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# Numbers
0b0101011
1234 ; 0x1A ; 0xbeef ; 0763 ; 0o123
3.14 ; 5.0e21 ; 0.5e-12
100_000_000
# these are not valid numbers
0b012 ; 0xboar ; 0o888
0B01 ; 0XAF ; 0O123
# Characters
?a ; ?1 ; ?\n ; ?\s ; ?\c ; ? ; ?,
?\x{12} ; ?\x{abcd}
?\x34 ; ?\xF
# these show that only the first digit is part of the character
?\123 ; ?\12 ; ?\7
# Atoms
:this ; :that
:'complex atom'
:"with' \"\" 'quotes"
:" multi
line ' \s \123 \xff
atom"
:... ; :<<>> ; :%{} ; :% ; :{}
:++; :--; :*; :~~~; :::
:% ; :. ; :<-
# Strings
"Hello world"
"Interspersed \x{ff} codes \7 \8 \65 \016 and \t\s\\s\z\+ \\ escapes"
"Quotes ' inside \" \123 the \"\" \xF \\xF string \\\" end"
"Multiline
string"
# Char lists
'this is a list'
'escapes \' \t \\\''
'Multiline
char
list
'
# Binaries
<<1, 2, 3>>
<<"hello"::binary, c :: utf8, x::[4, unit(2)]>> = "hello™1"
# Sigils
~r/this + i\s "a" regex/
~R'this + i\s "a" regex too'
~w(hello #{ ["has" <> "123", '\c\d', "\123 interpol" | []] } world)s
~W(hello #{no "123" \c\d \123 interpol} world)s
~s{Escapes terminators \{ and \}, but no {balancing} # outside of sigil here }
~S"No escapes \s\t\n and no #{interpolation}"
:"atoms work #{"to" <> "o"}"
# Operators
x = 1 + 2.0 * 3
y = true and false; z = false or true
... = 144
... == !x && y || z
"hello" |> String.upcase |> String.downcase()
{^z, a} = {true, x}
# Free operators (added in 1.0.0)
p ~>> f = bind(p, f)
p1 ~> p2 = pair_right(p1, p2)
p1 <~ p2 = pair_left(p1, p2)
p1 <~> p2 = pair_both(p1, p2)
p |~> f = map(p, f)
p1 <|> p2 = either(p1, p2)
# Lists, tuples, maps, keywords
[1, :a, 'hello'] ++ [2, 3]
[:head | [?t, ?a, ?i, ?l]]
{:one, 2.0, "three"}
[...: "this", <<>>: "is", %{}: "a keyword", %: "list", {}: "too"]
["this is an atom too": 1, "so is this": 2]
[option: "value", key: :word]
[++: "operator", ~~~: :&&&]
map = %{shortcut: "syntax"}
%{map | "update" => "me"}
%{ 12 => 13, :weird => ['thing'] }
# Comprehensions
for x <- 1..10, x < 5, do: {x, x}
pixels = "12345678"
for << <<r::4, g::4, b::4, a::size(4)>> <- pixels >> do
[r, {g, %{"b" => a}}]
end
# String interpolation
"String #{inspect "interpolation"} is quite #{1+4+7} difficult"
# Identifiers
abc_123 = 1
_018OP = 2
A__0 == 3
# Modules
defmodule Long.Module.Name do
@moduledoc "Simple module docstring"
@doc """
Multiline docstring
"with quotes"
and #{ inspect %{"interpolation" => "in" <> "action"} }
now with #{ {:a, 'tuple'} }
and #{ inspect {
:tuple,
%{ with: "nested #{ inspect %{ :interpolation => %{} } }" }
} }
"""
defstruct [:a, :name, :height]
@doc ~S'''
No #{interpolation} of any kind.
\000 \x{ff}
\n #{\x{ff}}
'''
def func(a, b \\ []), do: :ok
@doc false
def __before_compile__(_) do
:ok
end
end
# Structs
defmodule Second.Module do
s = %Long.Module.Name{name: "Silly"}
%Long.Module.Name{s | height: {192, :cm}}
".. #{%Long.Module.Name{s | height: {192, :cm}}} .."
end
# Types, pseudo-vars, attributes
defmodule M do
@custom_attr :some_constant
@before_compile Long.Module.Name
@typedoc "This is a type"
@type typ :: integer
@typedoc """
Another type
"""
@opaque typtyp :: 1..10
@spec func(typ, typtyp) :: :ok | :fail
def func(a, b) do
a || b || :ok || :fail
Path.expand("..", __DIR__)
IO.inspect __ENV__
__NOTAPSEUDOVAR__ = 11
__MODULE__.func(b, a)
end
defmacro m() do
__CALLER__
end
end
# Functions
anon = fn x, y, z ->
fn(a, b, c) ->
&(x + y - z * a / &1 + b + div(&2, c))
end
end
&Set.put(&1, &2) ; & Set.put(&1, &2) ; &( Set.put(&1, &1) )
# Function calls
anon.(1, 2, 3); self; hd([1,2,3])
Kernel.spawn(fn -> :ok end)
IO.ANSI.black
# Control flow
if :this do
:that
else
:otherwise
end
pid = self
receive do
{:EXIT, _} -> :done
{^pid, :_} -> nil
after 100 -> :no_luck
end
case __ENV__.line do
x when is_integer(x) -> x
x when x in 1..12 -> -x
end
cond do
false -> "too bad"
4 > 5 -> "oops"
true -> nil
end
# Lexical scope modifiers
import Kernel, except: [spawn: 1, +: 2, /: 2, Unless: 2]
alias Long.Module.Name, as: N0men123_and4
use Bitwise
4 &&& 5
2 <<< 3
# Protocols
defprotocol Useless do
def func1(this)
def func2(that)
end
defimpl Useless, for: Atom do
end
# Exceptions
defmodule NotAnError do
defexception [:message]
end
raise NotAnError, message: "This is not an error"
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