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authorMichele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>2015-07-20 06:41:43 +0200
committerMichele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>2015-07-20 06:41:43 +0200
commitcc752587247ffe103bacfa86e84b5797959cd845 (patch)
tree53c6d3bae62eb88861826c77ae741534549895ec /documentation.pdf
parenta4e7a82790a134ca44746de88bdc0354e90c442c (diff)
downloadpython-decorator-git-cc752587247ffe103bacfa86e84b5797959cd845.tar.gz
More work on the documentation
Diffstat (limited to 'documentation.pdf')
-rw-r--r--documentation.pdf1979
1 files changed, 853 insertions, 1126 deletions
diff --git a/documentation.pdf b/documentation.pdf
index cb3ebe6..7dc64b0 100644
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is immediate to verify that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f1 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (works) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and it that it has the correct signature:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The same decorator works with functions of any signature:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Function annotations) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.937318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Python 3 introduced the concept of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (function annotations) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,i.e. the ability to annotate the signature of a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.24816 Tw (function with additional information, stored in a dictionary named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__annotations__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. The decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.923735 Tw (module, starting from release 3.3, is able to understand and to preserve the annotations. Here is an) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .596647 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In order to introspect functions with annotations, one needs the utility ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getfullargspec) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, new) Tj T* 0 Tw (in Python 3:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__annotations__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dictionary is preserved:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .643876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It may be annoying to write a caller function \(like the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function above\) and then a trivial wrapper) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.056342 Tw (\() Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (def) Tj ( ) Tj (trace\(f\):) Tj ( ) Tj (return) Tj ( ) Tj (decorate\(f,) Tj ( ) Tj (_trace\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) every time. For this reason, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw .49284 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module provides an easy shortcut to convert the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator: the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.319982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function can be used as a signature-changing decorator, just as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.945976 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (staticmethod) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. However, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (staticmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (return generic objects which are not) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.086342 Tw (callable, while ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (returns signature-preserving decorators, i.e. functions of a single argument.) Tj T* 0 Tw (For instance, you can write directly) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and now ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will be a decorator.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (facility can also produce a decorator starting from a class with the signature of a caller.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .441163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (facility can also produce a decorator starting from a class with the signature of a caller.) Tj T* 0 Tw (In such a case the produced generator is able to convert functions into factories of instances of that class.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .143984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The decorated function returns a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Future ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object, which has a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.result\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method which blocks until the) Tj T* 0 Tw (underlying thread finishes and returns the final result. Here is a minimalistic example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm .870651 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (can take as first argument a string, as in the examples before, or a function.) Tj T* 0 Tw .224985 Tw (This is the most common usage, since typically you want to decorate a pre-existing function. A framework) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.606136 Tw (author may want to use directly ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, since it gives you) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.36686 Tw (direct access to the body of the generated function. For instance, suppose you want to instrument the) Tj T* 0 Tw .372209 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__init__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (methods of a set of classes, by preserving their signature \(such use case is not made up; this) Tj T* 0 Tw .673828 Tw (is done in SQAlchemy and in other frameworks\). When the first argument of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.405814 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a function, a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object is instantiated internally, with attributes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (varargs) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 5.509982 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (keywords ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (defaults ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (which are the the return values of the standard library function) Tj T* 0 Tw .561318 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getargspec) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. For each argument in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(which is a list of strings containing the names) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.599985 Tw (of the mandatory arguments\) an attribute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (arg0) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (arg1) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ..., ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (argN ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is also generated. Finally, there is a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (attribute, a string with the signature of the original function.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 5.045529 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to generate the decorated function. Therefore) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.542126 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will not work for decorated functions. That means that the usual '??' trick in) Tj T* 0 Tw 26.45775 Tw (IPython will give you the \(right on the spot\) message) Tj T* 0 Tw .261647 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dynamically) Tj ( ) Tj (generated) Tj ( ) Tj (function.) Tj ( ) Tj (No) Tj ( ) Tj (source) Tj ( ) Tj (code available) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. In the past I have considered) Tj T* 0 Tw .945366 Tw (this acceptable, since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (does not really work even with regular decorators. In that) Tj T* 0 Tw (case ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gives you the wrapper source code which is probably not what you want:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dealing with third party decorators) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .321654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes you find on the net some cool decorator that you would like to include in your code. However,) Tj T* 0 Tw .50061 Tw (more often than not the cool decorator is not signature-preserving. Therefore you may want an easy way) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.814597 Tw (to upgrade third party decorators to signature-preserving decorators without having to rewrite them in) Tj T* 0 Tw (terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. You can use a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to implement that functionality as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .13104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that I am not providing this functionality in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module directly since I think it is best to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.070751 Tw (rewrite the decorator rather than adding an additional level of indirection. However, practicality beats) Tj T* 0 Tw (purity, so you can add ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to your toolbox and use it if you need to.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here the decorator is implemented as a class returning callable objects.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you apply the upgraded decorator to the good old factorial:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .188935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for your mind ;\) Notice that there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.339983 Tw (recursion limit now, and you can easily compute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (or larger without filling the stack) Tj T* 0 Tw .909431 Tw (frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally, the implementation is such that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (the decorated function shares the original function dictionary) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm .793984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Version 3 of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module do not contain any backward incompatible change, apart from the) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.63498 Tw (removal of the functions ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (new_wrapper) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, which have been deprecated for years.) Tj T* 0 Tw .293672 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (has been removed since it was little used and since it had to be changed anyway to work with) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.298555 Tw (Python 3.0; ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (new_wrapper ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (has been removed since it was useless: its major use case \(converting) Tj T* 0 Tw 7.136976 Tw (signature changing decorators to signature preserving decorators\) has been subsumed by) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, whereas the other use case can be managed with the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .942651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (cannot be used as a class decorator and the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functionality introduced in version 2.3 ) Tj T* 0 Tw .241163 Tw 0 0 0 rg (has been removed. That means that in order to define decorator factories with classes you need to define ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.122126 Tw (the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__call__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method explicitly \(no magic anymore\). All these changes should not cause any trouble,) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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