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----
cmd2
----
:Author: Catherine Devlin, http://catherinedevlin.blogspot.com
`cmd2` is a tool for writing command-line interactive applications. It is based on the Python Standard Library's `cmd` module, and can be used anyplace `cmd` is used simply by importing `cmd2` instead.
`cmd2` provides the following features, in addition to those already existing in `cmd`:
- Searchable command history
- Load commands from file, save to file, edit commands in file
- Multi-line commands
- Case-insensitive commands
- Special-character shortcut commands (beyond cmd's `@` and `!`)
- Settable environment parameters
- Parsing commands with flags
- Redirection to file with `>`, `>>`; input from file with `<`
- Bare '>', '>>' with no filename send output to paste buffer
- Pipe output to shell commands with `|`
- Simple transcript-based application testing
Instructions for implementing each feature follow.
- Searchable command history
All commands will automatically be tracked in the session's history, unless the command is listed in Cmd's excludeFromHistory attribute.
The history is accessed through the `history`, `list`, and `run` commands
(and their abbreviations: `hi`, `li`, `l`, `r`).
If you wish to exclude some of your custom commands from the history, append their names
to the list at Cmd.ExcludeFromHistory.
- Load commands from file, save to file, edit commands in file
Type `help load`, `help save`, `help edit` for details.
- Multi-line commands
Any command accepts multi-line input when its name is listed in `Cmd.multilineCommands`.
The program will keep expecting input until a line ends with any of the characters
in `Cmd.terminators` . The default terminators are `;` and `/n` (empty newline).
- Case-insensitive commands
All commands are case-insensitive, unless `Cmd.caseInsensitive` is set to `False`.
- Special-character shortcut commands (beyond cmd's "@" and "!")
To create a single-character shortcut for a command, update `Cmd.shortcuts`.
- Settable environment parameters
To allow a user to change an environment parameter during program execution,
append the parameter's name to `Cmd.settable`.
- Parsing commands with `optparse` options (flags)
::
@options([make_option('-m', '--myoption', action="store_true", help="all about my option")])
def do_myfunc(self, arg, opts):
if opts.myoption:
...
See Python standard library's `optparse` documentation: http://docs.python.org/lib/optparse-defining-options.html
cmd2 can be installed with `easy_install cmd2`
Cheese Shop page: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/cmd2
Example cmd2 application (example/example.py) ::
'''A sample application for cmd2.'''
from cmd2 import Cmd, make_option, options, Cmd2TestCase
import unittest, optparse, sys
class CmdLineApp(Cmd):
multilineCommands = ['orate']
Cmd.shortcuts.update({'&': 'speak'})
maxrepeats = 3
Cmd.settable.append('maxrepeats')
@options([make_option('-p', '--piglatin', action="store_true", help="atinLay"),
make_option('-s', '--shout', action="store_true", help="N00B EMULATION MODE"),
make_option('-r', '--repeat', type="int", help="output [n] times")
])
def do_speak(self, arg, opts=None):
"""Repeats what you tell me to."""
arg = ''.join(arg)
if opts.piglatin:
arg = '%s%say' % (arg[1:], arg[0])
if opts.shout:
arg = arg.upper()
repetitions = opts.repeat or 1
for i in range(min(repetitions, self.maxrepeats)):
self.stdout.write(arg)
self.stdout.write('\n')
# self.stdout.write is better than "print", because Cmd can be
# initialized with a non-standard output destination
do_say = do_speak # now "say" is a synonym for "speak"
do_orate = do_speak # another synonym, but this one takes multi-line input
class TestMyAppCase(Cmd2TestCase):
CmdApp = CmdLineApp
transcriptFileName = 'exampleSession.txt'
parser = optparse.OptionParser()
parser.add_option('-t', '--test', dest='unittests', action='store_true', default=False, help='Run unit test suite')
(callopts, callargs) = parser.parse_args()
if callopts.unittests:
sys.argv = [sys.argv[0]] # the --test argument upsets unittest.main()
unittest.main()
else:
app = CmdLineApp()
app.cmdloop()
The following is a sample session running example.py.
Thanks to `TestMyAppCase(Cmd2TestCase)`, it also serves as a test
suite for example.py when saved as `exampleSession.txt`.
Running `python example.py -t` will run all the commands in the
transcript against `example.py`, verifying that the output produced
matches the transcript.
example/exampleSession.txt::
(Cmd) help
Documented commands (type help <topic>):
========================================
_load edit history li load pause run say shell show
ed hi l list orate r save set shortcuts speak
Undocumented commands:
======================
EOF cmdenvironment eof exit help q quit
(Cmd) help say
Repeats what you tell me to.
Usage: speak [options] arg
Options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-p, --piglatin atinLay
-s, --shout N00B EMULATION MODE
-r REPEAT, --repeat=REPEAT
output [n] times
(Cmd) say goodnight, Gracie
goodnight, Gracie
(Cmd) say -ps --repeat=5 goodnight, Gracie
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
(Cmd) set
prompt: (Cmd)
editor: gedit
echo: False
maxrepeats: 3
(Cmd) set maxrepeats 5
maxrepeats - was: 3
now: 5
(Cmd) say -ps --repeat=5 goodnight, Gracie
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
(Cmd) hi
-------------------------[1]
help
-------------------------[2]
help say
-------------------------[3]
say goodnight, Gracie
-------------------------[4]
say -ps --repeat=5 goodnight, Gracie
-------------------------[5]
set
-------------------------[6]
set maxrepeats 5
-------------------------[7]
say -ps --repeat=5 goodnight, Gracie
(Cmd) run 4
say -ps --repeat=5 goodnight, Gracie
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
(Cmd) orate Four score and
> seven releases ago
> our BDFL
> blah blah blah
>
>
Four score and seven releases ago our BDFL blah blah blah
(Cmd) & look, a shortcut!
look, a shortcut!
(Cmd) say put this in a file > myfile.txt
(Cmd) say < myfile.txt
put this in a file
(Cmd) set prompt "---> "
prompt - was: (Cmd)
now: --->
---> say goodbye
goodbye
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