item> +</olist></p> +<p> +<scrap lang='ebnf' id='document'> +<head>Document</head> +<prod id='NT-document'><lhs>document</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-prolog'>prolog</nt> +<nt def='NT-element'>element</nt> +<nt def='NT-Misc'>Misc</nt>*</rhs></prod> +</scrap> +</p> +<p>Matching the <nt def="NT-document">document</nt> production +implies that: +<olist> +<item><p>It contains one or more +<termref def="dt-element">elements</termref>.</p> +</item> +<!--* N.B. some readers (notably JC) find the following +paragraph awkward and redundant. I agree it's logically redundant: +it *says* it is summarizing the logical implications of +matching the grammar, and that means by definition it's +logically redundant. I don't think it's rhetorically +redundant or unnecessary, though, so I'm keeping it. It +could however use some recasting when the editors are feeling +stronger. -MSM *--> +<item><p><termdef id="dt-root" term="Root Element">There is exactly +one element, called the <term>root</term>, or document element, no +part of which appears in the <termref +def="dt-content">content</termref> of any other element.</termdef> +For all other elements, if the start-tag is in the content of another +element, the end-tag is in the content of the same element. More +simply stated, the elements, delimited by start- and end-tags, nest +properly within each other. +</p></item> +</olist> +</p> +<p><termdef id="dt-parentchild" term="Parent/Child">As a consequence +of this, +for each non-root element +<code>C</code> in the document, there is one other element <code>P</code> +in the document such that +<code>C</code> is in the content of <code>P</code>, but is not in +the content of any other element that is in the content of +<code>P</code>. +<code>P</code> is referred to as the +<term>parent</term> of <code>C</code>, and <code>C</code> as a +<term>child</term> of <code>P</code>.</termdef></p></div2> + +<div2 id="charsets"> +<head>Characters</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-text" term="Text">A parsed entity contains +<term>text</term>, a sequence of +<termref def="dt-character">characters</termref>, +which may represent markup or character data.</termdef> +<termdef id="dt-character" term="Character">A <term>character</term> +is an atomic unit of text as specified by +ISO/IEC 10646 <bibref ref="ISO10646"/>. +Legal characters are tab, carriage return, line feed, and the legal +graphic characters of Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646. +The use of "compatibility characters", as defined in section 6.8 +of <bibref ref='Unicode'/>, is discouraged. +</termdef> +<scrap lang="ebnf" id="char32"> +<head>Character Range</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="4" pcw4="17.5" pcw5="11"> +<prod id="NT-Char"><lhs>Char</lhs> +<rhs>#x9 | #xA | #xD | [#x20-#xD7FF] | [#xE000-#xFFFD] +| [#x10000-#x10FFFF]</rhs> +<com>any Unicode character, excluding the +surrogate blocks, FFFE, and FFFF.</com> </prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +</p> + +<p>The mechanism for encoding character code points into bit patterns may +vary from entity to entity. All XML processors must accept the UTF-8 +and UTF-16 encodings of 10646; the mechanisms for signaling which of +the two is in use, or for bringing other encodings into play, are +discussed later, in <specref ref='charencoding'/>. +</p> +<!-- +<p>Regardless of the specific encoding used, any character in the ISO/IEC +10646 character set may be referred to by the decimal or hexadecimal +equivalent of its +UCS-4 code value. +</p>--> +</div2> + +<div2 id='sec-common-syn'> +<head>Common Syntactic Constructs</head> + +<p>This section defines some symbols used widely in the grammar.</p> +<p><nt def="NT-S">S</nt> (white space) consists of one or more space (#x20) +characters, carriage returns, line feeds, or tabs. + +<scrap lang="ebnf" id='white'> +<head>White Space</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="4" pcw4="17.5" pcw5="11"> +<prod id='NT-S'><lhs>S</lhs> +<rhs>(#x20 | #x9 | #xD | #xA)+</rhs> +</prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap></p> +<p>Characters are classified for convenience as letters, digits, or other +characters. Letters consist of an alphabetic or syllabic +base character possibly +followed by one or more combining characters, or of an ideographic +character. +Full definitions of the specific characters in each class +are given in <specref ref='CharClasses'/>.</p> +<p><termdef id="dt-name" term="Name">A <term>Name</term> is a token +beginning with a letter or one of a few punctuation characters, and continuing +with letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, colons, or full stops, together +known as name characters.</termdef> +Names beginning with the string "<code>xml</code>", or any string +which would match <code>(('X'|'x') ('M'|'m') ('L'|'l'))</code>, are +reserved for standardization in this or future versions of this +specification. +</p> +<note> +<p>The colon character within XML names is reserved for experimentation with +name spaces. +Its meaning is expected to be +standardized at some future point, at which point those documents +using the colon for experimental purposes may need to be updated. +(There is no guarantee that any name-space mechanism +adopted for XML will in fact use the colon as a name-space delimiter.) +In practice, this means that authors should not use the colon in XML +names except as part of name-space experiments, but that XML processors +should accept the colon as a name character.</p> +</note> +<p>An +<nt def='NT-Nmtoken'>Nmtoken</nt> (name token) is any mixture of +name characters. +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Names and Tokens</head> +<prod id='NT-NameChar'><lhs>NameChar</lhs> +<rhs><nt def="NT-Letter">Letter</nt> +| <nt def='NT-Digit'>Digit</nt> +| '.' | '-' | '_' | ':' +| <nt def='NT-CombiningChar'>CombiningChar</nt> +| <nt def='NT-Extender'>Extender</nt></rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-Name'><lhs>Name</lhs> +<rhs>(<nt def='NT-Letter'>Letter</nt> | '_' | ':') +(<nt def='NT-NameChar'>NameChar</nt>)*</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-Names'><lhs>Names</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> +(<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt>)*</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-Nmtoken'><lhs>Nmtoken</lhs> +<rhs>(<nt def='NT-NameChar'>NameChar</nt>)+</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-Nmtokens'><lhs>Nmtokens</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-Nmtoken'>Nmtoken</nt> (<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> <nt def='NT-Nmtoken'>Nmtoken</nt>)*</rhs></prod> +</scrap> +</p> +<p>Literal data is any quoted string not containing +the quotation mark used as a delimiter for that string. +Literals are used +for specifying the content of internal entities +(<nt def='NT-EntityValue'>EntityValue</nt>), +the values of attributes (<nt def='NT-AttValue'>AttValue</nt>), +and external identifiers +(<nt def="NT-SystemLiteral">SystemLiteral</nt>). +Note that a <nt def='NT-SystemLiteral'>SystemLiteral</nt> +can be parsed without scanning for markup. +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Literals</head> +<prod id='NT-EntityValue'><lhs>EntityValue</lhs> +<rhs>'"' +([^%&"] +| <nt def='NT-PEReference'>PEReference</nt> +| <nt def='NT-Reference'>Reference</nt>)* +'"' +</rhs> +<rhs>| +"'" +([^%&'] +| <nt def='NT-PEReference'>PEReference</nt> +| <nt def='NT-Reference'>Reference</nt>)* +"'"</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-AttValue'><lhs>AttValue</lhs> +<rhs>'"' +([^<&"] +| <nt def='NT-Reference'>Reference</nt>)* +'"' +</rhs> +<rhs>| +"'" +([^<&'] +| <nt def='NT-Reference'>Reference</nt>)* +"'"</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id="NT-SystemLiteral"><lhs>SystemLiteral</lhs> +<rhs>('"' [^"]* '"') | ("'" [^']* "'") +</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id="NT-PubidLiteral"><lhs>PubidLiteral</lhs> +<rhs>'"' <nt def='NT-PubidChar'>PubidChar</nt>* +'"' +| "'" (<nt def='NT-PubidChar'>PubidChar</nt> - "'")* "'"</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id="NT-PubidChar"><lhs>PubidChar</lhs> +<rhs>#x20 | #xD | #xA +| [a-zA-Z0-9] +| [-'()+,./:=?;!*#@$_%]</rhs> +</prod> +</scrap> +</p> + +</div2> + +<div2 id='syntax'> +<head>Character Data and Markup</head> + +<p><termref def='dt-text'>Text</termref> consists of intermingled +<termref def="dt-chardata">character +data</termref> and markup. +<termdef id="dt-markup" term="Markup"><term>Markup</term> takes the form of +<termref def="dt-stag">start-tags</termref>, +<termref def="dt-etag">end-tags</termref>, +<termref def="dt-empty">empty-element tags</termref>, +<termref def="dt-entref">entity references</termref>, +<termref def="dt-charref">character references</termref>, +<termref def="dt-comment">comments</termref>, +<termref def="dt-cdsection">CDATA section</termref> delimiters, +<termref def="dt-doctype">document type declarations</termref>, and +<termref def="dt-pi">processing instructions</termref>. +</termdef> +</p> +<p><termdef id="dt-chardata" term="Character Data">All text that is not markup +constitutes the <term>character data</term> of +the document.</termdef></p> +<p>The ampersand character (&) and the left angle bracket (<) +may appear in their literal form <emph>only</emph> when used as markup +delimiters, or within a <termref def="dt-comment">comment</termref>, a +<termref def="dt-pi">processing instruction</termref>, +or a <termref def="dt-cdsection">CDATA section</termref>. + +They are also legal within the <termref def='dt-litentval'>literal entity +value</termref> of an internal entity declaration; see +<specref ref='wf-entities'/>. +<!-- FINAL EDIT: restore internal entity decl or leave it out. --> +If they are needed elsewhere, +they must be <termref def="dt-escape">escaped</termref> +using either <termref def='dt-charref'>numeric character references</termref> +or the strings +"<code>&amp;</code>" and "<code>&lt;</code>" respectively. +The right angle +bracket (>) may be represented using the string +"<code>&gt;</code>", and must, <termref def='dt-compat'>for +compatibility</termref>, +be escaped using +"<code>&gt;</code>" or a character reference +when it appears in the string +"<code>]]></code>" +in content, +when that string is not marking the end of +a <termref def="dt-cdsection">CDATA section</termref>. +</p> +<p> +In the content of elements, character data +is any string of characters which does +not contain the start-delimiter of any markup. +In a CDATA section, character data +is any string of characters not including the CDATA-section-close +delimiter, "<code>]]></code>".</p> +<p> +To allow attribute values to contain both single and double quotes, the +apostrophe or single-quote character (') may be represented as +"<code>&apos;</code>", and the double-quote character (") as +"<code>&quot;</code>". +<scrap lang="ebnf"> +<head>Character Data</head> +<prod id='NT-CharData'> +<lhs>CharData</lhs> +<rhs>[^<&]* - ([^<&]* ']]>' [^<&]*)</rhs> +</prod> +</scrap> +</p> +</div2> + +<div2 id='sec-comments'> +<head>Comments</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-comment" term="Comment"><term>Comments</term> may +appear anywhere in a document outside other +<termref def='dt-markup'>markup</termref>; in addition, +they may appear within the document type declaration +at places allowed by the grammar. +They are not part of the document's <termref def="dt-chardata">character +data</termref>; an XML +processor may, but need not, make it possible for an application to +retrieve the text of comments. +<termref def="dt-compat">For compatibility</termref>, the string +"<code>--</code>" (double-hyphen) must not occur within +comments. +<scrap lang="ebnf"> +<head>Comments</head> +<prod id='NT-Comment'><lhs>Comment</lhs> +<rhs>'<!--' +((<nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt> - '-') +| ('-' (<nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt> - '-')))* +'-->'</rhs> +</prod> +</scrap> +</termdef></p> +<p>An example of a comment: +<eg><!&como; declarations for <head> & <body> &comc;></eg> +</p> +</div2> + +<div2 id='sec-pi'> +<head>Processing Instructions</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-pi" term="Processing instruction"><term>Processing +instructions</term> (PIs) allow documents to contain instructions +for applications. + +<scrap lang="ebnf"> +<head>Processing Instructions</head> +<prod id='NT-PI'><lhs>PI</lhs> +<rhs>'<?' <nt def='NT-PITarget'>PITarget</nt> +(<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +(<nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt>* - +(<nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt>* &pic; <nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt>*)))? +&pic;</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-PITarget'><lhs>PITarget</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> - +(('X' | 'x') ('M' | 'm') ('L' | 'l'))</rhs> +</prod> +</scrap></termdef> +PIs are not part of the document's <termref def="dt-chardata">character +data</termref>, but must be passed through to the application. The +PI begins with a target (<nt def='NT-PITarget'>PITarget</nt>) used +to identify the application to which the instruction is directed. +The target names "<code>XML</code>", "<code>xml</code>", and so on are +reserved for standardization in this or future versions of this +specification. +The +XML <termref def='dt-notation'>Notation</termref> mechanism +may be used for +formal declaration of PI targets. +</p> +</div2> + +<div2 id='sec-cdata-sect'> +<head>CDATA Sections</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-cdsection" term="CDATA Section"><term>CDATA sections</term> +may occur +anywhere character data may occur; they are +used to escape blocks of text containing characters which would +otherwise be recognized as markup. CDATA sections begin with the +string "<code><![CDATA[</code>" and end with the string +"<code>]]></code>": +<scrap lang="ebnf"> +<head>CDATA Sections</head> +<prod id='NT-CDSect'><lhs>CDSect</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-CDStart'>CDStart</nt> +<nt def='NT-CData'>CData</nt> +<nt def='NT-CDEnd'>CDEnd</nt></rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-CDStart'><lhs>CDStart</lhs> +<rhs>'<![CDATA['</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-CData'><lhs>CData</lhs> +<rhs>(<nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt>* - +(<nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt>* ']]>' <nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt>*)) +</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-CDEnd'><lhs>CDEnd</lhs> +<rhs>']]>'</rhs> +</prod> +</scrap> + +Within a CDATA section, only the <nt def='NT-CDEnd'>CDEnd</nt> string is +recognized as markup, so that left angle brackets and ampersands may occur in +their literal form; they need not (and cannot) be escaped using +"<code>&lt;</code>" and "<code>&amp;</code>". CDATA sections +cannot nest.</termdef> +</p> + +<p>An example of a CDATA section, in which "<code><greeting></code>" and +"<code></greeting></code>" +are recognized as <termref def='dt-chardata'>character data</termref>, not +<termref def='dt-markup'>markup</termref>: +<eg><![CDATA[<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting>]]></eg> +</p> +</div2> + +<div2 id='sec-prolog-dtd'> +<head>Prolog and Document Type Declaration</head> + +<p><termdef id='dt-xmldecl' term='XML Declaration'>XML documents +may, and should, +begin with an <term>XML declaration</term> which specifies +the version of +XML being used.</termdef> +For example, the following is a complete XML document, <termref +def="dt-wellformed">well-formed</termref> but not +<termref def="dt-valid">valid</termref>: +<eg><![CDATA[<?xml version="1.0"?> +<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting> +]]></eg> +and so is this: +<eg><![CDATA[<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting> +]]></eg> +</p> + +<p>The version number "<code>1.0</code>" should be used to indicate +conformance to this version of this specification; it is an error +for a document to use the value "<code>1.0</code>" +if it does not conform to this version of this specification. +It is the intent +of the XML working group to give later versions of this specification +numbers other than "<code>1.0</code>", but this intent does not +indicate a +commitment to produce any future versions of XML, nor if any are produced, to +use any particular numbering scheme. +Since future versions are not ruled out, this construct is provided +as a means to allow the possibility of automatic version recognition, should +it become necessary. +Processors may signal an error if they receive documents labeled with +versions they do not support. +</p> +<p>The function of the markup in an XML document is to describe its +storage and logical structure and to associate attribute-value pairs +with its logical structures. XML provides a mechanism, the <termref +def="dt-doctype">document type declaration</termref>, to define +constraints on the logical structure and to support the use of +predefined storage units. + +<termdef id="dt-valid" term="Validity">An XML document is +<term>valid</term> if it has an associated document type +declaration and if the document +complies with the constraints expressed in it.</termdef></p> +<p>The document type declaration must appear before +the first <termref def="dt-element">element</termref> in the document. +<scrap lang="ebnf" id='xmldoc'> +<head>Prolog</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="6" pcw4="17.5" pcw5="9"> +<prod id='NT-prolog'><lhs>prolog</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-XMLDecl'>XMLDecl</nt>? +<nt def='NT-Misc'>Misc</nt>* +(<nt def='NT-doctypedecl'>doctypedecl</nt> +<nt def='NT-Misc'>Misc</nt>*)?</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-XMLDecl'><lhs>XMLDecl</lhs> +<rhs>&xmlpio; +<nt def='NT-VersionInfo'>VersionInfo</nt> +<nt def='NT-EncodingDecl'>EncodingDecl</nt>? +<nt def='NT-SDDecl'>SDDecl</nt>? +<nt def="NT-S">S</nt>? +&pic;</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-VersionInfo'><lhs>VersionInfo</lhs> +<rhs><nt def="NT-S">S</nt> 'version' <nt def='NT-Eq'>Eq</nt> +(' <nt def="NT-VersionNum">VersionNum</nt> ' +| " <nt def="NT-VersionNum">VersionNum</nt> ")</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-Eq'><lhs>Eq</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '=' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>?</rhs></prod> +<prod id="NT-VersionNum"> +<lhs>VersionNum</lhs> +<rhs>([a-zA-Z0-9_.:] | '-')+</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-Misc'><lhs>Misc</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-Comment'>Comment</nt> | <nt def='NT-PI'>PI</nt> | +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt></rhs></prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap></p> + +<p><termdef id="dt-doctype" term="Document Type Declaration">The XML +<term>document type declaration</term> +contains or points to +<termref def='dt-markupdecl'>markup declarations</termref> +that provide a grammar for a +class of documents. +This grammar is known as a document type definition, +or <term>DTD</term>. +The document type declaration can point to an external subset (a +special kind of +<termref def='dt-extent'>external entity</termref>) containing markup +declarations, or can +contain the markup declarations directly in an internal subset, or can do +both. +The DTD for a document consists of both subsets taken +together.</termdef> +</p> +<p><termdef id="dt-markupdecl" term="markup declaration"> +A <term>markup declaration</term> is +an <termref def="dt-eldecl">element type declaration</termref>, +an <termref def="dt-attdecl">attribute-list declaration</termref>, +an <termref def="dt-entdecl">entity declaration</termref>, or +a <termref def="dt-notdecl">notation declaration</termref>. +</termdef> +These declarations may be contained in whole or in part +within <termref def='dt-PE'>parameter entities</termref>, +as described in the well-formedness and validity constraints below. +For fuller information, see +<specref ref="sec-physical-struct"/>.</p> +<scrap lang="ebnf" id='dtd'> +<head>Document Type Definition</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="6" pcw4="17.5" pcw5="9"> +<prod id='NT-doctypedecl'><lhs>doctypedecl</lhs> +<rhs>'<!DOCTYPE' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> (<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-ExternalID'>ExternalID</nt>)? +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? ('[' +(<nt def='NT-markupdecl'>markupdecl</nt> +| <nt def='NT-PEReference'>PEReference</nt> +| <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>)* +']' +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>?)? '>'</rhs> +<vc def="vc-roottype"/> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-markupdecl'><lhs>markupdecl</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-elementdecl'>elementdecl</nt> +| <nt def='NT-AttlistDecl'>AttlistDecl</nt> +| <nt def='NT-EntityDecl'>EntityDecl</nt> +| <nt def='NT-NotationDecl'>NotationDecl</nt> +| <nt def='NT-PI'>PI</nt> +| <nt def='NT-Comment'>Comment</nt> +</rhs> +<vc def='vc-PEinMarkupDecl'/> +<wfc def="wfc-PEinInternalSubset"/> +</prod> + +</prodgroup> +</scrap> + +<p>The markup declarations may be made up in whole or in part of +the <termref def='dt-repltext'>replacement text</termref> of +<termref def='dt-PE'>parameter entities</termref>. +The productions later in this specification for +individual nonterminals (<nt def='NT-elementdecl'>elementdecl</nt>, +<nt def='NT-AttlistDecl'>AttlistDecl</nt>, and so on) describe +the declarations <emph>after</emph> all the parameter entities have been +<termref def='dt-include'>included</termref>.</p> + +<vcnote id="vc-roottype"> +<head>Root Element Type</head> +<p> +The <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> in the document type declaration must +match the element type of the <termref def='dt-root'>root element</termref>. +</p> +</vcnote> + +<vcnote id='vc-PEinMarkupDecl'> +<head>Proper Declaration/PE Nesting</head> +<p>Parameter-entity +<termref def='dt-repltext'>replacement text</termref> must be properly nested +with markup declarations. +That is to say, if either the first character +or the last character of a markup +declaration (<nt def='NT-markupdecl'>markupdecl</nt> above) +is contained in the replacement text for a +<termref def='dt-PERef'>parameter-entity reference</termref>, +both must be contained in the same replacement text.</p> +</vcnote> +<wfcnote id="wfc-PEinInternalSubset"> +<head>PEs in Internal Subset</head> +<p>In the internal DTD subset, +<termref def='dt-PERef'>parameter-entity references</termref> +can occur only where markup declarations can occur, not +within markup declarations. (This does not apply to +references that occur in +external parameter entities or to the external subset.) +</p> +</wfcnote> +<p> +Like the internal subset, the external subset and +any external parameter entities referred to in the DTD +must consist of a series of complete markup declarations of the types +allowed by the non-terminal symbol +<nt def="NT-markupdecl">markupdecl</nt>, interspersed with white space +or <termref def="dt-PERef">parameter-entity references</termref>. +However, portions of the contents +of the +external subset or of external parameter entities may conditionally be ignored +by using +the <termref def="dt-cond-section">conditional section</termref> +construct; this is not allowed in the internal subset. + +<scrap id="ext-Subset"> +<head>External Subset</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="6" pcw4="17.5" pcw5="9"> +<prod id='NT-extSubset'><lhs>extSubset</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-TextDecl'>TextDecl</nt>? +<nt def='NT-extSubsetDecl'>extSubsetDecl</nt></rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-extSubsetDecl'><lhs>extSubsetDecl</lhs> +<rhs>( +<nt def='NT-markupdecl'>markupdecl</nt> +| <nt def='NT-conditionalSect'>conditionalSect</nt> +| <nt def='NT-PEReference'>PEReference</nt> +| <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +)*</rhs> +</prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap></p> +<p>The external subset and external parameter entities also differ +from the internal subset in that in them, +<termref def="dt-PERef">parameter-entity references</termref> +are permitted <emph>within</emph> markup declarations, +not only <emph>between</emph> markup declarations.</p> +<p>An example of an XML document with a document type declaration: +<eg><![CDATA[<?xml version="1.0"?> +<!DOCTYPE greeting SYSTEM "hello.dtd"> +<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting> +]]></eg> +The <termref def="dt-sysid">system identifier</termref> +"<code>hello.dtd</code>" gives the URI of a DTD for the document.</p> +<p>The declarations can also be given locally, as in this +example: +<eg><![CDATA[<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> +<!DOCTYPE greeting [ + <!ELEMENT greeting (#PCDATA)> +]> +<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting> +]]></eg> +If both the external and internal subsets are used, the +internal subset is considered to occur before the external subset. +<!-- 'is considered to'? boo. whazzat mean? --> +This has the effect that entity and attribute-list declarations in the +internal subset take precedence over those in the external subset. +</p> +</div2> + +<div2 id='sec-rmd'> +<head>Standalone Document Declaration</head> +<p>Markup declarations can affect the content of the document, +as passed from an <termref def="dt-xml-proc">XML processor</termref> +to an application; examples are attribute defaults and entity +declarations. +The standalone document declaration, +which may appear as a component of the XML declaration, signals +whether or not there are such declarations which appear external to +the <termref def='dt-docent'>document entity</termref>. +<scrap lang="ebnf" id='fulldtd'> +<head>Standalone Document Declaration</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="4" pcw4="19.5" pcw5="9"> +<prod id='NT-SDDecl'><lhs>SDDecl</lhs> +<rhs> +<nt def="NT-S">S</nt> +'standalone' <nt def='NT-Eq'>Eq</nt> +(("'" ('yes' | 'no') "'") | ('"' ('yes' | 'no') '"')) +</rhs> +<vc def='vc-check-rmd'/></prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap></p> +<p> +In a standalone document declaration, the value "<code>yes</code>" indicates +that there +are no markup declarations external to the <termref def='dt-docent'>document +entity</termref> (either in the DTD external subset, or in an +external parameter entity referenced from the internal subset) +which affect the information passed from the XML processor to +the application. +The value "<code>no</code>" indicates that there are or may be such +external markup declarations. +Note that the standalone document declaration only +denotes the presence of external <emph>declarations</emph>; the presence, in a +document, of +references to external <emph>entities</emph>, when those entities are +internally declared, +does not change its standalone status.</p> +<p>If there are no external markup declarations, the standalone document +declaration has no meaning. +If there are external markup declarations but there is no standalone +document declaration, the value "<code>no</code>" is assumed.</p> +<p>Any XML document for which <code>standalone="no"</code> holds can +be converted algorithmically to a standalone document, +which may be desirable for some network delivery applications.</p> +<vcnote id='vc-check-rmd'> +<head>Standalone Document Declaration</head> +<p>The standalone document declaration must have +the value "<code>no</code>" if any external markup declarations +contain declarations of:</p><ulist> +<item><p>attributes with <termref def="dt-default">default</termref> values, if +elements to which +these attributes apply appear in the document without +specifications of values for these attributes, or</p></item> +<item><p>entities (other than &magicents;), +if <termref def="dt-entref">references</termref> to those +entities appear in the document, or</p> +</item> +<item><p>attributes with values subject to +<titleref href='AVNormalize'>normalization</titleref>, where the +attribute appears in the document with a value which will +change as a result of normalization, or</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>element types with <termref def="dt-elemcontent">element content</termref>, +if white space occurs +directly within any instance of those types. +</p></item> +</ulist> + +</vcnote> +<p>An example XML declaration with a standalone document declaration:<eg +><?xml version="&XML.version;" standalone='yes'?></eg></p> +</div2> +<div2 id='sec-white-space'> +<head>White Space Handling</head> + +<p>In editing XML documents, it is often convenient to use "white space" +(spaces, tabs, and blank lines, denoted by the nonterminal +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> in this specification) to +set apart the markup for greater readability. Such white space is typically +not intended for inclusion in the delivered version of the document. +On the other hand, "significant" white space that should be preserved in the +delivered version is common, for example in poetry and +source code.</p> +<p>An <termref def='dt-xml-proc'>XML processor</termref> +must always pass all characters in a document that are not +markup through to the application. A <termref def='dt-validating'> +validating XML processor</termref> must also inform the application +which of these characters constitute white space appearing +in <termref def="dt-elemcontent">element content</termref>. +</p> +<p>A special <termref def='dt-attr'>attribute</termref> +named <kw>xml:space</kw> may be attached to an element +to signal an intention that in that element, +white space should be preserved by applications. +In valid documents, this attribute, like any other, must be +<termref def="dt-attdecl">declared</termref> if it is used. +When declared, it must be given as an +<termref def='dt-enumerated'>enumerated type</termref> whose only +possible values are "<code>default</code>" and "<code>preserve</code>". +For example:<eg><![CDATA[ <!ATTLIST poem xml:space (default|preserve) 'preserve'>]]></eg></p> +<p>The value "<code>default</code>" signals that applications' +default white-space processing modes are acceptable for this element; the +value "<code>preserve</code>" indicates the intent that applications preserve +all the white space. +This declared intent is considered to apply to all elements within the content +of the element where it is specified, unless overriden with another instance +of the <kw>xml:space</kw> attribute. +</p> +<p>The <termref def='dt-root'>root element</termref> of any document +is considered to have signaled no intentions as regards application space +handling, unless it provides a value for +this attribute or the attribute is declared with a default value. +</p> + +</div2> +<div2 id='sec-line-ends'> +<head>End-of-Line Handling</head> +<p>XML <termref def='dt-parsedent'>parsed entities</termref> are often stored in +computer files which, for editing convenience, are organized into lines. +These lines are typically separated by some combination of the characters +carriage-return (#xD) and line-feed (#xA).</p> +<p>To simplify the tasks of <termref def='dt-app'>applications</termref>, +wherever an external parsed entity or the literal entity value +of an internal parsed entity contains either the literal +two-character sequence "#xD#xA" or a standalone literal +#xD, an <termref def='dt-xml-proc'>XML processor</termref> must +pass to the application the single character #xA. +(This behavior can +conveniently be produced by normalizing all +line breaks to #xA on input, before parsing.) +</p> +</div2> +<div2 id='sec-lang-tag'> +<head>Language Identification</head> +<p>In document processing, it is often useful to +identify the natural or formal language +in which the content is +written. +A special <termref def="dt-attr">attribute</termref> named +<kw>xml:lang</kw> may be inserted in +documents to specify the +language used in the contents and attribute values +of any element in an XML document. +In valid documents, this attribute, like any other, must be +<termref def="dt-attdecl">declared</termref> if it is used. +The values of the attribute are language identifiers as defined +by <bibref ref="RFC1766"/>, "Tags for the Identification of Languages": +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Language Identification</head> +<prod id='NT-LanguageID'><lhs>LanguageID</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-Langcode'>Langcode</nt> +('-' <nt def='NT-Subcode'>Subcode</nt>)*</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-Langcode'><lhs>Langcode</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-ISO639Code'>ISO639Code</nt> | +<nt def='NT-IanaCode'>IanaCode</nt> | +<nt def='NT-UserCode'>UserCode</nt></rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-ISO639Code'><lhs>ISO639Code</lhs> +<rhs>([a-z] | [A-Z]) ([a-z] | [A-Z])</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-IanaCode'><lhs>IanaCode</lhs> +<rhs>('i' | 'I') '-' ([a-z] | [A-Z])+</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-UserCode'><lhs>UserCode</lhs> +<rhs>('x' | 'X') '-' ([a-z] | [A-Z])+</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-Subcode'><lhs>Subcode</lhs> +<rhs>([a-z] | [A-Z])+</rhs></prod> +</scrap> +The <nt def='NT-Langcode'>Langcode</nt> may be any of the following: +<ulist> +<item><p>a two-letter language code as defined by +<bibref ref="ISO639"/>, "Codes +for the representation of names of languages"</p></item> +<item><p>a language identifier registered with the Internet +Assigned Numbers Authority <bibref ref='IANA'/>; these begin with the +prefix "<code>i-</code>" (or "<code>I-</code>")</p></item> +<item><p>a language identifier assigned by the user, or agreed on +between parties in private use; these must begin with the +prefix "<code>x-</code>" or "<code>X-</code>" in order to ensure that they do not conflict +with names later standardized or registered with IANA</p></item> +</ulist></p> +<p>There may be any number of <nt def='NT-Subcode'>Subcode</nt> segments; if +the first +subcode segment exists and the Subcode consists of two +letters, then it must be a country code from +<bibref ref="ISO3166"/>, "Codes +for the representation of names of countries." +If the first +subcode consists of more than two letters, it must be +a subcode for the language in question registered with IANA, +unless the <nt def='NT-Langcode'>Langcode</nt> begins with the prefix +"<code>x-</code>" or +"<code>X-</code>". </p> +<p>It is customary to give the language code in lower case, and +the country code (if any) in upper case. +Note that these values, unlike other names in XML documents, +are case insensitive.</p> +<p>For example: +<eg><![CDATA[<p xml:lang="en">The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.</p> +<p xml:lang="en-GB">What colour is it?</p> +<p xml:lang="en-US">What color is it?</p> +<sp who="Faust" desc='leise' xml:lang="de"> + <l>Habe nun, ach! Philosophie,</l> + <l>Juristerei, und Medizin</l> + <l>und leider auch Theologie</l> + <l>durchaus studiert mit heißem Bemüh'n.</l> + </sp>]]></eg></p> +<!--<p>The xml:lang value is considered to apply both to the contents of an +element and +(unless otherwise via attribute default values) to the +values of all of its attributes with free-text (CDATA) values. --> +<p>The intent declared with <kw>xml:lang</kw> is considered to apply to +all attributes and content of the element where it is specified, +unless overridden with an instance of <kw>xml:lang</kw> +on another element within that content.</p> +<!-- +If no +value is specified for xml:lang on an element, and no default value is +defined for it in the DTD, then the xml:lang attribute of any element +takes the same value it has in the parent element, if any. The two +technical terms in the following example both have the same effective +value for xml:lang: + + <p xml:lang="en">Here the keywords are + <term xml:lang="en">shift</term> and + <term>reduce</term>. ...</p> + +The application, not the XML processor, is responsible for this ' +inheritance' of attribute values. +--> +<p>A simple declaration for <kw>xml:lang</kw> might take +the form +<eg>xml:lang NMTOKEN #IMPLIED</eg> +but specific default values may also be given, if appropriate. In a +collection of French poems for English students, with glosses and +notes in English, the xml:lang attribute might be declared this way: +<eg><![CDATA[ <!ATTLIST poem xml:lang NMTOKEN 'fr'> + <!ATTLIST gloss xml:lang NMTOKEN 'en'> + <!ATTLIST note xml:lang NMTOKEN 'en'>]]></eg> +</p> + +</div2> +</div1> +<!-- &Elements; --> + +<div1 id='sec-logical-struct'> +<head>Logical Structures</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-element" term="Element">Each <termref +def="dt-xml-doc">XML document</termref> contains one or more +<term>elements</term>, the boundaries of which are +either delimited by <termref def="dt-stag">start-tags</termref> +and <termref def="dt-etag">end-tags</termref>, or, for <termref +def="dt-empty">empty</termref> elements, by an <termref +def="dt-eetag">empty-element tag</termref>. Each element has a type, +identified by name, sometimes called its "generic +identifier" (GI), and may have a set of +attribute specifications.</termdef> Each attribute specification +has a <termref +def="dt-attrname">name</termref> and a <termref +def="dt-attrval">value</termref>. +</p> +<scrap lang='ebnf'><head>Element</head> +<prod id='NT-element'><lhs>element</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-EmptyElemTag'>EmptyElemTag</nt></rhs> +<rhs>| <nt def='NT-STag'>STag</nt> <nt def='NT-content'>content</nt> +<nt def='NT-ETag'>ETag</nt></rhs> +<wfc def='GIMatch'/> +<vc def='elementvalid'/> +</prod> +</scrap> +<p>This specification does not constrain the semantics, use, or (beyond +syntax) names of the element types and attributes, except that names +beginning with a match to <code>(('X'|'x')('M'|'m')('L'|'l'))</code> +are reserved for standardization in this or future versions of this +specification. +</p> +<wfcnote id='GIMatch'> +<head>Element Type Match</head> +<p> +The <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> in an element's end-tag must match +the element type in +the start-tag. +</p> +</wfcnote> +<vcnote id='elementvalid'> +<head>Element Valid</head> +<p>An element is +valid if +there is a declaration matching +<nt def='NT-elementdecl'>elementdecl</nt> where the +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> matches the element type, and +one of the following holds:</p> +<olist> +<item><p>The declaration matches <kw>EMPTY</kw> and the element has no +<termref def='dt-content'>content</termref>.</p></item> +<item><p>The declaration matches <nt def='NT-children'>children</nt> and +the sequence of +<termref def="dt-parentchild">child elements</termref> +belongs to the language generated by the regular expression in +the content model, with optional white space (characters +matching the nonterminal <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>) between each pair +of child elements.</p></item> +<item><p>The declaration matches <nt def='NT-Mixed'>Mixed</nt> and +the content consists of <termref def='dt-chardata'>character +data</termref> and <termref def='dt-parentchild'>child elements</termref> +whose types match names in the content model.</p></item> +<item><p>The declaration matches <kw>ANY</kw>, and the types +of any <termref def='dt-parentchild'>child elements</termref> have +been declared.</p></item> +</olist> +</vcnote> + +<div2 id='sec-starttags'> +<head>Start-Tags, End-Tags, and Empty-Element Tags</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-stag" term="Start-Tag">The beginning of every +non-empty XML element is marked by a <term>start-tag</term>. +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Start-tag</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="6" pcw4="15" pcw5="11.5"> +<prod id='NT-STag'><lhs>STag</lhs> +<rhs>'<' <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> +(<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> <nt def='NT-Attribute'>Attribute</nt>)* +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '>'</rhs> +<wfc def="uniqattspec"/> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-Attribute'><lhs>Attribute</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> <nt def='NT-Eq'>Eq</nt> +<nt def='NT-AttValue'>AttValue</nt></rhs> +<vc def='ValueType'/> +<wfc def='NoExternalRefs'/> +<wfc def='CleanAttrVals'/></prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +The <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> in +the start- and end-tags gives the +element's <term>type</term>.</termdef> +<termdef id="dt-attr" term="Attribute"> +The <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt>-<nt def='NT-AttValue'>AttValue</nt> pairs are +referred to as +the <term>attribute specifications</term> of the element</termdef>, +<termdef id="dt-attrname" term="Attribute Name">with the +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> in each pair +referred to as the <term>attribute name</term></termdef> and +<termdef id="dt-attrval" term="Attribute Value">the content of the +<nt def='NT-AttValue'>AttValue</nt> (the text between the +<code>'</code> or <code>"</code> delimiters) +as the <term>attribute value</term>.</termdef> +</p> +<wfcnote id='uniqattspec'> +<head>Unique Att Spec</head> +<p> +No attribute name may appear more than once in the same start-tag +or empty-element tag. +</p> +</wfcnote> +<vcnote id='ValueType'> +<head>Attribute Value Type</head> +<p> +The attribute must have been declared; the value must be of the type +declared for it. +(For attribute types, see <specref ref='attdecls'/>.) +</p> +</vcnote> +<wfcnote id='NoExternalRefs'> +<head>No External Entity References</head> +<p> +Attribute values cannot contain direct or indirect entity references +to external entities. +</p> +</wfcnote> +<wfcnote id='CleanAttrVals'> +<head>No <code><</code> in Attribute Values</head> +<p>The <termref def='dt-repltext'>replacement text</termref> of any entity +referred to directly or indirectly in an attribute +value (other than "<code>&lt;</code>") must not contain +a <code><</code>. +</p></wfcnote> +<p>An example of a start-tag: +<eg><termdef id="dt-dog" term="dog"></eg></p> +<p><termdef id="dt-etag" term="End Tag">The end of every element +that begins with a start-tag must +be marked by an <term>end-tag</term> +containing a name that echoes the element's type as given in the +start-tag: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>End-tag</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="6" pcw4="15" pcw5="11.5"> +<prod id='NT-ETag'><lhs>ETag</lhs> +<rhs>'</' <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '>'</rhs></prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +</termdef></p> +<p>An example of an end-tag:<eg></termdef></eg></p> +<p><termdef id="dt-content" term="Content">The +<termref def='dt-text'>text</termref> between the start-tag and +end-tag is called the element's +<term>content</term>: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Content of Elements</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="6" pcw4="15" pcw5="11.5"> +<prod id='NT-content'><lhs>content</lhs> +<rhs>(<nt def='NT-element'>element</nt> | <nt def='NT-CharData'>CharData</nt> +| <nt def='NT-Reference'>Reference</nt> | <nt def='NT-CDSect'>CDSect</nt> +| <nt def='NT-PI'>PI</nt> | <nt def='NT-Comment'>Comment</nt>)*</rhs> +</prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +</termdef></p> +<p><termdef id="dt-empty" term="Empty">If an element is <term>empty</term>, +it must be represented either by a start-tag immediately followed +by an end-tag or by an empty-element tag.</termdef> +<termdef id="dt-eetag" term="empty-element tag">An +<term>empty-element tag</term> takes a special form: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Tags for Empty Elements</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="6" pcw4="15" pcw5="11.5"> +<prod id='NT-EmptyElemTag'><lhs>EmptyElemTag</lhs> +<rhs>'<' <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> (<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-Attribute'>Attribute</nt>)* <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? +'/>'</rhs> +<wfc def="uniqattspec"/> +</prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +</termdef></p> +<p>Empty-element tags may be used for any element which has no +content, whether or not it is declared using the keyword +<kw>EMPTY</kw>. +<termref def='dt-interop'>For interoperability</termref>, the empty-element +tag must be used, and can only be used, for elements which are +<termref def='dt-eldecl'>declared</termref> <kw>EMPTY</kw>.</p> +<p>Examples of empty elements: +<eg><IMG align="left" + src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/WWW/w3c_home" /> +<br></br> +<br/></eg></p> +</div2> + +<div2 id='elemdecls'> +<head>Element Type Declarations</head> + +<p>The <termref def="dt-element">element</termref> structure of an +<termref def="dt-xml-doc">XML document</termref> may, for +<termref def="dt-valid">validation</termref> purposes, +be constrained +using element type and attribute-list declarations. +An element type declaration constrains the element's +<termref def="dt-content">content</termref>. +</p> + +<p>Element type declarations often constrain which element types can +appear as <termref def="dt-parentchild">children</termref> of the element. +At user option, an XML processor may issue a warning +when a declaration mentions an element type for which no declaration +is provided, but this is not an error.</p> +<p><termdef id="dt-eldecl" term="Element Type declaration">An <term>element +type declaration</term> takes the form: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Element Type Declaration</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="5.5" pcw4="18" pcw5="9"> +<prod id='NT-elementdecl'><lhs>elementdecl</lhs> +<rhs>'<!ELEMENT' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-contentspec'>contentspec</nt> +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '>'</rhs> +<vc def='EDUnique'/></prod> +<prod id='NT-contentspec'><lhs>contentspec</lhs> +<rhs>'EMPTY' +| 'ANY' +| <nt def='NT-Mixed'>Mixed</nt> +| <nt def='NT-children'>children</nt> +</rhs> +</prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +where the <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> gives the element type +being declared.</termdef> +</p> + +<vcnote id='EDUnique'> +<head>Unique Element Type Declaration</head> +<p> +No element type may be declared more than once. +</p> +</vcnote> + +<p>Examples of element type declarations: +<eg><!ELEMENT br EMPTY> +<!ELEMENT p (#PCDATA|emph)* > +<!ELEMENT %name.para; %content.para; > +<!ELEMENT container ANY></eg></p> + +<div3 id='sec-element-content'> +<head>Element Content</head> + +<p><termdef id='dt-elemcontent' term='Element content'>An element <termref +def="dt-stag">type</termref> has +<term>element content</term> when elements of that +type must contain only <termref def='dt-parentchild'>child</termref> +elements (no character data), optionally separated by +white space (characters matching the nonterminal +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>). +</termdef> +In this case, the +constraint includes a content model, a simple grammar governing +the allowed types of the child +elements and the order in which they are allowed to appear. +The grammar is built on +content particles (<nt def='NT-cp'>cp</nt>s), which consist of names, +choice lists of content particles, or +sequence lists of content particles: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Element-content Models</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="5.5" pcw4="16" pcw5="11"> +<prod id='NT-children'><lhs>children</lhs> +<rhs>(<nt def='NT-choice'>choice</nt> +| <nt def='NT-seq'>seq</nt>) +('?' | '*' | '+')?</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-cp'><lhs>cp</lhs> +<rhs>(<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> +| <nt def='NT-choice'>choice</nt> +| <nt def='NT-seq'>seq</nt>) +('?' | '*' | '+')?</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-choice'><lhs>choice</lhs> +<rhs>'(' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? cp +( <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '|' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? <nt def='NT-cp'>cp</nt> )* +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? ')'</rhs> +<vc def='vc-PEinGroup'/></prod> +<prod id='NT-seq'><lhs>seq</lhs> +<rhs>'(' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? cp +( <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? ',' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? <nt def='NT-cp'>cp</nt> )* +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? ')'</rhs> +<vc def='vc-PEinGroup'/></prod> + +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +where each <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> is the type of an element which may +appear as a <termref def="dt-parentchild">child</termref>. +Any content +particle in a choice list may appear in the <termref +def="dt-elemcontent">element content</termref> at the location where +the choice list appears in the grammar; +content particles occurring in a sequence list must each +appear in the <termref def="dt-elemcontent">element content</termref> in the +order given in the list. +The optional character following a name or list governs +whether the element or the content particles in the list may occur one +or more (<code>+</code>), zero or more (<code>*</code>), or zero or +one times (<code>?</code>). +The absence of such an operator means that the element or content particle +must appear exactly once. +This syntax +and meaning are identical to those used in the productions in this +specification.</p> +<p> +The content of an element matches a content model if and only if it is +possible to trace out a path through the content model, obeying the +sequence, choice, and repetition operators and matching each element in +the content against an element type in the content model. <termref +def='dt-compat'>For compatibility</termref>, it is an error +if an element in the document can +match more than one occurrence of an element type in the content model. +For more information, see <specref ref="determinism"/>. +<!-- appendix <specref ref="determinism"/>. --> +<!-- appendix on deterministic content models. --> +</p> +<vcnote id='vc-PEinGroup'> +<head>Proper Group/PE Nesting</head> +<p>Parameter-entity +<termref def='dt-repltext'>replacement text</termref> must be properly nested +with parenthetized groups. +That is to say, if either of the opening or closing parentheses +in a <nt def='NT-choice'>choice</nt>, <nt def='NT-seq'>seq</nt>, or +<nt def='NT-Mixed'>Mixed</nt> construct +is contained in the replacement text for a +<termref def='dt-PERef'>parameter entity</termref>, +both must be contained in the same replacement text.</p> +<p><termref def='dt-interop'>For interoperability</termref>, +if a parameter-entity reference appears in a +<nt def='NT-choice'>choice</nt>, <nt def='NT-seq'>seq</nt>, or +<nt def='NT-Mixed'>Mixed</nt> construct, its replacement text +should not be empty, and +neither the first nor last non-blank +character of the replacement text should be a connector +(<code>|</code> or <code>,</code>). +</p> +</vcnote> +<p>Examples of element-content models: +<eg><!ELEMENT spec (front, body, back?)> +<!ELEMENT div1 (head, (p | list | note)*, div2*)> +<!ELEMENT dictionary-body (%div.mix; | %dict.mix;)*></eg></p> +</div3> + +<div3 id='sec-mixed-content'> +<head>Mixed Content</head> + +<p><termdef id='dt-mixed' term='Mixed Content'>An element +<termref def='dt-stag'>type</termref> has +<term>mixed content</term> when elements of that type may contain +character data, optionally interspersed with +<termref def="dt-parentchild">child</termref> elements.</termdef> +In this case, the types of the child elements +may be constrained, but not their order or their number of occurrences: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Mixed-content Declaration</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="5.5" pcw4="16" pcw5="11"> +<prod id='NT-Mixed'><lhs>Mixed</lhs> +<rhs>'(' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? +'#PCDATA' +(<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? +'|' +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt>)* +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? +')*' </rhs> +<rhs>| '(' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '#PCDATA' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? ')' +</rhs><vc def='vc-PEinGroup'/> +<vc def='vc-MixedChildrenUnique'/> +</prod> + +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +where the <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt>s give the types of elements +that may appear as children. +</p> +<vcnote id='vc-MixedChildrenUnique'> +<head>No Duplicate Types</head> +<p>The same name must not appear more than once in a single mixed-content +declaration. +</p></vcnote> +<p>Examples of mixed content declarations: +<eg><!ELEMENT p (#PCDATA|a|ul|b|i|em)*> +<!ELEMENT p (#PCDATA | %font; | %phrase; | %special; | %form;)* > +<!ELEMENT b (#PCDATA)></eg></p> +</div3> +</div2> + +<div2 id='attdecls'> +<head>Attribute-List Declarations</head> + +<p><termref def="dt-attr">Attributes</termref> are used to associate +name-value pairs with <termref def="dt-element">elements</termref>. +Attribute specifications may appear only within <termref +def="dt-stag">start-tags</termref> +and <termref def="dt-eetag">empty-element tags</termref>; +thus, the productions used to +recognize them appear in <specref ref='sec-starttags'/>. +Attribute-list +declarations may be used: +<ulist> +<item><p>To define the set of attributes pertaining to a given +element type.</p></item> +<item><p>To establish type constraints for these +attributes.</p></item> +<item><p>To provide <termref def="dt-default">default values</termref> +for attributes.</p></item> +</ulist> +</p> +<p><termdef id="dt-attdecl" term="Attribute-List Declaration"> +<term>Attribute-list declarations</term> specify the name, data type, and default +value (if any) of each attribute associated with a given element type: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Attribute-list Declaration</head> +<prod id='NT-AttlistDecl'><lhs>AttlistDecl</lhs> +<rhs>'<!ATTLIST' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> +<nt def='NT-AttDef'>AttDef</nt>* +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '>'</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-AttDef'><lhs>AttDef</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> <nt def='NT-AttType'>AttType</nt> +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> <nt def='NT-DefaultDecl'>DefaultDecl</nt></rhs> +</prod> +</scrap> +The <nt def="NT-Name">Name</nt> in the +<nt def='NT-AttlistDecl'>AttlistDecl</nt> rule is the type of an element. At +user option, an XML processor may issue a warning if attributes are +declared for an element type not itself declared, but this is not an +error. The <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> in the +<nt def='NT-AttDef'>AttDef</nt> rule is +the name of the attribute.</termdef></p> +<p> +When more than one <nt def='NT-AttlistDecl'>AttlistDecl</nt> is provided for a +given element type, the contents of all those provided are merged. When +more than one definition is provided for the same attribute of a +given element type, the first declaration is binding and later +declarations are ignored. +<termref def='dt-interop'>For interoperability,</termref> writers of DTDs +may choose to provide at most one attribute-list declaration +for a given element type, at most one attribute definition +for a given attribute name, and at least one attribute definition +in each attribute-list declaration. +For interoperability, an XML processor may at user option +issue a warning when more than one attribute-list declaration is +provided for a given element type, or more than one attribute definition +is provided +for a given attribute, but this is not an error. +</p> + +<div3 id='sec-attribute-types'> +<head>Attribute Types</head> + +<p>XML attribute types are of three kinds: a string type, a +set of tokenized types, and enumerated types. The string type may take +any literal string as a value; the tokenized types have varying lexical +and semantic constraints, as noted: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Attribute Types</head> +<prodgroup pcw4="14" pcw5="11.5"> +<prod id='NT-AttType'><lhs>AttType</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-StringType'>StringType</nt> +| <nt def='NT-TokenizedType'>TokenizedType</nt> +| <nt def='NT-EnumeratedType'>EnumeratedType</nt> +</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-StringType'><lhs>StringType</lhs> +<rhs>'CDATA'</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-TokenizedType'><lhs>TokenizedType</lhs> +<rhs>'ID'</rhs> +<vc def='id'/> +<vc def='one-id-per-el'/> +<vc def='id-default'/> +<rhs>| 'IDREF'</rhs> +<vc def='idref'/> +<rhs>| 'IDREFS'</rhs> +<vc def='idref'/> +<rhs>| 'ENTITY'</rhs> +<vc def='entname'/> +<rhs>| 'ENTITIES'</rhs> +<vc def='entname'/> +<rhs>| 'NMTOKEN'</rhs> +<vc def='nmtok'/> +<rhs>| 'NMTOKENS'</rhs> +<vc def='nmtok'/></prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +</p> +<vcnote id='id' > +<head>ID</head> +<p> +Values of type <kw>ID</kw> must match the +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> production. +A name must not appear more than once in +an XML document as a value of this type; i.e., ID values must uniquely +identify the elements which bear them. +</p> +</vcnote> +<vcnote id='one-id-per-el'> +<head>One ID per Element Type</head> +<p>No element type may have more than one ID attribute specified.</p> +</vcnote> +<vcnote id='id-default'> +<head>ID Attribute Default</head> +<p>An ID attribute must have a declared default of <kw>#IMPLIED</kw> or +<kw>#REQUIRED</kw>.</p> +</vcnote> +<vcnote id='idref'> +<head>IDREF</head> +<p> +Values of type <kw>IDREF</kw> must match +the <nt def="NT-Name">Name</nt> production, and +values of type <kw>IDREFS</kw> must match +<nt def="NT-Names">Names</nt>; +each <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> must match the value of an ID attribute on +some element in the XML document; i.e. <kw>IDREF</kw> values must +match the value of some ID attribute. +</p> +</vcnote> +<vcnote id='entname'> +<head>Entity Name</head> +<p> +Values of type <kw>ENTITY</kw> +must match the <nt def="NT-Name">Name</nt> production, +values of type <kw>ENTITIES</kw> must match +<nt def="NT-Names">Names</nt>; +each <nt def="NT-Name">Name</nt> must +match the +name of an <termref def="dt-unparsed">unparsed entity</termref> declared in the +<termref def="dt-doctype">DTD</termref>. +</p> +</vcnote> +<vcnote id='nmtok'> +<head>Name Token</head> +<p> +Values of type <kw>NMTOKEN</kw> must match the +<nt def="NT-Nmtoken">Nmtoken</nt> production; +values of type <kw>NMTOKENS</kw> must +match <termref def="NT-Nmtokens">Nmtokens</termref>. +</p> +</vcnote> +<!-- why? +<p>The XML processor must normalize attribute values before +passing them to the application, as described in +<specref ref="AVNormalize"/>.</p>--> +<p><termdef id='dt-enumerated' term='Enumerated Attribute +Values'><term>Enumerated attributes</term> can take one +of a list of values provided in the declaration</termdef>. There are two +kinds of enumerated types: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Enumerated Attribute Types</head> +<prod id='NT-EnumeratedType'><lhs>EnumeratedType</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-NotationType'>NotationType</nt> +| <nt def='NT-Enumeration'>Enumeration</nt> +</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-NotationType'><lhs>NotationType</lhs> +<rhs>'NOTATION' +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +'(' +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> +(<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '|' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt>)* +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? ')' +</rhs> +<vc def='notatn' /></prod> +<prod id='NT-Enumeration'><lhs>Enumeration</lhs> +<rhs>'(' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? +<nt def='NT-Nmtoken'>Nmtoken</nt> +(<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '|' +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? +<nt def='NT-Nmtoken'>Nmtoken</nt>)* +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? +')'</rhs> +<vc def='enum'/></prod> +</scrap> +A <kw>NOTATION</kw> attribute identifies a +<termref def='dt-notation'>notation</termref>, declared in the +DTD with associated system and/or public identifiers, to +be used in interpreting the element to which the attribute +is attached. +</p> + +<vcnote id='notatn'> +<head>Notation Attributes</head> +<p> +Values of this type must match +one of the <titleref href='Notations'>notation</titleref> names included in +the declaration; all notation names in the declaration must +be declared. +</p> +</vcnote> +<vcnote id='enum'> +<head>Enumeration</head> +<p> +Values of this type +must match one of the <nt def='NT-Nmtoken'>Nmtoken</nt> tokens in the +declaration. +</p> +</vcnote> +<p><termref def='dt-interop'>For interoperability,</termref> the same +<nt def='NT-Nmtoken'>Nmtoken</nt> should not occur more than once in the +enumerated attribute types of a single element type. +</p> +</div3> + +<div3 id='sec-attr-defaults'> +<head>Attribute Defaults</head> + +<p>An <termref def="dt-attdecl">attribute declaration</termref> provides +information on whether +the attribute's presence is required, and if not, how an XML processor should +react if a declared attribute is absent in a document. +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Attribute Defaults</head> +<prodgroup pcw4="14" pcw5="11.5"> +<prod id='NT-DefaultDecl'><lhs>DefaultDecl</lhs> +<rhs>'#REQUIRED' +| '#IMPLIED' </rhs> +<rhs>| (('#FIXED' S)? <nt def='NT-AttValue'>AttValue</nt>)</rhs> +<vc def='RequiredAttr'/> +<vc def='defattrvalid'/> +<wfc def="CleanAttrVals"/> +<vc def='FixedAttr'/> +</prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap> + +</p> +<p>In an attribute declaration, <kw>#REQUIRED</kw> means that the +attribute must always be provided, <kw>#IMPLIED</kw> that no default +value is provided. +<!-- not any more!! +<kw>#IMPLIED</kw> means that if the attribute is omitted +from an element of this type, +the XML processor must inform the application +that no value was specified; no constraint is placed on the behavior +of the application. --> +<termdef id="dt-default" term="Attribute Default">If the +declaration +is neither <kw>#REQUIRED</kw> nor <kw>#IMPLIED</kw>, then the +<nt def='NT-AttValue'>AttValue</nt> value contains the declared +<term>default</term> value; the <kw>#FIXED</kw> keyword states that +the attribute must always have the default value. +If a default value +is declared, when an XML processor encounters an omitted attribute, it +is to behave as though the attribute were present with +the declared default value.</termdef></p> +<vcnote id='RequiredAttr'> +<head>Required Attribute</head> +<p>If the default declaration is the keyword <kw>#REQUIRED</kw>, then +the attribute must be specified for +all elements of the type in the attribute-list declaration. +</p></vcnote> +<vcnote id='defattrvalid'> +<head>Attribute Default Legal</head> +<p> +The declared +default value must meet the lexical constraints of the declared attribute type. +</p> +</vcnote> +<vcnote id='FixedAttr'> +<head>Fixed Attribute Default</head> +<p>If an attribute has a default value declared with the +<kw>#FIXED</kw> keyword, instances of that attribute must +match the default value. +</p></vcnote> + +<p>Examples of attribute-list declarations: +<eg><!ATTLIST termdef + id ID #REQUIRED + name CDATA #IMPLIED> +<!ATTLIST list + type (bullets|ordered|glossary) "ordered"> +<!ATTLIST form + method CDATA #FIXED "POST"></eg></p> +</div3> +<div3 id='AVNormalize'> +<head>Attribute-Value Normalization</head> +<p>Before the value of an attribute is passed to the application +or checked for validity, the +XML processor must normalize it as follows: +<ulist> +<item><p>a character reference is processed by appending the referenced +character to the attribute value</p></item> +<item><p>an entity reference is processed by recursively processing the +replacement text of the entity</p></item> +<item><p>a whitespace character (#x20, #xD, #xA, #x9) is processed by +appending #x20 to the normalized value, except that only a single #x20 +is appended for a "#xD#xA" sequence that is part of an external +parsed entity or the literal entity value of an internal parsed +entity</p></item> +<item><p>other characters are processed by appending them to the normalized +value</p> +</item></ulist> +</p> +<p>If the declared value is not CDATA, then the XML processor must +further process the normalized attribute value by discarding any +leading and trailing space (#x20) characters, and by replacing +sequences of space (#x20) characters by a single space (#x20) +character.</p> +<p> +All attributes for which no declaration has been read should be treated +by a non-validating parser as if declared +<kw>CDATA</kw>. +</p> +</div3> +</div2> +<div2 id='sec-condition-sect'> +<head>Conditional Sections</head> +<p><termdef id='dt-cond-section' term='conditional section'> +<term>Conditional sections</term> are portions of the +<termref def='dt-doctype'>document type declaration external subset</termref> +which are +included in, or excluded from, the logical structure of the DTD based on +the keyword which governs them.</termdef> +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Conditional Section</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="9" pcw4="14.5"> +<prod id='NT-conditionalSect'><lhs>conditionalSect</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-includeSect'>includeSect</nt> +| <nt def='NT-ignoreSect'>ignoreSect</nt> +</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-includeSect'><lhs>includeSect</lhs> +<rhs>'<![' S? 'INCLUDE' S? '[' + +<nt def="NT-extSubsetDecl">extSubsetDecl</nt> +']]>' +</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-ignoreSect'><lhs>ignoreSect</lhs> +<rhs>'<![' S? 'IGNORE' S? '[' +<nt def="NT-ignoreSectContents">ignoreSectContents</nt>* +']]>'</rhs> +</prod> + +<prod id='NT-ignoreSectContents'><lhs>ignoreSectContents</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-Ignore'>Ignore</nt> +('<![' <nt def='NT-ignoreSectContents'>ignoreSectContents</nt> ']]>' +<nt def='NT-Ignore'>Ignore</nt>)*</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-Ignore'><lhs>Ignore</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt>* - +(<nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt>* ('<![' | ']]>') +<nt def='NT-Char'>Char</nt>*) +</rhs></prod> + +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +</p> +<p>Like the internal and external DTD subsets, a conditional section +may contain one or more complete declarations, +comments, processing instructions, +or nested conditional sections, intermingled with white space. +</p> +<p>If the keyword of the +conditional section is <kw>INCLUDE</kw>, then the contents of the conditional +section are part of the DTD. +If the keyword of the conditional +section is <kw>IGNORE</kw>, then the contents of the conditional section are +not logically part of the DTD. +Note that for reliable parsing, the contents of even ignored +conditional sections must be read in order to +detect nested conditional sections and ensure that the end of the +outermost (ignored) conditional section is properly detected. +If a conditional section with a +keyword of <kw>INCLUDE</kw> occurs within a larger conditional +section with a keyword of <kw>IGNORE</kw>, both the outer and the +inner conditional sections are ignored.</p> +<p>If the keyword of the conditional section is a +parameter-entity reference, the parameter entity must be replaced by its +content before the processor decides whether to +include or ignore the conditional section.</p> +<p>An example: +<eg><!ENTITY % draft 'INCLUDE' > +<!ENTITY % final 'IGNORE' > + +<![%draft;[ +<!ELEMENT book (comments*, title, body, supplements?)> +]]> +<![%final;[ +<!ELEMENT book (title, body, supplements?)> +]]> +</eg> +</p> +</div2> + + +<!-- +<div2 id='sec-pass-to-app'> +<head>XML Processor Treatment of Logical Structure</head> +<p>When an XML processor encounters a start-tag, it must make +at least the following information available to the application: +<ulist> +<item> +<p>the element type's generic identifier</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>the names of attributes known to apply to this element type +(validating processors must make available names of all attributes +declared for the element type; non-validating processors must +make available at least the names of the attributes for which +values are specified. +</p> +</item> +</ulist> +</p> +</div2> +--> + +</div1> +<!-- &Entities; --> + +<div1 id='sec-physical-struct'> +<head>Physical Structures</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-entity" term="Entity">An XML document may consist +of one or many storage units. These are called +<term>entities</term>; they all have <term>content</term> and are all +(except for the document entity, see below, and +the <termref def='dt-doctype'>external DTD subset</termref>) +identified by <term>name</term>. +</termdef> +Each XML document has one entity +called the <termref def="dt-docent">document entity</termref>, which serves +as the starting point for the <termref def="dt-xml-proc">XML +processor</termref> and may contain the whole document.</p> +<p>Entities may be either parsed or unparsed. +<termdef id="dt-parsedent" term="Text Entity">A <term>parsed entity's</term> +contents are referred to as its +<termref def='dt-repltext'>replacement text</termref>; +this <termref def="dt-text">text</termref> is considered an +integral part of the document.</termdef></p> + +<p><termdef id="dt-unparsed" term="Unparsed Entity">An +<term>unparsed entity</term> +is a resource whose contents may or may not be +<termref def='dt-text'>text</termref>, and if text, may not be XML. +Each unparsed entity +has an associated <termref +def="dt-notation">notation</termref>, identified by name. +Beyond a requirement +that an XML processor make the identifiers for the entity and +notation available to the application, +XML places no constraints on the contents of unparsed entities.</termdef> +</p> +<p> +Parsed entities are invoked by name using entity references; +unparsed entities by name, given in the value of <kw>ENTITY</kw> +or <kw>ENTITIES</kw> +attributes.</p> +<p><termdef id='gen-entity' term='general entity' +><term>General entities</term> +are entities for use within the document content. +In this specification, general entities are sometimes referred +to with the unqualified term <emph>entity</emph> when this leads +to no ambiguity.</termdef> +<termdef id='dt-PE' term='Parameter entity'>Parameter entities +are parsed entities for use within the DTD.</termdef> +These two types of entities use different forms of reference and +are recognized in different contexts. +Furthermore, they occupy different namespaces; a parameter entity and +a general entity with the same name are two distinct entities. +</p> + +<div2 id='sec-references'> +<head>Character and Entity References</head> +<p><termdef id="dt-charref" term="Character Reference"> +A <term>character reference</term> refers to a specific character in the +ISO/IEC 10646 character set, for example one not directly accessible from +available input devices. +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Character Reference</head> +<prod id='NT-CharRef'><lhs>CharRef</lhs> +<rhs>'&#' [0-9]+ ';' </rhs> +<rhs>| '&hcro;' [0-9a-fA-F]+ ';'</rhs> +<wfc def="wf-Legalchar"/> +</prod> +</scrap> +<wfcnote id="wf-Legalchar"> +<head>Legal Character</head> +<p>Characters referred to using character references must +match the production for +<termref def="NT-Char">Char</termref>.</p> +</wfcnote> +If the character reference begins with "<code>&#x</code>", the digits and +letters up to the terminating <code>;</code> provide a hexadecimal +representation of the character's code point in ISO/IEC 10646. +If it begins just with "<code>&#</code>", the digits up to the terminating +<code>;</code> provide a decimal representation of the character's +code point. +</termdef> +</p> +<p><termdef id="dt-entref" term="Entity Reference">An <term>entity +reference</term> refers to the content of a named entity.</termdef> +<termdef id='dt-GERef' term='General Entity Reference'>References to +parsed general entities +use ampersand (<code>&</code>) and semicolon (<code>;</code>) as +delimiters.</termdef> +<termdef id='dt-PERef' term='Parameter-entity reference'> +<term>Parameter-entity references</term> use percent-sign (<code>%</code>) and +semicolon +(<code>;</code>) as delimiters.</termdef> +</p> +<scrap lang="ebnf"> +<head>Entity Reference</head> +<prod id='NT-Reference'><lhs>Reference</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-EntityRef'>EntityRef</nt> +| <nt def='NT-CharRef'>CharRef</nt></rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-EntityRef'><lhs>EntityRef</lhs> +<rhs>'&' <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> ';'</rhs> +<wfc def='wf-entdeclared'/> +<vc def='vc-entdeclared'/> +<wfc def='textent'/> +<wfc def='norecursion'/> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-PEReference'><lhs>PEReference</lhs> +<rhs>'%' <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> ';'</rhs> +<vc def='vc-entdeclared'/> +<wfc def='norecursion'/> +<wfc def='indtd'/> +</prod> +</scrap> + +<wfcnote id='wf-entdeclared'> +<head>Entity Declared</head> +<p>In a document without any DTD, a document with only an internal +DTD subset which contains no parameter entity references, or a document with +"<code>standalone='yes'</code>", +the <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> given in the entity reference must +<termref def="dt-match">match</termref> that in an +<titleref href='sec-entity-decl'>entity declaration</titleref>, except that +well-formed documents need not declare +any of the following entities: &magicents;. +The declaration of a parameter entity must precede any reference to it. +Similarly, the declaration of a general entity must precede any +reference to it which appears in a default value in an attribute-list +declaration.</p> +<p>Note that if entities are declared in the external subset or in +external parameter entities, a non-validating processor is +<titleref href='include-if-valid'>not obligated to</titleref> read +and process their declarations; for such documents, the rule that +an entity must be declared is a well-formedness constraint only +if <titleref href='sec-rmd'>standalone='yes'</titleref>.</p> +</wfcnote> +<vcnote id="vc-entdeclared"> +<head>Entity Declared</head> +<p>In a document with an external subset or external parameter +entities with "<code>standalone='no'</code>", +the <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> given in the entity reference must <termref +def="dt-match">match</termref> that in an +<titleref href='sec-entity-decl'>entity declaration</titleref>. +For interoperability, valid documents should declare the entities +&magicents;, in the form +specified in <specref ref="sec-predefined-ent"/>. +The declaration of a parameter entity must precede any reference to it. +Similarly, the declaration of a general entity must precede any +reference to it which appears in a default value in an attribute-list +declaration.</p> +</vcnote> +<!-- FINAL EDIT: is this duplication too clumsy? --> +<wfcnote id='textent'> +<head>Parsed Entity</head> +<p> +An entity reference must not contain the name of an <termref +def="dt-unparsed">unparsed entity</termref>. Unparsed entities may be referred +to only in <termref def="dt-attrval">attribute values</termref> declared to +be of type <kw>ENTITY</kw> or <kw>ENTITIES</kw>. +</p> +</wfcnote> +<wfcnote id='norecursion'> +<head>No Recursion</head> +<p> +A parsed entity must not contain a recursive reference to itself, +either directly or indirectly. +</p> +</wfcnote> +<wfcnote id='indtd'> +<head>In DTD</head> +<p> +Parameter-entity references may only appear in the +<termref def='dt-doctype'>DTD</termref>. +</p> +</wfcnote> +<p>Examples of character and entity references: +<eg>Type <key>less-than</key> (&hcro;3C;) to save options. +This document was prepared on &docdate; and +is classified &security-level;.</eg></p> +<p>Example of a parameter-entity reference: +<eg><![CDATA[<!-- declare the parameter entity "ISOLat2"... --> +<!ENTITY % ISOLat2 + SYSTEM "http://www.xml.com/iso/isolat2-xml.entities" > +<!-- ... now reference it. --> +%ISOLat2;]]></eg></p> +</div2> + +<div2 id='sec-entity-decl'> +<head>Entity Declarations</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-entdecl" term="entity declaration"> +Entities are declared thus: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Entity Declaration</head> +<prodgroup pcw2="5" pcw4="18.5"> +<prod id='NT-EntityDecl'><lhs>EntityDecl</lhs> +<rhs><nt def="NT-GEDecl">GEDecl</nt><!--</rhs><com>General entities</com> +<rhs>--> | <nt def="NT-PEDecl">PEDecl</nt></rhs> +<!--<com>Parameter entities</com>--> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-GEDecl'><lhs>GEDecl</lhs> +<rhs>'<!ENTITY' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> <nt def='NT-EntityDef'>EntityDef</nt> +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '>'</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-PEDecl'><lhs>PEDecl</lhs> +<rhs>'<!ENTITY' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> '%' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-PEDef'>PEDef</nt> <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '>'</rhs> +<!--<com>Parameter entities</com>--> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-EntityDef'><lhs>EntityDef</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-EntityValue'>EntityValue</nt> +<!--</rhs> +<rhs>-->| (<nt def='NT-ExternalID'>ExternalID</nt> +<nt def='NT-NDataDecl'>NDataDecl</nt>?)</rhs> +<!-- <nt def='NT-ExternalDef'>ExternalDef</nt></rhs> --> +</prod> +<!-- FINAL EDIT: what happened to WFs here? --> +<prod id='NT-PEDef'><lhs>PEDef</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-EntityValue'>EntityValue</nt> +| <nt def='NT-ExternalID'>ExternalID</nt></rhs></prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +The <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> identifies the entity in an +<termref def="dt-entref">entity reference</termref> or, in the case of an +unparsed entity, in the value of an <kw>ENTITY</kw> or <kw>ENTITIES</kw> +attribute. +If the same entity is declared more than once, the first declaration +encountered is binding; at user option, an XML processor may issue a +warning if entities are declared multiple times.</termdef> +</p> + +<div3 id='sec-internal-ent'> +<head>Internal Entities</head> + +<p><termdef id='dt-internent' term="Internal Entity Replacement Text">If +the entity definition is an +<nt def='NT-EntityValue'>EntityValue</nt>, +the defined entity is called an <term>internal entity</term>. +There is no separate physical +storage object, and the content of the entity is given in the +declaration. </termdef> +Note that some processing of entity and character references in the +<termref def='dt-litentval'>literal entity value</termref> may be required to +produce the correct <termref def='dt-repltext'>replacement +text</termref>: see <specref ref='intern-replacement'/>. +</p> +<p>An internal entity is a <termref def="dt-parsedent">parsed +entity</termref>.</p> +<p>Example of an internal entity declaration: +<eg><!ENTITY Pub-Status "This is a pre-release of the + specification."></eg></p> +</div3> + +<div3 id='sec-external-ent'> +<head>External Entities</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-extent" term="External Entity">If the entity is not +internal, it is an <term>external +entity</term>, declared as follows: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>External Entity Declaration</head> +<!-- +<prod id='NT-ExternalDef'><lhs>ExternalDef</lhs> +<rhs></prod> --> +<prod id='NT-ExternalID'><lhs>ExternalID</lhs> +<rhs>'SYSTEM' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-SystemLiteral'>SystemLiteral</nt></rhs> +<rhs>| 'PUBLIC' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-PubidLiteral'>PubidLiteral</nt> +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-SystemLiteral'>SystemLiteral</nt> +</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-NDataDecl'><lhs>NDataDecl</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> 'NDATA' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt></rhs> +<vc def='not-declared'/></prod> +</scrap> +If the <nt def='NT-NDataDecl'>NDataDecl</nt> is present, this is a +general <termref def="dt-unparsed">unparsed +entity</termref>; otherwise it is a parsed entity.</termdef></p> +<vcnote id='not-declared'> +<head>Notation Declared</head> +<p> +The <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> must match the declared name of a +<termref def="dt-notation">notation</termref>. +</p> +</vcnote> +<p><termdef id="dt-sysid" term="System Identifier">The +<nt def='NT-SystemLiteral'>SystemLiteral</nt> +is called the entity's <term>system identifier</term>. It is a URI, +which may be used to retrieve the entity.</termdef> +Note that the hash mark (<code>#</code>) and fragment identifier +frequently used with URIs are not, formally, part of the URI itself; +an XML processor may signal an error if a fragment identifier is +given as part of a system identifier. +Unless otherwise provided by information outside the scope of this +specification (e.g. a special XML element type defined by a particular +DTD, or a processing instruction defined by a particular application +specification), relative URIs are relative to the location of the +resource within which the entity declaration occurs. +A URI might thus be relative to the +<termref def='dt-docent'>document entity</termref>, to the entity +containing the <termref def='dt-doctype'>external DTD subset</termref>, +or to some other <termref def='dt-extent'>external parameter entity</termref>. +</p> +<p>An XML processor should handle a non-ASCII character in a URI by +representing the character in UTF-8 as one or more bytes, and then +escaping these bytes with the URI escaping mechanism (i.e., by +converting each byte to %HH, where HH is the hexadecimal notation of the +byte value).</p> +<p><termdef id="dt-pubid" term="Public identifier"> +In addition to a system identifier, an external identifier may +include a <term>public identifier</term>.</termdef> +An XML processor attempting to retrieve the entity's content may use the public +identifier to try to generate an alternative URI. If the processor +is unable to do so, it must use the URI specified in the system +literal. Before a match is attempted, all strings +of white space in the public identifier must be normalized to single space characters (#x20), +and leading and trailing white space must be removed.</p> +<p>Examples of external entity declarations: +<eg><!ENTITY open-hatch + SYSTEM "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml"> +<!ENTITY open-hatch + PUBLIC "-//Textuality//TEXT Standard open-hatch boilerplate//EN" + "http://www.textuality.com/boilerplate/OpenHatch.xml"> +<!ENTITY hatch-pic + SYSTEM "../grafix/OpenHatch.gif" + NDATA gif ></eg></p> +</div3> + +</div2> + +<div2 id='TextEntities'> +<head>Parsed Entities</head> +<div3 id='sec-TextDecl'> +<head>The Text Declaration</head> +<p>External parsed entities may each begin with a <term>text +declaration</term>. +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Text Declaration</head> +<prodgroup pcw4="12.5" pcw5="13"> +<prod id='NT-TextDecl'><lhs>TextDecl</lhs> +<rhs>&xmlpio; +<nt def='NT-VersionInfo'>VersionInfo</nt>? +<nt def='NT-EncodingDecl'>EncodingDecl</nt> +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? &pic;</rhs> +</prod> +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +</p> +<p>The text declaration must be provided literally, not +by reference to a parsed entity. +No text declaration may appear at any position other than the beginning of +an external parsed entity.</p> +</div3> +<div3 id='wf-entities'> +<head>Well-Formed Parsed Entities</head> +<p>The document entity is well-formed if it matches the production labeled +<nt def='NT-document'>document</nt>. +An external general +parsed entity is well-formed if it matches the production labeled +<nt def='NT-extParsedEnt'>extParsedEnt</nt>. +An external parameter +entity is well-formed if it matches the production labeled +<nt def='NT-extPE'>extPE</nt>. +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Well-Formed External Parsed Entity</head> +<prod id='NT-extParsedEnt'><lhs>extParsedEnt</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-TextDecl'>TextDecl</nt>? +<nt def='NT-content'>content</nt></rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-extPE'><lhs>extPE</lhs> +<rhs><nt def='NT-TextDecl'>TextDecl</nt>? +<nt def='NT-extSubsetDecl'>extSubsetDecl</nt></rhs> +</prod> +</scrap> +An internal general parsed entity is well-formed if its replacement text +matches the production labeled +<nt def='NT-content'>content</nt>. +All internal parameter entities are well-formed by definition. +</p> +<p>A consequence of well-formedness in entities is that the logical +and physical structures in an XML document are properly nested; no +<termref def='dt-stag'>start-tag</termref>, +<termref def='dt-etag'>end-tag</termref>, +<termref def="dt-empty">empty-element tag</termref>, +<termref def='dt-element'>element</termref>, +<termref def='dt-comment'>comment</termref>, +<termref def='dt-pi'>processing instruction</termref>, +<termref def='dt-charref'>character +reference</termref>, or +<termref def='dt-entref'>entity reference</termref> +can begin in one entity and end in another.</p> +</div3> +<div3 id='charencoding'> +<head>Character Encoding in Entities</head> + +<p>Each external parsed entity in an XML document may use a different +encoding for its characters. All XML processors must be able to read +entities in either UTF-8 or UTF-16. + +</p> +<p>Entities encoded in UTF-16 must +begin with the Byte Order Mark described by ISO/IEC 10646 Annex E and +Unicode Appendix B (the ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE character, #xFEFF). +This is an encoding signature, not part of either the markup or the +character data of the XML document. +XML processors must be able to use this character to +differentiate between UTF-8 and UTF-16 encoded documents.</p> +<p>Although an XML processor is required to read only entities in +the UTF-8 and UTF-16 encodings, it is recognized that other encodings are +used around the world, and it may be desired for XML processors +to read entities that use them. +Parsed entities which are stored in an encoding other than +UTF-8 or UTF-16 must begin with a <titleref href='TextDecl'>text +declaration</titleref> containing an encoding declaration: +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Encoding Declaration</head> +<prod id='NT-EncodingDecl'><lhs>EncodingDecl</lhs> +<rhs><nt def="NT-S">S</nt> +'encoding' <nt def='NT-Eq'>Eq</nt> +('"' <nt def='NT-EncName'>EncName</nt> '"' | +"'" <nt def='NT-EncName'>EncName</nt> "'" ) +</rhs> +</prod> +<prod id='NT-EncName'><lhs>EncName</lhs> +<rhs>[A-Za-z] ([A-Za-z0-9._] | '-')*</rhs> +<com>Encoding name contains only Latin characters</com> +</prod> +</scrap> +In the <termref def='dt-docent'>document entity</termref>, the encoding +declaration is part of the <termref def="dt-xmldecl">XML declaration</termref>. +The <nt def="NT-EncName">EncName</nt> is the name of the encoding used. +</p> +<!-- FINAL EDIT: check name of IANA and charset names --> +<p>In an encoding declaration, the values +"<code>UTF-8</code>", +"<code>UTF-16</code>", +"<code>ISO-10646-UCS-2</code>", and +"<code>ISO-10646-UCS-4</code>" should be +used for the various encodings and transformations of Unicode / +ISO/IEC 10646, the values +"<code>ISO-8859-1</code>", +"<code>ISO-8859-2</code>", ... +"<code>ISO-8859-9</code>" should be used for the parts of ISO 8859, and +the values +"<code>ISO-2022-JP</code>", +"<code>Shift_JIS</code>", and +"<code>EUC-JP</code>" +should be used for the various encoded forms of JIS X-0208-1997. XML +processors may recognize other encodings; it is recommended that +character encodings registered (as <emph>charset</emph>s) +with the Internet Assigned Numbers +Authority <bibref ref='IANA'/>, other than those just listed, should be +referred to +using their registered names. +Note that these registered names are defined to be +case-insensitive, so processors wishing to match against them +should do so in a case-insensitive +way.</p> +<p>In the absence of information provided by an external +transport protocol (e.g. HTTP or MIME), +it is an <termref def="dt-error">error</termref> for an entity including +an encoding declaration to be presented to the XML processor +in an encoding other than that named in the declaration, +for an encoding declaration to occur other than at the beginning +of an external entity, or for +an entity which begins with neither a Byte Order Mark nor an encoding +declaration to use an encoding other than UTF-8. +Note that since ASCII +is a subset of UTF-8, ordinary ASCII entities do not strictly need +an encoding declaration.</p> + +<p>It is a <termref def='dt-fatal'>fatal error</termref> when an XML processor +encounters an entity with an encoding that it is unable to process.</p> +<p>Examples of encoding declarations: +<eg><?xml encoding='UTF-8'?> +<?xml encoding='EUC-JP'?></eg></p> +</div3> +</div2> +<div2 id='entproc'> +<head>XML Processor Treatment of Entities and References</head> +<p>The table below summarizes the contexts in which character references, +entity references, and invocations of unparsed entities might appear and the +required behavior of an <termref def='dt-xml-proc'>XML processor</termref> in +each case. +The labels in the leftmost column describe the recognition context: +<glist> +<gitem><label>Reference in Content</label> +<def><p>as a reference +anywhere after the <termref def='dt-stag'>start-tag</termref> and +before the <termref def='dt-etag'>end-tag</termref> of an element; corresponds +to the nonterminal <nt def='NT-content'>content</nt>.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label>Reference in Attribute Value</label> +<def><p>as a reference within either the value of an attribute in a +<termref def='dt-stag'>start-tag</termref>, or a default +value in an <termref def='dt-attdecl'>attribute declaration</termref>; +corresponds to the nonterminal +<nt def='NT-AttValue'>AttValue</nt>.</p></def></gitem> +<gitem> +<label>Occurs as Attribute Value</label> +<def><p>as a <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt>, not a reference, appearing either as +the value of an +attribute which has been declared as type <kw>ENTITY</kw>, or as one of +the space-separated tokens in the value of an attribute which has been +declared as type <kw>ENTITIES</kw>.</p> +</def></gitem> +<gitem><label>Reference in Entity Value</label> +<def><p>as a reference +within a parameter or internal entity's +<termref def='dt-litentval'>literal entity value</termref> in +the entity's declaration; corresponds to the nonterminal +<nt def='NT-EntityValue'>EntityValue</nt>.</p></def></gitem> +<gitem><label>Reference in DTD</label> +<def><p>as a reference within either the internal or external subsets of the +<termref def='dt-doctype'>DTD</termref>, but outside +of an <nt def='NT-EntityValue'>EntityValue</nt> or +<nt def="NT-AttValue">AttValue</nt>.</p></def> +</gitem> +</glist></p> +<htable border='1' cellpadding='7' align='center'> +<htbody> +<tr><td bgcolor='&cellback;' rowspan='2' colspan='1'></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;' align='center' valign='bottom' colspan='4'>Entity Type</td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;' rowspan='2' align='center'>Character</td> +</tr> +<tr align='center' valign='bottom'> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'>Parameter</td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'>Internal +General</td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'>External Parsed +General</td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'>Unparsed</td> +</tr> +<tr align='center' valign='middle'> + +<td bgcolor='&cellback;' align='right'>Reference +in Content</td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='not-recognized'>Not recognized</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='included'>Included</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='include-if-valid'>Included if validating</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='forbidden'>Forbidden</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='included'>Included</titleref></td> +</tr> +<tr align='center' valign='middle'> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;' align='right'>Reference +in Attribute Value</td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='not-recognized'>Not recognized</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='inliteral'>Included in literal</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='forbidden'>Forbidden</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='forbidden'>Forbidden</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='included'>Included</titleref></td> +</tr> +<tr align='center' valign='middle'> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;' align='right'>Occurs as +Attribute Value</td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='not-recognized'>Not recognized</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='not-recognized'>Forbidden</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='not-recognized'>Forbidden</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='notify'>Notify</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='not recognized'>Not recognized</titleref></td> +</tr> +<tr align='center' valign='middle'> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;' align='right'>Reference +in EntityValue</td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='inliteral'>Included in literal</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='bypass'>Bypassed</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='bypass'>Bypassed</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='forbidden'>Forbidden</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='included'>Included</titleref></td> +</tr> +<tr align='center' valign='middle'> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;' align='right'>Reference +in DTD</td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='as-PE'>Included as PE</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='forbidden'>Forbidden</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='forbidden'>Forbidden</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='forbidden'>Forbidden</titleref></td> +<td bgcolor='&cellback;'><titleref href='forbidden'>Forbidden</titleref></td> +</tr> +</htbody> +</htable> +<div3 id='not-recognized'> +<head>Not Recognized</head> +<p>Outside the DTD, the <code>%</code> character has no +special significance; thus, what would be parameter entity references in the +DTD are not recognized as markup in <nt def='NT-content'>content</nt>. +Similarly, the names of unparsed entities are not recognized except +when they appear in the value of an appropriately declared attribute. +</p> +</div3> +<div3 id='included'> +<head>Included</head> +<p><termdef id="dt-include" term="Include">An entity is +<term>included</term> when its +<termref def='dt-repltext'>replacement text</termref> is retrieved +and processed, in place of the reference itself, +as though it were part of the document at the location the +reference was recognized. +The replacement text may contain both +<termref def='dt-chardata'>character data</termref> +and (except for parameter entities) <termref def="dt-markup">markup</termref>, +which must be recognized in +the usual way, except that the replacement text of entities used to escape +markup delimiters (the entities &magicents;) is always treated as +data. (The string "<code>AT&amp;T;</code>" expands to +"<code>AT&T;</code>" and the remaining ampersand is not recognized +as an entity-reference delimiter.) +A character reference is <term>included</term> when the indicated +character is processed in place of the reference itself. +</termdef></p> +</div3> +<div3 id='include-if-valid'> +<head>Included If Validating</head> +<p>When an XML processor recognizes a reference to a parsed entity, in order +to <termref def="dt-valid">validate</termref> +the document, the processor must +<termref def="dt-include">include</termref> its +replacement text. +If the entity is external, and the processor is not +attempting to validate the XML document, the +processor <termref def="dt-may">may</termref>, but need not, +include the entity's replacement text. +If a non-validating parser does not include the replacement text, +it must inform the application that it recognized, but did not +read, the entity.</p> +<p>This rule is based on the recognition that the automatic inclusion +provided by the SGML and XML entity mechanism, primarily designed +to support modularity in authoring, is not necessarily +appropriate for other applications, in particular document browsing. +Browsers, for example, when encountering an external parsed entity reference, +might choose to provide a visual indication of the entity's +presence and retrieve it for display only on demand. +</p> +</div3> +<div3 id='forbidden'> +<head>Forbidden</head> +<p>The following are forbidden, and constitute +<termref def='dt-fatal'>fatal</termref> errors: +<ulist> +<item><p>the appearance of a reference to an +<termref def='dt-unparsed'>unparsed entity</termref>. +</p></item> +<item><p>the appearance of any character or general-entity reference in the +DTD except within an <nt def='NT-EntityValue'>EntityValue</nt> or +<nt def="NT-AttValue">AttValue</nt>.</p></item> +<item><p>a reference to an external entity in an attribute value.</p> +</item> +</ulist> +</p> +</div3> +<div3 id='inliteral'> +<head>Included in Literal</head> +<p>When an <termref def='dt-entref'>entity reference</termref> appears in an +attribute value, or a parameter entity reference appears in a literal entity +value, its <termref def='dt-repltext'>replacement text</termref> is +processed in place of the reference itself as though it +were part of the document at the location the reference was recognized, +except that a single or double quote character in the replacement text +is always treated as a normal data character and will not terminate the +literal. +For example, this is well-formed: +<eg><![CDATA[<!ENTITY % YN '"Yes"' > +<!ENTITY WhatHeSaid "He said &YN;" >]]></eg> +while this is not: +<eg><!ENTITY EndAttr "27'" > +<element attribute='a-&EndAttr;></eg> +</p></div3> +<div3 id='notify'> +<head>Notify</head> +<p>When the name of an <termref def='dt-unparsed'>unparsed +entity</termref> appears as a token in the +value of an attribute of declared type <kw>ENTITY</kw> or <kw>ENTITIES</kw>, +a validating processor must inform the +application of the <termref def='dt-sysid'>system</termref> +and <termref def='dt-pubid'>public</termref> (if any) +identifiers for both the entity and its associated +<termref def="dt-notation">notation</termref>.</p> +</div3> +<div3 id='bypass'> +<head>Bypassed</head> +<p>When a general entity reference appears in the +<nt def='NT-EntityValue'>EntityValue</nt> in an entity declaration, +it is bypassed and left as is.</p> +</div3> +<div3 id='as-PE'> +<head>Included as PE</head> +<p>Just as with external parsed entities, parameter entities +need only be <titleref href='include-if-valid'>included if +validating</titleref>. +When a parameter-entity reference is recognized in the DTD +and included, its +<termref def='dt-repltext'>replacement +text</termref> is enlarged by the attachment of one leading and one following +space (#x20) character; the intent is to constrain the replacement +text of parameter +entities to contain an integral number of grammatical tokens in the DTD. +</p> +</div3> + +</div2> +<div2 id='intern-replacement'> +<head>Construction of Internal Entity Replacement Text</head> +<p>In discussing the treatment +of internal entities, it is +useful to distinguish two forms of the entity's value. +<termdef id="dt-litentval" term='Literal Entity Value'>The <term>literal +entity value</term> is the quoted string actually +present in the entity declaration, corresponding to the +non-terminal <nt def='NT-EntityValue'>EntityValue</nt>.</termdef> +<termdef id='dt-repltext' term='Replacement Text'>The <term>replacement +text</term> is the content of the entity, after +replacement of character references and parameter-entity +references. +</termdef></p> + +<p>The literal entity value +as given in an internal entity declaration +(<nt def='NT-EntityValue'>EntityValue</nt>) may contain character, +parameter-entity, and general-entity references. +Such references must be contained entirely within the +literal entity value. +The actual replacement text that is +<termref def='dt-include'>included</termref> as described above +must contain the <emph>replacement text</emph> of any +parameter entities referred to, and must contain the character +referred to, in place of any character references in the +literal entity value; however, +general-entity references must be left as-is, unexpanded. +For example, given the following declarations: + +<eg><![CDATA[<!ENTITY % pub "Éditions Gallimard" > +<!ENTITY rights "All rights reserved" > +<!ENTITY book "La Peste: Albert Camus, +© 1947 %pub;. &rights;" >]]></eg> +then the replacement text for the entity "<code>book</code>" is: +<eg>La Peste: Albert Camus, +© 1947 Éditions Gallimard. &rights;</eg> +The general-entity reference "<code>&rights;</code>" would be expanded +should the reference "<code>&book;</code>" appear in the document's +content or an attribute value.</p> +<p>These simple rules may have complex interactions; for a detailed +discussion of a difficult example, see +<specref ref='sec-entexpand'/>. +</p> + +</div2> +<div2 id='sec-predefined-ent'> +<head>Predefined Entities</head> +<p><termdef id="dt-escape" term="escape">Entity and character +references can both be used to <term>escape</term> the left angle bracket, +ampersand, and other delimiters. A set of general entities +(&magicents;) is specified for this purpose. +Numeric character references may also be used; they are +expanded immediately when recognized and must be treated as +character data, so the numeric character references +"<code>&#60;</code>" and "<code>&#38;</code>" may be used to +escape <code><</code> and <code>&</code> when they occur +in character data.</termdef></p> +<p>All XML processors must recognize these entities whether they +are declared or not. +<termref def='dt-interop'>For interoperability</termref>, +valid XML documents should declare these +entities, like any others, before using them. +If the entities in question are declared, they must be declared +as internal entities whose replacement text is the single +character being escaped or a character reference to +that character, as shown below. +<eg><![CDATA[<!ENTITY lt "&#60;"> +<!ENTITY gt ">"> +<!ENTITY amp "&#38;"> +<!ENTITY apos "'"> +<!ENTITY quot """> +]]></eg> +Note that the <code><</code> and <code>&</code> characters +in the declarations of "<code>lt</code>" and "<code>amp</code>" +are doubly escaped to meet the requirement that entity replacement +be well-formed. +</p> +</div2> + +<div2 id='Notations'> +<head>Notation Declarations</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-notation" term="Notation"><term>Notations</term> identify by +name the format of <termref def="dt-extent">unparsed +entities</termref>, the +format of elements which bear a notation attribute, +or the application to which +a <termref def="dt-pi">processing instruction</termref> is +addressed.</termdef></p> +<p><termdef id="dt-notdecl" term="Notation Declaration"> +<term>Notation declarations</term> +provide a name for the notation, for use in +entity and attribute-list declarations and in attribute specifications, +and an external identifier for the notation which may allow an XML +processor or its client application to locate a helper application +capable of processing data in the given notation. +<scrap lang='ebnf'> +<head>Notation Declarations</head> +<prod id='NT-NotationDecl'><lhs>NotationDecl</lhs> +<rhs>'<!NOTATION' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> <nt def='NT-Name'>Name</nt> +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +(<nt def='NT-ExternalID'>ExternalID</nt> | +<nt def='NT-PublicID'>PublicID</nt>) +<nt def='NT-S'>S</nt>? '>'</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-PublicID'><lhs>PublicID</lhs> +<rhs>'PUBLIC' <nt def='NT-S'>S</nt> +<nt def='NT-PubidLiteral'>PubidLiteral</nt> +</rhs></prod> +</scrap> +</termdef></p> +<p>XML processors must provide applications with the name and external +identifier(s) of any notation declared and referred to in an attribute +value, attribute definition, or entity declaration. They may +additionally resolve the external identifier into the +<termref def="dt-sysid">system identifier</termref>, +file name, or other information needed to allow the +application to call a processor for data in the notation described. (It +is not an error, however, for XML documents to declare and refer to +notations for which notation-specific applications are not available on +the system where the XML processor or application is running.)</p> +</div2> + + +<div2 id='sec-doc-entity'> +<head>Document Entity</head> + +<p><termdef id="dt-docent" term="Document Entity">The <term>document +entity</term> serves as the root of the entity +tree and a starting-point for an <termref def="dt-xml-proc">XML +processor</termref>.</termdef> +This specification does +not specify how the document entity is to be located by an XML +processor; unlike other entities, the document entity has no name and might +well appear on a processor input stream +without any identification at all.</p> +</div2> + + +</div1> +<!-- &Conformance; --> + +<div1 id='sec-conformance'> +<head>Conformance</head> + +<div2 id='proc-types'> +<head>Validating and Non-Validating Processors</head> +<p>Conforming <termref def="dt-xml-proc">XML processors</termref> fall into two +classes: validating and non-validating.</p> +<p>Validating and non-validating processors alike must report +violations of this specification's well-formedness constraints +in the content of the +<termref def='dt-docent'>document entity</termref> and any +other <termref def='dt-parsedent'>parsed entities</termref> that +they read.</p> +<p><termdef id="dt-validating" term="Validating Processor"> +<term>Validating processors</term> must report +violations of the constraints expressed by the declarations in the +<termref def="dt-doctype">DTD</termref>, and +failures to fulfill the validity constraints given +in this specification. +</termdef> +To accomplish this, validating XML processors must read and process the entire +DTD and all external parsed entities referenced in the document. +</p> +<p>Non-validating processors are required to check only the +<termref def='dt-docent'>document entity</termref>, including +the entire internal DTD subset, for well-formedness. +<termdef id='dt-use-mdecl' term='Process Declarations'> +While they are not required to check the document for validity, +they are required to +<term>process</term> all the declarations they read in the +internal DTD subset and in any parameter entity that they +read, up to the first reference +to a parameter entity that they do <emph>not</emph> read; that is to +say, they must +use the information in those declarations to +<titleref href='AVNormalize'>normalize</titleref> attribute values, +<titleref href='included'>include</titleref> the replacement text of +internal entities, and supply +<titleref href='sec-attr-defaults'>default attribute values</titleref>. +</termdef> +They must not <termref def='dt-use-mdecl'>process</termref> +<termref def='dt-entdecl'>entity declarations</termref> or +<termref def='dt-attdecl'>attribute-list declarations</termref> +encountered after a reference to a parameter entity that is not +read, since the entity may have contained overriding declarations. +</p> +</div2> +<div2 id='safe-behavior'> +<head>Using XML Processors</head> +<p>The behavior of a validating XML processor is highly predictable; it +must read every piece of a document and report all well-formedness and +validity violations. +Less is required of a non-validating processor; it need not read any +part of the document other than the document entity. +This has two effects that may be important to users of XML processors: +<ulist> +<item><p>Certain well-formedness errors, specifically those that require +reading external entities, may not be detected by a non-validating processor. +Examples include the constraints entitled +<titleref href='wf-entdeclared'>Entity Declared</titleref>, +<titleref href='wf-textent'>Parsed Entity</titleref>, and +<titleref href='wf-norecursion'>No Recursion</titleref>, as well +as some of the cases described as +<titleref href='forbidden'>forbidden</titleref> in +<specref ref='entproc'/>.</p></item> +<item><p>The information passed from the processor to the application may +vary, depending on whether the processor reads +parameter and external entities. +For example, a non-validating processor may not +<titleref href='AVNormalize'>normalize</titleref> attribute values, +<titleref href='included'>include</titleref> the replacement text of +internal entities, or supply +<titleref href='sec-attr-defaults'>default attribute values</titleref>, +where doing so depends on having read declarations in +external or parameter entities.</p></item> +</ulist> +</p> +<p>For maximum reliability in interoperating between different XML +processors, applications which use non-validating processors should not +rely on any behaviors not required of such processors. +Applications which require facilities such as the use of default +attributes or internal entities which are declared in external +entities should use validating XML processors.</p> +</div2> +</div1> + +<div1 id='sec-notation'> +<head>Notation</head> + +<p>The formal grammar of XML is given in this specification using a simple +Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) notation. Each rule in the grammar defines +one symbol, in the form +<eg>symbol ::= expression</eg></p> +<p>Symbols are written with an initial capital letter if they are +defined by a regular expression, or with an initial lower case letter +otherwise. +Literal strings are quoted. + +</p> + +<p>Within the expression on the right-hand side of a rule, the following +expressions are used to match strings of one or more characters: +<glist> +<gitem> +<label><code>#xN</code></label> +<def><p>where <code>N</code> is a hexadecimal integer, the +expression matches the character in ISO/IEC 10646 whose canonical +(UCS-4) +code value, when interpreted as an unsigned binary number, has +the value indicated. The number of leading zeros in the +<code>#xN</code> form is insignificant; the number of leading +zeros in the corresponding code value +is governed by the character +encoding in use and is not significant for XML.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>[a-zA-Z]</code>, <code>[#xN-#xN]</code></label> +<def><p>matches any <termref def='dt-character'>character</termref> +with a value in the range(s) indicated (inclusive).</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>[^a-z]</code>, <code>[^#xN-#xN]</code></label> +<def><p>matches any <termref def='dt-character'>character</termref> +with a value <emph>outside</emph> the +range indicated.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>[^abc]</code>, <code>[^#xN#xN#xN]</code></label> +<def><p>matches any <termref def='dt-character'>character</termref> +with a value not among the characters given.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>"string"</code></label> +<def><p>matches a literal string <termref def="dt-match">matching</termref> +that given inside the double quotes.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>'string'</code></label> +<def><p>matches a literal string <termref def="dt-match">matching</termref> +that given inside the single quotes.</p></def> +</gitem> +</glist> +These symbols may be combined to match more complex patterns as follows, +where <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> represent simple expressions: +<glist> +<gitem> +<label>(<code>expression</code>)</label> +<def><p><code>expression</code> is treated as a unit +and may be combined as described in this list.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>A?</code></label> +<def><p>matches <code>A</code> or nothing; optional <code>A</code>.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>A B</code></label> +<def><p>matches <code>A</code> followed by <code>B</code>.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>A | B</code></label> +<def><p>matches <code>A</code> or <code>B</code> but not both.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>A - B</code></label> +<def><p>matches any string that matches <code>A</code> but does not match +<code>B</code>. +</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>A+</code></label> +<def><p>matches one or more occurrences of <code>A</code>.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>A*</code></label> +<def><p>matches zero or more occurrences of <code>A</code>.</p></def> +</gitem> + +</glist> +Other notations used in the productions are: +<glist> +<gitem> +<label><code>/* ... */</code></label> +<def><p>comment.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>[ wfc: ... ]</code></label> +<def><p>well-formedness constraint; this identifies by name a +constraint on +<termref def="dt-wellformed">well-formed</termref> documents +associated with a production.</p></def> +</gitem> +<gitem> +<label><code>[ vc: ... ]</code></label> +<def><p>validity constraint; this identifies by name a constraint on +<termref def="dt-valid">valid</termref> documents associated with +a production.</p></def> +</gitem> +</glist> +</p></div1> + +</body> +<back> +<!-- &SGML; --> + + +<!-- &Biblio; --> +<div1 id='sec-bibliography'> + +<head>References</head> +<div2 id='sec-existing-stds'> +<head>Normative References</head> + +<blist> +<bibl id='IANA' key='IANA'> +(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) <emph>Official Names for +Character Sets</emph>, +ed. Keld Simonsen et al. +See <loc href='ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/character-sets'>ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/character-sets</loc>. +</bibl> + +<bibl id='RFC1766' key='IETF RFC 1766'> +IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). +<emph>RFC 1766: Tags for the Identification of Languages</emph>, +ed. H. Alvestrand. +1995. +</bibl> + +<bibl id='ISO639' key='ISO 639'> +(International Organization for Standardization). +<emph>ISO 639:1988 (E). +Code for the representation of names of languages.</emph> +[Geneva]: International Organization for +Standardization, 1988.</bibl> + +<bibl id='ISO3166' key='ISO 3166'> +(International Organization for Standardization). +<emph>ISO 3166-1:1997 (E). +Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions +— Part 1: Country codes</emph> +[Geneva]: International Organization for +Standardization, 1997.</bibl> + +<bibl id='ISO10646' key='ISO/IEC 10646'>ISO +(International Organization for Standardization). +<emph>ISO/IEC 10646-1993 (E). Information technology — Universal +Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) — Part 1: +Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane.</emph> +[Geneva]: International Organization for +Standardization, 1993 (plus amendments AM 1 through AM 7). +</bibl> + +<bibl id='Unicode' key='Unicode'>The Unicode Consortium. +<emph>The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0.</emph> +Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Developers Press, 1996.</bibl> + +</blist> + +</div2> + +<div2><head>Other References</head> + +<blist> + +<bibl id='Aho' key='Aho/Ullman'>Aho, Alfred V., +Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey D. Ullman. +<emph>Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools</emph>. +Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1986, rpt. corr. 1988.</bibl> + +<bibl id="Berners-Lee" xml-link="simple" key="Berners-Lee et al."> +Berners-Lee, T., R. Fielding, and L. Masinter. +<emph>Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax and +Semantics</emph>. +1997. +(Work in progress; see updates to RFC1738.)</bibl> + +<bibl id='ABK' key='Brüggemann-Klein'>Brüggemann-Klein, Anne. +<emph>Regular Expressions into Finite Automata</emph>. +Extended abstract in I. Simon, Hrsg., LATIN 1992, +S. 97-98. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1992. +Full Version in Theoretical Computer Science 120: 197-213, 1993. + +</bibl> + +<bibl id='ABKDW' key='Brüggemann-Klein and Wood'>Brüggemann-Klein, Anne, +and Derick Wood. +<emph>Deterministic Regular Languages</emph>. +Universität Freiburg, Institut für Informatik, +Bericht 38, Oktober 1991. +</bibl> + +<bibl id='Clark' key='Clark'>James Clark. +Comparison of SGML and XML. See +<loc href='http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-sgml-xml-971215'>http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-sgml-xml-971215</loc>. +</bibl> +<bibl id="RFC1738" xml-link="simple" key="IETF RFC1738"> +IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). +<emph>RFC 1738: Uniform Resource Locators (URL)</emph>, +ed. T. Berners-Lee, L. Masinter, M. McCahill. +1994. +</bibl> + +<bibl id="RFC1808" xml-link="simple" key="IETF RFC1808"> +IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). +<emph>RFC 1808: Relative Uniform Resource Locators</emph>, +ed. R. Fielding. +1995. +</bibl> + +<bibl id="RFC2141" xml-link="simple" key="IETF RFC2141"> +IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). +<emph>RFC 2141: URN Syntax</emph>, +ed. R. Moats. +1997. +</bibl> + +<bibl id='ISO8879' key='ISO 8879'>ISO +(International Organization for Standardization). +<emph>ISO 8879:1986(E). Information processing — Text and Office +Systems — Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).</emph> First +edition — 1986-10-15. [Geneva]: International Organization for +Standardization, 1986. +</bibl> + + +<bibl id='ISO10744' key='ISO/IEC 10744'>ISO +(International Organization for Standardization). +<emph>ISO/IEC 10744-1992 (E). Information technology — +Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language (HyTime). +</emph> +[Geneva]: International Organization for +Standardization, 1992. +<emph>Extended Facilities Annexe.</emph> +[Geneva]: International Organization for +Standardization, 1996. +</bibl> + + + +</blist> +</div2> +</div1> +<div1 id='CharClasses'> +<head>Character Classes</head> +<p>Following the characteristics defined in the Unicode standard, +characters are classed as base characters (among others, these +contain the alphabetic characters of the Latin alphabet, without +diacritics), ideographic characters, and combining characters (among +others, this class contains most diacritics); these classes combine +to form the class of letters. Digits and extenders are +also distinguished. +<scrap lang="ebnf" id="CHARACTERS"> +<head>Characters</head> +<prodgroup pcw3="3" pcw4="15"> +<prod id="NT-Letter"><lhs>Letter</lhs> +<rhs><nt def="NT-BaseChar">BaseChar</nt> +| <nt def="NT-Ideographic">Ideographic</nt></rhs> </prod> +<prod id='NT-BaseChar'><lhs>BaseChar</lhs> +<rhs>[#x0041-#x005A] +| [#x0061-#x007A] +| [#x00C0-#x00D6] +| [#x00D8-#x00F6] +| [#x00F8-#x00FF] +| [#x0100-#x0131] +| [#x0134-#x013E] +| [#x0141-#x0148] +| [#x014A-#x017E] +| [#x0180-#x01C3] +| [#x01CD-#x01F0] +| [#x01F4-#x01F5] +| [#x01FA-#x0217] +| [#x0250-#x02A8] +| [#x02BB-#x02C1] +| #x0386 +| [#x0388-#x038A] +| #x038C +| [#x038E-#x03A1] +| [#x03A3-#x03CE] +| [#x03D0-#x03D6] +| #x03DA +| #x03DC +| #x03DE +| #x03E0 +| [#x03E2-#x03F3] +| [#x0401-#x040C] +| [#x040E-#x044F] +| [#x0451-#x045C] +| [#x045E-#x0481] +| [#x0490-#x04C4] +| [#x04C7-#x04C8] +| [#x04CB-#x04CC] +| [#x04D0-#x04EB] +| [#x04EE-#x04F5] +| [#x04F8-#x04F9] +| [#x0531-#x0556] +| #x0559 +| [#x0561-#x0586] +| [#x05D0-#x05EA] +| [#x05F0-#x05F2] +| [#x0621-#x063A] +| [#x0641-#x064A] +| [#x0671-#x06B7] +| [#x06BA-#x06BE] +| [#x06C0-#x06CE] +| [#x06D0-#x06D3] +| #x06D5 +| [#x06E5-#x06E6] +| [#x0905-#x0939] +| #x093D +| [#x0958-#x0961] +| [#x0985-#x098C] +| [#x098F-#x0990] +| [#x0993-#x09A8] +| [#x09AA-#x09B0] +| #x09B2 +| [#x09B6-#x09B9] +| [#x09DC-#x09DD] +| [#x09DF-#x09E1] +| [#x09F0-#x09F1] +| [#x0A05-#x0A0A] +| [#x0A0F-#x0A10] +| [#x0A13-#x0A28] +| [#x0A2A-#x0A30] +| [#x0A32-#x0A33] +| [#x0A35-#x0A36] +| [#x0A38-#x0A39] +| [#x0A59-#x0A5C] +| #x0A5E +| [#x0A72-#x0A74] +| [#x0A85-#x0A8B] +| #x0A8D +| [#x0A8F-#x0A91] +| [#x0A93-#x0AA8] +| [#x0AAA-#x0AB0] +| [#x0AB2-#x0AB3] +| [#x0AB5-#x0AB9] +| #x0ABD +| #x0AE0 +| [#x0B05-#x0B0C] +| [#x0B0F-#x0B10] +| [#x0B13-#x0B28] +| [#x0B2A-#x0B30] +| [#x0B32-#x0B33] +| [#x0B36-#x0B39] +| #x0B3D +| [#x0B5C-#x0B5D] +| [#x0B5F-#x0B61] +| [#x0B85-#x0B8A] +| [#x0B8E-#x0B90] +| [#x0B92-#x0B95] +| [#x0B99-#x0B9A] +| #x0B9C +| [#x0B9E-#x0B9F] +| [#x0BA3-#x0BA4] +| [#x0BA8-#x0BAA] +| [#x0BAE-#x0BB5] +| [#x0BB7-#x0BB9] +| [#x0C05-#x0C0C] +| [#x0C0E-#x0C10] +| [#x0C12-#x0C28] +| [#x0C2A-#x0C33] +| [#x0C35-#x0C39] +| [#x0C60-#x0C61] +| [#x0C85-#x0C8C] +| [#x0C8E-#x0C90] +| [#x0C92-#x0CA8] +| [#x0CAA-#x0CB3] +| [#x0CB5-#x0CB9] +| #x0CDE +| [#x0CE0-#x0CE1] +| [#x0D05-#x0D0C] +| [#x0D0E-#x0D10] +| [#x0D12-#x0D28] +| [#x0D2A-#x0D39] +| [#x0D60-#x0D61] +| [#x0E01-#x0E2E] +| #x0E30 +| [#x0E32-#x0E33] +| [#x0E40-#x0E45] +| [#x0E81-#x0E82] +| #x0E84 +| [#x0E87-#x0E88] +| #x0E8A +| #x0E8D +| [#x0E94-#x0E97] +| [#x0E99-#x0E9F] +| [#x0EA1-#x0EA3] +| #x0EA5 +| #x0EA7 +| [#x0EAA-#x0EAB] +| [#x0EAD-#x0EAE] +| #x0EB0 +| [#x0EB2-#x0EB3] +| #x0EBD +| [#x0EC0-#x0EC4] +| [#x0F40-#x0F47] +| [#x0F49-#x0F69] +| [#x10A0-#x10C5] +| [#x10D0-#x10F6] +| #x1100 +| [#x1102-#x1103] +| [#x1105-#x1107] +| #x1109 +| [#x110B-#x110C] +| [#x110E-#x1112] +| #x113C +| #x113E +| #x1140 +| #x114C +| #x114E +| #x1150 +| [#x1154-#x1155] +| #x1159 +| [#x115F-#x1161] +| #x1163 +| #x1165 +| #x1167 +| #x1169 +| [#x116D-#x116E] +| [#x1172-#x1173] +| #x1175 +| #x119E +| #x11A8 +| #x11AB +| [#x11AE-#x11AF] +| [#x11B7-#x11B8] +| #x11BA +| [#x11BC-#x11C2] +| #x11EB +| #x11F0 +| #x11F9 +| [#x1E00-#x1E9B] +| [#x1EA0-#x1EF9] +| [#x1F00-#x1F15] +| [#x1F18-#x1F1D] +| [#x1F20-#x1F45] +| [#x1F48-#x1F4D] +| [#x1F50-#x1F57] +| #x1F59 +| #x1F5B +| #x1F5D +| [#x1F5F-#x1F7D] +| [#x1F80-#x1FB4] +| [#x1FB6-#x1FBC] +| #x1FBE +| [#x1FC2-#x1FC4] +| [#x1FC6-#x1FCC] +| [#x1FD0-#x1FD3] +| [#x1FD6-#x1FDB] +| [#x1FE0-#x1FEC] +| [#x1FF2-#x1FF4] +| [#x1FF6-#x1FFC] +| #x2126 +| [#x212A-#x212B] +| #x212E +| [#x2180-#x2182] +| [#x3041-#x3094] +| [#x30A1-#x30FA] +| [#x3105-#x312C] +| [#xAC00-#xD7A3] +</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-Ideographic'><lhs>Ideographic</lhs> +<rhs>[#x4E00-#x9FA5] +| #x3007 +| [#x3021-#x3029] +</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-CombiningChar'><lhs>CombiningChar</lhs> +<rhs>[#x0300-#x0345] +| [#x0360-#x0361] +| [#x0483-#x0486] +| [#x0591-#x05A1] +| [#x05A3-#x05B9] +| [#x05BB-#x05BD] +| #x05BF +| [#x05C1-#x05C2] +| #x05C4 +| [#x064B-#x0652] +| #x0670 +| [#x06D6-#x06DC] +| [#x06DD-#x06DF] +| [#x06E0-#x06E4] +| [#x06E7-#x06E8] +| [#x06EA-#x06ED] +| [#x0901-#x0903] +| #x093C +| [#x093E-#x094C] +| #x094D +| [#x0951-#x0954] +| [#x0962-#x0963] +| [#x0981-#x0983] +| #x09BC +| #x09BE +| #x09BF +| [#x09C0-#x09C4] +| [#x09C7-#x09C8] +| [#x09CB-#x09CD] +| #x09D7 +| [#x09E2-#x09E3] +| #x0A02 +| #x0A3C +| #x0A3E +| #x0A3F +| [#x0A40-#x0A42] +| [#x0A47-#x0A48] +| [#x0A4B-#x0A4D] +| [#x0A70-#x0A71] +| [#x0A81-#x0A83] +| #x0ABC +| [#x0ABE-#x0AC5] +| [#x0AC7-#x0AC9] +| [#x0ACB-#x0ACD] +| [#x0B01-#x0B03] +| #x0B3C +| [#x0B3E-#x0B43] +| [#x0B47-#x0B48] +| [#x0B4B-#x0B4D] +| [#x0B56-#x0B57] +| [#x0B82-#x0B83] +| [#x0BBE-#x0BC2] +| [#x0BC6-#x0BC8] +| [#x0BCA-#x0BCD] +| #x0BD7 +| [#x0C01-#x0C03] +| [#x0C3E-#x0C44] +| [#x0C46-#x0C48] +| [#x0C4A-#x0C4D] +| [#x0C55-#x0C56] +| [#x0C82-#x0C83] +| [#x0CBE-#x0CC4] +| [#x0CC6-#x0CC8] +| [#x0CCA-#x0CCD] +| [#x0CD5-#x0CD6] +| [#x0D02-#x0D03] +| [#x0D3E-#x0D43] +| [#x0D46-#x0D48] +| [#x0D4A-#x0D4D] +| #x0D57 +| #x0E31 +| [#x0E34-#x0E3A] +| [#x0E47-#x0E4E] +| #x0EB1 +| [#x0EB4-#x0EB9] +| [#x0EBB-#x0EBC] +| [#x0EC8-#x0ECD] +| [#x0F18-#x0F19] +| #x0F35 +| #x0F37 +| #x0F39 +| #x0F3E +| #x0F3F +| [#x0F71-#x0F84] +| [#x0F86-#x0F8B] +| [#x0F90-#x0F95] +| #x0F97 +| [#x0F99-#x0FAD] +| [#x0FB1-#x0FB7] +| #x0FB9 +| [#x20D0-#x20DC] +| #x20E1 +| [#x302A-#x302F] +| #x3099 +| #x309A +</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-Digit'><lhs>Digit</lhs> +<rhs>[#x0030-#x0039] +| [#x0660-#x0669] +| [#x06F0-#x06F9] +| [#x0966-#x096F] +| [#x09E6-#x09EF] +| [#x0A66-#x0A6F] +| [#x0AE6-#x0AEF] +| [#x0B66-#x0B6F] +| [#x0BE7-#x0BEF] +| [#x0C66-#x0C6F] +| [#x0CE6-#x0CEF] +| [#x0D66-#x0D6F] +| [#x0E50-#x0E59] +| [#x0ED0-#x0ED9] +| [#x0F20-#x0F29] +</rhs></prod> +<prod id='NT-Extender'><lhs>Extender</lhs> +<rhs>#x00B7 +| #x02D0 +| #x02D1 +| #x0387 +| #x0640 +| #x0E46 +| #x0EC6 +| #x3005 +| [#x3031-#x3035] +| [#x309D-#x309E] +| [#x30FC-#x30FE] +</rhs></prod> + +</prodgroup> +</scrap> +</p> +<p>The character classes defined here can be derived from the +Unicode character database as follows: +<ulist> +<item> +<p>Name start characters must have one of the categories Ll, Lu, +Lo, Lt, Nl.</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>Name characters other than Name-start characters +must have one of the categories Mc, Me, Mn, Lm, or Nd.</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>Characters in the compatibility area (i.e. with character code +greater than #xF900 and less than #xFFFE) are not allowed in XML +names.</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>Characters which have a font or compatibility decomposition (i.e. those +with a "compatibility formatting tag" in field 5 of the database -- +marked by field 5 beginning with a "<") are not allowed.</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>The following characters are treated as name-start characters +rather than name characters, because the property file classifies +them as Alphabetic: [#x02BB-#x02C1], #x0559, #x06E5, #x06E6.</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>Characters #x20DD-#x20E0 are excluded (in accordance with +Unicode, section 5.14).</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>Character #x00B7 is classified as an extender, because the +property list so identifies it.</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>Character #x0387 is added as a name character, because #x00B7 +is its canonical equivalent.</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>Characters ':' and '_' are allowed as name-start characters.</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>Characters '-' and '.' are allowed as name characters.</p> +</item> +</ulist> +</p> +</div1> +<inform-div1 id="sec-xml-and-sgml"> +<head>XML and SGML</head> + +<p>XML is designed to be a subset of SGML, in that every +<termref def="dt-valid">valid</termref> XML document should also be a +conformant SGML document. +For a detailed comparison of the additional restrictions that XML places on +documents beyond those of SGML, see <bibref ref='Clark'/>. +</p> +</inform-div1> +<inform-div1 id="sec-entexpand"> +<head>Expansion of Entity and Character References</head> +<p>This appendix contains some examples illustrating the +sequence of entity- and character-reference recognition and +expansion, as specified in <specref ref='entproc'/>.</p> +<p> +If the DTD contains the declaration +<eg><![CDATA[<!ENTITY example "<p>An ampersand (&#38;) may be escaped +numerically (&#38;#38;) or with a general entity +(&amp;).</p>" > +]]></eg> +then the XML processor will recognize the character references +when it parses the entity declaration, and resolve them before +storing the following string as the +value of the entity "<code>example</code>": +<eg><![CDATA[<p>An ampersand (&) may be escaped +numerically (&#38;) or with a general entity +(&amp;).</p> +]]></eg> +A reference in the document to "<code>&example;</code>" +will cause the text to be reparsed, at which time the +start- and end-tags of the "<code>p</code>" element will be recognized +and the three references will be recognized and expanded, +resulting in a "<code>p</code>" element with the following content +(all data, no delimiters or markup): +<eg><![CDATA[An ampersand (&) may be escaped +numerically (&) or with a general entity +(&). +]]></eg> +</p> +<p>A more complex example will illustrate the rules and their +effects fully. In the following example, the line numbers are +solely for reference. +<eg><![CDATA[1 <?xml version='1.0'?> +2 <!DOCTYPE test [ +3 <!ELEMENT test (#PCDATA) > +4 <!ENTITY % xx '%zz;'> +5 <!ENTITY % zz '<!ENTITY tricky "error-prone" >' > +6 %xx; +7 ]> +8 <test>This sample shows a &tricky; method.</test> +]]></eg> +This produces the following: +<ulist spacing="compact"> +<item><p>in line 4, the reference to character 37 is expanded immediately, +and the parameter entity "<code>xx</code>" is stored in the symbol +table with the value "<code>%zz;</code>". Since the replacement text +is not rescanned, the reference to parameter entity "<code>zz</code>" +is not recognized. (And it would be an error if it were, since +"<code>zz</code>" is not yet declared.)</p></item> +<item><p>in line 5, the character reference "<code>&#60;</code>" is +expanded immediately and the parameter entity "<code>zz</code>" is +stored with the replacement text +"<code><!ENTITY tricky "error-prone" ></code>", +which is a well-formed entity declaration.</p></item> +<item><p>in line 6, the reference to "<code>xx</code>" is recognized, +and the replacement text of "<code>xx</code>" (namely +"<code>%zz;</code>") is parsed. The reference to "<code>zz</code>" +is recognized in its turn, and its replacement text +("<code><!ENTITY tricky "error-prone" ></code>") is parsed. +The general entity "<code>tricky</code>" has now been +declared, with the replacement text "<code>error-prone</code>".</p></item> +<item><p> +in line 8, the reference to the general entity "<code>tricky</code>" is +recognized, and it is expanded, so the full content of the +"<code>test</code>" element is the self-describing (and ungrammatical) string +<emph>This sample shows a error-prone method.</emph> +</p></item> +</ulist> +</p> +</inform-div1> +<inform-div1 id="determinism"> +<head>Deterministic Content Models</head> +<p><termref def='dt-compat'>For compatibility</termref>, it is +required +that content models in element type declarations be deterministic. +</p> +<!-- FINAL EDIT: WebSGML allows ambiguity? --> +<p>SGML +requires deterministic content models (it calls them +"unambiguous"); XML processors built using SGML systems may +flag non-deterministic content models as errors.</p> +<p>For example, the content model <code>((b, c) | (b, d))</code> is +non-deterministic, because given an initial <code>b</code> the parser +cannot know which <code>b</code> in the model is being matched without +looking ahead to see which element follows the <code>b</code>. +In this case, the two references to +<code>b</code> can be collapsed +into a single reference, making the model read +<code>(b, (c | d))</code>. An initial <code>b</code> now clearly +matches only a single name in the content model. The parser doesn't +need to look ahead to see what follows; either <code>c</code> or +<code>d</code> would be accepted.</p> +<p>More formally: a finite state automaton may be constructed from the +content model using the standard algorithms, e.g. algorithm 3.5 +in section 3.9 +of Aho, Sethi, and Ullman <bibref ref='Aho'/>. +In many such algorithms, a follow set is constructed for each +position in the regular expression (i.e., each leaf +node in the +syntax tree for the regular expression); +if any position has a follow set in which +more than one following position is +labeled with the same element type name, +then the content model is in error +and may be reported as an error. +</p> +<p>Algorithms exist which allow many but not all non-deterministic +content models to be reduced automatically to equivalent deterministic +models; see Brüggemann-Klein 1991 <bibref ref='ABK'/>.</p> +</inform-div1> +<inform-div1 id="sec-guessing"> +<head>Autodetection of Character Encodings</head> +<p>The XML encoding declaration functions as an internal label on each +entity, indicating which character encoding is in use. Before an XML +processor can read the internal label, however, it apparently has to +know what character encoding is in use—which is what the internal label +is trying to indicate. In the general case, this is a hopeless +situation. It is not entirely hopeless in XML, however, because XML +limits the general case in two ways: each implementation is assumed +to support only a finite set of character encodings, and the XML +encoding declaration is restricted in position and content in order to +make it feasible to autodetect the character encoding in use in each +entity in normal cases. Also, in many cases other sources of information +are available in addition to the XML data stream itself. +Two cases may be distinguished, +depending on whether the XML entity is presented to the +processor without, or with, any accompanying +(external) information. We consider the first case first. +</p> +<p> +Because each XML entity not in UTF-8 or UTF-16 format <emph>must</emph> +begin with an XML encoding declaration, in which the first characters +must be '<code><?xml</code>', any conforming processor can detect, +after two to four octets of input, which of the following cases apply. +In reading this list, it may help to know that in UCS-4, '<' is +"<code>#x0000003C</code>" and '?' is "<code>#x0000003F</code>", and the Byte +Order Mark required of UTF-16 data streams is "<code>#xFEFF</code>".</p> +<p> +<ulist> +<item> +<p><code>00 00 00 3C</code>: UCS-4, big-endian machine (1234 order)</p> +</item> +<item> +<p><code>3C 00 00 00</code>: UCS-4, little-endian machine (4321 order)</p> +</item> +<item> +<p><code>00 00 3C 00</code>: UCS-4, unusual octet order (2143)</p> +</item> +<item> +<p><code>00 3C 00 00</code>: UCS-4, unusual octet order (3412)</p> +</item> +<item> +<p><code>FE FF</code>: UTF-16, big-endian</p> +</item> +<item> +<p><code>FF FE</code>: UTF-16, little-endian</p> +</item> +<item> +<p><code>00 3C 00 3F</code>: UTF-16, big-endian, no Byte Order Mark +(and thus, strictly speaking, in error)</p> +</item> +<item> +<p><code>3C 00 3F 00</code>: UTF-16, little-endian, no Byte Order Mark +(and thus, strictly speaking, in error)</p> +</item> +<item> +<p><code>3C 3F 78 6D</code>: UTF-8, ISO 646, ASCII, some part of ISO 8859, +Shift-JIS, EUC, or any other 7-bit, 8-bit, or mixed-width encoding +which ensures that the characters of ASCII have their normal positions, +width, +and values; the actual encoding declaration must be read to +detect which of these applies, but since all of these encodings +use the same bit patterns for the ASCII characters, the encoding +declaration itself may be read reliably +</p> +</item> +<item> +<p><code>4C 6F A7 94</code>: EBCDIC (in some flavor; the full +encoding declaration must be read to tell which code page is in +use)</p> +</item> +<item> +<p>other: UTF-8 without an encoding declaration, or else +the data stream is corrupt, fragmentary, or enclosed in +a wrapper of some kind</p> +</item> +</ulist> +</p> +<p> +This level of autodetection is enough to read the XML encoding +declaration and parse the character-encoding identifier, which is +still necessary to distinguish the individual members of each family +of encodings (e.g. to tell UTF-8 from 8859, and the parts of 8859 +from each other, or to distinguish the specific EBCDIC code page in +use, and so on). +</p> +<p> +Because the contents of the encoding declaration are restricted to +ASCII characters, a processor can reliably read the entire encoding +declaration as soon as it has detected which family of encodings is in +use. Since in practice, all widely used character encodings fall into +one of the categories above, the XML encoding declaration allows +reasonably reliable in-band labeling of character encodings, even when +external sources of information at the operating-system or +transport-protocol level are unreliable. +</p> +<p> +Once the processor has detected the character encoding in use, it can +act appropriately, whether by invoking a separate input routine for +each case, or by calling the proper conversion function on each +character of input. +</p> +<p> +Like any self-labeling system, the XML encoding declaration will not +work if any software changes the entity's character set or encoding +without updating the encoding declaration. Implementors of +character-encoding routines should be careful to ensure the accuracy +of the internal and external information used to label the entity. +</p> +<p>The second possible case occurs when the XML entity is accompanied +by encoding information, as in some file systems and some network +protocols. +When multiple sources of information are available, + +their relative +priority and the preferred method of handling conflict should be +specified as part of the higher-level protocol used to deliver XML. +Rules for the relative priority of the internal label and the +MIME-type label in an external header, for example, should be part of the +RFC document defining the text/xml and application/xml MIME types. In +the interests of interoperability, however, the following rules +are recommended. +<ulist> +<item><p>If an XML entity is in a file, the Byte-Order Mark +and encoding-declaration PI are used (if present) to determine the +character encoding. All other heuristics and sources of information +are solely for error recovery. +</p></item> +<item><p>If an XML entity is delivered with a +MIME type of text/xml, then the <code>charset</code> parameter +on the MIME type determines the +character encoding method; all other heuristics and sources of +information are solely for error recovery. +</p></item> +<item><p>If an XML entity is delivered +with a +MIME type of application/xml, then the Byte-Order Mark and +encoding-declaration PI are used (if present) to determine the +character encoding. All other heuristics and sources of +information are solely for error recovery. +</p></item> +</ulist> +These rules apply only in the absence of protocol-level documentation; +in particular, when the MIME types text/xml and application/xml are +defined, the recommendations of the relevant RFC will supersede +these rules. +</p> + +</inform-div1> + +<inform-div1 id="sec-xml-wg"> +<head>W3C XML Working Group</head> + +<p>This specification was prepared and approved for publication by the +W3C XML Working Group (WG). WG approval of this specification does +not necessarily imply that all WG members voted for its approval. +The current and former members of the XML WG are:</p> + +<orglist> +<member><name>Jon Bosak, Sun</name><role>Chair</role></member> +<member><name>James Clark</name><role>Technical Lead</role></member> +<member><name>Tim Bray, Textuality and Netscape</name><role>XML Co-editor</role></member> +<member><name>Jean Paoli, Microsoft</name><role>XML Co-editor</role></member> +<member><name>C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, U. of Ill.</name><role>XML +Co-editor</role></member> +<member><name>Dan Connolly, W3C</name><role>W3C Liaison</role></member> +<member><name>Paula Angerstein, Texcel</name></member> +<member><name>Steve DeRose, INSO</name></member> +<member><name>Dave Hollander, HP</name></member> +<member><name>Eliot Kimber, ISOGEN</name></member> +<member><name>Eve Maler, ArborText</name></member> +<member><name>Tom Magliery, NCSA</name></member> +<member><name>Murray Maloney, Muzmo and Grif</name></member> +<member><name>Makoto Murata, Fuji Xerox Information Systems</name></member> +<member><name>Joel Nava, Adobe</name></member> +<member><name>Conleth O'Connell, Vignette</name></member> +<member><name>Peter Sharpe, SoftQuad</name></member> +<member><name>John Tigue, DataChannel</name></member> +</orglist> + +</inform-div1> +</back> +</spec> +<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file +Local variables: +mode: sgml +sgml-default-dtd-file:"~/sgml/spec.ced" +sgml-omittag:t +sgml-shorttag:t +End: +--> |