add perldelta for 5.23.0

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+=encoding utf8
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+perl5220delta - what is new for perl v5.22.0
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This document describes differences between the 5.20.0 release and the 5.22.0
+release.
+
+If you are upgrading from an earlier release such as 5.18.0, first read
+L<perl5200delta>, which describes differences between 5.18.0 and 5.20.0.
+
+=head1 Core Enhancements
+
+=head2 New bitwise operators
+
+A new experimental facility has been added that makes the four standard
+bitwise operators (C<& | ^ ~>) treat their operands consistently as
+numbers, and introduces four new dotted operators (C<&. |. ^. ~.>) that
+treat their operands consistently as strings.  The same applies to the
+assignment variants (C<&= |= ^= &.= |.= ^.=>).
+
+To use this, enable the "bitwise" feature and disable the
+"experimental::bitwise" warnings category.  See L<perlop/Bitwise String
+Operators> for details.
+L<[perl #123466]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123466>.
+
+=head2 New double-diamond operator
+
+C<<< <<>> >>> is like C<< <> >> but uses three-argument C<open> to open
+each file in C<@ARGV>.  This means that each element of C<@ARGV> will be treated
+as an actual file name, and C<"|foo"> won't be treated as a pipe open.
+
+=head2 New C<\b> boundaries in regular expressions
+
+=head3 C<qr/\b{gcb}/>
+
+C<gcb> stands for Grapheme Cluster Boundary.  It is a Unicode property
+that finds the boundary between sequences of characters that look like a
+single character to a native speaker of a language.  Perl has long had
+the ability to deal with these through the C<\X> regular escape
+sequence.  Now, there is an alternative way of handling these.  See
+L<perlrebackslash/\b{}, \b, \B{}, \B> for details.
+
+=head3 C<qr/\b{wb}/>
+
+C<wb> stands for Word Boundary.  It is a Unicode property
+that finds the boundary between words.  This is similar to the plain
+C<\b> (without braces) but is more suitable for natural language
+processing.  It knows, for example, that apostrophes can occur in the
+middle of words.  See L<perlrebackslash/\b{}, \b, \B{}, \B> for details.
+
+=head3 C<qr/\b{sb}/>
+
+C<sb> stands for Sentence Boundary.  It is a Unicode property
+to aid in parsing natural language sentences.
+See L<perlrebackslash/\b{}, \b, \B{}, \B> for details.
+
+=head2 Non-Capturing Regular Expression Flag
+
+Regular expressions now support a C</n> flag that disables capturing
+and filling in C<$1>, C<$2>, etc inside of groups:
+
+  "hello" =~ /(hi|hello)/n; # $1 is not set
+
+This is equivalent to putting C<?:> at the beginning of every capturing group.
+
+See L<perlre/"n"> for more information.
+
+=head2 C<use re 'strict'>
+
+This applies stricter syntax rules to regular expression patterns
+compiled within its scope. This will hopefully alert you to typos and
+other unintentional behavior that backwards-compatibility issues prevent
+us from reporting in normal regular expression compilations.  Because the
+behavior of this is subject to change in future Perl releases as we gain
+experience, using this pragma will raise a warning of category
+C<experimental::re_strict>.
+See L<'strict' in re|re/'strict' mode>.
+
+=head2 Unicode 7.0 (with correction) is now supported
+
+For details on what is in this release, see
+L<http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode7.0.0/>.
+The version of Unicode 7.0 that comes with Perl includes
+a correction dealing with glyph shaping in Arabic
+(see L<http://www.unicode.org/errata/#current_errata>).
+
+
+=head2 S<C<use locale>> can restrict which locale categories are affected
+
+It is now possible to pass a parameter to S<C<use locale>> to specify
+a subset of locale categories to be locale-aware, with the remaining
+ones unaffected.  See L<perllocale/The "use locale" pragma> for details.
+
+=head2 Perl now supports POSIX 2008 locale currency additions
+
+On platforms that are able to handle POSIX.1-2008, the
+hash returned by
+L<C<POSIX::localeconv()>|perllocale/The localeconv function>
+includes the international currency fields added by that version of the
+POSIX standard.  These are
+C<int_n_cs_precedes>,
+C<int_n_sep_by_space>,
+C<int_n_sign_posn>,
+C<int_p_cs_precedes>,
+C<int_p_sep_by_space>,
+and
+C<int_p_sign_posn>.
+
+=head2 Better heuristics on older platforms for determining locale UTF-8ness
+
+On platforms that implement neither the C99 standard nor the POSIX 2001
+standard, determining if the current locale is UTF-8 or not depends on
+heuristics.  These are improved in this release.
+
+=head2 Aliasing via reference
+
+Variables and subroutines can now be aliased by assigning to a reference:
+
+    \$c = \$d;
+    \&x = \&y;
+
+Aliasing can also be accomplished
+by using a backslash before a C<foreach> iterator variable; this is
+perhaps the most useful idiom this feature provides:
+
+    foreach \%hash (@array_of_hash_refs) { ... }
+
+This feature is experimental and must be enabled via S<C<use feature
+'refaliasing'>>.  It will warn unless the C<experimental::refaliasing>
+warnings category is disabled.
+
+See L<perlref/Assigning to References>
+
+=head2 C<prototype> with no arguments
+
+C<prototype()> with no arguments now infers C<$_>.
+L<[perl #123514]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123514>.
+
+=head2 New C<:const> subroutine attribute
+
+The C<const> attribute can be applied to an anonymous subroutine.  It
+causes the new sub to be executed immediately whenever one is created
+(I<i.e.> when the C<sub> expression is evaluated).  Its value is captured
+and used to create a new constant subroutine that is returned.  This
+feature is experimental.  See L<perlsub/Constant Functions>.
+
+=head2 C<fileno> now works on directory handles
+
+When the relevant support is available in the operating system, the
+C<fileno> builtin now works on directory handles, yielding the
+underlying file descriptor in the same way as for filehandles. On
+operating systems without such support, C<fileno> on a directory handle
+continues to return the undefined value, as before, but also sets C<$!> to
+indicate that the operation is not supported.
+
+Currently, this uses either a C<dd_fd> member in the OS C<DIR>
+structure, or a C<dirfd(3)> function as specified by POSIX.1-2008.
+
+=head2 List form of pipe open implemented for Win32
+
+The list form of pipe:
+
+  open my $fh, "-|", "program", @arguments;
+
+is now implemented on Win32.  It has the same limitations as C<system
+LIST> on Win32, since the Win32 API doesn't accept program arguments
+as a list.
+
+=head2 Assignment to list repetition
+
+C<(...) x ...> can now be used within a list that is assigned to, as long
+as the left-hand side is a valid lvalue.  This allows S<C<(undef,undef,$foo)
+= that_function()>> to be written as S<C<((undef)x2, $foo) = that_function()>>.
+
+=head2 Infinity and NaN (not-a-number) handling improved
+
+Floating point values are able to hold the special values infinity, negative
+infinity, and NaN (not-a-number).  Now we more robustly recognize and
+propagate the value in computations, and on output normalize them to the strings
+C<Inf>, C<-Inf>, and C<NaN>.
+
+See also the L<POSIX> enhancements.
+
+=head2 Floating point parsing has been improved
+
+Parsing and printing of floating point values has been improved.
+
+As a completely new feature, hexadecimal floating point literals
+(like C<0x1.23p-4>)  are now supported, and they can be output with
+S<C<printf "%a">>. See L<perldata/Scalar value constructors> for more
+details.
+
+=head2 Packing infinity or not-a-number into a character is now fatal
+
+Before, when trying to pack infinity or not-a-number into a
+(signed) character, Perl would warn, and assumed you tried to
+pack C<< 0xFF >>; if you gave it as an argument to C<< chr >>,
+C<< U+FFFD >> was returned.
+
+But now, all such actions (C<< pack >>, C<< chr >>, and C<< print '%c' >>)
+result in a fatal error.
+
+=head2 Experimental C Backtrace API
+
+Perl now supports (via a C level API) retrieving
+the C level backtrace (similar to what symbolic debuggers like gdb do).
+
+The backtrace returns the stack trace of the C call frames,
+with the symbol names (function names), the object names (like "perl"),
+and if it can, also the source code locations (file:line).
+
+The supported platforms are Linux and OS X (some *BSD might work at
+least partly, but they have not yet been tested).
+
+The feature needs to be enabled with C<Configure -Dusecbacktrace>.
+
+See L<perlhacktips/"C backtrace"> for more information.
+
+=head1 Security
+
+=head2 Perl is now compiled with C<-fstack-protector-strong> if available
+
+Perl has been compiled with the anti-stack-smashing option
+C<-fstack-protector> since 5.10.1.  Now Perl uses the newer variant
+called C<-fstack-protector-strong>, if available.
+
+=head2 The L<Safe> module could allow outside packages to be replaced
+
+Critical bugfix: outside packages could be replaced.  L<Safe> has
+been patched to 2.38 to address this.
+
+=head2 Perl is now always compiled with C<-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2> if available
+
+The 'code hardening' option called C<_FORTIFY_SOURCE>, available in
+gcc 4.*, is now always used for compiling Perl, if available.
+
+Note that this isn't necessarily a huge step since in many platforms
+the step had already been taken several years ago: many Linux
+distributions (like Fedora) have been using this option for Perl,
+and OS X has enforced the same for many years.
+
+=head1 Incompatible Changes
+
+=head2 Subroutine signatures moved before attributes
+
+The experimental sub signatures feature, as introduced in 5.20, parsed
+signatures after attributes. In this release, following feedback from users
+of the experimental feature, the positioning has been moved such that
+signatures occur after the subroutine name (if any) and before the attribute
+list (if any).
+
+=head2 C<&> and C<\&> prototypes accepts only subs
+
+The C<&> prototype character now accepts only anonymous subs (C<sub
+{...}>), things beginning with C<\&>, or an explicit C<undef>.  Formerly
+it erroneously also allowed references to arrays, hashes, and lists.
+L<[perl #4539]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=4539>.
+L<[perl #123062]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123062>.
+L<[perl #123062]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123475>.
+
+In addition, the C<\&> prototype was allowing subroutine calls, whereas
+now it only allows subroutines: C<&foo> is still permitted as an argument,
+while C<&foo()> and C<foo()> no longer are.
+L<[perl #77860]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=77860>.
+
+=head2 C<use encoding> is now lexical
+
+The L<encoding> pragma's effect is now limited to lexical scope.  This
+pragma is deprecated, but in the meantime, it could adversely affect
+unrelated modules that are included in the same program; this change
+fixes that.
+
+=head2 List slices returning empty lists
+
+List slices now return an empty list only if the original list was empty
+(or if there are no indices).  Formerly, a list slice would return an empty
+list if all indices fell outside the original list; now it returns a list
+of C<undef> values in that case.
+L<[perl #114498]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=114498>.
+
+=head2 C<\N{}> with a sequence of multiple spaces is now a fatal error
+
+E.g. S<C<\N{TOOE<nbsp>E<nbsp>MANY SPACES}>> or S<C<\N{TRAILING SPACE }>>.
+This has been deprecated since v5.18.
+
+=head2 S<C<use UNIVERSAL '...'>> is now a fatal error
+
+Importing functions from C<UNIVERSAL> has been deprecated since v5.12, and
+is now a fatal error.  S<C<use UNIVERSAL>> without any arguments is still
+allowed.
+
+=head2 In double-quotish C<\cI<X>>, I<X> must now be a printable ASCII character
+
+In prior releases, failure to do this raised a deprecation warning.
+
+=head2 Splitting the tokens C<(?> and C<(*> in regular expressions is now a fatal compilation error.
+
+These had been deprecated since v5.18.
+
+=head2 C<qr/foo/x> now ignores all Unicode pattern white space
+
+The C</x> regular expression modifier allows the pattern to contain
+white space and comments (both of which are ignored) for improved
+readability.  Until now, not all the white space characters that Unicode
+designates for this purpose were handled.  The additional ones now
+recognized are:
+
+    U+0085 NEXT LINE
+    U+200E LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK
+    U+200F RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK
+    U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR
+    U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
+
+The use of these characters with C</x> outside bracketed character
+classes and when not preceded by a backslash has raised a deprecation
+warning since v5.18.  Now they will be ignored.
+
+=head2 Comment lines within S<C<(?[ ])>> are now ended only by a C<\n>
+
+S<C<(?[ ])>>  is an experimental feature, introduced in v5.18.  It operates
+as if C</x> is always enabled.  But there was a difference: comment
+lines (following a C<#> character) were terminated by anything matching
+C<\R> which includes all vertical whitespace, such as form feeds.  For
+consistency, this is now changed to match what terminates comment lines
+outside S<C<(?[ ])>>, namely a C<\n> (even if escaped), which is the
+same as what terminates a heredoc string and formats.
+
+=head2 C<(?[...])> operators now follow standard Perl precedence
+
+This experimental feature allows set operations in regular expression patterns.
+Prior to this, the intersection operator had the same precedence as the other
+binary operators.  Now it has higher precedence.  This could lead to different
+outcomes than existing code expects (though the documentation has always noted
+that this change might happen, recommending fully parenthesizing the
+expressions).  See L<perlrecharclass/Extended Bracketed Character Classes>.
+
+=head2 Omitting C<%> and C<@> on hash and array names is no longer permitted
+
+Really old Perl let you omit the C<@> on array names and the C<%> on hash
+names in some spots.  This has issued a deprecation warning since Perl
+5.000, and is no longer permitted.
+
+=head2 C<"$!"> text is now in English outside the scope of C<use locale>
+
+Previously, the text, unlike almost everything else, always came out
+based on the current underlying locale of the program.  (Also affected
+on some systems is C<"$^E">.)  For programs that are unprepared to
+handle locale differences, this can cause garbage text to be displayed.
+It's better to display text that is translatable via some tool than
+garbage text which is much harder to figure out.
+
+=head2 C<"$!"> text will be returned in UTF-8 when appropriate
+
+The stringification of C<$!> and C<$^E> will have the UTF-8 flag set
+when the text is actually non-ASCII UTF-8.  This will enable programs
+that are set up to be locale-aware to properly output messages in the
+user's native language.  Code that needs to continue the 5.20 and
+earlier behavior can do the stringification within the scopes of both
+S<C<use bytes>> and S<C<use locale ":messages">>.  Within these two
+scopes, no other Perl operations will
+be affected by locale; only C<$!> and C<$^E> stringification.  The
+C<bytes> pragma causes the UTF-8 flag to not be set, just as in previous
+Perl releases.  This resolves
+L<[perl #112208]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=112208>.
+
+=head2 Support for C<?PATTERN?> without explicit operator has been removed
+
+The C<m?PATTERN?> construct, which allows matching a regex only once,
+previously had an alternative form that was written directly with a question
+mark delimiter, omitting the explicit C<m> operator.  This usage has produced
+a deprecation warning since 5.14.0.  It is now a syntax error, so that the
+question mark can be available for use in new operators.
+
+=head2 C<defined(@array)> and C<defined(%hash)> are now fatal errors
+
+These have been deprecated since v5.6.1 and have raised deprecation
+warnings since v5.16.
+
+=head2 Using a hash or an array as a reference are now fatal errors
+
+For example, C<< %foo->{"bar"} >> now causes a fatal compilation
+error.  These have been deprecated since before v5.8, and have raised
+deprecation warnings since then.
+
+=head2 Changes to the C<*> prototype
+
+The C<*> character in a subroutine's prototype used to allow barewords to take
+precedence over most, but not all, subroutine names.  It was never
+consistent and exhibited buggy behavior.
+
+Now it has been changed, so subroutines always take precedence over barewords,
+which brings it into conformity with similarly prototyped built-in functions:
+
+    sub splat(*) { ... }
+    sub foo { ... }
+    splat(foo); # now always splat(foo())
+    splat(bar); # still splat('bar') as before
+    close(foo); # close(foo())
+    close(bar); # close('bar')
+
+=head1 Deprecations
+
+=head2 Setting C<${^ENCODING}> to anything but C<undef>
+
+This variable allows Perl scripts to be written in an encoding other than
+ASCII or UTF-8.  However, it affects all modules globally, leading
+to wrong answers and segmentation faults.  New scripts should be written
+in UTF-8; old scripts should be converted to UTF-8, which is easily done
+with the L<piconv> utility.
+
+=head2 Use of non-graphic characters in single-character variable names
+
+The syntax for single-character variable names is more lenient than
+for longer variable names, allowing the one-character name to be a
+punctuation character or even invisible (a non-graphic).  Perl v5.20
+deprecated the ASCII-range controls as such a name.  Now, all
+non-graphic characters that formerly were allowed are deprecated.
+The practical effect of this occurs only when not under C<S<use
+utf8>>, and affects just the C1 controls (code points 0x80 through
+0xFF), NO-BREAK SPACE, and SOFT HYPHEN.
+
+=head2 Inlining of C<sub () { $var }> with observable side-effects
+
+In many cases Perl makes S<C<sub () { $var }>> into an inlinable constant
+subroutine, capturing the value of C<$var> at the time the C<sub> expression
+is evaluated.  This can break the closure behavior in those cases where
+C<$var> is subsequently modified, since the subroutine won't return the
+changed value. (Note that this all only applies to anonymous subroutines
+with an empty prototype (S<C<sub ()>>).)
+
+This usage is now deprecated in those cases where the variable could be
+modified elsewhere.  Perl detects those cases and emits a deprecation
+warning.  Such code will likely change in the future and stop producing a
+constant.
+
+If your variable is only modified in the place where it is declared, then
+Perl will continue to make the sub inlinable with no warnings.
+
+    sub make_constant {
+        my $var = shift;
+        return sub () { $var }; # fine
+    }
+
+    sub make_constant_deprecated {
+        my $var;
+        $var = shift;
+        return sub () { $var }; # deprecated
+    }
+
+    sub make_constant_deprecated2 {
+        my $var = shift;
+        log_that_value($var); # could modify $var
+        return sub () { $var }; # deprecated
+    }
+
+In the second example above, detecting that C<$var> is assigned to only once
+is too hard to detect.  That it happens in a spot other than the C<my>
+declaration is enough for Perl to find it suspicious.
+
+This deprecation warning happens only for a simple variable for the body of
+the sub.  (A C<BEGIN> block or C<use> statement inside the sub is ignored,
+because it does not become part of the sub's body.)  For more complex
+cases, such as S<C<sub () { do_something() if 0; $var }>> the behavior has
+changed such that inlining does not happen if the variable is modifiable
+elsewhere.  Such cases should be rare.
+
+=head2 Use of multiple C</x> regexp modifiers
+
+It is now deprecated to say something like any of the following:
+
+    qr/foo/xx;
+    /(?xax:foo)/;
+    use re qw(/amxx);
+
+That is, now C<x> should only occur once in any string of contiguous
+regular expression pattern modifiers.  We do not believe there are any
+occurrences of this in all of CPAN.  This is in preparation for a future
+Perl release having C</xx> permit white-space for readability in
+bracketed character classes (those enclosed in square brackets:
+C<[...]>).
+
+=head2 Using a NO-BREAK space in a character alias for C<\N{...}> is now deprecated
+
+This non-graphic character is essentially indistinguishable from a
+regular space, and so should not be allowed.  See
+L<charnames/CUSTOM ALIASES>.
+
+=head2 A literal C<"{"> should now be escaped in a pattern
+
+If you want a literal left curly bracket (also called a left brace) in a
+regular expression pattern, you should now escape it by either
+preceding it with a backslash (C<"\{">) or enclosing it within square
+brackets C<"[{]">, or by using C<\Q>; otherwise a deprecation warning
+will be raised.  This was first announced as forthcoming in the v5.16
+release; it will allow future extensions to the language to happen.
+
+=head2 Making all warnings fatal is discouraged
+
+The documentation for L<fatal warnings|warnings/Fatal Warnings> notes that
+C<< use warnings FATAL => 'all' >> is discouraged, and provides stronger
+language about the risks of fatal warnings in general.
+
+=head1 Performance Enhancements
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+If a method or class name is known at compile time, a hash is precomputed
+to speed up run-time method lookup.  Also, compound method names like
+C<SUPER::new> are parsed at compile time, to save having to parse them at
+run time.
+
+=item *
+
+Array and hash lookups (especially nested ones) that use only constants
+or simple variables as keys, are now considerably faster. See
+L</Internal Changes> for more details.
+
+=item *
+
+C<(...)x1>, C<("constant")x0> and C<($scalar)x0> are now optimised in list
+context.  If the right-hand argument is a constant 1, the repetition
+operator disappears.  If the right-hand argument is a constant 0, the whole
+expression is optimised to the empty list, so long as the left-hand
+argument is a simple scalar or constant.  (That is, C<(foo())x0> is not
+subject to this optimisation.)
+
+=item *
+
+C<substr> assignment is now optimised into 4-argument C<substr> at the end
+of a subroutine (or as the argument to C<return>).  Previously, this
+optimisation only happened in void context.
+
+=item *
+
+In C<"\L...">, C<"\Q...">, etc., the extra "stringify" op is now optimised
+away, making these just as fast as C<lcfirst>, C<quotemeta>, etc.
+
+=item *
+
+Assignment to an empty list is now sometimes faster.  In particular, it
+never calls C<FETCH> on tied arguments on the right-hand side, whereas it
+used to sometimes.
+
+=item *
+
+There is a performance improvement of up to 20% when C<length> is applied to
+a non-magical, non-tied string, and either C<use bytes> is in scope or the
+string doesn't use UTF-8 internally.
+
+=item *
+
+On most perl builds with 64-bit integers, memory usage for non-magical,
+non-tied scalars containing only a floating point value has been reduced
+by between 8 and 32 bytes, depending on OS.
+
+=item *
+
+In C<@array = split>, the assignment can be optimized away, so that C<split>
+writes directly to the array.  This optimisation was happening only for
+package arrays other than C<@_>, and only sometimes.  Now this
+optimisation happens almost all the time.
+
+=item *
+
+C<join> is now subject to constant folding.  So for example
+S<C<join "-", "a", "b">> is converted at compile-time to C<"a-b">.
+Moreover, C<join> with a scalar or constant for the separator and a
+single-item list to join is simplified to a stringification, and the
+separator doesn't even get evaluated.
+
+=item *
+
+C<qq(@array)> is implemented using two ops: a stringify op and a join op.
+If the C<qq> contains nothing but a single array, the stringification is
+optimized away.
+
+=item *
+
+S<C<our $var>> and S<C<our($s,@a,%h)>> in void context are no longer evaluated at
+run time.  Even a whole sequence of S<C<our $foo;>> statements will simply be
+skipped over.  The same applies to C<state> variables.
+
+=item *
+
+Many internal functions have been refactored to improve performance and reduce
+their memory footprints.
+L<[perl #121436]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121436>
+L<[perl #121906]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121906>
+L<[perl #121969]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121969>
+
+=item *
+
+C<-T> and C<-B> filetests will return sooner when an empty file is detected.
+L<[perl #121489]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121489>
+
+=item *
+
+Hash lookups where the key is a constant are faster.
+
+=item *
+
+Subroutines with an empty prototype and a body containing just C<undef> are now
+eligible for inlining.
+L<[perl #122728]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122728>
+
+=item *
+
+Subroutines in packages no longer need to be stored in typeglobs:
+declaring a subroutine will now put a simple sub reference directly in the
+stash if possible, saving memory.  The typeglob still notionally exists,
+so accessing it will cause the stash entry to be upgraded to a typeglob
+(I<i.e.> this is just an internal implementation detail).
+This optimization does not currently apply to XSUBs or exported
+subroutines, and method calls will undo it, since they cache things in
+typeglobs.
+L<[perl #120441]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=120441>
+
+=item *
+
+The functions C<utf8::native_to_unicode()> and C<utf8::unicode_to_native()>
+(see L<utf8>) are now optimized out on ASCII platforms.  There is now not even
+a minimal performance hit in writing code portable between ASCII and EBCDIC
+platforms.
+
+=item *
+
+Win32 Perl uses 8 KB less of per-process memory than before for every perl
+process, because some data is now memory mapped from disk and shared
+between processes from the same perl binary.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Modules and Pragmata
+
+=head2 Updated Modules and Pragmata
+
+Many of the libraries distributed with perl have been upgraded since v5.20.0.
+For a complete list of changes, run:
+
+  corelist --diff 5.20.0 5.22.0
+
+You can substitute your favorite version in place of 5.20.0, too.
+
+Some notable changes include:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+L<Archive::Tar> has been upgraded to version 2.04.
+
+Tests can now be run in parallel.
+
+=item *
+
+L<attributes> has been upgraded to version 0.27.
+
+The usage of C<memEQs> in the XS has been corrected.
+L<[perl #122701]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122701>
+
+Avoid reading beyond the end of a buffer. [perl #122629]
+
+=item *
+
+L<B> has been upgraded to version 1.58.
+
+It provides a new C<B::safename> function, based on the existing
+C<< B::GV->SAFENAME >>, that converts C<\cOPEN> to C<^OPEN>.
+
+Nulled COPs are now of class C<B::COP>, rather than C<B::OP>.
+
+C<B::REGEXP> objects now provide a C<qr_anoncv> method for accessing the
+implicit CV associated with C<qr//> things containing code blocks, and a
+C<compflags> method that returns the pertinent flags originating from the
+C<qr//blahblah> op.
+
+C<B::PMOP> now provides a C<pmregexp> method returning a C<B::REGEXP> object.
+Two new classes, C<B::PADNAME> and C<B::PADNAMELIST>, have been introduced.
+
+A bug where, after an ithread creation or psuedofork, special/immortal SVs in
+the child ithread/psuedoprocess did not have the correct class of
+C<B::SPECIAL>, has been fixed.
+The C<id> and C<outid> PADLIST methods have been added.
+
+=item *
+
+L<B::Concise> has been upgraded to version 0.996.
+
+Null ops that are part of the execution chain are now given sequence
+numbers.
+
+Private flags for nulled ops are now dumped with mnemonics as they would be
+for the non-nulled counterparts.
+
+=item *
+
+L<B::Deparse> has been upgraded to version 1.35.
+
+It now deparses C<+sub : attr { ... }> correctly at the start of a
+statement.  Without the initial C<+>, C<sub> would be a statement label.
+
+C<BEGIN> blocks are now emitted in the right place most of the time, but
+the change unfortunately introduced a regression, in that C<BEGIN> blocks
+occurring just before the end of the enclosing block may appear below it
+instead.
+
+C<B::Deparse> no longer puts erroneous C<local> here and there, such as for
+C<LIST = tr/a//d>.  [perl #119815]
+
+Adjacent C<use> statements are no longer accidentally nested if one
+contains a C<do> block.  [perl #115066]
+
+Parenthesised arrays in lists passed to C<\> are now correctly deparsed
+with parentheses (I<e.g.>, C<\(@a, (@b), @c)> now retains the parentheses
+around @b), thus preserving the flattening behavior of referenced
+parenthesised arrays.  Formerly, it only worked for one array: C<\(@a)>.
+
+C<local our> is now deparsed correctly, with the C<our> included.
+
+C<for($foo; !$bar; $baz) {...}> was deparsed without the C<!> (or C<not>).
+This has been fixed.
+
+Core keywords that conflict with lexical subroutines are now deparsed with
+the C<CORE::> prefix.
+
+C<foreach state $x (...) {...}> now deparses correctly with C<state> and
+not C<my>.
+
+C<our @array = split(...)> now deparses correctly with C<our> in those
+cases where the assignment is optimized away.
+
+It now deparses C<our(I<LIST>)> and typed lexical (C<my Dog $spot>) correctly.
+
+Deparse C<$#_> as that instead of as C<$#{_}>.
+L<[perl #123947]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123947>
+
+BEGIN blocks at the end of the enclosing scope are now deparsed in the
+right place.  [perl #77452]
+
+BEGIN blocks were sometimes deparsed as __ANON__, but are now always called
+BEGIN.
+
+Lexical subroutines are now fully deparsed.  [perl #116553]
+
+C<Anything =~ y///r> with C</r> no longer omits the left-hand operand.
+
+The op trees that make up regexp code blocks are now deparsed for real.
+Formerly, the original string that made up the regular expression was used.
+That caused problems with C<qr/(?{E<lt>E<lt>heredoc})/> and multiline code blocks,
+which were deparsed incorrectly.  [perl #123217] [perl #115256]
+
+C<$;> at the end of a statement no longer loses its semicolon.
+[perl #123357]
+
+Some cases of subroutine declarations stored in the stash in shorthand form
+were being omitted.
+
+Non-ASCII characters are now consistently escaped in strings, instead of
+some of the time.  (There are still outstanding problems with regular
+expressions and identifiers that have not been fixed.)
+
+When prototype sub calls are deparsed with C<&> (I<e.g.>, under the B<-P>
+option), C<scalar> is now added where appropriate, to force the scalar
+context implied by the prototype.
+
+C<require(foo())>, C<do(foo())>, C<goto(foo())> and similar constructs with
+loop controls are now deparsed correctly.  The outer parentheses are not
+optional.
+
+Whitespace is no longer escaped in regular expressions, because it was
+getting erroneously escaped within C<(?x:...)> sections.
+
+C<sub foo { foo() }> is now deparsed with those mandatory parentheses.
+
+C</@array/> is now deparsed as a regular expression, and not just
+C<@array>.
+
+C</@{-}/>, C</@{+}/> and C<$#{1}> are now deparsed with the braces, which
+are mandatory in these cases.
+
+In deparsing feature bundles, C<B::Deparse> was emitting C<no feature;> first
+instead of C<no feature ':all';>.  This has been fixed.
+
+C<chdir FH> is now deparsed without quotation marks.
+
+C<\my @a> is now deparsed without parentheses.  (Parenthese would flatten
+the array.)
+
+C<system> and C<exec> followed by a block are now deparsed correctly.
+Formerly there was an erroneous C<do> before the block.
+
+C<< use constant QR =E<gt> qr/.../flags >> followed by C<"" =~ QR> is no longer
+without the flags.
+
+Deparsing C<BEGIN { undef &foo }> with the B<-w> switch enabled started to
+emit 'uninitialized' warnings in Perl 5.14.  This has been fixed.
+
+Deparsing calls to subs with a C<(;+)> prototype resulted in an infinite
+loop.  The C<(;$>) C<(_)> and C<(;_)> prototypes were given the wrong
+precedence, causing C<foo($aE<lt>$b)> to be deparsed without the parentheses.
+
+Deparse now provides a defined state sub in inner subs.
+
+=item *
+
+L<B::Op_private> has been added.
+
+L<B::Op_private> provides detailed information about the flags used in the
+C<op_private> field of perl opcodes.
+
+=item *
+
+L<bigint>, L<bignum>, L<bigrat> have been upgraded to version 0.39.
+
+Document in CAVEATS that using strings as numbers won't always invoke
+the big number overloading, and how to invoke it.  [rt.perl.org #123064]
+
+=item *
+
+L<Carp> has been upgraded to version 1.36.
+
+C<Carp::Heavy> now ignores version mismatches with Carp if Carp is newer
+than 1.12, since C<Carp::Heavy>'s guts were merged into Carp at that
+point.
+L<[perl #121574]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121574>
+
+Carp now handles non-ASCII platforms better.
+
+Off-by-one error fix for Perl E<lt> 5.14.
+
+=item *
+
+L<constant> has been upgraded to version 1.33.
+
+It now accepts fully-qualified constant names, allowing constants to be defined
+in packages other than the caller.
+
+=item *
+
+L<CPAN> has been upgraded to version 2.11.
+
+Add support for C<Cwd::getdcwd()> and introduce workaround for a misbehavior
+seen on Strawberry Perl 5.20.1.
+
+Fix C<chdir()> after building dependencies bug.
+
+Introduce experimental support for plugins/hooks.
+
+Integrate the C<App::Cpan> sources.
+
+Do not check recursion on optional dependencies.
+
+Sanity check F<META.yml> to contain a hash.
+L<[cpan #95271]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=95271>
+
+=item *
+
+L<CPAN::Meta::Requirements> has been upgraded to version 2.132.
+
+Works around limitations in C<version::vpp> detecting v-string magic and adds
+support for forthcoming L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker> bootstrap F<version.pm> for
+Perls older than 5.10.0.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Data::Dumper> has been upgraded to version 2.158.
+
+Fixes CVE-2014-4330 by adding a configuration variable/option to limit
+recursion when dumping deep data structures.
+
+Changes to resolve Coverity issues.
+XS dumps incorrectly stored the name of code references stored in a
+GLOB.
+L<[perl #122070]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122070>
+
+=item *
+
+L<DynaLoader> has been upgraded to version 1.32.
+
+Remove C<dl_nonlazy> global if unused in Dynaloader. [perl #122926]
+
+=item *
+
+L<Encode> has been upgraded to version 2.72.
+
+C<piconv> now has better error handling when the encoding name is nonexistent,
+and a build breakage when upgrading L<Encode> in perl-5.8.2 and earlier has
+been fixed.
+
+Building in C++ mode on Windows now works.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Errno> has been upgraded to version 1.23.
+
+Add C<-P> to the preprocessor command-line on GCC 5.  GCC added extra
+line directives, breaking parsing of error code definitions.  [rt.perl.org
+#123784]
+
+=item *
+
+L<experimental> has been upgraded to version 0.013.
+
+Hardcodes features for Perls older than 5.15.7.
+
+=item *
+
+L<ExtUtils::CBuilder> has been upgraded to version 0.280221.
+
+Fixes a regression on Android.
+L<[perl #122675]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122675>
+
+=item *
+
+L<ExtUtils::Manifest> has been upgraded to version 1.70.
+
+Fixes a bug with C<maniread()>'s handling of quoted filenames and improves
+C<manifind()> to follow symlinks.
+L<[perl #122415]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122415>
+
+=item *
+
+L<ExtUtils::ParseXS> has been upgraded to version 3.28.
+
+Only declare C<file> unused if we actually define it.
+Improve generated C<RETVAL> code generation to avoid repeated
+references to C<ST(0)>.  [perl #123278]
+Broaden and document the C</OBJ$/> to C</REF$/> typemap optimization
+for the C<DESTROY> method.  [perl #123418]
+
+=item *
+
+L<Fcntl> has been upgraded to version 1.13.
+
+Add support for the Linux pipe buffer size C<fcntl()> commands.
+
+=item *
+
+L<File::Find> has been upgraded to version 1.29.
+
+C<find()> and C<finddepth()> will now warn if passed inappropriate or
+misspelled options.
+
+=item *
+
+L<File::Glob> has been upgraded to version 1.24.
+
+Avoid C<SvIV()> expanding to call C<get_sv()> three times in a few
+places. [perl #123606]
+
+=item *
+
+L<HTTP::Tiny> has been upgraded to version 0.054.
+
+C<keep_alive> is now fork-safe and thread-safe.
+
+=item *
+
+L<IO> has been upgraded to version 1.35.
+
+The XS implementation has been fixed for the sake of older Perls.
+
+=item *
+
+L<IO::Socket> has been upgraded to version 1.38.
+
+Document the limitations of the C<connected()> method.  [perl #123096]
+
+=item *
+
+L<IO::Socket::IP> has been upgraded to version 0.37.
+
+A better fix for subclassing C<connect()>.
+L<[cpan #95983]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=95983>
+L<[cpan #97050]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=97050>
+
+Implements Timeout for C<connect()>.
+L<[cpan #92075]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=92075>
+
+=item *
+
+The libnet collection of modules has been upgraded to version 3.05.
+
+Support for IPv6 and SSL to C<Net::FTP>, C<Net::NNTP>, C<Net::POP3> and C<Net::SMTP>.
+Improvements in C<Net::SMTP> authentication.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Locale::Codes> has been upgraded to version 3.34.
+
+Fixed a bug in the scripts used to extract data from spreadsheets that
+prevented the SHP currency code from being found.
+L<[cpan #94229]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=94229>
+
+New codes have been added.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Math::BigInt> has been upgraded to version 1.9997.
+
+Synchronize POD changes from the CPAN release.
+C<< Math::BigFloat->blog(x) >> would sometimes return C<blog(2*x)> when
+the accuracy was greater than 70 digits.
+The result of C<< Math::BigFloat->bdiv() >> in list context now
+satisfies C<< x = quotient * divisor + remainder >>.
+
+Correct handling of subclasses.
+L<[cpan #96254]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=96254>
+L<[cpan #96329]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=96329>
+
+=item *
+
+L<Module::Metadata> has been upgraded to version 1.000026.
+
+Support installations on older perls with an L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker> earlier
+than 6.63_03
+
+=item *
+
+L<overload> has been upgraded to version 1.26.
+
+A redundant C<ref $sub> check has been removed.
+
+=item *
+
+The PathTools module collection has been upgraded to version 3.56.
+
+A warning from the B<gcc> compiler is now avoided when building the XS.
+
+Don't turn leading C<//> into C</> on Cygwin. [perl #122635]
+
+=item *
+
+L<perl5db.pl> has been upgraded to version 1.49.
+
+The debugger would cause an assertion failure.
+L<[perl #124127]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=124127>
+
+C<fork()> in the debugger under C<tmux> will now create a new window for
+the forked process. L<[perl
+#121333]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121333>
+
+The debugger now saves the current working directory on startup and
+restores it when you restart your program with C<R> or C<rerun>. L<[perl
+#121509]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121509>
+
+=item *
+
+L<PerlIO::scalar> has been upgraded to version 0.22.
+
+Reading from a position well past the end of the scalar now correctly
+returns end of file.  [perl #123443]
+
+Seeking to a negative position still fails, but no longer leaves the
+file position set to a negation location.
+
+C<eof()> on a C<PerlIO::scalar> handle now properly returns true when
+the file position is past the 2GB mark on 32-bit systems.
+
+Attempting to write at file positions impossible for the platform now
+fail early rather than wrapping at 4GB.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Pod::Perldoc> has been upgraded to version 3.25.
+
+Filehandles opened for reading or writing now have C<:encoding(UTF-8)> set.
+L<[cpan #98019]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=98019>
+
+=item *
+
+L<POSIX> has been upgraded to version 1.53.
+
+The C99 math functions and constants (for example C<acosh>, C<isinf>, C<isnan>, C<round>,
+C<trunc>; C<M_E>, C<M_SQRT2>, C<M_PI>) have been added.
+
+C<POSIX::tmpnam()> now produces a deprecation warning.  [perl #122005]
+
+=item *
+
+L<Safe> has been upgraded to version 2.39.
+
+C<reval> was not propagating void context properly.
+
+=item *
+
+Scalar-List-Utils has been upgraded to version 1.41.
+
+A new module, L<Sub::Util>, has been added, containing functions related to
+CODE refs, including C<subname> (inspired by C<Sub::Identity>) and C<set_subname>
+(copied and renamed from C<Sub::Name>).
+The use of C<GetMagic> in C<List::Util::reduce()> has also been fixed.
+L<[cpan #63211]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=63211>
+
+=item *
+
+L<SDBM_File> has been upgraded to version 1.13.
+
+Simplified the build process.  [perl #123413]
+
+=item *
+
+L<Time::Piece> has been upgraded to version 1.29.
+
+When pretty printing negative C<Time::Seconds>, the "minus" is no longer lost.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Unicode::Collate> has been upgraded to version 1.12.
+
+Version 0.67's improved discontiguous contractions is invalidated by default
+and is supported as a parameter C<long_contraction>.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Unicode::Normalize> has been upgraded to version 1.18.
+
+The XSUB implementation has been removed in favor of pure Perl.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Unicode::UCD> has been upgraded to version 0.61.
+
+A new function L<property_values()|Unicode::UCD/prop_values()>
+has been added to return a given property's possible values.
+
+A new function L<charprop()|Unicode::UCD/charprop()>
+has been added to return the value of a given property for a given code
+point.
+
+A new function L<charprops_all()|Unicode::UCD/charprops_all()>
+has been added to return the values of all Unicode properties for a
+given code point.
+
+A bug has been fixed so that L<propaliases()|Unicode::UCD/prop_aliases()>
+returns the correct short and long names for the Perl extensions where
+it was incorrect.
+
+A bug has been fixed so that
+L<prop_value_aliases()|Unicode::UCD/prop_value_aliases()>
+returns C<undef> instead of a wrong result for properties that are Perl
+extensions.
+
+This module now works on EBCDIC platforms.
+
+=item *
+
+L<utf8> has been upgraded to version 1.17
+
+A mismatch between the documentation and the code in C<utf8::downgrade()>
+was fixed in favor of the documentation. The optional second argument
+is now correctly treated as a perl boolean (true/false semantics) and
+not as an integer.
+
+=item *
+
+L<version> has been upgraded to version 0.9909.
+
+Numerous changes.  See the F<Changes> file in the CPAN distribution for
+details.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Win32> has been upgraded to version 0.51.
+
+C<GetOSName()> now supports Windows 8.1, and building in C++ mode now works.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Win32API::File> has been upgraded to version 0.1202
+
+Building in C++ mode now works.
+
+=item *
+
+L<XSLoader> has been upgraded to version 0.20.
+
+Allow XSLoader to load modules from a different namespace.
+[perl #122455]
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Removed Modules and Pragmata
+
+The following modules (and associated modules) have been removed from the core
+perl distribution:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+L<CGI>
+
+=item *
+
+L<Module::Build>
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Documentation
+
+=head2 New Documentation
+
+=head3 L<perlunicook>
+
+This document, by Tom Christiansen, provides examples of handling Unicode in
+Perl.
+
+=head2 Changes to Existing Documentation
+
+=head3 L<perlaix>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+A note on long doubles has been added.
+
+=back
+
+
+=head3 L<perlapi>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Note that C<SvSetSV> doesn't do set magic.
+
+=item *
+
+C<sv_usepvn_flags> - fix documentation to mention the use of C<Newx> instead of
+C<malloc>.
+
+L<[perl #121869]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121869>
+
+=item *
+
+Clarify where C<NUL> may be embedded or is required to terminate a string.
+
+=item *
+
+Some documentation that was previously missing due to formatting errors is
+now included.
+
+=item *
+
+Entries are now organized into groups rather than by the file where they
+are found.
+
+=item *
+
+Alphabetical sorting of entries is now done consistently (automatically
+by the POD generator) to make entries easier to find when scanning.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perldata>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+The syntax of single-character variable names has been brought
+up-to-date and more fully explained.
+
+=item *
+
+Hexadecimal floating point numbers are described, as are infinity and
+NaN.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlebcdic>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+This document has been significantly updated in the light of recent
+improvements to EBCDIC support.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlfilter>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Added a L<LIMITATIONS|perlfilter/LIMITATIONS> section.
+
+=back
+
+
+=head3 L<perlfunc>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Mention that C<study()> is currently a no-op.
+
+=item *
+
+Calling C<delete> or C<exists> on array values is now described as "strongly
+discouraged" rather than "deprecated".
+
+=item *
+
+Improve documentation of C<< our >>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<-l> now notes that it will return false if symlinks aren't supported by the
+file system.
+L<[perl #121523]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121523>
+
+=item *
+
+Note that C<exec LIST> and C<system LIST> may fall back to the shell on
+Win32. Only the indirect-object syntax C<exec PROGRAM LIST> and
+C<system PROGRAM LIST> will reliably avoid using the shell.
+
+This has also been noted in L<perlport>.
+
+L<[perl #122046]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122046>
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlguts>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+The OOK example has been updated to account for COW changes and a change in the
+storage of the offset.
+
+=item *
+
+Details on C level symbols and libperl.t added.
+
+=item *
+
+Information on Unicode handling has been added
+
+=item *
+
+Information on EBCDIC handling has been added
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlhack>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+A note has been added about running on platforms with non-ASCII
+character sets
+
+=item *
+
+A note has been added about performance testing
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlhacktips>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Documentation has been added illustrating the perils of assuming that
+there is no change to the contents of static memory pointed to by the
+return values of Perl's wrappers for C library functions.
+
+=item *
+
+Replacements for C<tmpfile>, C<atoi>, C<strtol>, and C<strtoul> are now
+recommended.
+
+=item *
+
+Updated documentation for the C<test.valgrind> C<make> target.
+L<[perl #121431]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121431>
+
+=item *
+
+Information is given about writing test files portably to non-ASCII
+platforms.
+
+=item *
+
+A note has been added about how to get a C language stack backtrace.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlhpux>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Note that the message "Redeclaration of "sendpath" with a different
+storage class specifier" is harmless.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perllocale>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Updated for the enhancements in v5.22, along with some clarifications.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlmodstyle>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Instead of pointing to the module list, we are now pointing to
+L<PrePAN|http://prepan.org/>.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlop>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Updated for the enhancements in v5.22, along with some clarifications.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlpodspec>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+The specification of the pod language is changing so that the default
+encoding of pods that aren't in UTF-8 (unless otherwise indicated) is
+CP1252 instead of ISO 8859-1 (Latin1).
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlpolicy>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+We now have a code of conduct for the I<< p5p >> mailing list, as documented
+in L<< perlpolicy/STANDARDS OF CONDUCT >>.
+
+=item *
+
+The conditions for marking an experimental feature as non-experimental are now
+set out.
+
+=item *
+
+Clarification has been made as to what sorts of changes are permissible in
+maintenance releases.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlport>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Out-of-date VMS-specific information has been fixed and/or simplified.
+
+=item *
+
+Notes about EBCDIC have been added.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlre>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+The description of the C</x> modifier has been clarified to note that
+comments cannot be continued onto the next line by escaping them; and
+there is now a list of all the characters that are considered whitespace
+by this modifier.
+
+=item *
+
+The new C</n> modifier is described.
+
+=item *
+
+A note has been added on how to make bracketed character class ranges
+portable to non-ASCII machines.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlrebackslash>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Added documentation of C<\b{sb}>, C<\b{wb}>, C<\b{gcb}>, and C<\b{g}>.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlrecharclass>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Clarifications have been added to L<perlrecharclass/Character Ranges>
+to the effect C<[A-Z]>, C<[a-z]>, C<[0-9]> and
+any subranges thereof in regular expression bracketed character classes
+are guaranteed to match exactly what a naive English speaker would
+expect them to match, even on platforms (such as EBCDIC) where perl
+has to do extra work to accomplish this.
+
+=item *
+
+The documentation of Bracketed Character Classes has been expanded to cover the
+improvements in C<qr/[\N{named sequence}]/> (see under L</Selected Bug Fixes>).
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlref>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+A new section has been added
+L<Assigning to References|perlref/Assigning to References>
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlsec>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Comments added on algorithmic complexity and tied hashes.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlsyn>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+An ambiguity in the documentation of the C<...> statement has been corrected.
+L<[perl #122661]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122661>
+
+=item *
+
+The empty conditional in C<< for >> and C<< while >> is now documented
+in L<< perlsyn >>.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlunicode>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+This has had extensive revisions to bring it up-to-date with current
+Unicode support and to make it more readable.  Notable is that Unicode
+7.0 changed what it should do with non-characters.  Perl retains the old
+way of handling for reasons of backward compatibility.  See
+L<perlunicode/Noncharacter code points>.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perluniintro>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Advice for how to make sure your strings and regular expression patterns are
+interpreted as Unicode has been updated.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlvar>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+C<$]> is no longer listed as being deprecated.  Instead, discussion has
+been added on the advantages and disadvantages of using it versus
+C<$^V>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<${^ENCODING}> is now marked as deprecated.
+
+=item *
+
+The entry for C<%^H> has been clarified to indicate it can only handle
+simple values.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlvms>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Out-of-date and/or incorrect material has been removed.
+
+=item *
+
+Updated documentation on environment and shell interaction in VMS.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 L<perlxs>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Added a discussion of locale issues in XS code.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Diagnostics
+
+The following additions or changes have been made to diagnostic output,
+including warnings and fatal error messages.  For the complete list of
+diagnostic messages, see L<perldiag>.
+
+=head2 New Diagnostics
+
+=head3 New Errors
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+L<Bad symbol for scalar|perldiag/"Bad symbol for scalar">
+
+(P) An internal request asked to add a scalar entry to something that
+wasn't a symbol table entry.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Can't use a hash as a reference|perldiag/"Can't use a hash as a reference">
+
+(F) You tried to use a hash as a reference, as in
+C<< %foo->{"bar"} >> or C<< %$ref->{"hello"} >>.  Versions of perl E<lt>= 5.6.1
+used to allow this syntax, but shouldn't have.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Can't use an array as a reference|perldiag/"Can't use an array as a reference">
+
+(F) You tried to use an array as a reference, as in
+C<< @foo->[23] >> or C<< @$ref->[99] >>.  Versions of perl E<lt>= 5.6.1 used to
+allow this syntax, but shouldn't have.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Can't use 'defined(@array)' (Maybe you should just omit the defined()?)|perldiag/"Can't use 'defined(@array)' (Maybe you should just omit the defined()?)">
+
+(F) C<defined()> is not useful on arrays because it
+checks for an undefined I<scalar> value.  If you want to see if the
+array is empty, just use S<C<if (@array) { # not empty }>> for example.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Can't use 'defined(%hash)' (Maybe you should just omit the defined()?)|perldiag/"Can't use 'defined(%hash)' (Maybe you should just omit the defined()?)">
+
+(F) C<defined()> is not usually right on hashes.
+
+Although S<C<defined %hash>> is false on a plain not-yet-used hash, it
+becomes true in several non-obvious circumstances, including iterators,
+weak references, stash names, even remaining true after S<C<undef %hash>>.
+These things make S<C<defined %hash>> fairly useless in practice, so it now
+generates a fatal error.
+
+If a check for non-empty is what you wanted then just put it in boolean
+context (see L<perldata/Scalar values>):
+
+    if (%hash) {
+       # not empty
+    }
+
+If you had S<C<defined %Foo::Bar::QUUX>> to check whether such a package
+variable exists then that's never really been reliable, and isn't
+a good way to enquire about the features of a package, or whether
+it's loaded, etc.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Cannot chr %f|perldiag/"Cannot chr %f">
+
+(F) You passed an invalid number (like an infinity or not-a-number) to
+C<chr>.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Cannot compress %f in pack|perldiag/"Cannot compress %f in pack">
+
+(F) You tried converting an infinity or not-a-number to an unsigned
+character, which makes no sense.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Cannot pack %f with '%c'|perldiag/"Cannot pack %f with '%c'">
+
+(F) You tried converting an infinity or not-a-number to a character,
+which makes no sense.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Cannot print %f with '%c'|perldiag/"Cannot printf %f with '%c'">
+
+(F) You tried printing an infinity or not-a-number as a character (C<%c>),
+which makes no sense.  Maybe you meant C<'%s'>, or just stringifying it?
+
+=item *
+
+L<charnames alias definitions may not contain a sequence of multiple spaces|perldiag/"charnames alias definitions may not contain a sequence of multiple spaces">
+
+(F) You defined a character name which had multiple space
+characters in a row.  Change them to single spaces.  Usually these
+names are defined in the C<:alias> import argument to C<use charnames>, but
+they could be defined by a translator installed into C<$^H{charnames}>.
+See L<charnames/CUSTOM ALIASES>.
+
+=item *
+
+L<charnames alias definitions may not contain trailing white-space|perldiag/"charnames alias definitions may not contain trailing white-space">
+
+(F) You defined a character name which ended in a space
+character.  Remove the trailing space(s).  Usually these names are
+defined in the C<:alias> import argument to C<use charnames>, but they
+could be defined by a translator installed into C<$^H{charnames}>.
+See L<charnames/CUSTOM ALIASES>.
+
+=item *
+
+L<:const is not permitted on named subroutines|perldiag/":const is not permitted on named subroutines">
+
+(F) The C<const> attribute causes an anonymous subroutine to be run and
+its value captured at the time that it is cloned.  Named subroutines are
+not cloned like this, so the attribute does not make sense on them.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Hexadecimal float: internal error|perldiag/"Hexadecimal float: internal error">
+
+(F) Something went horribly bad in hexadecimal float handling.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Hexadecimal float: unsupported long double format|perldiag/"Hexadecimal float: unsupported long double format">
+
+(F) You have configured Perl to use long doubles but
+the internals of the long double format are unknown,
+therefore the hexadecimal float output is impossible.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Illegal suidscript|perldiag/"Illegal suidscript">
+
+(F) The script run under suidperl was somehow illegal.
+
+=item *
+
+L<In '(?...)', the '(' and '?' must be adjacent in regex; marked by S<<-- HERE> in mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"In '(?...)', the '(' and '?' must be adjacent in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/">
+
+(F) The two-character sequence C<"(?"> in
+this context in a regular expression pattern should be an
+indivisible token, with nothing intervening between the C<"(">
+and the C<"?">, but you separated them.
+
+=item *
+
+L<In '(*VERB...)', the '(' and '*' must be adjacent in regex; marked by S<<-- HERE> in mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"In '(*VERB...)', the '(' and '*' must be adjacent in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/">
+
+(F) The two-character sequence C<"(*"> in
+this context in a regular expression pattern should be an
+indivisible token, with nothing intervening between the C<"(">
+and the C<"*">, but you separated them.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Invalid quantifier in {,} in regex; marked by <-- HERE in mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"Invalid quantifier in {,} in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/">
+
+(F) The pattern looks like a {min,max} quantifier, but the min or max could not
+be parsed as a valid number: either it has leading zeroes, or it represents
+too big a number to cope with.  The S<<-- HERE> shows where in the regular
+expression the problem was discovered.  See L<perlre>.
+
+=item *
+
+L<'%s' is an unknown bound type in regex|perldiag/"'%s' is an unknown bound type in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/">
+
+(F) You used C<\b{...}> or C<\B{...}> and the C<...> is not known to
+Perl.  The current valid ones are given in
+L<perlrebackslash/\b{}, \b, \B{}, \B>.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Missing or undefined argument to require|perldiag/Missing or undefined argument to require>
+
+(F) You tried to call C<require> with no argument or with an undefined
+value as an argument.  C<require> expects either a package name or a
+file-specification as an argument.  See L<perlfunc/require>.
+
+Formerly, C<require> with no argument or C<undef> warned about a Null filename.
+
+=back
+
+=head3 New Warnings
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+L<\C is deprecated in regex|perldiag/"\C is deprecated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/">
+
+(D deprecated) The C<< /\C/ >> character class was deprecated in v5.20, and
+now emits a warning. It is intended that it will become an error in v5.24.
+This character class matches a single byte even if it appears within a
+multi-byte character, breaks encapsulation, and can corrupt UTF-8
+strings.
+
+=item *
+
+L<"%s" is more clearly written simply as "%s" in regex; marked by E<lt>-- HERE in mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"%s" is more clearly written simply as "%s" in regex; marked by <-- HERE in mE<sol>%sE<sol>>
+
+(W regexp) (only under C<S<use re 'strict'>> or within C<(?[...])>)
+
+You specified a character that has the given plainer way of writing it,
+and which is also portable to platforms running with different character
+sets.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Argument "%s" treated as 0 in increment (++)|perldiag/"Argument "%s" treated
+as 0 in increment (++)">
+
+(W numeric) The indicated string was fed as an argument to the C<++> operator
+which expects either a number or a string matching C</^[a-zA-Z]*[0-9]*\z/>.
+See L<perlop/Auto-increment and Auto-decrement> for details.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Both or neither range ends should be Unicode in regex; marked by E<lt>-- HERE in mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"Both or neither range ends should be Unicode in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/">
+
+(W regexp) (only under C<S<use re 'strict'>> or within C<(?[...])>)
+
+In a bracketed character class in a regular expression pattern, you
+had a range which has exactly one end of it specified using C<\N{}>, and
+the other end is specified using a non-portable mechanism.  Perl treats
+the range as a Unicode range, that is, all the characters in it are
+considered to be the Unicode characters, and which may be different code
+points on some platforms Perl runs on.  For example, C<[\N{U+06}-\x08]>
+is treated as if you had instead said C<[\N{U+06}-\N{U+08}]>, that is it
+matches the characters whose code points in Unicode are 6, 7, and 8.
+But that C<\x08> might indicate that you meant something different, so
+the warning gets raised.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Can't do %s("%s") on non-UTF-8 locale; resolved to "%s".|perldiag/Can't do %s("%s") on non-UTF-8 locale; resolved to "%s".>
+
+(W locale) You are 1) running under "C<use locale>"; 2) the current
+locale is not a UTF-8 one; 3) you tried to do the designated case-change
+operation on the specified Unicode character; and 4) the result of this
+operation would mix Unicode and locale rules, which likely conflict.
+
+The warnings category C<locale> is new.
+
+=item *
+
+L<:const is experimental|perldiag/":const is experimental">
+
+(S experimental::const_attr) The C<const> attribute is experimental.
+If you want to use the feature, disable the warning with C<no warnings
+'experimental::const_attr'>, but know that in doing so you are taking
+the risk that your code may break in a future Perl version.
+
+=item *
+
+L<gmtime(%f) failed|perldiag/"gmtime(%f) failed">
+
+(W overflow) You called C<gmtime> with a number that it could not handle:
+too large, too small, or NaN.  The returned value is C<undef>.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Hexadecimal float: exponent overflow|perldiag/"Hexadecimal float: exponent overflow">
+
+(W overflow) The hexadecimal floating point has larger exponent
+than the floating point supports.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Hexadecimal float: exponent underflow|perldiag/"Hexadecimal float: exponent underflow">
+
+(W overflow) The hexadecimal floating point has smaller exponent
+than the floating point supports.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Hexadecimal float: mantissa overflow|perldiag/"Hexadecimal float: mantissa overflow">
+
+(W overflow) The hexadecimal floating point literal had more bits in
+the mantissa (the part between the C<0x> and the exponent, also known as
+the fraction or the significand) than the floating point supports.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Hexadecimal float: precision loss|perldiag/"Hexadecimal float: precision loss">
+
+(W overflow) The hexadecimal floating point had internally more
+digits than could be output.  This can be caused by unsupported
+long double formats, or by 64-bit integers not being available
+(needed to retrieve the digits under some configurations).
+
+=item *
+
+L<Locale '%s' may not work well.%s|perldiag/Locale '%s' may not work well.%s>
+
+(W locale) You are using the named locale, which is a non-UTF-8 one, and
+which perl has determined is not fully compatible with what it can
+handle.  The second C<%s> gives a reason.
+
+The warnings category C<locale> is new.
+
+=item *
+
+L<localtime(%f) failed|perldiag/"localtime(%f) failed">
+
+(W overflow) You called C<localtime> with a number that it could not handle:
+too large, too small, or NaN.  The returned value is C<undef>.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Negative repeat count does nothing|perldiag/"Negative repeat count does nothing">
+
+(W numeric) You tried to execute the
+L<C<x>|perlop/Multiplicative Operators> repetition operator fewer than 0
+times, which doesn't make sense.
+
+=item *
+
+L<NO-BREAK SPACE in a charnames alias definition is deprecated|perldiag/"NO-BREAK SPACE in a charnames alias definition is deprecated">
+
+(D deprecated) You defined a character name which contained a no-break
+space character.  Change it to a regular space.  Usually these names are
+defined in the C<:alias> import argument to C<use charnames>, but they
+could be defined by a translator installed into C<$^H{charnames}>.  See
+L<charnames/CUSTOM ALIASES>.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Non-finite repeat count does nothing|perldiag/"Non-finite repeat count does nothing">
+
+(W numeric) You tried to execute the
+L<C<x>|perlop/Multiplicative Operators> repetition operator C<Inf> (or
+C<-Inf>) or NaN times, which doesn't make sense.
+
+=item *
+
+L<PerlIO layer ':win32' is experimental|perldiag/"PerlIO layer ':win32' is experimental">
+
+(S experimental::win32_perlio) The C<:win32> PerlIO layer is
+experimental.  If you want to take the risk of using this layer,
+simply disable this warning:
+
+    no warnings "experimental::win32_perlio";
+
+=item *
+
+L<Ranges of ASCII printables should be some subset of "0-9", "A-Z", or "a-z" in regex; marked by E<lt>-- HERE in mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"Ranges of ASCII printables should be some subset of "0-9", "A-Z", or "a-z" in regex; marked by <-- HERE in mE<sol>%sE<sol>">
+
+(W regexp) (only under C<S<use re 'strict'>> or within C<(?[...])>)
+
+Stricter rules help to find typos and other errors.  Perhaps you didn't
+even intend a range here, if the C<"-"> was meant to be some other
+character, or should have been escaped (like C<"\-">).  If you did
+intend a range, the one that was used is not portable between ASCII and
+EBCDIC platforms, and doesn't have an obvious meaning to a casual
+reader.
+
+ [3-7]    # OK; Obvious and portable
+ [d-g]    # OK; Obvious and portable
+ [A-Y]    # OK; Obvious and portable
+ [A-z]    # WRONG; Not portable; not clear what is meant
+ [a-Z]    # WRONG; Not portable; not clear what is meant
+ [%-.]    # WRONG; Not portable; not clear what is meant
+ [\x41-Z] # WRONG; Not portable; not obvious to non-geek
+
+(You can force portability by specifying a Unicode range, which means that
+the endpoints are specified by
+L<C<\N{...}>|perlrecharclass/Character Ranges>, but the meaning may
+still not be obvious.)
+The stricter rules require that ranges that start or stop with an ASCII
+character that is not a control have all their endpoints be a literal
+character, and not some escape sequence (like C<"\x41">), and the ranges
+must be all digits, or all uppercase letters, or all lowercase letters.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Ranges of digits should be from the same group in regex; marked by E<lt>-- HERE in mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"Ranges of digits should be from the same group in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/">
+
+(W regexp) (only under C<S<use re 'strict'>> or within C<(?[...])>)
+
+Stricter rules help to find typos and other errors.  You included a
+range, and at least one of the end points is a decimal digit.  Under the
+stricter rules, when this happens, both end points should be digits in
+the same group of 10 consecutive digits.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Redundant argument in %s|perldiag/Redundant argument in %s>
+
+(W redundant) You called a function with more arguments than were
+needed, as indicated by information within other arguments you supplied
+(I<e.g>. a printf format). Currently only emitted when a printf-type format
+required fewer arguments than were supplied, but might be used in the
+future for I<e.g.> L<perlfunc/pack>.
+
+The warnings category C<< redundant >> is new. See also
+L<[perl #121025]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121025>.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Replacement list is longer than search list|perldiag/Replacement list is longer than search list>
+
+This is not a new diagnostic, but in earlier releases was accidentally
+not displayed if the transliteration contained wide characters.  This is
+now fixed, so that you may see this diagnostic in places where you
+previously didn't (but should have).
+
+=item *
+
+L<Use of \b{} for non-UTF-8 locale is wrong.  Assuming a UTF-8 locale|perldiag/"Use of \b{} for non-UTF-8 locale is wrong.  Assuming a UTF-8 locale">
+
+(W locale) You are matching a regular expression using locale rules,
+and a Unicode boundary is being matched, but the locale is not a Unicode
+one.  This doesn't make sense.  Perl will continue, assuming a Unicode
+(UTF-8) locale, but the results could well be wrong except if the locale
+happens to be ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) where this message is spurious and can
+be ignored.
+
+The warnings category C<locale> is new.
+
+=item *
+
+L<< Using E<sol>u for '%s' instead of E<sol>%s in regex; marked by E<lt>-- HERE in mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"Using E<sol>u for '%s' instead of E<sol>%s in regex; marked by <-- HERE in mE<sol>%sE<sol>" >>
+
+(W regexp) You used a Unicode boundary (C<\b{...}> or C<\B{...}>) in a
+portion of a regular expression where the character set modifiers C</a>
+or C</aa> are in effect.  These two modifiers indicate an ASCII
+interpretation, and this doesn't make sense for a Unicode definition.
+The generated regular expression will compile so that the boundary uses
+all of Unicode.  No other portion of the regular expression is affected.
+
+=item *
+
+L<The bitwise feature is experimental|perldiag/"The bitwise feature is experimental">
+
+(S experimental::bitwise) This warning is emitted if you use bitwise
+operators (C<& | ^ ~ &. |. ^. ~.>) with the "bitwise" feature enabled.
+Simply suppress the warning if you want to use the feature, but know
+that in doing so you are taking the risk of using an experimental
+feature which may change or be removed in a future Perl version:
+
+    no warnings "experimental::bitwise";
+    use feature "bitwise";
+    $x |.= $y;
+
+=item *
+
+L<Unescaped left brace in regex is deprecated, passed through in regex; marked by <-- HERE in mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"Unescaped left brace in regex is deprecated, passed through in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/">
+
+(D deprecated, regexp) You used a literal C<"{"> character in a regular
+expression pattern. You should change to use C<"\{"> instead, because a future
+version of Perl (tentatively v5.26) will consider this to be a syntax error.  If
+the pattern delimiters are also braces, any matching right brace
+(C<"}">) should also be escaped to avoid confusing the parser, for
+example,
+
+    qr{abc\{def\}ghi}
+
+=item *
+
+L<Use of literal non-graphic characters in variable names is deprecated|perldiag/"Use of literal non-graphic characters in variable names is deprecated">
+
+(D deprecated) Using literal non-graphic (including control)
+characters in the source to refer to the I<^FOO> variables, like C<$^X> and
+C<${^GLOBAL_PHASE}> is now deprecated.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Useless use of attribute "const"|perldiag/Useless use of attribute "const">
+
+(W misc) The C<const> attribute has no effect except
+on anonymous closure prototypes.  You applied it to
+a subroutine via L<attributes.pm|attributes>.  This is only useful
+inside an attribute handler for an anonymous subroutine.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Useless use of E<sol>d modifier in transliteration operator|perldiag/"Useless use of /d modifier in transliteration operator">
+
+This is not a new diagnostic, but in earlier releases was accidentally
+not displayed if the transliteration contained wide characters.  This is
+now fixed, so that you may see this diagnostic in places where you
+previously didn't (but should have).
+
+=item *
+
+L<E<quot>use re 'strict'E<quot> is experimental|perldiag/"use re 'strict'" is experimental>
+
+(S experimental::re_strict) The things that are different when a regular
+expression pattern is compiled under C<'strict'> are subject to change
+in future Perl releases in incompatible ways; there are also proposals
+to change how to enable strict checking instead of using this subpragma.
+This means that a pattern that compiles today may not in a future Perl
+release.  This warning is to alert you to that risk.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Warning: unable to close filehandle properly: %s|perldiag/"Warning: unable to close filehandle properly: %s">
+
+L<Warning: unable to close filehandle %s properly: %s|perldiag/"Warning: unable to close filehandle %s properly: %s">
+
+(S io) Previously, perl silently ignored any errors when doing an implicit
+close of a filehandle, I<i.e.> where the reference count of the filehandle
+reached zero and the user's code hadn't already called C<close()>; I<e.g.>
+
+    {
+        open my $fh, '>', $file  or die "open: '$file': $!\n";
+        print $fh, $data  or die;
+    } # implicit close here
+
+In a situation such as disk full, due to buffering, the error may only be
+detected during the final close, so not checking the result of the close is
+dangerous.
+
+So perl now warns in such situations.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Wide character (U+%X) in %s|perldiag/"Wide character (U+%X) in %s">
+
+(W locale) While in a single-byte locale (I<i.e.>, a non-UTF-8
+one), a multi-byte character was encountered.   Perl considers this
+character to be the specified Unicode code point.  Combining non-UTF-8
+locales and Unicode is dangerous.  Almost certainly some characters
+will have two different representations.  For example, in the ISO 8859-7
+(Greek) locale, the code point 0xC3 represents a Capital Gamma.  But so
+also does 0x393.  This will make string comparisons unreliable.
+
+You likely need to figure out how this multi-byte character got mixed up
+with your single-byte locale (or perhaps you thought you had a UTF-8
+locale, but Perl disagrees).
+
+The warnings category C<locale> is new.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Changes to Existing Diagnostics
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+<> should be quotes
+
+This warning has been changed to
+L<< <> at require-statement should be quotes|perldiag/"<> at require-statement should be quotes" >>
+to make the issue more identifiable.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Argument "%s" isn't numeric%s|perldiag/"Argument "%s" isn't numeric%s">
+
+The L<perldiag> entry for this warning has added this clarifying note:
+
+ Note that for the Inf and NaN (infinity and not-a-number) the
+ definition of "numeric" is somewhat unusual: the strings themselves
+ (like "Inf") are considered numeric, and anything following them is
+ considered non-numeric.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Global symbol "%s" requires explicit package name|perldiag/"Global symbol "%s" requires explicit package name (did you forget to declare "my %s"?)">
+
+This message has had '(did you forget to declare "my %s"?)' appended to it, to
+make it more helpful to new Perl programmers.
+L<[perl #121638]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121638>
+
+=item *
+
+'"my" variable &foo::bar can't be in a package' has been reworded to say
+'subroutine' instead of 'variable'.
+
+=item *
+
+L<<< \N{} in character class restricted to one character in regex; marked by
+S<< <-- HERE >> in mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"\N{} in inverted character
+class or as a range end-point is restricted to one character in regex;
+marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/" >>>
+
+This message has had I<character class> changed to I<inverted character
+class or as a range end-point is> to reflect improvements in
+C<qr/[\N{named sequence}]/> (see under L</Selected Bug Fixes>).
+
+=item *
+
+L<panic: frexp|perldiag/"panic: frexp: %f">
+
+This message has had ': C<%f>' appended to it, to show what the offending
+floating point number is.
+
+=item *
+
+I<Possible precedence problem on bitwise %c operator> reworded as
+L<Possible precedence problem on bitwise %s operator|perldiag/"Possible precedence problem on bitwise %s operator">.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Unsuccessful %s on filename containing newline|perldiag/"Unsuccessful %s on filename containing newline">
+
+This warning is now only produced when the newline is at the end of
+the filename.
+
+=item *
+
+"Variable C<%s> will not stay shared" has been changed to say "Subroutine"
+when it is actually a lexical sub that will not stay shared.
+
+=item *
+
+L<Variable length lookbehind not implemented in regex mE<sol>%sE<sol>|perldiag/"Variable length lookbehind not implemented in regex m/%s/">
+
+The L<perldiag> entry for this warning has had information about Unicode
+behavior added.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Diagnostic Removals
+
+=over
+
+=item *
+
+"Ambiguous use of -foo resolved as -&foo()"
+
+There is actually no ambiguity here, and this impedes the use of negated
+constants; I<e.g.>, C<-Inf>.
+
+=item *
+
+"Constant is not a FOO reference"
+
+Compile-time checking of constant dereferencing (I<e.g.>, C<< my_constant->() >>)
+has been removed, since it was not taking overloading into account.
+L<[perl #69456]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=69456>
+L<[perl #122607]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122607>
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Utility Changes
+
+=head2 F<find2perl>, F<s2p> and F<a2p> removal
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+The F<x2p/> directory has been removed from the Perl core.
+
+This removes find2perl, s2p and a2p. They have all been released to CPAN as
+separate distributions (C<App::find2perl>, C<App::s2p>, C<App::a2p>).
+
+=back
+
+=head2 L<h2ph>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+F<h2ph> now handles hexadecimal constants in the compiler's predefined
+macro definitions, as visible in C<$Config{cppsymbols}>.
+L<[perl #123784]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123784>.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 L<encguess>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+No longer depends on non-core modules.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Configuration and Compilation
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+F<Configure> now checks for C<lrintl()>, C<lroundl()>, C<llrintl()>, and
+C<llroundl()>.
+
+=item *
+
+F<Configure> with C<-Dmksymlinks> should now be faster.
+L<[perl #122002]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122002>.
+
+=item *
+
+The C<pthreads> and C<cl> libraries will be linked by default if present.
+This allows XS modules that require threading to work on non-threaded
+perls. Note that you must still pass C<-Dusethreads> if you want a
+threaded perl.
+
+=item *
+
+For long doubles (to get more precision and range for floating point numbers)
+one can now use the GCC quadmath library which implements the quadruple
+precision floating point numbers on x86 and IA-64 platforms.  See
+F<INSTALL> for details.
+
+=item *
+
+MurmurHash64A and MurmurHash64B can now be configured as the internal hash
+function.
+
+=item *
+
+C<make test.valgrind> now supports parallel testing.
+
+For example:
+
+    TEST_JOBS=9 make test.valgrind
+
+See L<perlhacktips/valgrind> for more information.
+
+L<[perl #121431]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121431>
+
+=item *
+
+The MAD (Misc Attribute Decoration) build option has been removed
+
+This was an unmaintained attempt at preserving
+the Perl parse tree more faithfully so that automatic conversion of
+Perl 5 to Perl 6 would have been easier.
+
+This build-time configuration option had been unmaintained for years,
+and had probably seriously diverged on both Perl 5 and Perl 6 sides.
+
+=item *
+
+A new compilation flag, C<< -DPERL_OP_PARENT >> is available. For details,
+see the discussion below at L<< /Internal Changes >>.
+
+=item *
+
+Pathtools no longer tries to load XS on miniperl. This speeds up building perl
+slightly.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Testing
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+F<t/porting/re_context.t> has been added to test that L<utf8> and its
+dependencies only use the subset of the C<$1..$n> capture vars that
+C<Perl_save_re_context()> is hard-coded to localize, because that function
+has no efficient way of determining at runtime what vars to localize.
+
+=item *
+
+Tests for performance issues have been added in the file F<t/perf/taint.t>.
+
+=item *
+
+Some regular expression tests are written in such a way that they will
+run very slowly if certain optimizations break. These tests have been
+moved into new files, F<< t/re/speed.t >> and F<< t/re/speed_thr.t >>,
+and are run with a C<< watchdog() >>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<< test.pl >> now allows C<< plan skip_all => $reason >>, to make it
+more compatible with C<< Test::More >>.
+
+=item *
+
+A new test script, F<op/infnan.t>, has been added to test if infinity and NaN are
+working correctly.  See L</Infinity and NaN (not-a-number) handling improved>.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Platform Support
+
+=head2 Regained Platforms
+
+=over 4
+
+=item IRIX and Tru64 platforms are working again.
+
+Some C<make test> failures remain:
+L<[perl #123977]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123977>
+and L<[perl #125298]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=125298>
+for IRIX; L<[perl #124212]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=124212>,
+L<[cpan #99605]|https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=99605>, and
+L<[cpan #104836|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=104836> for Tru64.
+
+=item z/OS running EBCDIC Code Page 1047
+
+Core perl now works on this EBCDIC platform.  Earlier perls also worked, but,
+even though support wasn't officially withdrawn, recent perls would not compile
+and run well.  Perl 5.20 would work, but had many bugs which have now been
+fixed.  Many CPAN modules that ship with Perl still fail tests, including
+C<Pod::Simple>.  However the version of C<Pod::Simple> currently on CPAN should work;
+it was fixed too late to include in Perl 5.22.  Work is under way to fix many
+of the still-broken CPAN modules, which likely will be installed on CPAN when
+completed, so that you may not have to wait until Perl 5.24 to get a working
+version.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Discontinued Platforms
+
+=over 4
+
+=item NeXTSTEP/OPENSTEP
+
+NeXTSTEP was a proprietary operating system bundled with NeXT's
+workstations in the early to mid 90s; OPENSTEP was an API specification
+that provided a NeXTSTEP-like environment on a non-NeXTSTEP system.  Both
+are now long dead, so support for building Perl on them has been removed.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Platform-Specific Notes
+
+=over 4
+
+=item EBCDIC
+
+Special handling is required of the perl interpreter on EBCDIC platforms
+to get C<qr/[i-j]/> to match only C<"i"> and C<"j">, since there are 7
+characters between the
+code points for C<"i"> and C<"j">.  This special handling had only been
+invoked when both ends of the range are literals.  Now it is also
+invoked if any of the C<\N{...}> forms for specifying a character by
+name or Unicode code point is used instead of a literal.  See
+L<perlrecharclass/Character Ranges>.
+
+=item HP-UX
+
+The archname now distinguishes use64bitint from use64bitall.
+
+=item Android
+
+Build support has been improved for cross-compiling in general and for
+Android in particular.
+
+=item VMS
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+When spawning a subprocess without waiting, the return value is now
+the correct PID.
+
+=item *
+
+Fix a prototype so linking doesn't fail under the VMS C++ compiler.
+
+=item *
+
+C<finite>, C<finitel>, and C<isfinite> detection has been added to
+C<configure.com>, environment handling has had some minor changes, and
+a fix for legacy feature checking status.
+
+=back
+
+=item Win32
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+F<miniperl.exe> is now built with C<-fno-strict-aliasing>, allowing 64-bit
+builds to complete on GCC 4.8.
+L<[perl #123976]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123976>
+
+=item *
+
+C<nmake minitest> now works on Win32.  Due to dependency issues you
+need to build C<nmake test-prep> first, and a small number of the
+tests fail.
+L<[perl #123394]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123394>
+
+=item *
+
+Perl can now be built in C++ mode on Windows by setting the makefile macro
+C<USE_CPLUSPLUS> to the value "define".
+
+=item *
+
+The list form of piped open has been implemented for Win32.  Note: unlike
+C<system LIST> this does not fall back to the shell.
+L<[perl #121159]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121159>
+
+=item *
+
+New C<DebugSymbols> and C<DebugFull> configuration options added to
+Windows makefiles.
+
+=item *
+
+Previously, compiling XS modules (including CPAN ones) using Visual C++ for
+Win64 resulted in around a dozen warnings per file from F<hv_func.h>.  These
+warnings have been silenced.
+
+=item *
+
+Support for building without PerlIO has been removed from the Windows
+makefiles.  Non-PerlIO builds were all but deprecated in Perl 5.18.0 and are
+already not supported by F<Configure> on POSIX systems.
+
+=item *
+
+Between 2 and 6 milliseconds and seven I/O calls have been saved per attempt
+to open a perl module for each path in C<@INC>.
+
+=item *
+
+Intel C builds are now always built with C99 mode on.
+
+=item *
+
+C<%I64d> is now being used instead of C<%lld> for MinGW.
+
+=item *
+
+In the experimental C<:win32> layer, a crash in C<open> was fixed. Also
+opening F</dev/null> (which works under Win32 Perl's default C<:unix>
+layer) was implemented for C<:win32>.
+L<[perl #122224]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122224>
+
+=item *
+
+A new makefile option, C<USE_LONG_DOUBLE>, has been added to the Windows
+dmake makefile for gcc builds only.  Set this to "define" if you want perl to
+use long doubles to give more accuracy and range for floating point numbers.
+
+=back
+
+=item OpenBSD
+
+On OpenBSD, Perl will now default to using the system C<malloc> due to the
+security features it provides. Perl's own malloc wrapper has been in use
+since v5.14 due to performance reasons, but the OpenBSD project believes
+the tradeoff is worth it and would prefer that users who need the speed
+specifically ask for it.
+
+L<[perl #122000]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122000>.
+
+=item Solaris
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+We now look for the Sun Studio compiler in both F</opt/solstudio*> and
+F</opt/solarisstudio*>.
+
+=item *
+
+Builds on Solaris 10 with C<-Dusedtrace> would fail early since make
+didn't follow implied dependencies to build C<perldtrace.h>.  Added an
+explicit dependency to C<depend>.
+L<[perl #120120]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=120120>
+
+=item *
+
+C99 options have been cleaned up; hints look for C<solstudio>
+as well as C<SUNWspro>; and support for native C<setenv> has been added.
+
+=back
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Internal Changes
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+Experimental support has been added to allow ops in the optree to locate
+their parent, if any. This is enabled by the non-default build option
+C<-DPERL_OP_PARENT>. It is envisaged that this will eventually become
+enabled by default, so XS code which directly accesses the C<op_sibling>
+field of ops should be updated to be future-proofed.
+
+On C<PERL_OP_PARENT> builds, the C<op_sibling> field has been renamed
+C<op_sibparent> and a new flag, C<op_moresib>, added. On the last op in a
+sibling chain, C<op_moresib> is false and C<op_sibparent> points to the
+parent (if any) rather than being C<NULL>.
+
+To make existing code work transparently whether using C<PERL_OP_PARENT>
+or not, a number of new macros and functions have been added that should
+be used, rather than directly manipulating C<op_sibling>.
+
+For the case of just reading C<op_sibling> to determine the next sibling,
+two new macros have been added. A simple scan through a sibling chain
+like this:
+
+    for (; kid->op_sibling; kid = kid->op_sibling) { ... }
+
+should now be written as:
+
+    for (; OpHAS_SIBLING(kid); kid = OpSIBLING(kid)) { ... }
+
+For altering optrees, a general-purpose function C<op_sibling_splice()>
+has been added, which allows for manipulation of a chain of sibling ops.
+By analogy with the Perl function C<splice()>, it allows you to cut out
+zero or more ops from a sibling chain and replace them with zero or more
+new ops.  It transparently handles all the updating of sibling, parent,
+op_last pointers etc.
+
+If you need to manipulate ops at a lower level, then three new macros,
+C<OpMORESIB_set>, C<OpLASTSIB_set> and C<OpMAYBESIB_set> are intended to
+be a low-level portable way to set C<op_sibling> / C<op_sibparent> while
+also updating C<op_moresib>.  The first sets the sibling pointer to a new
+sibling, the second makes the op the last sibling, and the third
+conditionally does the first or second action.  Note that unlike
+C<op_sibling_splice()> these macros won't maintain consistency in the
+parent at the same time (I<e.g.> by updating C<op_first> and C<op_last> where
+appropriate).
+
+A C-level C<Perl_op_parent()> function and a Perl-level C<B::OP::parent()>
+method have been added. The C function only exists under
+C<PERL_OP_PARENT> builds (using it is build-time error on vanilla
+perls).  C<B::OP::parent()> exists always, but on a vanilla build it
+always returns C<NULL>. Under C<PERL_OP_PARENT>, they return the parent
+of the current op, if any. The variable C<$B::OP::does_parent> allows you
+to determine whether C<B> supports retrieving an op's parent.
+
+C<PERL_OP_PARENT> was introduced in 5.21.2, but the interface was
+changed considerably in 5.21.11. If you updated your code before the
+5.21.11 changes, it may require further revision. The main changes after
+5.21.2 were:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+The C<OP_SIBLING> and C<OP_HAS_SIBLING> macros have been renamed
+C<OpSIBLING> and C<OpHAS_SIBLING> for consistency with other
+op-manipulating macros.
+
+=item *
+
+The C<op_lastsib> field has been renamed C<op_moresib>, and its meaning
+inverted.
+
+=item *
+
+The macro C<OpSIBLING_set> has been removed, and has been superseded by
+C<OpMORESIB_set> I<et al>.
+
+=item *
+
+The C<op_sibling_splice()> function now accepts a null C<parent> argument
+where the splicing doesn't affect the first or last ops in the sibling
+chain
+
+=back
+
+=item *
+
+Macros have been created to allow XS code to better manipulate the POSIX locale
+category C<LC_NUMERIC>.  See L<perlapi/Locale-related functions and macros>.
+
+=item *
+
+The previous C<atoi> I<et al> replacement function, C<grok_atou>, has now been
+superseded by C<grok_atoUV>.  See L<perlclib> for details.
+
+=item *
+
+A new function, C<Perl_sv_get_backrefs()>, has been added which allows you
+retrieve the weak references, if any, which point at an SV.
+
+=item *
+
+The C<screaminstr()> function has been removed. Although marked as
+public API, it was undocumented and had no usage in CPAN modules. Calling
+it has been fatal since 5.17.0.
+
+=item *
+
+The C<newDEFSVOP()>, C<block_start()>, C<block_end()> and C<intro_my()>
+functions have been added to the API.
+
+=item *
+
+The internal C<convert> function in F<op.c> has been renamed
+C<op_convert_list> and added to the API.
+
+=item *
+
+The C<sv_magic()> function no longer forbids "ext" magic on read-only
+values.  After all, perl can't know whether the custom magic will modify
+the SV or not.
+L<[perl #123103]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123103>.
+
+=item *
+
+Accessing L<perlapi/CvPADLIST> on an XSUB is now forbidden.
+
+The C<CvPADLIST> field has been reused for a different internal purpose
+for XSUBs. So in particular, you can no longer rely on it being NULL as a
+test of whether a CV is an XSUB. Use C<CvISXSUB()> instead.
+
+=item *
+
+SVs of type C<SVt_NV> are now sometimes bodiless when the build
+configuration and platform allow it: specifically, when C<< sizeof(NV) <=
+sizeof(IV) >>. "Bodiless" means that the NV value is stored directly in
+the head of an SV, without requiring a separate body to be allocated. This
+trick has already been used for IVs since 5.9.2 (though in the case of
+IVs, it is always used, regardless of platform and build configuration).
+
+=item *
+
+The C<$DB::single>, C<$DB::signal> and C<$DB::trace> variables now have set- and
+get-magic that stores their values as IVs, and those IVs are used when
+testing their values in C<pp_dbstate()>.  This prevents perl from
+recursing infinitely if an overloaded object is assigned to any of those
+variables.
+L<[perl #122445]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122445>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<Perl_tmps_grow()>, which is marked as public API but is undocumented, has
+been removed from the public API. This change does not affect XS code that
+uses the C<EXTEND_MORTAL> macro to pre-extend the mortal stack.
+
+=item *
+
+Perl's internals no longer sets or uses the C<SVs_PADMY> flag.
+C<SvPADMY()> now returns a true value for anything not marked C<PADTMP>
+and C<SVs_PADMY> is now defined as 0.
+
+=item *
+
+The macros C<SETsv> and C<SETsvUN> have been removed. They were no longer used
+in the core since commit 6f1401dc2a five years ago, and have not been
+found present on CPAN.
+
+=item *
+
+The C<< SvFAKE >> bit (unused on HVs) got informally reserved by
+David Mitchell for future work on vtables.
+
+=item *
+
+The C<sv_catpvn_flags()> function accepts C<SV_CATBYTES> and C<SV_CATUTF8>
+flags, which specify whether the appended string is bytes or UTF-8,
+respectively. (These flags have in fact been present since 5.16.0, but
+were formerly not regarded as part of the API.)
+
+=item *
+
+A new opcode class, C<< METHOP >>, has been introduced. It holds
+information used at runtime to improve the performance
+of class/object method calls.
+
+C<< OP_METHOD >> and C<< OP_METHOD_NAMED >> have changed from being
+C<< UNOP/SVOP >> to being C<< METHOP >>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<cv_name()> is a new API function that can be passed a CV or GV.  It
+returns an SV containing the name of the subroutine, for use in
+diagnostics.
+
+L<[perl #116735]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=116735>
+L<[perl #120441]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=120441>
+
+=item *
+
+C<cv_set_call_checker_flags()> is a new API function that works like
+C<cv_set_call_checker()>, except that it allows the caller to specify
+whether the call checker requires a full GV for reporting the subroutine's
+name, or whether it could be passed a CV instead.  Whatever value is
+passed will be acceptable to C<cv_name()>.  C<cv_set_call_checker()>
+guarantees there will be a GV, but it may have to create one on the fly,
+which is inefficient.
+L<[perl #116735]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=116735>
+
+=item *
+
+C<CvGV> (which is not part of the API) is now a more complex macro, which may
+call a function and reify a GV.  For those cases where it has been used as a
+boolean, C<CvHASGV> has been added, which will return true for CVs that
+notionally have GVs, but without reifying the GV.  C<CvGV> also returns a GV
+now for lexical subs.
+L<[perl #120441]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=120441>
+
+=item *
+
+The L<perlapi/sync_locale> function has been added to the public API.
+Changing the program's locale should be avoided by XS code. Nevertheless,
+certain non-Perl libraries called from XS need to do so, such as C<Gtk>.
+When this happens, Perl needs to be told that the locale has
+changed.  Use this function to do so, before returning to Perl.
+
+=item *
+
+The defines and labels for the flags in the C<op_private> field of OPs are now
+auto-generated from data in F<regen/op_private>.  The noticeable effect of this
+is that some of the flag output of C<Concise> might differ slightly, and the
+flag output of S<C<perl -Dx>> may differ considerably (they both use the same set
+of labels now).  Also, debugging builds now have a new assertion in
+C<op_free()> to ensure that the op doesn't have any unrecognized flags set in
+C<op_private>.
+
+=item *
+
+The deprecated variable C<PL_sv_objcount> has been removed.
+
+=item *
+
+Perl now tries to keep the locale category C<LC_NUMERIC> set to "C"
+except around operations that need it to be set to the program's
+underlying locale.  This protects the many XS modules that cannot cope
+with the decimal radix character not being a dot.  Prior to this
+release, Perl initialized this category to "C", but a call to
+C<POSIX::setlocale()> would change it.  Now such a call will change the
+underlying locale of the C<LC_NUMERIC> category for the program, but the
+locale exposed to XS code will remain "C".  There are new macros
+to manipulate the LC_NUMERIC locale, including
+C<STORE_LC_NUMERIC_SET_TO_NEEDED> and
+C<STORE_LC_NUMERIC_FORCE_TO_UNDERLYING>.
+See L<perlapi/Locale-related functions and macros>.
+
+=item *
+
+A new macro L<C<isUTF8_CHAR>|perlapi/isUTF8_CHAR> has been written which
+efficiently determines if the string given by its parameters begins
+with a well-formed UTF-8 encoded character.
+
+=item *
+
+The following private API functions had their context parameter removed:
+C<Perl_cast_ulong>,  C<Perl_cast_i32>, C<Perl_cast_iv>,    C<Perl_cast_uv>,
+C<Perl_cv_const_sv>, C<Perl_mg_find>,  C<Perl_mg_findext>, C<Perl_mg_magical>,
+C<Perl_mini_mktime>, C<Perl_my_dirfd>, C<Perl_sv_backoff>, C<Perl_utf8_hop>.
+
+Note that the prefix-less versions of those functions that are part of the
+public API, such as C<cast_i32()>, remain unaffected.
+
+=item *
+
+The C<PADNAME> and C<PADNAMELIST> types are now separate types, and no
+longer simply aliases for SV and AV.
+L<[perl #123223]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123223>.
+
+=item *
+
+Pad names are now always UTF-8.  The C<PadnameUTF8> macro always returns
+true.  Previously, this was effectively the case already, but any support
+for two different internal representations of pad names has now been
+removed.
+
+=item *
+
+A new op class, C<UNOP_AUX>, has been added. This is a subclass of
+C<UNOP> with an C<op_aux> field added, which points to an array of unions
+of UV, SV* etc. It is intended for where an op needs to store more data
+than a simple C<op_sv> or whatever. Currently the only op of this type is
+C<OP_MULTIDEREF> (see next item).
+
+=item *
+
+A new op has been added, C<OP_MULTIDEREF>, which performs one or more
+nested array and hash lookups where the key is a constant or simple
+variable. For example the expression C<$a[0]{$k}[$i]>, which previously
+involved ten C<rv2Xv>, C<Xelem>, C<gvsv> and C<const> ops is now performed
+by a single C<multideref> op. It can also handle C<local>, C<exists> and
+C<delete>. A non-simple index expression, such as C<[$i+1]> is still done
+using C<aelem>/C<helem>, and single-level array lookup with a small constant
+index is still done using C<aelemfast>.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Selected Bug Fixes
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+C<close> now sets C<$!>
+
+When an I/O error occurs, the fact that there has been an error is recorded
+in the handle.  C<close> returns false for such a handle.  Previously, the
+value of C<$!> would be untouched by C<close>, so the common convention of
+writing S<C<close $fh or die $!>> did not work reliably.  Now the handle
+records the value of C<$!>, too, and C<close> restores it.
+
+=item *
+
+C<no re> now can turn off everything that C<use re> enables
+
+Previously, running C<no re> would turn off only a few things. Now it
+can turn off all the enabled things. For example, the only way to
+stop debugging, once enabled, was to exit the enclosing block; that is
+now fixed.
+
+=item *
+
+C<pack("D", $x)> and C<pack("F", $x)> now zero the padding on x86 long
+double builds.  Under some build options on GCC 4.8 and later, they used
+to either overwrite the zero-initialized padding, or bypass the
+initialized buffer entirely.  This caused F<op/pack.t> to fail.
+L<[perl #123971]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123971>
+
+=item *
+
+Extending an array cloned from a parent thread could result in "Modification of
+a read-only value attempted" errors when attempting to modify the new elements.
+L<[perl #124127]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=124127>
+
+=item *
+
+An assertion failure and subsequent crash with C<< *x=<y> >> has been fixed.
+L<[perl #123790]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123790>
+
+=item *
+
+A possible crashing/looping bug related to compiling lexical subs has been
+fixed.
+L<[perl #124099]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=124099>
+
+=item *
+
+UTF-8 now works correctly in function names, in unquoted HERE-document
+terminators, and in variable names used as array indexes.
+L<[perl #124113]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=124113>
+
+=item *
+
+Repeated global pattern matches in scalar context on large tainted strings were
+exponentially slow depending on the current match position in the string.
+L<[perl #123202]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123202>
+
+=item *
+
+Various crashes due to the parser getting confused by syntax errors have been
+fixed.
+L<[perl #123801]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123801>
+L<[perl #123802]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123802>
+L<[perl #123955]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123955>
+L<[perl #123995]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123995>
+
+=item *
+
+C<split> in the scope of lexical C<$_> has been fixed not to fail assertions.
+L<[perl #123763]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123763>
+
+=item *
+
+C<my $x : attr> syntax inside various list operators no longer fails
+assertions.
+L<[perl #123817]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123817>
+
+=item *
+
+An C<@> sign in quotes followed by a non-ASCII digit (which is not a valid
+identifier) would cause the parser to crash, instead of simply trying the
+C<@> as literal.  This has been fixed.
+L<[perl #123963]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123963>
+
+=item *
+
+C<*bar::=*foo::=*glob_with_hash> has been crashing since Perl 5.14, but no
+longer does.
+L<[perl #123847]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123847>
+
+=item *
+
+C<foreach> in scalar context was not pushing an item on to the stack, resulting
+in bugs.  (S<C<print 4, scalar do { foreach(@x){} } + 1>> would print 5.)
+It has been fixed to return C<undef>.
+L<[perl #124004]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=124004>
+
+=item *
+
+Several cases of data used to store environment variable contents in core C
+code being potentially overwritten before being used have been fixed.
+L<[perl #123748]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123748>
+
+=item *
+
+Some patterns starting with C</.*..../> matched against long strings have
+been slow since v5.8, and some of the form C</.*..../i> have been slow
+since v5.18. They are now all fast again.
+L<[perl #123743]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123743>.
+
+=item *
+
+The original visible value of C<$/> is now preserved when it is set to
+an invalid value.  Previously if you set C<$/> to a reference to an
+array, for example, perl would produce a runtime error and not set
+C<PL_rs>, but Perl code that checked C<$/> would see the array
+reference.
+L<[perl #123218]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123218>.
+
+=item *
+
+In a regular expression pattern, a POSIX class, like C<[:ascii:]>, must
+be inside a bracketed character class, like C<qr/[[:ascii:]]/>.  A
+warning is issued when something looking like a POSIX class is not
+inside a bracketed class.  That warning wasn't getting generated when
+the POSIX class was negated: C<[:^ascii:]>.  This is now fixed.
+
+=item *
+
+Perl 5.14.0 introduced a bug whereby S<C<eval { LABEL: }>> would crash.  This
+has been fixed.
+L<[perl #123652]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123652>.
+
+=item *
+
+Various crashes due to the parser getting confused by syntax errors have
+been fixed.
+L<[perl #123617]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123617>.
+L<[perl #123737]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123737>.
+L<[perl #123753]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123753>.
+L<[perl #123677]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123677>.
+
+=item *
+
+Code like C</$a[/> used to read the next line of input and treat it as
+though it came immediately after the opening bracket.  Some invalid code
+consequently would parse and run, but some code caused crashes, so this is
+now disallowed.
+L<[perl #123712]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123712>.
+
+=item *
+
+Fix argument underflow for C<pack>.
+L<[perl #123874]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123874>.
+
+=item *
+
+Fix handling of non-strict C<\x{}>. Now C<\x{}> is equivalent to C<\x{0}>
+instead of faulting.
+
+=item *
+
+C<stat -t> is now no longer treated as stackable, just like C<-t stat>.
+L<[perl #123816]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123816>.
+
+=item *
+
+The following no longer causes a SEGV: C<qr{x+(y(?0))*}>.
+
+=item *
+
+Fixed infinite loop in parsing backrefs in regexp patterns.
+
+=item *
+
+Several minor bug fixes in behavior of Infinity and NaN, including
+warnings when stringifying Infinity-like or NaN-like strings. For example,
+"NaNcy" doesn't numify to NaN anymore.
+
+=item *
+
+A bug in regular expression patterns that could lead to segfaults and
+other crashes has been fixed.  This occurred only in patterns compiled
+with C</i> while taking into account the current POSIX locale (which usually
+means they have to be compiled within the scope of C<S<use locale>>),
+and there must be a string of at least 128 consecutive bytes to match.
+L<[perl #123539]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123539>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<s///g> now works on very long strings (where there are more than 2
+billion iterations) instead of dying with 'Substitution loop'.
+L<[perl #103260]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=103260>.
+L<[perl #123071]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123071>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<gmtime> no longer crashes with not-a-number values.
+L<[perl #123495]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123495>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<\()> (a reference to an empty list), and C<y///> with lexical C<$_> in
+scope, could both do a bad write past the end of the stack.  They have
+both been fixed to extend the stack first.
+
+=item *
+
+C<prototype()> with no arguments used to read the previous item on the
+stack, so S<C<print "foo", prototype()>> would print foo's prototype.
+It has been fixed to infer C<$_> instead.
+L<[perl #123514]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123514>.
+
+=item *
+
+Some cases of lexical state subs declared inside predeclared subs could
+crash, for example when evalling a string including the name of an outer
+variable, but no longer do.
+
+=item *
+
+Some cases of nested lexical state subs inside anonymous subs could cause
+'Bizarre copy' errors or possibly even crashes.
+
+=item *
+
+When trying to emit warnings, perl's default debugger (F<perl5db.pl>) was
+sometimes giving 'Undefined subroutine &DB::db_warn called' instead.  This
+bug, which started to occur in Perl 5.18, has been fixed.
+L<[perl #123553]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123553>.
+
+=item *
+
+Certain syntax errors in substitutions, such as C<< s/${<>{})// >>, would
+crash, and had done so since Perl 5.10.  (In some cases the crash did not
+start happening till 5.16.)  The crash has, of course, been fixed.
+L<[perl #123542]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123542>.
+
+=item *
+
+Fix a couple of string grow size calculation overflows; in particular,
+a repeat expression like S<C<33 x ~3>> could cause a large buffer
+overflow since the new output buffer size was not correctly handled by
+C<SvGROW()>.  An expression like this now properly produces a memory wrap
+panic.
+L<[perl #123554]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123554>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<< formline("@...", "a"); >> would crash.  The C<FF_CHECKNL> case in
+C<pp_formline()> didn't set the pointer used to mark the chop position,
+which led to the C<FF_MORE> case crashing with a segmentation fault.
+This has been fixed.
+L<[perl #123538]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123538>.
+
+=item *
+
+A possible buffer overrun and crash when parsing a literal pattern during
+regular expression compilation has been fixed.
+L<[perl #123604]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123604>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<fchmod()> and C<futimes()> now set C<$!> when they fail due to being
+passed a closed file handle.
+L<[perl #122703]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122703>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<op_free()> and C<scalarvoid()> no longer crash due to a stack overflow
+when freeing a deeply recursive op tree.
+L<[perl #108276]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=108276>.
+
+=item *
+
+In Perl 5.20.0, C<$^N> accidentally had the internal UTF-8 flag turned off
+if accessed from a code block within a regular expression, effectively
+UTF-8-encoding the value.  This has been fixed.
+L<[perl #123135]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123135>.
+
+=item *
+
+A failed C<semctl> call no longer overwrites existing items on the stack,
+which means that C<(semctl(-1,0,0,0))[0]> no longer gives an
+"uninitialized" warning.
+
+=item *
+
+C<else{foo()}> with no space before C<foo> is now better at assigning the
+right line number to that statement.
+L<[perl #122695]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122695>.
+
+=item *
+
+Sometimes the assignment in C<@array = split> gets optimised so that C<split>
+itself writes directly to the array.  This caused a bug, preventing this
+assignment from being used in lvalue context.  So
+C<(@a=split//,"foo")=bar()> was an error.  (This bug probably goes back to
+Perl 3, when the optimisation was added.) It has now been fixed.
+L<[perl #123057]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123057>.
+
+=item *
+
+When an argument list fails the checks specified by a subroutine
+signature (which is still an experimental feature), the resulting error
+messages now give the file and line number of the caller, not of the
+called subroutine.
+L<[perl #121374]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121374>.
+
+=item *
+
+The flip-flop operators (C<..> and C<...> in scalar context) used to maintain
+a separate state for each recursion level (the number of times the
+enclosing sub was called recursively), contrary to the documentation.  Now
+each closure has one internal state for each flip-flop.
+L<[perl #122829]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122829>.
+
+=item *
+
+The flip-flop operator (C<..> in scalar context) would return the same
+scalar each time, unless the containing subroutine was called recursively.
+Now it always returns a new scalar.
+L<[perl #122829]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122829>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<use>, C<no>, statement labels, special blocks (C<BEGIN>) and pod are now
+permitted as the first thing in a C<map> or C<grep> block, the block after
+C<print> or C<say> (or other functions) returning a handle, and within
+C<${...}>, C<@{...}>, etc.
+L<[perl #122782]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122782>.
+
+=item *
+
+The repetition operator C<x> now propagates lvalue context to its left-hand
+argument when used in contexts like C<foreach>.  That allows
+S<C<for(($#that_array)x2) { ... }>> to work as expected if the loop modifies
+C<$_>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<(...) x ...> in scalar context used to corrupt the stack if one operand
+was an object with "x" overloading, causing erratic behavior.
+L<[perl #121827]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121827>.
+
+=item *
+
+Assignment to a lexical scalar is often optimised away; for example in
+C<my $x; $x = $y + $z>, the assign operator is optimised away and the add
+operator writes its result directly to C<$x>.  Various bugs related to
+this optimisation have been fixed.  Certain operators on the right-hand
+side would sometimes fail to assign the value at all or assign the wrong
+value, or would call STORE twice or not at all on tied variables.  The
+operators affected were C<$foo++>, C<$foo-->, and C<-$foo> under C<use
+integer>, C<chomp>, C<chr> and C<setpgrp>.
+
+=item *
+
+List assignments were sometimes buggy if the same scalar ended up on both
+sides of the assignment due to use of C<tied>, C<values> or C<each>.  The
+result would be the wrong value getting assigned.
+
+=item *
+
+C<setpgrp($nonzero)> (with one argument) was accidentally changed in 5.16
+to mean C<setpgrp(0)>.  This has been fixed.
+
+=item *
+
+C<__SUB__> could return the wrong value or even corrupt memory under the
+debugger (the C<-d> switch) and in subs containing C<eval $string>.
+
+=item *
+
+When S<C<sub () { $var }>> becomes inlinable, it now returns a different
+scalar each time, just as a non-inlinable sub would, though Perl still
+optimises the copy away in cases where it would make no observable
+difference.
+
+=item *
+
+S<C<my sub f () { $var }>> and S<C<sub () : attr { $var }>> are no longer
+eligible for inlining.  The former would crash; the latter would just
+throw the attributes away.  An exception is made for the little-known
+C<:method> attribute, which does nothing much.
+
+=item *
+
+Inlining of subs with an empty prototype is now more consistent than
+before. Previously, a sub with multiple statements, of which all but the last
+were optimised away, would be inlinable only if it were an anonymous sub
+containing a string C<eval> or C<state> declaration or closing over an
+outer lexical variable (or any anonymous sub under the debugger).  Now any
+sub that gets folded to a single constant after statements have been
+optimised away is eligible for inlining.  This applies to things like C<sub
+() { jabber() if DEBUG; 42 }>.
+
+Some subroutines with an explicit C<return> were being made inlinable,
+contrary to the documentation,  Now C<return> always prevents inlining.
+
+=item *
+
+On some systems, such as VMS, C<crypt> can return a non-ASCII string.  If a
+scalar assigned to had contained a UTF-8 string previously, then C<crypt>
+would not turn off the UTF-8 flag, thus corrupting the return value.  This
+would happen with S<C<$lexical = crypt ...>>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<crypt> no longer calls C<FETCH> twice on a tied first argument.
+
+=item *
+
+An unterminated here-doc on the last line of a quote-like operator
+(C<qq[${ <<END }]>, C</(?{ <<END })/>) no longer causes a double free.  It
+started doing so in 5.18.
+
+=item *
+
+C<index()> and C<rindex()> no longer crash when used on strings over 2GB in
+size.
+L<[perl #121562]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121562>.
+
+=item *
+
+A small, previously intentional, memory leak in
+C<PERL_SYS_INIT>/C<PERL_SYS_INIT3> on Win32 builds was fixed. This might
+affect embedders who repeatedly create and destroy perl engines within
+the same process.
+
+=item *
+
+C<POSIX::localeconv()> now returns the data for the program's underlying
+locale even when called from outside the scope of S<C<use locale>>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<POSIX::localeconv()> now works properly on platforms which don't have
+C<LC_NUMERIC> and/or C<LC_MONETARY>, or for which Perl has been compiled
+to disregard either or both of these locale categories.  In such
+circumstances, there are now no entries for the corresponding values in
+the hash returned by C<localeconv()>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<POSIX::localeconv()> now marks appropriately the values it returns as
+UTF-8 or not.  Previously they were always returned as bytes, even if
+they were supposed to be encoded as UTF-8.
+
+=item *
+
+On Microsoft Windows, within the scope of C<S<use locale>>, the following
+POSIX character classes gave results for many locales that did not
+conform to the POSIX standard:
+C<[[:alnum:]]>,
+C<[[:alpha:]]>,
+C<[[:blank:]]>,
+C<[[:digit:]]>,
+C<[[:graph:]]>,
+C<[[:lower:]]>,
+C<[[:print:]]>,
+C<[[:punct:]]>,
+C<[[:upper:]]>,
+C<[[:word:]]>,
+and
+C<[[:xdigit:]]>.
+This was because the underlying Microsoft implementation does not
+follow the standard.  Perl now takes special precautions to correct for
+this.
+
+=item *
+
+Many issues have been detected by L<Coverity|http://www.coverity.com/> and
+fixed.
+
+=item *
+
+C<system()> and friends should now work properly on more Android builds.
+
+Due to an oversight, the value specified through C<-Dtargetsh> to F<Configure>
+would end up being ignored by some of the build process.  This caused perls
+cross-compiled for Android to end up with defective versions of C<system()>,
+C<exec()> and backticks: the commands would end up looking for C</bin/sh>
+instead of C</system/bin/sh>, and so would fail for the vast majority
+of devices, leaving C<$!> as C<ENOENT>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<qr(...\(...\)...)>,
+C<qr[...\[...\]...]>,
+and
+C<qr{...\{...\}...}>
+now work.  Previously it was impossible to escape these three
+left-characters with a backslash within a regular expression pattern
+where otherwise they would be considered metacharacters, and the pattern
+opening delimiter was the character, and the closing delimiter was its
+mirror character.
+
+=item *
+
+C<< s///e >> on tainted UTF-8 strings corrupted C<< pos() >>. This bug,
+introduced in 5.20, is now fixed.
+L<[perl #122148]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122148>.
+
+=item *
+
+A non-word boundary in a regular expression (C<< \B >>) did not always
+match the end of the string; in particular C<< q{} =~ /\B/ >> did not
+match. This bug, introduced in perl 5.14, is now fixed.
+L<[perl #122090]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122090>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<< " P" =~ /(?=.*P)P/ >> should match, but did not. This is now fixed.
+L<[perl #122171]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122171>.
+
+=item *
+
+Failing to compile C<use Foo> in an C<eval> could leave a spurious
+C<BEGIN> subroutine definition, which would produce a "Subroutine
+BEGIN redefined" warning on the next use of C<use>, or other C<BEGIN>
+block.
+L<[perl #122107]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122107>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<method { BLOCK } ARGS> syntax now correctly parses the arguments if they
+begin with an opening brace.
+L<[perl #46947]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=46947>.
+
+=item *
+
+External libraries and Perl may have different ideas of what the locale is.
+This is problematic when parsing version strings if the locale's numeric
+separator has been changed.  Version parsing has been patched to ensure
+it handles the locales correctly.
+L<[perl #121930]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121930>.
+
+=item *
+
+A bug has been fixed where zero-length assertions and code blocks inside of a
+regex could cause C<pos> to see an incorrect value.
+L<[perl #122460]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122460>.
+
+=item *
+
+Dereferencing of constants now works correctly for typeglob constants.  Previously
+the glob was stringified and its name looked up.  Now the glob itself is used.
+L<[perl #69456]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=69456>
+
+=item *
+
+When parsing a sigil (C<$> C<@> C<%> C<&)> followed by braces,
+the parser no
+longer tries to guess whether it is a block or a hash constructor (causing a
+syntax error when it guesses the latter), since it can only be a block.
+
+=item *
+
+S<C<undef $reference>> now frees the referent immediately, instead of hanging on
+to it until the next statement.
+L<[perl #122556]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122556>
+
+=item *
+
+Various cases where the name of a sub is used (autoload, overloading, error
+messages) used to crash for lexical subs, but have been fixed.
+
+=item *
+
+Bareword lookup now tries to avoid vivifying packages if it turns out the
+bareword is not going to be a subroutine name.
+
+=item *
+
+Compilation of anonymous constants (I<e.g.>, C<sub () { 3 }>) no longer deletes
+any subroutine named C<__ANON__> in the current package.  Not only was
+C<*__ANON__{CODE}> cleared, but there was a memory leak, too.  This bug goes
+back to Perl 5.8.0.
+
+=item *
+
+Stub declarations like C<sub f;> and C<sub f ();> no longer wipe out constants
+of the same name declared by C<use constant>.  This bug was introduced in Perl
+5.10.0.
+
+=item *
+
+C<qr/[\N{named sequence}]/> now works properly in many instances.
+
+Some names
+known to C<\N{...}> refer to a sequence of multiple characters, instead of the
+usual single character.  Bracketed character classes generally only match
+single characters, but now special handling has been added so that they can
+match named sequences, but not if the class is inverted or the sequence is
+specified as the beginning or end of a range.  In these cases, the only
+behavior change from before is a slight rewording of the fatal error message
+given when this class is part of a C<?[...])> construct.  When the C<[...]>
+stands alone, the same non-fatal warning as before is raised, and only the
+first character in the sequence is used, again just as before.
+
+=item *
+
+Tainted constants evaluated at compile time no longer cause unrelated
+statements to become tainted.
+L<[perl #122669]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122669>
+
+=item *
+
+S<C<open $$fh, ...>>, which vivifies a handle with a name like
+C<"main::_GEN_0">, was not giving the handle the right reference count, so
+a double free could happen.
+
+=item *
+
+When deciding that a bareword was a method name, the parser would get confused
+if an C<our> sub with the same name existed, and look up the method in the
+package of the C<our> sub, instead of the package of the invocant.
+
+=item *
+
+The parser no longer gets confused by C<\U=> within a double-quoted string.  It
+used to produce a syntax error, but now compiles it correctly.
+L<[perl #80368]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=80368>
+
+=item *
+
+It has always been the intention for the C<-B> and C<-T> file test operators to
+treat UTF-8 encoded files as text.  (L<perlfunc|perlfunc/-X FILEHANDLE> has
+been updated to say this.)  Previously, it was possible for some files to be
+considered UTF-8 that actually weren't valid UTF-8.  This is now fixed.  The
+operators now work on EBCDIC platforms as well.
+
+=item *
+
+Under some conditions warning messages raised during regular expression pattern
+compilation were being output more than once.  This has now been fixed.
+
+=item *
+
+Perl 5.20.0 introduced a regression in which a UTF-8 encoded regular
+expression pattern that contains a single ASCII lowercase letter did not
+match its uppercase counterpart. That has been fixed in both 5.20.1 and
+5.22.0.
+L<[perl #122655]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122655>
+
+=item *
+
+Constant folding could incorrectly suppress warnings if lexical warnings
+(C<use warnings> or C<no warnings>) were not in effect and C<$^W> were
+false at compile time and true at run time.
+
+=item *
+
+Loading Unicode tables during a regular expression match could cause assertion
+failures under debugging builds if the previous match used the very same
+regular expression.
+L<[perl #122747]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122747>
+
+=item *
+
+Thread cloning used to work incorrectly for lexical subs, possibly causing
+crashes or double frees on exit.
+
+=item *
+
+Since Perl 5.14.0, deleting C<$SomePackage::{__ANON__}> and then undefining an
+anonymous subroutine could corrupt things internally, resulting in
+L<Devel::Peek> crashing or L<B.pm|B> giving nonsensical data.  This has been
+fixed.
+
+=item *
+
+S<C<(caller $n)[3]>> now reports names of lexical subs, instead of
+treating them as C<"(unknown)">.
+
+=item *
+
+C<sort subname LIST> now supports using a lexical sub as the comparison
+routine.
+
+=item *
+
+Aliasing (I<e.g.>, via S<C<*x = *y>>) could confuse list assignments that mention the
+two names for the same variable on either side, causing wrong values to be
+assigned.
+L<[perl #15667]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=15667>
+
+=item *
+
+Long here-doc terminators could cause a bad read on short lines of input.  This
+has been fixed.  It is doubtful that any crash could have occurred.  This bug
+goes back to when here-docs were introduced in Perl 3.000 twenty-five years
+ago.
+
+=item *
+
+An optimization in C<split> to treat S<C<split /^/>> like S<C<split /^/m>> had the
+unfortunate side-effect of also treating S<C<split /\A/>> like S<C<split /^/m>>,
+which it should not.  This has been fixed.  (Note, however, that S<C<split /^x/>>
+does not behave like S<C<split /^x/m>>, which is also considered to be a bug and
+will be fixed in a future version.)
+L<[perl #122761]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122761>
+
+=item *
+
+The little-known S<C<my Class $var>> syntax (see L<fields> and L<attributes>)
+could get confused in the scope of C<use utf8> if C<Class> were a constant
+whose value contained Latin-1 characters.
+
+=item *
+
+Locking and unlocking values via L<Hash::Util> or C<Internals::SvREADONLY>
+no longer has any effect on values that were read-only to begin with.
+Previously, unlocking such values could result in crashes, hangs or
+other erratic behavior.
+
+=item *
+
+Some unterminated C<(?(...)...)> constructs in regular expressions would
+either crash or give erroneous error messages.  C</(?(1)/> is one such
+example.
+
+=item *
+
+S<C<pack "w", $tied>> no longer calls FETCH twice.
+
+=item *
+
+List assignments like S<C<($x, $z) = (1, $y)>> now work correctly if C<$x> and
+C<$y> have been aliased by C<foreach>.
+
+=item *
+
+Some patterns including code blocks with syntax errors, such as
+S<C</ (?{(^{})/>>, would hang or fail assertions on debugging builds.  Now
+they produce errors.
+
+=item *
+
+An assertion failure when parsing C<sort> with debugging enabled has been
+fixed.
+L<[perl #122771]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122771>.
+
+=item *
+
+S<C<*a = *b; @a = split //, $b[1]>> could do a bad read and produce junk
+results.
+
+=item *
+
+In S<C<() = @array = split>>, the S<C<() =>> at the beginning no longer confuses
+the optimizer into assuming a limit of 1.
+
+=item *
+
+Fatal warnings no longer prevent the output of syntax errors.
+L<[perl #122966]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122966>.
+
+=item *
+
+Fixed a NaN double-to-long-double conversion error on VMS. For quiet NaNs
+(and only on Itanium, not Alpha) negative infinity instead of NaN was
+produced.
+
+=item *
+
+Fixed the issue that caused C<< make distclean >> to incorrectly leave some
+files behind.
+L<[perl #122820]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122820>.
+
+=item *
+
+AIX now sets the length in C<< getsockopt >> correctly.
+L<[perl #120835]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=120835>.
+L<[cpan #91183]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=91183>.
+L<[cpan #85570]|https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=85570>.
+
+=item *
+
+The optimization phase of a regexp compilation could run "forever" and
+exhaust all memory under certain circumstances; now fixed.
+L<[perl #122283]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122283>.
+
+=item *
+
+The test script F<< t/op/crypt.t >> now uses the SHA-256 algorithm if the
+default one is disabled, rather than giving failures.
+L<[perl #121591]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=121591>.
+
+=item *
+
+Fixed an off-by-one error when setting the size of a shared array.
+L<[perl #122950]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122950>.
+
+=item *
+
+Fixed a bug that could cause perl to enter an infinite loop during
+compilation. In particular, a C<while(1)> within a sublist, I<e.g.>
+
+    sub foo { () = ($a, my $b, ($c, do { while(1) {} })) }
+
+The bug was introduced in 5.20.0
+L<[perl #122995]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=122995>.
+
+=item *
+
+On Win32, if a variable was C<local>-ized in a pseudo-process that later
+forked, restoring the original value in the child pseudo-process caused
+memory corruption and a crash in the child pseudo-process (and therefore the
+OS process).
+L<[perl #40565]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=40565>.
+
+=item *
+
+Calling C<write> on a format with a C<^**> field could produce a panic
+in C<sv_chop()> if there were insufficient arguments or if the variable
+used to fill the field was empty.
+L<[perl #123245]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123245>.
+
+=item *
+
+Non-ASCII lexical sub names now appear without trailing junk when they
+appear in error messages.
+
+=item *
+
+The C<\@> subroutine prototype no longer flattens parenthesized arrays
+(taking a reference to each element), but takes a reference to the array
+itself.
+L<[perl #47363]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=47363>.
+
+=item *
+
+A block containing nothing except a C-style C<for> loop could corrupt the
+stack, causing lists outside the block to lose elements or have elements
+overwritten.  This could happen with C<map { for(...){...} } ...> and with
+lists containing C<do { for(...){...} }>.
+L<[perl #123286]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123286>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<scalar()> now propagates lvalue context, so that
+S<C<for(scalar($#foo)) { ... }>> can modify C<$#foo> through C<$_>.
+
+=item *
+
+C<qr/@array(?{block})/> no longer dies with "Bizarre copy of ARRAY".
+L<[perl #123344]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123344>.
+
+=item *
+
+S<C<eval '$variable'>> in nested named subroutines would sometimes look up a
+global variable even with a lexical variable in scope.
+
+=item *
+
+In perl 5.20.0, C<sort CORE::fake> where 'fake' is anything other than a
+keyword, started chopping off the last 6 characters and treating the result
+as a sort sub name.  The previous behavior of treating C<CORE::fake> as a
+sort sub name has been restored.
+L<[perl #123410]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123410>.
+
+=item *
+
+Outside of C<use utf8>, a single-character Latin-1 lexical variable is
+disallowed.  The error message for it, "Can't use global C<$foo>...", was
+giving garbage instead of the variable name.
+
+=item *
+
+C<readline> on a nonexistent handle was causing C<${^LAST_FH}> to produce a
+reference to an undefined scalar (or fail an assertion).  Now
+C<${^LAST_FH}> ends up undefined.
+
+=item *
+
+C<(...) x ...> in void context now applies scalar context to the left-hand
+argument, instead of the context the current sub was called in.
+L<[perl #123020]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123020>.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Known Problems
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+C<pack>-ing a NaN on a perl compiled with Visual C 6 does not behave properly,
+leading to a test failure in F<t/op/infnan.t>.
+L<[perl 125203]|https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=125203>
+
+=item *
+
+A goal is for Perl to be able to be recompiled to work reasonably well on any
+Unicode version.  In Perl 5.22, though, the earliest such version is Unicode
+5.1 (current is 7.0).
+
+=item *
+
+EBCDIC platforms
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+The C<cmp> (and hence C<sort>) operators do not necessarily give the
+correct results when both operands are UTF-EBCDIC encoded strings and
+there is a mixture of ASCII and/or control characters, along with other
+characters.
+
+=item *
+
+Ranges containing C<\N{...}> in the C<tr///> (and C<y///>)
+transliteration operators are treated differently than the equivalent
+ranges in regular expression patterns.  They should, but don't, cause
+the values in the ranges to all be treated as Unicode code points, and
+not native ones.  (L<perlre/Version 8 Regular Expressions> gives
+details as to how it should work.)
+
+=item *
+
+Encode and encoding are mostly broken.
+
+=item *
+
+Many CPAN modules that are shipped with core show failing tests.
+
+=item *
+
+C<pack>/C<unpack> with C<"U0"> format may not work properly.
+
+=back
+
+=item *
+
+The following modules are known to have test failures with this version of
+Perl.  In many cases, patches have been submitted, so there will hopefully be
+new releases soon:
+
+=over
+
+=item *
+
+L<B::Generate> version 1.50
+
+=item *
+
+L<B::Utils> version 0.25
+
+=item *
+
+L<Coro> version 6.42
+
+=item *
+
+L<Dancer> version 1.3130
+
+=item *
+
+L<Data::Alias> version 1.18
+
+=item *
+
+L<Data::Dump::Streamer> version 2.38
+
+=item *
+
+L<Data::Util> version 0.63
+
+=item *
+
+L<Devel::Spy> version 0.07
+
+=item *
+
+L<invoker> version 0.34
+
+=item *
+
+L<Lexical::Var> version 0.009
+
+=item *
+
+L<LWP::ConsoleLogger> version 0.000018
+
+=item *
+
+L<Mason> version 2.22
+
+=item *
+
+L<NgxQueue> version 0.02
+
+=item *
+
+L<Padre> version 1.00
+
+=item *
+
+L<Parse::Keyword> 0.08
+
+=back
+
+=back
+
+=head1 Obituary
+
+Brian McCauley died on May 8, 2015.  He was a frequent poster to Usenet, Perl
+Monks, and other Perl forums, and made several CPAN contributions under the
+nick NOBULL, including to the Perl FAQ.  He attended almost every
+YAPC::Europe, and indeed, helped organise YAPC::Europe 2006 and the QA
+Hackathon 2009.  His wit and his delight in intricate systems were
+particularly apparent in his love of board games; many Perl mongers will
+have fond memories of playing Fluxx and other games with Brian.  He will be
+missed.
+
+=head1 Acknowledgements
+
+Perl 5.22.0 represents approximately 12 months of development since Perl 5.20.0
+and contains approximately 590,000 lines of changes across 2,400 files from 94
+authors.
+
+Excluding auto-generated files, documentation and release tools, there were
+approximately 370,000 lines of changes to 1,500 .pm, .t, .c and .h files.
+
+Perl continues to flourish into its third decade thanks to a vibrant community
+of users and developers. The following people are known to have contributed the
+improvements that became Perl 5.22.0:
+
+Aaron Crane, Abhijit Menon-Sen, Abigail, Alberto Simões, Alex Solovey, Alex
+Vandiver, Alexandr Ciornii, Alexandre (Midnite) Jousset, Andreas König,
+Andreas Voegele, Andrew Fresh, Andy Dougherty, Anthony Heading, Aristotle
+Pagaltzis, brian d foy, Brian Fraser, Chad Granum, Chris 'BinGOs' Williams,
+Craig A. Berry, Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker, Daniel Dragan, Darin McBride, Dave
+Rolsky, David Golden, David Mitchell, David Wheeler, Dmitri Tikhonov, Doug
+Bell, E. Choroba, Ed J, Eric Herman, Father Chrysostomos, George Greer, Glenn
+D. Golden, Graham Knop, H.Merijn Brand, Herbert Breunung, Hugo van der Sanden,
+James E Keenan, James McCoy, James Raspass, Jan Dubois, Jarkko Hietaniemi,
+Jasmine Ngan, Jerry D. Hedden, Jim Cromie, John Goodyear, kafka, Karen
+Etheridge, Karl Williamson, Kent Fredric, kmx, Lajos Veres, Leon Timmermans,
+Lukas Mai, Mathieu Arnold, Matthew Horsfall, Max Maischein, Michael Bunk,
+Nicholas Clark, Niels Thykier, Niko Tyni, Norman Koch, Olivier Mengué, Peter
+John Acklam, Peter Martini, Petr Písař, Philippe Bruhat (BooK), Pierre
+Bogossian, Rafael Garcia-Suarez, Randy Stauner, Reini Urban, Ricardo Signes,
+Rob Hoelz, Rostislav Skudnov, Sawyer X, Shirakata Kentaro, Shlomi Fish,
+Sisyphus, Slaven Rezic, Smylers, Steffen Müller, Steve Hay, Sullivan Beck,
+syber, Tadeusz Sośnierz, Thomas Sibley, Todd Rinaldo, Tony Cook, Vincent Pit,
+Vladimir Marek, Yaroslav Kuzmin, Yves Orton, Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason.
+
+The list above is almost certainly incomplete as it is automatically generated
+from version control history. In particular, it does not include the names of
+the (very much appreciated) contributors who reported issues to the Perl bug
+tracker.
+
+Many of the changes included in this version originated in the CPAN modules
+included in Perl's core. We're grateful to the entire CPAN community for
+helping Perl to flourish.
+
+For a more complete list of all of Perl's historical contributors, please see
+the F<AUTHORS> file in the Perl source distribution.
+
+=head1 Reporting Bugs
+
+If you find what you think is a bug, you might check the articles recently
+posted to the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup and the perl bug database at
+L<https://rt.perl.org/>.  There may also be information at
+L<http://www.perl.org/>, the Perl Home Page.
+
+If you believe you have an unreported bug, please run the L<perlbug> program
+included with your release.  Be sure to trim your bug down to a tiny but
+sufficient test case.  Your bug report, along with the output of C<perl -V>,
+will be sent off to perlbug@perl.org to be analysed by the Perl porting team.
+
+If the bug you are reporting has security implications, which make it
+inappropriate to send to a publicly archived mailing list, then please send it
+to perl5-security-report@perl.org.  This points to a closed subscription
+unarchived mailing list, which includes all the core committers, who will be
+able to help assess the impact of issues, figure out a resolution, and help
+co-ordinate the release of patches to mitigate or fix the problem across all
+platforms on which Perl is supported.  Please only use this address for
+security issues in the Perl core, not for modules independently distributed on
+CPAN.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+The F<Changes> file for an explanation of how to view exhaustive details on
+what changed.
+
+The F<INSTALL> file for how to build Perl.
+
+The F<README> file for general stuff.
+
+The F<Artistic> and F<Copying> files for copyright information.
+
+=cut